| pigment cell pattern formation in amphibian embryos: a reexamination of the dopa technique. | neural crest-derived melanophores form species-specific patterns in the dermis of amphibian embryos. melanophore patterns may be generated by one of two general mechanisms: pigment cell precursors disperse throughout the embryo, with melanophores differentiating in certain regions due to environmental cues, or melanoblasts may localize in different regions as a result of a hierarchy of tissue affinities. both of these mechanisms have been proposed to be responsible for the dorso-ventral patterni ... | 1986 | 2432154 |
| pigment cell pattern formation in taricha torosa: the role of the extracellular matrix in controlling pigment cell migration and differentiation. | the neural crest is a population of highly migratory mesenchymal cells that ultimately localize in specific sites and differentiate into a variety of cell types. this report describes studies on the factors governing the migratory pathways, differentiation, and ultimate localization of the neural crest-derived pigment cells (black melanophores and yellow xanthophores) in the california newt, taricha torosa. melanophores first appear scattered in the dorsal portion of the lateral neural crest mig ... | 1986 | 3770303 |
| growth and inhibition of metamorphosis in the newt taricha torosa by mammalian hypophysial and placental hormones. | | 1972 | 5016213 |
| noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the amphibian spleen: comparative studies. | spleens from representatives of the three amphibian orders were examined using sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid (spg) histofluorescence to detect catecholamines and immunocytochemistry to detect several neural antigens. nerve fibers are scattered throughout the spleens of adult salamanders (taricha torosa, notophthalmus viridescens, and ambystoma mexicanum). a less abundant but similarly diffuse pattern of innervation characterizes the spleen of the caecilian, typhlonectes sp. the sple ... | 1994 | 7539385 |
| [recent advances in tetrodotoxin research]. | one century has passed since fugu toxin was named tetrodotoxin (ttx) by tahara. chemical problems such as crystallization of tetrodotoxin and subsequent structure determination were solved by research groups headed by tsuda, hirata, woodward, and mosher. the international symposium on the chemistry of natural products in kyoto (1964) was well known as symposium which the structure of ttx was internationally clarified. since the first isolation of toxin from taricha torosa (imori) as natural sour ... | 2000 | 11082696 |
| tarichatoxin: isolation and purification. | the potent neurotoxin occurring in the embryos of the california newt, taricha torosa, has been obtained in crystalline form. with a lethal subcutaneous dose of approximately 0.14 micrograms for a 20-gram mouse, it is, along with saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, one of the most toxic nonprotein substances known. | 1963 | 14016021 |
| tetrodotoxin--distribution and accumulation in aquatic organisms, and cases of human intoxication. | many pufferfish of the family tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (ttx). in marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. in 1964, the toxin of the california newt was identified as ttx as well, and since then ttx has been detected in a variety of other organisms. ttx is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate ttx via the food chain that ... | 2008 | 18728726 |
| on the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin. | the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (ttx) has been identified from taxonomically diverse marine organisms. ttx possesses a unique cage-like structure, however, its biosynthesis has yet to be elucidated. biosynthetic studies in the ttx-producing newt taricha torosa, and in bacterial genera, including vibrio, have proven inconclusive. indeed, very few studies have been performed that address the cellular production of ttx. here we review the sources of ttx described to date and provide evidence for ... | 2011 | 21543051 |
| histological analysis of forelimb regeneration in the california newt taricha granulosa. | the regenerative ability of the forelimbs of the california rough-skinned newt, taricha granulosa was determined and compared to the same ability of the adult mexican axolotl, ambystoma mexicanum. forelimbs were amputated distally at the wrist and limbs removed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks post-amputation were examined by histological analysis. since vitamin a and its derivatives cause extreme changes in pattern formation in the regenerating amphibian limb, we decided to study the ability of ret ... | 2005 | 1525332 |
| responses of metamorphosing taricha torosa to x rays. | | 2016 | 4837262 |
| tetrodotoxin: occurrence in atelopid frogs of costa rica. | the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, which has previously been found in puffer fish of the order tetraordontiformes, a goby (gobius criniger), and the california newt (taricha torosa), has now been identified in the skins of frogs of the genus atelopus from costa rica. | 1989 | 1138374 |
| invasive hybrid tiger salamander genotypes impact native amphibians. | although the ecological consequences of species invasions are well studied, the ecological impacts of genetic introgression through hybridization are less understood. this is particularly true of the impacts of hybridization on "third party" community members not genetically involved in hybridization. we also know little about how direct interactions between hybrid and parental individuals influence fitness. here, we examined the ecological effects of hybridization between the native, threatened ... | 2009 | 19564601 |
| pigment patterns of larval salamanders (ambystomatidae, salamandridae): the role of the lateral line sensory system and the evolution of pattern-forming mechanisms. | in many species of salamanders, pigment cells derived from the neural crest give rise to a horizontal stripe pattern in hatchling larvae. a defining element of these horizontal stripe patterns is a region over the middle of the myotomes that is relatively free of melanophores. this study shows that formation of a "melanophore-free region" and horizontal stripe pattern in ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (family ambystomatidae) correlates with the development of the trunk lateral line sensory system. ... | 1996 | 8626032 |
| the amphibian skin-associated microbiome across species, space and life history stages. | skin-associated bacteria of amphibians are increasingly recognized for their role in defence against pathogens, yet we have little understanding of their basic ecology. here, we use high-throughput 16s rrna gene sequencing to examine the host and environmental influences on the skin microbiota of the cohabiting amphibian species anaxyrus boreas, pseudacris regilla, taricha torosa and lithobates catesbeianus from the central valley in california. we also studied populations of rana cascadae over ... | 2014 | 24171949 |
| community ecology of invasions: direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities. | with many ecosystems now supporting multiple nonnative species from different trophic levels, it can be challenging to disentangle the net effects of invaders within a community context. here, we combined wetland surveys with a mesocosm experiment to examine the individual and combined effects of nonnative fish predators and nonnative bullfrogs on aquatic communities. among 139 wetlands, nonnative fish (bass, sunfish, and mosquitofish) negatively influenced the probability of occupancy of pacifi ... | 2012 | 22834365 |
| axonal pathfinding in the absence of normal pathways and impulse activity. | retinal axons were challenged to grow to their targets both along abnormal pathways and in the absence of impulse activity. eye primordia were first transplanted from normal to ectopic sites in axolotl embryos. most of the hosts were genetically eyeless, others were enucleated normal embryos. these axolotl embryos were then parabiotically joined to california newt embryos. both operations were completed by stage 28, which is before axons have left the eye. the result of the parabiosis was a para ... | 1984 | 6325605 |
| sensitivity of excitable and inexcitable membranes to alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin ii. | a variety of excitable and inexcitable preparations have been examined for their sensitivity to the depolarizing action of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin ii. alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin ii was effective in producing membrane depolarization in giant axons from the crayfish (procambarus clarki) and sartorius muscle fibers from the frog (rana pipiens) and the salamander (taricha torosa). the toxin-induced depolarization was reversed by lowering the external sodium concentration. high concentrations of tet ... | 1978 | 727243 |
| residues in cutthroat trout (salmo clarki) and california newts (tarichia torosa) from a lake treated with technical chlordane. | the water of a lake was sprayed with technical chlordane to give a concentration of approximately 10 ppb. resident california newts (tarichia torosa) and cutthroat trout (salmo clarki) were subsequently collected and analyzed for residue concentrations. the newts were collected at 14, 279, 451, and 1,036 days; the trout at 93, 279, 421, and 1,014 days. at first, the concentrations of residues were very high in both species and their composition, except for heptachlor, resembled that of technical ... | 1980 | 7400537 |
| eliminating afferent impulse activity does not alter the dendritic branching of the amphibian mauthner cell. | in the developing amphibian, the formation of extra vestibular contacts on the mauthner cell (m-cell) enhances dendritic branching, while deprivation reduces it (goodman and model, 1988a). the mechanism underlying the interaction between afferent fibers and developing dendritic branches is not known; neural activity may be an essential component of the stimulating effect. we examined the role of afferent impulse activity in the regulation of m-cell dendritic branching in the axolotl (ambystoma m ... | 1990 | 2155302 |
| regions of the brain influencing the projection of developing optic tracts in the salamander. | eye primordia from the mexican axolotl or the california newt were transplanted into hosts of either species. these "third" eyes often developed an optic nerve that penetrated the host brain and made one of three central projections: bilateral to the dorsal thalami, tecta, and basal optic nuclei; ipsilateral to the same areas; or ipsilateral into the cord. the type of projection made by a transplanted eye seemed to depend on where its nerve first entered the brain. the optic fibers that reached ... | 1980 | 7440804 |
| the effects of eliminating impulse activity on the development of the retinotectal projection in salamanders. | the california newt taricha torosa manufactures tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-sensitive sodium channels and therefore of action potentials.the newt's own nervous system is insensitive to this toxin. grafting an embryonic eye to the newt from a tetrodotoxin-sensitive species, the mexican axolotl, blocks action potentials in the retinal ganglion cells of the transplanted eye. neuroanatomical and electrophysical techniques demonstrate that while such ganglion cells are incapable of firing impu ... | 1980 | 7440803 |
| composition and structure of helminth communities of the salamanders, aneides lugubris, batrachoseps nigriventris, ensatina eschscholtzii (plethodontidae), and taricha torosa (salamandridae) from california. | component helminth communities of aneides lugubris (n=31), batrachoseps nigriventris (n=63), ensatina eschscholtzii (n=30), and taricha torosa (n=68) from california were determined. the compound helminth community consisted of 1 species of cestode, bitegmen gerrhonoti and 6 species of nematodes, batracholandros salamandrae, cosmocercoides variabilis, falcaustra pretiosa, megalobatrachonema gigantica, oswaldocruzia pipiens, and rhabdias joaquinensis. the least diverse infracommunities were assoc ... | 1998 | 9576495 |
| parallel arms races between garter snakes and newts involving tetrodotoxin as the phenotypic interface of coevolution. | parallel "arms races" involving the same or similar phenotypic interfaces allow inference about selective forces driving coevolution, as well as the importance of phylogenetic and phenotypic constraints in coevolution. here, we report the existence of apparent parallel arms races between species pairs of garter snakes and their toxic newt prey that indicate independent evolutionary origins of a key phenotype in the interface. in at least one area of sympatry, the aquatic garter snake, thamnophis ... | 2005 | 15856788 |
| genetic variation in two widespread species of salamanders, taricha granulosa and taricha torosa. | two species of the genus taricha are widely distributed. t. granulosa ranges from southern alaska to central california. t. torosa is comprised of two described subspecies, t. t. torosa, which occupies much of the coast ranges of california, and t. t. sierrae, which inhabits the western slopes of the sierra nevada mountains. a starch gel electrophoretic survey for genetic variation at 34 loci in four population samples of t. granulosa and at 40 loci in five population samples of t. torosa reveal ... | 1976 | 985380 |
| an amphibian chemical defense phenotype is inducible across life history stages. | inducible phenotypic responses to environmental variation are ubiquitous across the tree of life, but it remains an open question whether amphibian chemical defense phenotypes are inducible. tetrodotoxin (ttx) is a key chemical defense trait in north american and eurasian newts (salamandridae). we tested if ttx can be induced by exposing populations of adult and larval california newts (taricha torosa) to sustained stressful conditions while longitudinally quantifying ttx concentrations. adult n ... | 2017 | 28811506 |
| a discrete stage-structured model of california newt population dynamics during a period of drought. | we introduce a mathematical model for studying the population dynamics under drought of the california newt (taricha torosa), a species of special concern in the state of california. since 2012, california has experienced a record-setting drought, and multiple studies predict drought conditions currently underway will persist and even increase in severity. recent declines and local extinctions of california newt populations in santa monica mountain streams motivate our study of the impact of dro ... | 2017 | 27887877 |
| individual fluctuations in toxin levels affect breeding site fidelity in a chemically defended amphibian. | behaviours that influence habitat selection strongly determine species movement patterns. one component of animal behaviour that largely influences movement patterns and habitat choice is site fidelity. california newts (family salamandridae) demonstrate remarkable site fidelity, typically homing to the same pool of a stream each breeding season. individuals often occupy a specific pool throughout the breeding season, but some males shift among breeding pools, altering their set of potential mat ... | 2016 | 27194704 |
| quantifying tetrodotoxin levels in the california newt using a non-destructive sampling method. | toxic or noxious substances often serve as a means of chemical defense for numerous taxa. however, such compounds may also facilitate ecological or evolutionary processes. the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (ttx), which is found in newts of the genus taricha, acts as a selection pressure upon predatory garter snakes, is a chemical cue to conspecific larvae, which elicits antipredator behavior, and may also affect macroinvertebrate foraging behavior. to understand selection patterns and how potential v ... | 2014 | 24467994 |
| kinematics of level terrestrial and underwater walking in the california newt, taricha torosa. | salamanders are acknowledged to be the closest postural model of early tetrapods and are capable of walking both in a terrestrial environment and while submerged under water. nonetheless, locomotion in this group is poorly understood, as is underwater pedestrian locomotion in general. we, therefore, quantified the movements of the body axis and limbs of the california newt, taricha torosa, during steady-speed walking in two environments, both of which presented a level surface: a treadmill and a ... | 2009 | 19266497 |
| chemosensory reception, behavioral expression, and ecological interactions at multiple trophic levels. | chemoreception may function throughout an entire animal lifetime, with independent, stage-specific selection pressures leading to changes in physiological properties, behavioral expression, and hence, trophic interactions. when the california newt (taricha torosa) metamorphoses from an entirely aquatic larva to a semi-terrestrial juvenile/adult form, its chemosensory organs undergo dramatic reorganization. the relationship between newt life-history stage and chemosensory-mediated behavior was es ... | 2007 | 17488941 |
| the scent of danger: arginine as an olfactory cue of reduced predation risk. | animal perception of chemosensory cues is a function of ecological context. larvae of the california newt (taricha torosa), for example, exhibit predator-avoidance behavior in response to a chemical from cannibalistic adults. the poison tetrodotoxin (ttx), well known as an adult chemical defense, stimulates larval escape to refuges. although they are cannibals, adult newts feed preferentially on worms (eisenia rosea) over conspecific young. hence, larval avoidance reactions to ttx are suppressed ... | 2007 | 17488940 |
| postcranial myology of the california newt, taricha torosa. | salamanders are generally agreed to represent the primitive tetrapod body plan, as well as a postural analog for early tetrapods. dissection and description of the muscles of the forelimb, trunk, and hindlimb of the california newt, taricha torosa, were undertaken to provide baseline data on the locomotor structures in this species. hypaxial trunk muscles are similar to those of other vertebrates. as in other salamanders, limb muscles show a simple parallel-fibered architecture and often span mu ... | 2006 | 16342210 |
| kinematics of the transition between aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in the newt taricha torosa. | california newts (taricha torosa) are capable of locomotion in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. the transition between swimming and terrestrial walking was examined by videotaping individual taricha walking both up and down a ramp, inclined at 15 degrees to the horizontal, that had its lower end immersed in water and its upper end out of the water. when ascending the ramp, california newts first approached it by swimming, then used their limbs to walk while still in water, and finally ... | 2004 | 14691094 |
| homology and evolutionary novelty in the deployment of extracellular matrix molecules during pigment pattern formation in the salamanders taricha torosa and t. rivularis (salamandridae). | salamander larvae exhibit a diverse array of pigment patterns shortly after hatching. previous studies have identified roles for the extracellular matrix and lateral line sensory system in promoting the development of a phylogenetically common pattern of horizontal melanophore stripes. in contrast, salamanders in the genus taricha exhibit evolutionarily derived pigment patterns and pattern-forming mechanisms. taricha torosa larvae exhibit compact melanophore stripes that develop via redundant, l ... | 2001 | 11335913 |
| impact of chaparral wildfire-induced sedimentation on oviposition of stream-breeding california newts (taricha torosa). | we examined the effects of chaparral wildfire on stream-breeding california newts (taricha torosa) in a 750-m stretch of a perennial santa monica mountain stream (los angeles county). detailed field surveys of 1992 and 1993 established the composition (run, riffle, pool) of this habitat and determined the oviposition sites of newts. we also quantified california newt egg mass density and estimated the density of newt adults. a chaparral wildfire burned the entire study site on 2 november 1993. u ... | 1997 | 28307248 |
| mtdna phylogeography of the california newt, taricha torosa (caudata, salamandridae). | thirty-six individuals of the california newt, taricha torosa, representing 22 populations from throughout the range of the two currently recognized subspecies, torosa and sierrae, were examined for sequence variation in a segment (375 bp) of the mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene. the maximum sequence divergence within t. torosa is about 9%. phylogenetic analyses used the sister taxa t. rivularis and t. granulosa as outgroups. eighteen haploid sequence types found in t. torosa were grouped by ... | 1995 | 8747295 |
| electrophysiology of newt skin: effects of prolactin. | integumental transepithelial potential (tep) was measured by both in vivo and in vitro (ussing chamber) techniques in the same adult terrestrial-phase california newts (taricha torosa). in both types of preparation, tep showed a logarithmic relation to external sodium (as na2so4) concentrations between 0.1 and 10 meq/liter, with in vivo values exceeding in vitro values at all points. km was ca. 1 and 5 meq/liter for the in vivo and in vitro preparations, respectively. when terrestrial-phase newt ... | 1988 | 3181739 |
| the control of pigment cell pattern formation in the california newt, taricha torosa. | neural crest-derived pigment cells form species-specific patterns of pigmentation in amphibian embryos. we have characterized the appearance and changes in pigment cell distribution in the embryos of the california newt, taricha torosa. black melanophores first appear scattered over the surface of the somites intermingled with yellow xanthophores in stage 34/35 embryos. the melanophores then migrate either dorsally to form a dorsal stripe at the apex of the somites or ventrally along the interso ... | 1986 | 3794598 |
| comparative features of the surface morphology of the basilar papilla in five families of salamanders (amphibia; caudata). | the surface morphology of the basilar recess and papilla was examined in 14 species of newts and salamanders selected from the five families of urodeles (ambystomatidae, salamandridae, hynobiidae, cryptobranchidae, and amphiumidae) known to have this end-organ. in this sampling, the general organization of basilar structures is essentially similar across species investigated. the recess forms a tubular diverticulum of the proximal part of the lagena. one wall of the recess is associated with a d ... | 1986 | 3959086 |
| effects of hypophysectomy and prolactin on the water-balance response of the newt, taricha torosa. | | 1982 | 7060938 |
| effects of hypophysectomy and prolactin on sodium balance in the newt, taricha torosa. | | 1981 | 7286638 |
| water balance in the california newt, taricha torosa. | both dehydration to 87% of original body weight (wo) and arginine vasotocin (avt: 20 mu/g) elicited rapid weight gains (ca. 9% of wo in the 1st h) when terrestrial-phase t. torosa were given access to water. in each case, net weight gain resulted from increased integumental osmosis and antidiuresis. mesotocin (0.001 -- 0.1 micrograms/g) elicited modest but significant weight gains (ca. 1%/h) caused solely by increased integumental osmosis. integumental water uptake from wet moss was 66% that of ... | 1980 | 7356042 |
| [the sciatic nerve of the newt taricha torosa. its ultrastructural organization and location of its acid phosphatase enzyme activity]. | | 1973 | 4774063 |
| somatotropic effects of mammalian growth hormone and prolactin in larval newts, taricha torosa. | | 1972 | 5016214 |
| the succession of cutaneous melanophore populations in taricha torosa. | | 1971 | 5113540 |
| fine structural study on the origin and development of the sphincter pupillae muscle in the west coast newt (taricha torosa). | | 1971 | 5581747 |
| enzyme localization during melanogenesis. | the dopa-reaction was used to identify tyrosinase in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the neural crest melanoblast of taricha torosa, the california newt. in this urodele there is a nuclear dopa-positive response during the normal embryonic development from the late blastula stage to the nucleus of the early melanocyte. during the gastrula stages, all nuclei of this newt are dopa-positive. this positive nuclear response fades away after the formation of the neural crest, save in the melanoblasts. th ... | 1969 | 4981069 |
| fine structure of the pars distalis and interrenals of taricha torosa after administration of metopirone (su-4885). | | 1969 | 4303874 |
| analysis of morphogenetic movements in the neural plate of the newt taricha torosa. | | 1968 | 5751536 |
| blockage of sodium conductance increase in lobster giant axon by tarichatoxin (tetrodotoxin). | tarichatoxin, isolated from california newt eggs, has been found to selectively block the increase of sodium conductance associated with excitation in lobster giant axons at nanomolar concentrations. this resulted from a reduction in the amplitude of the conductance increase rather than a change in its temporal characteristics. the normal potassium conductance increase with depolarization is not altered. a high concentration of calcium applied concomitantly with the toxin significantly improves ... | 1966 | 5961361 |
| fine structure of desmosomes. , hemidesmosomes, and an adepidermal globular layer in developing newt epidermis. | the skin of late embryonic, larval, and young postmetamorphic newts, taricha torosa, has been examined with particular reference to areas of cellular attachment. stereo electron microscopic techniques and special staining methods for extracellular materials were utilized in addition to conventional avenues of ultrastructural study to investigate the fine architecture of desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, their associated filament systems, and extracellular materials. no evidence has been found that con ... | 1966 | 5901500 |
| identity of tarichatoxin and tetrodotoxin. | tarichatoxin (c(11)h(17)n(3)o(8)), a potent neurotoxin recently isolated in pure form from the eggs of the california newt, taricha torosa, has been found to be identical to tetrodotoxin from the ovaries of sphoeroides rubripes, the japanese fugu or puffer fish. as yet this substance has been detected only in a single family of fish, tetraodontidae, and in a single family of amphibia, salamandridae. | 1964 | 14080312 |
| an analysis of the postgastrula differentiation of the hypomere. ii. the influence of endoderm and tissue mass in taricha torosa. | | 1961 | 13893025 |
| the relationship of macrophages to the development of melanophores during metamorphosis in taricha torosa. | | 1961 | 13888444 |
| cyclic changes in the pituitary gland of the urodele amphibian, taricha torosa (triturus torosus). | | 1955 | 13238849 |
| cyclic changes in the thyroid and interrenal glands of the urodele amphibian, taricha torosa (triturus torosus). | | 1955 | 13238848 |
| the geographic mosaic in parallel: matching patterns of newt tetrodotoxin levels and snake resistance in multiple predator-prey pairs. | the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution predicts that coevolutionary arms races will vary over time and space because of the diverse ecological settings and population histories of interacting species across the landscape. thus, understanding coevolution may require investigating broad sets of populations sampled across the range of the interaction. in addition, comparing coevolutionary dynamics between similar systems may reveal the importance of specific factors that structure coevolution. ... | 2020 | 32198924 |
| comparison of direct and indirect techniques for evaluating endoparasite infections in wild-caught newts (taricha torosa and t. granulosa). | studies of amphibian parasites have increased over the past 20 yr, in part because of their role in amphibian population declines and deformities. such patterns underscore the importance of non-lethal methods for detecting and quantifying endoparasitic infections. the goal of this study was to compare results of indirect methods (fecal smears and fecal floats) with quantitative necropsies to detect endoparasitic infections in adult newts. in 2015, we collected fecal samples from 68 adult newts ( ... | 2019 | 31120040 |
| human traffic and habitat complexity are strong predictors for the distribution of a declining amphibian. | invasive species and habitat modification threaten california's native pond-breeding amphibians, including the federally threatened california red-legged frog (rana draytonii). the relative contributions of invasive species, including the american bullfrog (lithobates catesbeianus), and of habitat changes to these declines are disputed. i conducted a field study over several years in central california to examine the presence/absence of these two species at 79 breeding ponds to determine the pre ... | 2019 | 30845170 |
| tracking the assembly of nested parasite communities: using β-diversity to understand variation in parasite richness and composition over time and scale. | community composition is driven by a few key assembly processes: ecological selection, drift and dispersal. nested parasite communities represent a powerful study system for understanding the relative importance of these processes and their relationship with biological scale. quantifying β-diversity across scales and over time additionally offers mechanistic insights into the ecological processes shaping the distributions of parasites and therefore infectious disease. to examine factors driving ... | 2020 | 32160311 |
| amphibian responses in the aftermath of extreme climate events. | climate change-induced extinctions are estimated to eliminate one in six known species by the end of the century. one major factor that will contribute to these extinctions is extreme climatic events. here, we show the ecological impacts of recent record warm air temperatures and simultaneous peak drought conditions in california. from 2008-2016, the southern populations of a wide-ranging endemic amphibian (the california newt, taricha torosa) showed a 20% reduction to mean body condition and si ... | 2020 | 32098990 |
| resistance and tolerance: a hierarchical framework to compare individual versus family-level host contributions in an experimental amphibian-trematode system. | hosts have two general strategies for mitigating the fitness costs of parasite exposure and infection: resistance and tolerance. the resistance-tolerance framework has been well developed in plant systems, but only recently has it been applied to animal-parasite interactions. however, difficulties associated with estimating fitness, controlling parasite exposure, and quantifying parasite burden have limited application of this framework to animal systems. here, we used an experimental approach t ... | 2019 | 30862495 |