natural occurrence of the mycotoxin penitrem a in moldy cream cheese. | the occurrence of the mycotoxin penitrem a in refrigerated cream cheese that was involved in the intoxication of two dogs is described. penitrem a and the fungus penicillium crustosum were isolated from the cream cheese and identified. this is believed to be the first definitive case of the natural occurrence of penitrem a. | 1979 | 481557 |
utilization of beet molasses for sterol production by some moulds. | different moulds were cultivated in beet molasses (bm)-containing medium. penicillium crustosum thom was superior to the other moulds in total sterols production (4% on dry weight basis), efficiency of convertibility of the bm sugars to sterols (2%), total lipids (19.4%) and unsaponified lipids (13.4%). the treatment of bm with h2so4- followed by centrifugation allowed maximum fermentation yields. the highest unsaponified lipids (16.5%) and total sterols level (7.4%) were obtained with a medium ... | 1990 | 2206469 |
production of penitrem a by penicillium crustosum isolated from foodstuffs. | sixty one isolates of penicillium crustosum originating from various foodstuffs were screened for penitrem a production by thin-layer chromatography. the highest producers of penitrem a (4 isolates) were grown in various liquid media. skimmed milk (2%)/potato extract (2%)/sucrose (2%) (sps) medium supported the highest toxin production and p. crustosum sp 1552 was selected as the best producer of penitrem a. optimal conditions for the production of penitrem a were to grow the isolate sp 1552 (st ... | 1988 | 3275314 |
fungal volatiles associated with moldy grain in ventilated and non-ventilated bin-stored wheat. | the fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in winnipeg, manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984-85. quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. all three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non- ... | 1988 | 3352722 |
intoxication by tremorgenic mycotoxin (penitrem a) in a dog. | a 1-year-old siberian husky dog presented with severe muscle tremors after ingestion of a mouldy hamburger bun. penicillium crustosum and the tremorgenic mycotoxin penitrem a were isolated from the remaining portion of the hamburger bun. when grown in pure culture, the isolate of p. crustosum produced large amounts of penitrem a, along with other penitrem compounds. this is the first reported australian case of toxicosis by naturally occurring penitrem a. | 1988 | 3401148 |
two classes of alkaloid mycotoxins produced by penicillium crustosum thom isolated from contaminated beer. | | 1983 | 6886222 |
novel metabolites from penicillium crustosum, including penitrem e, a tremorgenic mycotoxin. | two new indolic metabolites were isolated from penicillium crustosum and separated from other penitrem mycotoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. penitrem d is a deoxy-penitrem a. penitrem e is dechloro-penitrem a and was shown to be tremorgenic in mice, although it has only one-third of the activity of penitrem a. roquefortine was also shown, for the first time, to be an important metabolic product of p. crustosum. | 1981 | 7259165 |
[fungal tremorogens]. | fungi capable of producing tremorgenic secondary metabolites represent species from taxonomically diverse and unrelated groups. these fungi are capable of contaminating a variety of agricultural commodities such as faragas, corn, silage, etc. various animal diseases suspected or known to be caused by fungal tremorgens are paspalum staggers, ryegrass staggers, corn staggers, and bermuda grass tremors. other syndromes with probable involvement of fungal tremorgens were associated with corn silage ... | 1993 | 8475020 |
uptake and metabolism of [3h]testosterone by penicillium crustosum maintained in cultures at different phs. | in order to determine the uptake and the metabolism of [3h]t by the mycelium of penicillium crustosum, cultures of the fungi containing radiolabeled testosterone were developed at different phs. also, the metabolism of this androgen in the growth medium of the fungus was determined. results show that the [3h]t was taken up by the mycelium at phs 6, 7, 8 and 9. in addition, the presence of [3h]dht in the incubation medium indicated the participation of 5 alpha-reductase. the maximal activities of ... | 1998 | 9836253 |
species-specific production of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvoc) by airborne fungi from a compost facility. | thirteen airborne fungal species frequently isolated in composting plants were screened for microbial volatile organic compounds (mvoc), i.e., aspergillus candidus, a. fumigatus, a. versicolor, emericella nidulans, paecilomyces variotii, penicillium brevicompactum, penicillium clavigerum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium cyclopium, penicillium expansum, penicillium glabrum, penicillium verruculosum, and tritirachium oryzae. air samples from pure cultures were sorbed on tenax gr and analyzed by ... | 1999 | 10448558 |
biodegradation of pyrene by sediment fungi. | micromycetes were isolated from pahs-contaminated sediment and identified. they were investigated for pyrene degradation (10 mg l-1) in liquid synthetic medium for two days. among the 41 strains isolated, 10 highly degraded pyrene (> 2.4 mg g-1 dry weight): two zygomycetes (mucor racemosus, m. racemosus var. sphaerosporus), 6 deuteromycetes (gliocladium virens, penicillium simplicissimum, p. janthinellum, phialophora alba, p. hoffmannii, trichoderma harzianum), a dematiaceae (scopulariopsis brum ... | 2000 | 10665394 |
roquefortine c occurrence in blue cheese. | several strains of penicillium are used for the production of mold-ripened cheeses, and some of them are able to produce mycotoxins. the aims of the research were the determination of roquefortine c and pr toxin in domestic and imported blue cheeses, the identification of the penicillia used as starter, and the investigation of their capacity for producing toxins in culture media. roquefortine c was always found in the cheeses at levels ranging from 0.05 to 1.47 mg/kg, whereas the pr toxin was n ... | 2001 | 11271775 |
inhibition of the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by novel steroids in cultures of penicillium crustosum. | | 2001 | 11793951 |
thomitrems a and e, two indole-alkaloid isoprenoids from penicillium crustosum thom. | two indole-alkaloid isoprenoids were isolated from extracts of penicillium crustosum thom grown on rice. their structures were elucidated on the basis of various nmr experiments and by comparison to the structurally related penitrems. the two compounds, designated thomitrem a and thomitrem e, contain a 18(19)-double bond and lack the characteristic penitrem 17(18)-ether linkage. | 2002 | 12453530 |
spoilage fungi and their mycotoxins in commercially marketed chestnuts. | a nationwide survey was carried out to assess mould spoilage of castanea sativa nuts sold in canadian grocery stores in 1998-99. morphological and cultural characters, along with secondary metabolite profiles derived from thin-layer chromatography, were used to sort and identify fungi cultured from nut tissue. three mycotoxigenic fungi dominated (penicillium crustosum, penicillium glabrum/spinulosum and penicillium discolor) and were isolated at frequencies of 67.1%, 18.6% and 17.7%, respectivel ... | 2003 | 14527787 |
the presence of penicillium and penicillium mycotoxins in food wastes. | a total of 97 samples (48 summer and 49 winter) of food waste from private households were investigated for penicillium and for mycotoxins. twenty-five penicillium species were isolated and penicillium crustosum, penicillium brevicompactum, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium expansum, penicillium roqueforti, penicillium spinulosum, penicillium viridicatum, penicillium commune, penicillium citrinum and penicillium solitum were, in decreasing order, the most frequently identified species. mycoto ... | 2004 | 14698099 |
5alpha-reductase inhibition activity of steroids isolated from marine soft corals. | the aim of this study is to determine the 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity of several new steroidal compounds pr-01-pr-07 by measuring the conversion of [3h]t to[3h]dht in penicillium crustosum broths. these compounds were obtained from marine soft corals collected on the coasts of andaman and nicobar at hori, natkal and kalipur (diglipur) islands and identified as sinularia grandilobata verseveldt, sinularia crassa tixier- durivault, sinularia gravis tixier- durivault, sinularia sp., loboph ... | 2004 | 15246773 |
[phosphatase system in penicillium crustosum 1/3 e..]. | | 1950 | 15436234 |
mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the czech republic. | toxigenic and allergen-producing fungi represent a serious hazard to human food and animal feed safety. ninety-four fungal species were isolated from mite-infested samples of seeds taken from czech seed stores. fungi were isolated from the surface of four kinds of seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, and mustard) and from the gut and external surface of five species of mites (i.e., acarus siro l., 1758, caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (zachvatkin, 1973), lepidoglyphus destructor (schrank, 1781), tyrophagus ... | 2004 | 15666776 |
the effect of substrate on mycotoxin production of selected penicillium strains. | analytical methods are presented for detecting simultaneously 11 fungal metabolites (aflatoxins b1, b2, g1 and g2, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ochratoxin a, penicillic acid, penitrem a and roquefortine c) on different matrices. the methods were applied to determine the mycotoxins produced by different penicillium crustosum, penicillium nordicum and penicillium verrucosum strains on yeast extract sucrose (yes) agar and cheese and bread analogues and are based on high-performa ... | 2005 | 15734568 |
comparison of secondary metabolite production by penicillium crustosum strains, isolated from arctic and other various ecological niches. | penicillium crustosum is common in food and feed both in subtropical and temperate regions. recently, it has also been found occurring frequently in glacier ice, sea ice and sea water of arctic regions of svalbard. the aim of the study was to compare isolates of the same fungal species from widely different habitats and geographic regions to see if the nutritional physiology and the profile of secondary metabolites were consistent or depended on the isolation source. all 121 strains examined pro ... | 2004 | 16329929 |
biological control of peach fungal pathogens by commercial products and indigenous yeasts. | the potential use of the commercial biocontrol products serenade (bacillus subtilis qst-713) and trichodex (trichoderma harzianum rifai strain t39) to inhibit the postharvest pathogenic molds penicillium crustosum and mucor circinelloides was investigated. both products exhibited antagonistic activity in vitro against the pathogens, reducing their growth at different levels. in addition, epiphytic yeasts isolated from peaches were identified as candida maltosa, pichia fermentans, and pichia kluy ... | 2006 | 17066929 |
fungi recovered from slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity. | to contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of feeds, more than 100 samples of poultry feed mixtures from slovakia were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi. the study revealed that out of 22 genera recovered, penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by aspergillus and mucor being found in 89 % (34 spp.), 69 % (11 spp.) and 50 % (4 spp.), respectively. the most frequently encountered taxa we ... | 2006 | 17195991 |
genetic variation among penicillium crustosum isolates from arctic and other ecological niches. | penicillium crustosum is an important and panglobal contaminant of lipid- and protein-rich foods and feeds. although it is infrequent in extremely cold environments, we isolated a high number of p. crustosum strains from arctic coastal, but particularly, subglacial environments in svalbard, norway. p. crustosum is extremely consistent in its phenotypic properties, including morphology, physiology, and secondary metabolite production. however, some arctic isolates differed from other arctic and n ... | 2007 | 17345131 |
the isolation and identification of an antibiotic substance present in the mycelium of penicillium crustosum (thom). | | 1948 | 18871210 |
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody raised against surface antigens from mycelium of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: evidence for an extracellular polyphenol oxidase. | abstract a murine monoclonal antibody (mab) of immunoglobulin class m (igm) was raised against surface antigens from gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of g. graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. avenae and g. graminis var. graminis. characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the mab was a protein. antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. immunofluorescence s ... | 1997 | 18945163 |
using roquefortine c as a biomarker for penitrem a intoxication. | penitrem a is a well-recognized tremorgenic mycotoxin produced by several penicillium spp. however, most natural cases of penitrem a intoxication have been associated with penicillium crustosum. another penicillium sp., penicillium roqueforti, is used for the production of blue cheese and is found in silage and feeds. penicillium roqueforti produces a mycotoxin, roquefortine c, which is also produced by p. crustosum. in contrast to a tremorgenic syndrome produced by penitrem a, roquefortine c to ... | 2009 | 19286504 |
diketopiperazines produced by endophytic fungi found in association with two asteraceae species. | diketopiperazine (dkp) derivatives, named colletopiperazine, fusaperazine c and e as well as four known dkps were isolated from cultures of colletotrichum gloeosporioides, penicillium crustosum, both endophytic fungi isolated from viguiera robusta, and a fusarium spp., an endophyte of viguiera arenaria, respectively. their structures were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data. conformational analysis of two known dkps showed that folded conformations were as energetically stable a ... | 2010 | 20541231 |
antiradical activity of natural honeys and antifungal effect against penicillium genera. | the purpose of the study was to examine the antiradical activity of 11 natural honeys and to evaluate the antifungal properties of honey. honey samples (10) were collected from different locations of slovak republic. honeys were native to different plant species of robinia pseudoacaccia, brassica napus subs. napus, castanea sativa mill. thymus serpyllum vulgaris and the other samples had multifloral origin. the low antiradical activitity in honey samples was determined. the best results were fou ... | 2011 | 21240710 |
experimental and theoretical investigations of the adhesion time of penicillium spores to cedar wood surface. | in this study, the adhesion of 4 penicillium strains (penicillium granulatum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium commune and penicillium chrysogenum) on cedar wood was examined qualitatively and quantitatively by using the extended dlvo (xdlvo) approach and the environmental scanning electronic microscopy (esem) technique. a comparison between the xdlvo theories and the esem technique was also investigated. the adhesion tests revealed that p. chrysogenum was not able to adhere on the cedar wood ... | 2012 | 23827572 |
novel sources of β-glucanase for the enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan. | schizophyllan is a homoglucan produced by the fungus schizophyllum commune, with a β-1,3-linked backbone and β-1,6-linked side chains of single glucose units at every other residue. schizophyllan is commercially produced for pharmaceutical and cosmetics uses. however, surprisingly little information is available on the biodegradation of schizophyllan. enzymes that attack schizophyllan could be useful for controlled modifications of the polymer for novel applications. enrichment cultures were use ... | 2012 | 23410934 |
some chronic rhinosinusitis patients have elevated populations of fungi in their sinuses. | to measure the populations of 36 fungi in the homes and sinuses of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) and non-crs patients. | 2012 | 22532289 |
fermented whey as poultry feed additive to prevent fungal contamination. | fungal contamination of poultry feed causes economic losses to industry and represents a potential risk to animal health. the aim of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of whey fermented with kefir grains as additive to reduce fungal incidence, thus improving feed safety. | 2014 | 24652751 |
the occurrence of molds in patients with chronic sinusitis. | chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) is a common inflammatory condition of nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa. although pathogenic bacteria were postulated as main etiological factor responsible for most cases of crs, the involvement of molds was recently proved in some cases. the aim of the study was to conduct mycological analysis of material obtained from patients operated on due to chronic sinusitis. the study included 107 patients, 45 women and 62 men. during the surgery, a fragment of mucosa from th ... | 2014 | 24121778 |
aluminium leaching from red mud by filamentous fungi. | this contribution investigates the efficient and environmentally friendly aluminium leaching from red mud (bauxite residue) by 17 species of filamentous fungi. bioleaching experiments were examined in batch cultures with the red mud in static, 7-day cultivation. the most efficient fungal strains in aluminium bioleaching were penicillium crustosum g-140 and aspergillus niger g-10. the a. niger g-10 strain was capable to extract up to approximately 141 mg·l(-1) of aluminium from 0.2 g dry weight r ... | 2015 | 26365318 |
antifungal activity of leuconostoc citreum and weissella confusa in rice cakes. | the antifungal activity of organic acids greatly improves the shelf life of bread and bakery products. however, little is known about the effect of lactic acid fermentation on fungal contamination in rice cakes. here, we show that lactic acid fermentation in rice dough can greatly retard the growth of three fungal species when present in rice cakes, namely cladosporium sp. ys1, neurospora sp. ys3, and penicillium crustosum ys2. the antifungal activity of the lactic acid bacteria against these fu ... | 2012 | 23124754 |
molecular cloning and functional analysis of gene clusters for the biosynthesis of indole-diterpenes in penicillium crustosum and p. janthinellum. | the penitremane and janthitremane families of indole-diterpenes are abundant natural products synthesized by penicillium crustosum and p. janthinellum. using a combination of pcr, cosmid library screening, and illumina sequencing we have identified gene clusters encoding enzymes for the synthesis of these compounds. targeted deletion of penp in p. crustosum abolished the synthesis of penitrems a, b, d, e, and f, and led to accumulation of paspaline, a key intermediate for paxilline biosynthesis ... | 2015 | 26213965 |
penicillium strains isolated from slovak grape berries taxonomy assessment by secondary metabolite profile. | the secondary metabolite profiles of microfungi of the genus penicillium isolated from samples of grape berries collected in two different phases during two vegetative seasons in slovakia is described to assess the taxonomy. three slovak vine regions have been selected for this study, based on their climatic differences and national economic importance. cultures of microfungi isolated from berries were incubated on different selective media for macro and micromorphology identification. the speci ... | 2014 | 25109845 |
postharvest grape infection of botrytis cinerea and its interactions with other moulds under withering conditions to produce noble-rotten grapes. | to investigate the interactions between botrytis cinerea and other moulds during grape withering and postharvest infection to obtain noble-rotten grapes. | 2013 | 23163324 |
isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity of propolis-associated fungi. | propolis is a natural product widely known for its medicinal properties. in this work, fungi present on propolis samples were isolated, identified and tested for the production of antimicrobial metabolites. twenty-two fungal isolates were obtained, some of which were identified as alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, bipolaris hawaiiensis, fusarium merismoides, lasiodiplodia theobromae, penicillium citrinum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium janthinellum, penicillium purpurogenum, pestalot ... | 2013 | 23439233 |
survival of penicillium spp. conidia during deep-frying and baking steps of frozen chicken nuggets processing. | this study aimed at determining whether penicillium spp. strains could survive through the heat treatment applied during the processing of frozen chicken nuggets. firstly, it was found that the conidia of penicillium were not able to survive the heat shock in phosphate buffer at ph 7.2 in thermal death tubes (tdt) at 80 °c/30 min. subsequently, each penicillium strain was inoculated in frozen chicken nuggets, which were subjected to the following treatments: i) only deep frying (frying oil at 19 ... | 2016 | 26742610 |
Capillary electrophoresis and hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the enantioselective determination of albendazole sulfoxide after biotransformation of albendazole by an endophytic fungus. | Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and CE were applied for the determination of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX) enantiomers in liquid culture medium after a fungal biotransformation study. The analytes were extracted from 1 mL of liquid culture medium spiked with the internal standard (rac-hydroxychloroquine) and buffered with 0.50 mol/L phosphate buffer, pH 10. The analytes were extracted into 1-octanol impregnated in the pores of the hollow fiber, and into an acid acceptor solution inside ... | 2011 | 21905046 |
fungi isolated from olive ecosystems and screening of their potential biotechnological use. | this study investigated the fungi diversity of fresh olive (olea europaea l.) fruits, olive paste (crushed olives) and olive pomace (solid waste) and screened and quantified enzymatic activities with biotechnological applications. fungi were randomly isolated from olive cultivars from castilla la mancha region (spain). identification included comparison of their polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplicons of the its1-5.8s-its2 ribosomal dna region, followed by nucleotide sequence analysis. fourtee ... | 2011 | 21689797 |
marine fungi isolated from chilean fjord sediments can degrade oxytetracycline. | salmon farming is the main economic activity in the fjords area of southern chile. this activity requires the use of antibiotics, such as oxytetracycline, for the control and prevention of diseases, which have a negative impact on the environment. we analyzed the abilities of endemic marine fungi to biodegrade oxytetracycline, an antibiotic used extensively in fish farming. we isolated marine fungi strains from sediment samples obtained from an area of fish farming activity. the five isolated st ... | 2016 | 27418075 |
biocatalytic resolution of enantiomeric mixtures of 1-aminoethanephosphonic acid. | several fungal strains, namely bauveria bassiana, cuninghamella echinulata, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium crustosum and cladosporium herbarum, were used as biocatalysts to resolve racemic mixtures of 1-aminoethanephosphonic acid using l/d amino acid oxidase activity. the course of reaction was analyzed by 31p-nmr in the presence of cyclodextrin used as chiral discriminating agent. the best result (42% e.e of r-isomer) was obtained with a strain of cuninghamella echinulata. | 2011 | 21760571 |
production of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methylphthalide in a culture of penicillium crustosum. | the chemical reactions carried out by microorganisms have been used as a tool in modern chemistry. this paper reports the production of mycophenolic acid and a new phthalide by the endophytic fungus penicillium crustosum obtained from coffee seeds. the fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium for a period of seven days and after that the culture medium was divided into four treatments: a, b, c and d, to which different organic substances were added. treatment a was maintained as the control to e ... | 2013 | 23780307 |
isolation and structure elucidation of secopenitrem d, an indole alkaloid from penicillium crustosum thom. | chemical investigation of three isolates of penicillium crustosum thom cultures, one of which was derived from a recent dog poisoning investigation, has led to the isolation and structure elucidation of secopenitrem d (1). penitrems a-f and roquefortine c were also present in the isolates analyzed. the structure of 1 was unambiguously assigned based on extensive 1d and 2d-nmr spectroscopic experiments, ms-aided structural studies and by comparison with structurally related congeners. secopenitre ... | 2010 | 21145337 |
poisoning of dogs with tremorgenic penicillium toxins. | fungi in the genus penicillium, particularly p. crustosum, produce tremorgenic mycotoxins, as well as suspected tremorgenic compounds. the accidental intoxication of six dogs with such toxins are reported. the clinical signs included vomiting, convulsions, tremors, ataxia, and tachycardia, all of which are indicators of intoxications affecting the nervous system. this symptomatology caused us to think that the dog poisoning was the result of tremorgenic mycotoxins. one dog was euthanized in the ... | 2010 | 19886763 |
fingerprinting using extrolite profiles and physiological data shows sub-specific groupings of penicillium crustosum strains. | fingerprinting of penicillium crustosum strains was performed using different phenotypic characteristics. seven strains of this extremely homogenous species were selected; of these, five originated from geographical locations characterized by low temperatures, and one from a location with a low water activity. principal component analysis (pca) was performed using micromorphological data, temperature- and water-dependent growth rates, and extrolite profiles obtained by hplc analysis. the micromo ... | 2009 | 19361555 |
specific molds associated with asthma in water-damaged homes. | we sought to determine if specific molds were found in significantly higher concentrations in the water-damaged homes of asthmatic children compared with homes with no visible water damage. | 2006 | 16902378 |
gas-phase fragmentation of protonated piplartine and its fungal metabolites using tandem mass spectrometry and computational chemistry. | piplartine, an alkaloid produced by plants in the genus piper, displays promising anticancer activity. understanding the gas-phase fragmentation of piplartine by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry can be a useful tool to characterize biotransformed compounds produced by in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies. as part of our efforts to understand natural product fragmentation in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, the gas-phase fragmentation of piplartine and its two ... | 2017 | 28581151 |
aromatic amino acids in the cellulose binding domain of penicillium crustosum endoglucanase egl1 differentially contribute to the cellulose affinity of the enzyme. | the cellulose binding domain (cbd) of cellulase binding to cellulosic materials is the initiation of a synergistic action on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the most abundant renewable biomass resources in nature. the binding of the cbd domain to cellulosic substrates generally relies on the interaction between the aromatic amino acids structurally located on the flat face of the cbd domain and the glucose rings of cellulose. in this study, we found the cbd domain of a newly cloned penicillium crust ... | 2017 | 28475645 |
tremor syndrome associated with a fungal toxin: sequelae of food contamination. | we report on an elderly couple who presented with a syndrome that included severe generalised tremor and incoordination after eating soup from a damaged can. black mould contaminating the can was subcultured and the fungus penicillium crustosum was identified. this fungus usually produces a potent neurotoxin called penitrem a. the couple displayed symptoms consistent with penitrem a ingestion, all of which resolved fully. penitrem a intoxication has been well documented in animals, but not in hu ... | 2005 | 15938687 |
recent advances in the chemistry and pharmacological activity of new steroidal antiandrogens and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. | the object of this paper is to summarize for the past two years the most recent development in the field of prostate cancer and 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. in addition we are also including some results on the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new steroidal compounds developed in our laboratory. most of the new steroidal derivatives are based on the progesterone skeleton and showed a high inhibitory activity for the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase. presently, similar compounds are used for ... | 2005 | 15853706 |
penitrem and thomitrem formation by penicillium crustosum. | the levels of penitrems a, b, c, d, e, f, roquefortine c and thomitrem a and e recovered from extracts of 36 norwegian, 2 american and one each of japanese, german, south african, danish and fijian isolates of penicillum crustosum thom were quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (hplc-ms). forty-two of the 44 isolates of penitrem-producing isolates grown on rice, afforded levels of thomitrem a and e comparable to that of penitrem a. thomitrems a ... | 2004 | 15180164 |
esterification of fatty acids by penicillium crustosum lipase in a membrane reactor. | this study investigated the performance of a membrane reactor system for esterification of oleic acid and butyric acid with ethanol by penicillium crustosum lipase using polyethersulfone membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of 30, 60 and 100 kda at pressures up to 200 kpa. | 2014 | 24578290 |
insecticidal activity of penitrems, including penitrem g, a new member of the family isolated from penicillium crustosum. | penitrem g (7), a new indole-diterpenoid compound, has been isolated together with the already known mycotoxins penitrems a-d (1-4) and f (6) from the mycelium of penicillium crustosum thom. the structure of penitrem g was established on the basis of spectroscopic data. in addition, paspaline (8), another indole-diterpenoid mycotoxin that has not been previously described in this fungus, was also isolated. these compounds were tested for insecticidal activity against the hemipteran oncopeltus fa ... | 2003 | 12670149 |
tremorgenic neuromycotoxicosis in 2 dogs ascribed to the ingestion of penitrem a and possibly roquefortine in rice contaminated with penicillium crustosum. | two dogs developed alarming tremorgenic nervous stimulation shortly after ingesting discarded rice that had been forgotten in a refrigerator for an undetermined period and that was covered with a grey-green mould. both dogs exhibited vomition followed by slight salivation, tremors and ataxia and 1 showed such severe agitation and seizures that it necessitated anaesthesia with thiopentone followed, on recovery, by xylazine. the other dog was only sedated with xylazine. they made an uneventful rec ... | 2002 | 12665136 |
effect of a novel steroid (pm-9) on the inhibition of 5alpha-reductase present in penicillium crustosum broths. | the conversion of testosterone (t) to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht) has been demonstrated in penicillium crustosum broth obtained from fermented pistachios, lemons and corn tortillas. furthermore, the presence of 5alpha-reductase enzyme, which is responsible for this conversion, has been established by electrophoretical techniques in these cultures.5alpha-reductase enzyme is also present in animal and human androgen-dependent tissues as well as in prostate and seminal vesicles. the increase o ... | 2003 | 12628690 |
steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. | the objective of this study is to synthesize new steroidal compounds based on the progesterone skeleton with a high inhibitory activity for the enzyme 5alpha-reductase. presently similar compounds are being used for the treatment of androgen dependent diseases such as: hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, bening prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. dihydrotestosterone 2 (fig. (1)), a 5alpha-reduced metabolite of testosterone 1 has been implicated as a causative factor in the progression of thes ... | 2003 | 12570838 |
5 alpha-reductase inhibition by a new synthetic steroid (pm-9) in cultures of penicillium crustosum. | the conversion of testosterone (t) to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht), plus the presence of 5 alpha-reductase enzyme, which is responsible for this reduction, had been demonstrated in p. crustosum broth. this enzyme is also present in androgen-dependent animal and human tissues such as prostate and seminal vesicles. the increase in the conversion of t to dht has been implicated in androgen-dependent diseases such as benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. the use of 5 alpha-reductase ... | 2002 | 12434569 |
evaluation of new pregnane derivatives as 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. | the objective of this study was to synthesize several new pregnane derivatives and evaluate them as antiandrogens. from the commercially available 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate (7), two new steroidal compounds were synthesized: 17alpha-hydroxy-17beta-methyl-16beta-phenyl-d-homoandrosta-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione (18) and 17alpha-acetoxy-17beta-methyl-16beta-phenyl-d-homoandrosta-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione (19). the 5alpha-reductase inhibitory effect of the new compounds 18 and 19 together with the pr ... | 2001 | 11383600 |
moldy walnut toxicosis in a dog, caused by the mycotoxin, penitrem a. | penitrem a was found in moldy walnuts that were involved in an intoxication of a dog in california. penicillium crustosum was isolated from the walnuts and penitrem a was isolated from extracts of the mycelium of this fungus when it was grown on a synthetic medium. | 1981 | 7312021 |
biosynthesis of penitrems and roquefortine by penicillium crustosum. | roquefortine and the penitrems were biosynthesised concurrently at an approximately equimolar rate by penicillium crustosum after growth and sporulation. [14c]mevalonic acid was incorporated (15% efficiency) into the isoprenoid regions of the penitrem and roquefortine molecules to an extent consistent with their 6:1 molar ratio of isoprenoid components. [14c]penitrem a (specific activity, 3.4 x 10(2) mu ci mmol-1) and 14c-penitrems b, c, and e readministered to young cultures were metabolically ... | 1983 | 6870239 |
natural occurrence of the mycotoxin viomellein in barley and the associated quinone-producing penicillia. | in a batch of barley associated with field cases of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy and containing ochratoxin a and citrinin, the mycoflora were isolated by parallel incubation at 10 and 25 degrees c. subsequently, the isolated cultures were checked for production of nephrotoxins (xanthomegnin, viomellein, ochratoxin, and citrinin). the nephrotoxin producers, all isolated by incubation at 10 degrees c, were comprised of one culture of penicillium viridicatum, five cultures of penicillium cyclopium ... | 1983 | 6660870 |
intoxication of dogs with the mycotoxin penitrem a. | mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of moldy cream cheese was suspected in two dogs with severe muscle tremors and generalized seizures. penicillium crustosum and its toxin, penitrem a, were isolated from the moldy cream cheese. | 1979 | 511750 |
isolation, expression and characterization of a minor allergen from penicillium crustosum. | a ribosomal p1 protein, pen b 26 from penicillium brevicompactum, was previously identified as a major allergen. a homolog protein was isolated and characterized from penicillium crustosum which is not known to be allergenic mold. a cdna library of p. crustosum was constructed and screened using a probe based on the dna sequence of pen b 26. a positive clone was isolated, expressed in escherichia coli, purified and characterized by comparing its immunological and physical properties to pen b 26. ... | 2014 | 23902156 |
antifungal activity of essential oils against selected terverticillate penicillia. | the aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. lavandula angustifolia, carum carvi, pinus mungo var. pulmilio, mentha piperita, chamomilla recutita l., pinus sylvestris, satureia hortensis l., origanum vulgare l., pimpinella anisum, rosmarinus officinalis l., salvia officinalis l., abietis albia etheroleum, chamomilla recutita l. rausch, thymus vulgaris l., origanum vulgare l. for antifungal activity against five penicillium species: penicillium brevicompac ... | 2015 | 25780826 |
microscopic fungi recovered from honey and their toxinogenity. | the objective of this investigation was to contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of honey, more than 50 samples of honey from slovakia and other countries were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi from penicillium genera. the study revealed that out of 13 genera recovered, penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by aspergillus and cladosporium being found in 65.91 % (29 samples), 34.1 % ... | 2012 | 22702826 |
molecular characterization of patulin producing and non-producing penicillium species in apples from morocco. | the isolation of patulin-producing penicillia in apples collected in different markets in four localities in morocco is reported. fungi were identified by β-tubulin sequencing and further characterized using a specific pcr-based method targeting the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene to discriminate between patulin-producing and non-producing strains. production of patulin was also evaluated using standard cultural and biochemical methods. results showed that 79.5% of contaminant fungi belonge ... | 2016 | 26513254 |
post-harvest proteomics of grapes infected by penicillium during withering to produce amarone wine. | the study of withered grape infection by penicillium, a potentially toxigenic fungus, is relevant to preserve grape quality during the post-harvest dehydration process. this report describes the first proteomic analysis of amarone wine grapes, infected by two strains of penicillium expansum (pe1) and penicillium crustosum (pc4). protein identification by ms analysis allowed a better understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying the pathogen attack. the pe1 strain had a major impact on vit ... | 2016 | 26776019 |
a new quinolinone and its natural/artificial derivatives from a shark gill-derived fungus penicillium polonicum ap2t1. | four quinolinones (1-4; 1 is a new compound) were isolated from the static fermentation culture of a shark gill-derived fungus penicillium crustosum ap2t1. in addition, five new quinolinone derivatives (5-9) and also 1 were obtained in a trimethylsilyldiazomethane-induced methylation reaction of 4. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. in bioassays, compounds 7 and 5 with lactim structures moderately inhibited the proliferation of human cancer cell line hct116 (wild-type) w ... | 2017 | 26186097 |
a new and effective approach to boron removal by using novel boron-specific fungi isolated from boron mining wastewater. | boron-resistant fungi were isolated from the wastewater of a boron mine in turkey. boron removal efficiencies of penicillium crustosum and rhodotorula mucilaginosa were detected in different media compositions. minimal salt medium (msm) and two different waste media containing molasses (wm-1) or whey + molasses (wm-2) were tested to make this process cost effective when scaled up. both isolates achieved high boron removal yields at the highest boron concentrations tested in msm and wm-1. the max ... | 2016 | 26877036 |
microbiological quality of argentinian paprika. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of paprika produced in catamarca, argentina. microbiological analyses were carried out for the enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and molds, and the detection of salmonella in samples obtained from different local producers during three consecutive years. the mycobiota was identified paying special attention to the mycotoxigenic molds. standard plate counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged fro ... | 2017 | 28571612 |
enzymatic modification of schizophyllan. | an enzymatic method was developed for the progressive modification of the polysaccharide schizophyllan. fungal strains hypocrea nigricans nrrl 62555, penicillium crustosum nrrl 62558, and penicillium simplicissimum nrrl 62550 were previously identified as novel sources of β-endoglucanase with specificity towards schizophyllan. concentrated enzyme preparations from these strains showed specific activities of 1.7-4.3 u β-glucanase/mg protein. using dilutions of these enzymes in time course digesti ... | 2015 | 25335747 |
isolation, characterization, and selection of molds associated to fermented black table olives. | table olives are one of the most important fermented food in the mediterranean countries. apart from lactic acid bacteria and yeasts that mainly conduct the olive fermentation, molds can develop on the brine surface, and can have either deleterious or useful effects on this process. from the food safety point of view, occurring molds could also produce mycotoxins, so, it is important to monitor and control them. in this respect, identification of molds associated to two italian and two greek fer ... | 2017 | 28769914 |
influence of environmental factors on the production of penitrems a-f by penicillium crustosum. | filamentous fungi produce a multitude of secondary metabolites, some of them known as mycotoxins, which are toxic to vertebrates and other animal groups in low concentrations. among them, penitrems, which belong to the group of indole-diterpene mycotoxins, are synthesized by penicillium and aspergillus genera and exhibit potent tremorgenic effects. this is the first complex study of the penitrems a-f production under the influence of different abiotic factors, e.g., media, incubation time, tempe ... | 2017 | 28671569 |
the catalytic domain of penicillium crustosum endoglucanase egl1 has cellulose-binding capacity and cellulolytic activity. | the cellulase-mediated degradation of cellulosic materials, which is initiated by endoglucanases by the random cleavage of the glycosidic bonds between glucose units to break long cellulose molecules into shorter ones, represents a major carbon flow in the global carbon cycle. the structure of a typical endoglucanase contains a classical (α/β)8 barrel fold catalytic domain, a linker region and a cellulose-binding domain. in this study, we found that both the full-length enzyme and the catalytic ... | 2017 | 28010775 |
biotransformation of the fungal neurotoxin thomitrem a by primary rat hepatocytes. | the tremorgenic mycotoxin thomitrem a is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by the fungus penicillium crustosum that is frequently found on spoiled stored food and feed. typical signs of intoxication observed in dogs after the consumption of food waste are emesis, tremors, seizures progressing to ataxia and lack of coordinated movements. how uptake of thomitrem a relates to exposure is unknown so far since data on biotransformation and toxicokinetics are missing. in this study the toxin was ... | 2016 | 27816536 |
¹h and ¹³c nmr assignments of two new piperazine-trione from the fungus penicillium crustosum yn-ht-15. | | 2015 | 26031398 |
microbial mediated preparation, characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticles. | the need for eco-friendly and cost effective methods for nanoparticles synthesis is developing interest in biological approaches which are free from the use of toxic chemicals as byproducts. this study aimed to biosynthesize and optimize the size of gold nanoparticles which produced by biotechnological method using penicillium crustosum isolated from soil. initially, penicillium crustosum was grown in fluid czapek dox broth on shaker at 28 °c and 200 rpm for ten days and then the supernatant was ... | 2014 | 25763059 |
microbial biotransformation of gentiopicroside by the endophytic fungus penicillium crustosum 2t01y01. | endophytic fungi are symbiotic with plants and possess multienzyme systems showing promising metabolite potency with region selectivity and stereoselectivity. the aim of this study was to use these special microorganisms as an in vitro model to mimic the potential mammalian metabolites of a natural iridoid gentiopicroside (gps, compound 1). the fungi isolated from a medicinal plant, dendrobium candidum wall. ex lindl., were screened for their biotransformation abilities with gps as the substrate ... | 2014 | 24141132 |
neurotoxicity of penicillium crustosum secondary metabolites: tremorgenic activity of orally administered penitrem a and thomitrem a and e in mice. | several cases of neurological disease in dogs after poisoning by food- and feed-borne penicillium toxins in norway during the last years have uncovered a lack of knowledge regarding the toxicity and mechanism of action of neuroactive mycotoxins. in the present study, the lowest tremor-inducing dose after single oral administration of penitrem a to mice was 0.50 mg/kg bw. the estimated half maximal effective dose (ed(50)) in respect to the visual tremor scale was 2.74 mg/kg bw. mice receiving the ... | 2012 | 23085423 |