| klebsiella pneumoniae infection with secondary hypopyon in tokay gecko lizards. | | 1978 | 367993 |
| the gecko visual pigments. the behavior of opsin. | the 521-pigment extracted out of the retina of the tokay gecko has the typical stereospecificity of the vertebrate visual pigments. this is true for the pigment in the chloride-depleted, "blue-shifted" state as well as for the normal pigment with added chloride. while in the chloride-deficient state, pigment regeneration occurred with both 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinals and the regenerated photopigments were also in the blue-shifted, chloride-depleted state. as with the native pigment, these regener ... | 1979 | 458419 |
| occurrence of edwardsiella tarda in the household lizard, gecko gecko. | | 1977 | 604577 |
| intestinal bacterial flora of the household lizard, gecko gecko. | a total of 114 isolates was recovered from the intestines of 43 househould lizards, gecko gecko. among the important ones were staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus mirabilis and edwardsiella tarda. | 1978 | 653125 |
| cone visual pigments are present in gecko rod cells. | the tokay gecko (gekko gekko), a nocturnal lizard, has two kinds of visual pigments, p467 and p521. in spite of the pure-rod morphology of the photoreceptor cells, the biochemical properties of p521 and p467 resemble those of iodopsin (the chicken red-sensitive cone visual pigment) and rhodopsin, respectively. we have found that the amino acid sequence of p521 deduced from the cdna was very similar to that of iodopsin. in addition, p467 has the highest homology with the chicken green-sensitive c ... | 1992 | 1379723 |
| amino acid uptake systems in lizard and chick brain cells. | the uptake of seven amino acids, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (aib), cyclo-leucine (cyclo-leu), gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), glycine (gly), glutamic acid (glu), lysine (lys), and taurine (tau), representatives of different amino acid transport systems, was studied in slices of brain from tokay lizards and white leghorn chicks. in descending order, the rate of the initial uptake of the amino acids in both species was glu greater than gly greater than gaba greater than cyclo-leu greater than aib ... | 1991 | 1944761 |
| distribution of phenylethanolamine-n-methyltransferase-immunoreactive perikarya and fibers in the brain of the lizard gekko gecko. | the distribution of phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase (pnmt)-immunoreactive (pnmti) cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the lizard gekko gecko was studied by antibodies raised in rabbits against purified bovine adrenal pnmt. the pnmti cell bodies were observed in the ventrolateral rhombencephalic tegmentum at the level of the obex. no immunoreactive perikarya were found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, the medial longitudinal fascicle or the hypothalamus. an extensive network of pnm ... | 1990 | 2257480 |
| functional similarities in the mechanical design of the aorta in lower vertebrates and mammals. | the mechanical properties of the aorta from the toad bufo marinus, the lizard gekko gecko and the garter snake thamnophis radix were compared to those of the rat, by inflation of vessel segments in vitro. the arteries of the lower vertebrates, like those of mammals, were compliant, highly resilient, and non-linearly elastic. the elastic modulus of the artery wall was similar in the lower vertebrates and mammals, at their respective mean physiological pressures. we conclude that the aorta in each ... | 1989 | 2513219 |
| distribution of renal calcitonin binding sites in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. | calcitonin (ct), the hypocalcemic hypophosphatemic hormone, is present in many vertebrate species. the principal target organs for ct are, in mammals, kidney and bone, and in fish, bone and gill. we have investigated the presence of renal calcitonin binding sites in a fish (salmo gairdneri), two amphibians (bufo bufo and rana esculenta), two reptiles (pseudemys scripta and gekko gecko), and two birds (gallus domesticus and cothurnix japonica). we compared their distribution to a mammal, the rat ... | 1989 | 2555248 |
| in vivo rates of protein synthesis in brain, muscle, and liver of five vertebrate species. | to compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of five vertebrate species were measured after a single i.p. injection of a flooding dose of [1-14c]valine. in muscle, brain, and liver, the respective average protein synthesis rates, expressed as percent of total protein-bound valine replaced per hour, that is, percent synthesis per hour, in goldfish at 22 degrees c body temperature, were 0.07, 0.23, and 0.57%; in the bullfrog at 20 degrees c, 0.06, 0 ... | 1989 | 2594146 |
| a comparative study of the dopamine-acetylcholine interaction in telencephalic structures of the rat and of a reptile, the lizard gekko gecko. | the present study describes an investigation in which the dopamine-acetylcholine interaction in the caudate-putamen of the rat was compared with that in other telencephalic regions of the rat and in telencephalic regions of the gekko gecko. for the rat these regions included the nucleus accumbens and the entorhinal and parietal cortices, for the gekko the striatum, the dorsal ventricular ridge and the cortex. all investigated brain regions in the rat and the gekko receive dopaminergic projection ... | 1987 | 2952218 |
| comparative morphometric study of the vestibular system of the vertebrata: reptilia, aves, amphibia, and pisces. | morphometric measurements were made from serial sections of the vestibular system in four classes of vertebrates: reptilia, aves, amphibia, and pisces. representative species of reptile studied were the lizard (gekko gecko), the common garter snake (thamnophis sp.), and the common turtle (chelonia sp.). the budgie (melopsittacus undulatas), the common pigeon (columba domestica), the yellow-bellied sapsucker (sphyrapicus varius), and the horned owl (bubo virginianus) were chosen as representative ... | 1986 | 3485883 |
| putative thyroid hormone receptors in red blood cells of some reptiles. | putative triiodothyronine (t3) receptors have been detected in the nuclei of red blood cells (rbc) in a number of reptile species. the binding characteristics of t3 receptors in vitro were dissociation constant (kd) 9.1 to 28.58, 36.8 and 40, and 11.12 and 11.36 pm, and binding capacity (bmax) 0.12 to 0.37, 0.17 and 0.24, and 0.19 and 0.28 fmol per million cells in the rat snake (ptyas korros), soft-shelled turtle (trionyx sinensis), and tokay gecko (gekko gecko), respectively. these data were o ... | 1987 | 3609713 |
| wall geckos (geckonidae) as reservoirs of salmonellae in nigeria: problems for epidemiology and public health. | an investigation was carried out to establish the occurrence of salmonellae in household wall lizards (gecko gecko and hemidactylus sp.) in nsukka, nigeria. twentyseven out of 90 geckos examined yielded positive salmonella isolations, giving a carrier-rate of 30 per cent. while 2 isolates were non-typable, the other 25 strains belonged to 6 serotypes: salmonella weltevreden (8 strains), salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella hvittingfos, salmonella saintpaul, and salmonella a ... | 1985 | 3833829 |
| the distribution of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic vasotocinergic cells and fibers in the brain of a lizard, gekko gecko: presence of a sex difference. | the distribution of vasotocin in the brain of the lizard gekko gecko was studied with immunocytochemical methods. vasotocinergic cells were found in the nucleus supraopticus, the nucleus paraventricularis, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in the rhombencephalon. vasotocinergic fibers were found in the preoptic area, the lateral and ventral hypothalamus, and in many extrahypothalamic brain areas. furthermore, evidence was obtained of a conspicuous sex difference with regard to vasotoc ... | 1985 | 4044934 |
| effects of sv40 virus on the chromosomes of poikilothermic cells (gekko gecko) cultivated at different temperatures. | | 1972 | 4350127 |
| salmonella eastbourne from a great house gecko "gecko gecko". | | 1968 | 5739852 |
| changes in apical [k+] produce delayed basal membrane responses of the retinal pigment epithelium in the gecko. | we describe here a new retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) response, a delayed hyperpolarization of the rpe basal membrane, which is initiated by the light-evoked decrease of [k+]o in the subretinal space. this occurs in addition to an apical hyperpolarization previously described in cat (steinberg et al., 1970; schmidt and steinberg, 1971) and in bullfrog (oakley et al., 1977; oakley, 1977). intracellular and extracellular potentials and measurements of subretinal [k+]o were recorded from an in vi ... | 1984 | 6325582 |
| three light-evoked responses of the retinal pigment epithelium. | this paper summarizes our findings on light-evoked changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell (rpe) membrane potentials. experiments were performed on the eye of the anesthetized or decerebrate cat and on isolated tissues from the eyes of a lizard, gekko gekko, and a frog, rana catesbeiana. in cat, as was previously shown, the rpe apical membrane potential responds to changes in [k+]0 in the subretinal space. at the onset of illumination it hyperpolarizes to a peak at 4.0 sec as [k+]0 decreases. ... | 1983 | 6606894 |
| the gecko visual pigment: a ph indicator with a salt effect. | 1. unlike rhodopsin, the extracted 521-pigment of the tokay gecko (gekko gekko) is ph-sensitive and changes its spectral absorbance in the ph range of 4.5-7.3. the colour change is reversible and ph can be employed to adjust the spectral maximum anywhere between 490 nm and its native location at 521 nm.2. the hypsochromic shift with increasing acidity is opposite to that expected for the protonation of the schiff base nitrogen and suggests an action on the secondary system of interacting charges ... | 1981 | 7338818 |
| chloride effect on the early photolysis intermediates of a gecko cone-type visual pigment. | nanosecond laser photolysis measurements were conducted on the cone-type visual pigment p521 in digitonin extracts of tokay gecko (gekko gekko) retina containing physiological chloride ion levels and also on samples which had been chloride depleted or which contained high levels (4 m) of chloride. absorbance difference spectra were recorded at a sequence of time delays from 30 ns to 60 microseconds following excitation with a pulse of either 532- or 477-nm actinic light. global analysis showed t ... | 1995 | 7727442 |
| glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme-crystallin in diurnal geckos of the genus phelsuma. | lenses from diurnal geckos, phelsuma barbouri, phelsuma madagascariensis grandis and phelsuma serraticauda contain a prominent 37 kda polypeptide (pi-crystallin) that is not present in lenses from the nocturnal geckos, gekko gekko, hemidactylus garnoti, tarentola annularis, and uroplatus henkeli. this protein was partially purified from p. serraticauda and was identified as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapd). the gapds, which constitute 14-24% of the lens soluble protein in the diur ... | 1995 | 7733971 |
| light and electron microscopic characterization of cholinergic and dopaminergic structures in the striatal complex and the dorsal ventricular ridge of the lizard gekko gecko. | the purpose of the present study was to visualize the morphological substrate underlying acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in the striatal complex of the lizard gekko gecko and to compare the results with data obtained by others in mammals. the results are also discussed in the light of data obtained previously by us on neurochemical aspects of acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in gekko and in rats. the study is part of a large research program in which the cholinergic and dopaminergic eleme ... | 1994 | 7916354 |
| regional differences in the dopaminergic regulation of cyclic amp formation within the rat nucleus accumbens: comparison with the striatal complex of the lizard gekko gecko. | effects of dopamine d2 receptor activation on the forskolin or d1 receptor stimulated formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic amp) were investigated in tissue slices of two subregions of the rat nucleus accumbens and in the striatal complex of a lizard. cyclic amp production in the tissue was estimated by measuring the conversion of [3h]adenine in a superfusion system. activation of a d2 receptor appeared to inhibit the d1 receptor agonists or forskolin stimulated formation of camp i ... | 1993 | 8233076 |
| metarhodopsin intermediates of the gecko cone pigment p521. | cone visual pigments are responsible for color vision. using low-temperature spectroscopy and linear/logarithmic time scale flash photolysis, we studied the photochemistry of the cone visual pigment p521 from the lizard gekko gekko. we found both meta i and meta ii intermediates in this cone pigment; meta i absorbs at 480 nm, and meta ii absorbs at ca. 380 nm. the formation of meta i is a fast process with a lifetime of 2.8 microseconds for the slow component (ph 6.70, 8.0 degrees c, 2% digitoni ... | 1993 | 8260505 |
| mechanical work as a determinant of prey-handling behavior in the tokay gecko (gekko gecko). | in this study an in vitro analysis of the force and mechanical work required to bite prey items of different size and physical character is combined with an in vivo analysis of prey-handling behavior in the tokay gecko (gekko gecko). the force required to bite and the work of biting increase with prey size, but the rate of increase is prey specific, with crickets (acheta domestica) requiring substantially more force and work per bite than larvae (galleria mellonella and manduca sexta) for all bu ... | 1997 | 9231392 |
| early photolysis intermediates of gecko and bovine artificial visual pigments. | nanosecond laser photolysis measurements were conducted on digitonin extracts of artificial pigments prepared from the cone-type visual pigment, p521, of the tokay gecko (gekko gekko) retina. artificial pigments were prepared by regeneration of bleached gecko photoreceptor membranes with 9-cis-retinal, 9-cis-14-methylretinal, or 9-cis-alpha-retinal. absorbance difference spectra were recorded at a sequence of time delays from 30 ns to 60 microseconds following excitation with a pulse of 477-nm a ... | 1997 | 9398178 |
| the unique lipid composition of gecko (gekko gekko) photoreceptor outer segment membranes. | this study investigated the lipid and fatty acid composition of gecko photoreceptor outer segment membranes which contain the p521 cone-type pigment. the lipids of gecko photoreceptor outer segment membranes were first extracted and separated by thin layer chromatography (tlc) and then analyzed by gas chromatography (gc). our results show that gecko photoreceptor outer segment membranes contain less phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) and more phosphatidylcholine (pc) and phosphatidylserine (ps) compa ... | 1998 | 9854823 |
| laryngotracheal morphology of afro-madagascan geckos: a comparative survey. | the structural variation of the gekkonid larynx and trachea is examined within a representative subset of 17 species of afro-madagascan gekkonines to determine if there are underlying morphological correlates of vocalization. the documented morphology is compared to that of the tokay (gekko gecko), which has previously been described. data were obtained from gross anatomical observations, scanning electron microscopy, histological examinations and computer-generated, three-dimensional, skeletal ... | 2000 | 10972972 |
| association of saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum with some french wines: genetic analysis of yeast populations. | using genetic hybridization analysis, electrophoretic karyotyping and pcr-rflp of the met2 gene, we found that the yeast saccharomyces bayanus var. uvarum is associated with certain types of wines produced in the val de loire, sauternes, and jurancon regions. the average frequency of appearance of this yeast in the three regions of france was 41, 7 and 77%, respectively. in contrast, we did not find s. bayanus var. uvarum in red wines produced in the bordeaux area. the results of this study, as ... | 2000 | 11081582 |
| the molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. | to better understand the evolution of red-green color vision in vertebrates, we inferred the amino acid sequences of the ancestral pigments of 11 selected visual pigments: the lws pigments of cave fish (astyanax fasciatus), frog (xenopus laevis), chicken (gallus gallus), chameleon (anolis carolinensis), goat (capra hircus), and human (homo sapiens);and the mws pigments of cave fish, gecko (gekko gekko), mouse (mus musculus), squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), and human. we constructed these ancest ... | 2001 | 11545071 |
| the responses of the pupil of gekko gekko to external light stimulus. | 1. the responses of the pupil of a nocturnal gecko (gekko gekko) to external light stimulus were studied. 2. the responses of the pupil are determined by light entering the pupil and not by light acting directly on the iris. 3. the responses of the pupil are very uniform in sensitivity including spectral sensitivity for light coming in different directions to the eye. 4. the possible change in area of the pupil is more than 300-fold and probably represents an effort to shield the pure rod retina ... | 1956 | 13385448 |
| detection and analysis of six lizard adenoviruses by consensus primer pcr provides further evidence of a reptilian origin for the atadenoviruses. | a consensus nested-pcr method was designed for investigation of the dna polymerase gene of adenoviruses. gene fragments were amplified and sequenced from six novel adenoviruses from seven lizard species, including four species from which adenoviruses had not previously been reported. host species included gila monster, leopard gecko, fat-tail gecko, blue-tongued skink, tokay gecko, bearded dragon, and mountain chameleon. this is the first sequence information from lizard adenoviruses. phylogenet ... | 2004 | 15542689 |
| longitudinal diffusion of a polar tracer in the outer segments of rod photoreceptors from different species. | vertebrate rod photoreceptors are the ultimate light sensors, as they can detect a single photon. in darkness, rods maintain a high concentration of the intracellular messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cgmp), which binds to and keeps open cationic channels on the plasma membrane of the outer segment. absorption of a photon by the visual pigment of the rod, rhodopsin, initiates a biochemical amplification cascade that leads to a reduction in the concentration of cgmp and closure of the cha ... | 2006 | 16906792 |
| the tendinous patterns in the palmar surface of the lizard manus: functional consequences for grasping ability. | in lizards, distinct patterns of the tendinous structures associated with the forearm flexors have been described. in most lizards, the m. flexor digitorum longus ends in a tendinous plate with an embedded sesamoid, from which tendons run to the terminal phalanx of each digit. this structure is known as the flexor plate. in many polychrotid lizards, however, the flexor digitorum longus muscle is continuous with individual tendons running to each digit, and no complete flexor plate is present. in ... | 2009 | 19462454 |
| anti-tumor effect and influence of gekko gecko linnaeus on the immune system of sarcoma 180-bearing mice. | gekko gecko linnaeus (ggl) is an extract used in traditional chinese medicine. in the present study, we examined the anti-tumor activity of ggl and its effect on the immune system of mice. sarcoma 180-bearing mice were used as the animal model, and cisplatin was applied as the positive control drug. the mice were randomly divided into six groups, and each group was treated with a different drug or drug concentration. the effects of ggl were evaluated based on its anti-tumor activity and prolonga ... | 2009 | 21475868 |
| the herpetofauna of timor-leste: a first report. | fieldwork conducted throughout timor-leste in september 2004 and july 2009 resulted in a collection or recording of 263 herpetological specimens (100 amphibians, 163 reptiles), comprising at least seven species of frogs and toads, 20 species of lizards, seven species of snakes, two species of turtles, and one species of crocodile. among the amphibians, the most frequently encountered species were toads (duttaphrynus melanostictus), rice paddy frogs (genus fejervarya), and rhacophorid treefrogs ( ... | 2011 | 21852932 |
| [prime study of gekko gecko in hplc fingerprint]. | to establish hplc fingerprint of gekko gecko. | 2012 | 23627079 |
| a possible pain control system in a non-mammalian vertebrate (a lizard, gekko gecko). | in a lizard (gekko gecko) the anterograde tracer pha-l was microiontophoretically applied to the predominantly serotonergic nucleus raphes inferior. extensive spinal projections from the rostral magnocellular part of this nucleus were demonstrated to the superficial layers of the dorsal horn and to the intermediate zone, more sparsely to the ventral horn. but, in addition, retrogradely labeled neurons were found in and just below a periventricular cell group in tegmentum mesencephali, i.e. the l ... | 2010 | 2831478 |
| heterotopic synaptic bodies in the auditory hair cells of adult lizards. | the auditory hair cells of adults of eight species of lizards (three gekkonids: coleonyx variegatus, gekko gecko, and cosymbotus platyurus; two teiids: ameiva ameiva and cnemidophorus tigris; one anguid: celestus costatus; one lacertid: podarcis (lacerta) sicula; and one iguanid: crotaphytus wislizeni) were studied by transmission electron microscopy. heterotopic synaptic bodies were found in some of the auditory hair cells of all of the above species, occurring frequently in the gekkonids but i ... | 2010 | 2820267 |
| the photoproducts of retinal-based visual pigments in situ: a contrast between rana pipiens and gekko gekko. | | 2015 | 4541827 |
| the effect of prolactin, thyroxine, and thyrotropin on the sloughing cycle of the lizard gekko gecko l. | | 2015 | 4649176 |
| the gecko visual pigment: the dark exchange reaction and the effects of anions. | a dark reaction is known to occur in retinal extracts of the gecko (gekko gekko), in which the natural 11-cis-chromophore of the 521-pigment is apparently replaced by adding 9-cis-retinal to form the 9-cis-photopigment. with chloride-deficient extracts the reaction involves some 70% of the 521-pigment. anions like nitrate, azide, thiocyanate and cyanate that shift the spectrum toward the blue do not affect this 70% exchange. anions like fluoride, iodide and sulfate likewise do not alter this mag ... | 2009 | 2759190 |
| distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the forebrain and midbrain of the lizard gekko gecko. | the distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht) in the forebrain and midbrain of the lizard gekko gecko was studied by means of antibodies against serotonin. in the diencephalon, serotonin-immunoreactive (5-hti) cell bodies were found in the hypothalamic periventricular organ and the ependymal wall of the infundibular recess. in the midbrain, 5-hti cells were observed in the nucleus raphes superior and the lateral portion of the nucleus reticularis superior. in addition, 5-hti cell bod ... | 2012 | 3385015 |
| the role of prolactin in the sloughing cycle of the lizard, gekko gecko l. | | 2016 | 5090073 |
| the distribution of dopamine immunoreactivity in the forebrain and midbrain of the lizard gekko gecko: an immunohistochemical study with antibodies against dopamine. | the distribution of dopamine (da) immunoreactivity in the forebrain and the midbrain of the lizard gekko gecko was studied by using recently developed antibodies against da. dopamine-containing cells were found around the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, in several parts of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, in the periventricular organ, the ependymal wall of the infundibular recess, the lateral hypothalamic area and the pretectal posterodorsal nucleus of the diencephalon, and in the vent ... | 2013 | 3540035 |
| indigenous knowledge of zootherapeutic use among the biate tribe of dima hasao district, assam, northeastern india. | the present study addresses the use of zootherapy in the traditional healthcare system of the biate tribe of dima hasao district, assam, india. it sought to identify the different species used for zootherapeutic use with the detailed methods of usages to create awareness and contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of the resources. | 2013 | 23938109 |
| blood parasites in reptiles imported to germany. | though international trade is increasing, the significance of imported reptiles as carriers of pathogens with relevance to animal and human health is largely unknown. reptiles imported to germany were therefore investigated for blood parasites using light microscopy, and the detected parasites were morphologically characterized. four hundred ten reptiles belonging to 17 species originating from 11 asian, south american and african countries were included. parasites were detected in 117 (29%) of ... | 2014 | 25324132 |
| 'cardinal' grape parentage: a case of a breeding mistake. | the grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) is one of the most widely grown fruit plants, with table grapes accounting for at least 20% of the total world production. a few traditional table grape cultivars have achieved great international prominence. among the most important cultivars is 'cardinal', a historical californian grapevine obtained by e. snyder and f. harmon in 1939 by crossing 'flame tokay' (syn. 'ahmer bou amer') with 'ribier' (syn. 'alphonse lavallée') at the horticultural field station of ... | 2007 | 17502906 |
| plastic changes and nitric oxide synthase induction in neurons which innervate the regenerated tail of the lizard gekko gecko. ii. the response of dorsal root ganglion cells to tail amputation and regeneration. | the lizard tail regenerates after amputation, which severs the spinal cord and spinal nerves. dorsal root ganglia (drgs) do not regenerate in the regrowing tail, which is innervated by drgs rostral to the amputation. with nissl staining, nadph-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase (nos) immunohistochemistry, we investigated nos expression and its relationship with structural changes in drg neurons of caudotomized lizards. first, by horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing we here ... | 2000 | 10882786 |
| plastic changes and nitric oxide synthase induction in neurons that innervate the regenerated tail of the lizard gekko gecko: i. response of spinal motoneurons to tail amputation and regeneration. | the lizard tail regenerates after autotomy or amputation. after horseradish peroxidase injections in the regenerate, motoneurons were retrogradely labeled only in the three spinal segments rostral to the amputation, whose spinal nerves are severed by tail loss. the changes in these motoneurons, compared to those of lizards with original intact tails, were investigated 5, 15, and 30 days after caudotomy and at 8 months in lizards with mature regenerates. morphometric analysis of nissl-stained mot ... | 2000 | 10660888 |
| reversed tonotopic map of the basilar papilla in gekko gecko. | a published model of the frequency responses of different locations on the basilar papilla of the tokay gecko gekko gecko (authier and manley, 1995. hear. res. 82, 1-13) had implied that (a) unlike all other amniotes studied so far, the frequency map is reversed, with the low frequencies at the base and the high frequencies at the apex, and (b) the high-frequency area is split into two parallel-lying hair cell areas covering different frequency ranges. to test these hypotheses, the frequency rep ... | 1999 | 10355608 |
| afferent projections to the lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus in a lizard, gekko gecko. | afferent projections to the lateral hypothalamic area and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus of the lizard gekko gecko were studied after applications of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. large applications into the hypothalamus labeled several telencephalic populations not observed after smaller injections. these included the rostrolateral area of the dorsal cortex, a sheet of cells deep to the caudal pole of the lateral cortex, the external amygdala, and part of the dor ... | 1995 | 7552219 |
| afferent projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in a lizard, gekko gecko. | afferent projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (vmh) of a lizard, gekko gecko, were studied with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. results indicated that the shell and core areas of the vmh are largely innervated by different telencephalic nuclei but similar brain-stem nuclei. the common brainstem projections include the superior raphe, two isthmal populations (the ventral isthmal nucleus and parvocellular isthmal nucleus), and a dorsal thalamic projectio ... | 1995 | 7552218 |
| cholinergic, monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in the brain of the lizards gekko gecko and gallotia galloti. | in order to study the relationship between retinal projections and immunohistochemically identified neurotransmitter systems in the primary visual centers of the brain in lizards, intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase were combined with immunohistochemistry. antibodies raised against six substances were applied: choline acetyltransferase (chat), serotonin (5-ht), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), dopamine (da), substance p (sp), and leu-enkephalin (lenk). in the primary visual centers of the ... | 1992 | 1280514 |
| afferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard gekko gecko. | the afferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of the lizard gekko gecko were studied with retrograde tracing by means of horseradish peroxidase and fluoro-gold and with anterograde tracing by means of phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin. the striatum receives projections from the cortex, the dorsal ventricular ridge, the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, the globus pallidus, the anterior peduncular nucleus, the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, the area ventral to the su ... | 1990 | 2257479 |
| telencephalic connections in lizards. ii. projections to anterior dorsal ventricular ridge. | three distinct cytoarchitectonic regions were identified within the anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (advr) of two species of lizards, gekko gecko and iguana iguana. these regions have been named according to their general topographical positions: medial area, caudolateral area, and rostrolateral area. injections of horseradish peroxidase throughout the advr demonstrated that each of the three areas of the advr receives projections from specific thalamic nuclei which are associated with specifi ... | 1984 | 6209314 |
| telencephalic connections in lizards. i. projections to cortex. | the afferent connections to five cortical regions in two distantly related species of lizards (gekko gecko and iguana iguana) were studied by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. each of the five cortical regions is characterized by a specific pattern of projections from telencephalic, thalamic, hypothalamic, and brainstem regions. subdivisions within the five cortical regions also receive different patterns of projections. the thalamo-cort ... | 1984 | 6209313 |
| neuroanatomy and electrophysiology of the lacertilian nucleus isthmi. | horseradish peroxidase (hrp) tracings showed a bidirectional connection between the optic tectum (ot) and the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi (ni) pars magnocellularis (imc) in nocturnal gekko gekko and diurnal shinisaurus crocodilurus. we found that, in addition to a direct neuronal pathway, there is an indirect pathway from ot to imc via the nucleus profundus mesencephali (npm). the morphology of cells in ot, npm and ni was studied. visual units extracellularly recorded from ni were located within ... | 1983 | 6194859 |
| nucleus laminaris of the torus semicircularis: projection to spinal cord in reptiles. | neurons in nucleus laminaris of the torus semicircularis were retrogradely labeled following application of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) to the cervical spinal cord in two lizards (gekko gecko and iguana iguana) and a turtle (pseudemys scripta). different patterns of cell labeling were seen among the species studied and may be related to the distinctive differences in head and body movements seen in these animals during defensive, aggressive and social behaviors. | 1981 | 6270598 |
| comparison of otoacoustic emissions within gecko subfamilies: morphological implications for auditory function in lizards. | otoacoustic emissions (oaes) are sounds emitted by the ear and provide a non-invasive probe into mechanisms underlying peripheral auditory transduction. this study focuses upon a comparison of emission properties in two phylogenetically similar pairs of gecko: gekko gecko and hemidactylus turcicus and eublepharis macularius and coleonyx variegatus. each pair consists of two closely related species within the same subfamily, with quantitatively known morphological properties at the level of the a ... | 2011 | 21136278 |
| the optokinetic reaction in foveate and afoveate geckos. | to investigate determinants of symmetry of the monocular horizontal optokinetic reaction (hokr) in vertebrates, we performed behavioural studies in diurnal foveate, as well as nocturnal afoveate geckos. during binocular viewing hokr gain was equal for movement to the left or right, during monocular stimulation, all afoveate geckos (lepidodactylus lugubris, gekko gecko, eublepharis macularius) and the foveate lygodactylus spp. exclusively reacted to temporo-nasal stimulation with stabilising head ... | 2008 | 18234272 |
| spatio-temporal gait characteristics of level and vertical locomotion in a ground-dwelling and a climbing gecko. | the effects of incline (vertical versus horizontal) on spatio-temporal gait characteristics (stride and step length, frequency, duty factor, degree of sprawling) were measured over a range of speeds in a ground-dwelling (eublepharis macularius) and a climbing (gekko gecko) species of gecko. surprisingly, the climbing species also performs very well when moving on the horizontal substratum. in the present experiments, climbing speeds ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 m s(-1), whereas speeds for level locomo ... | 2001 | 11249834 |
| spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in two gecko species, gekko gecko and eublepharis macularius. | spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (spoae) of the gecko species gekko gecko and eublepharis macularius appear as broad spectral peaks (bandwidth 44 to 170 hz) between 1 and 4.5 khz that have peak levels of -7 to 10 db spl. most ears showed spoae at many frequencies. in some ears, the peaks were superimposed on a broad baseline emission. the instantaneous frequency of any emission varied rapidly within its bandwidth limits and frequencies in the center of the band occurred most commonly, but not w ... | 1996 | 8819855 |
| a new anoplocephalid (cestoda) from tarentola parvicarinata (lacertilia: gekkonidae) in senegal (west africa). | the present study presents the description of oochoristica beveridgei n. sp. (linstowiinae fuhrmann, 1907). the species was found in the small intestine of tarentola parvicarinata joger (gekkonidae) in east senegal (west africa). among known species of oochoristica lühe, 1898, o. beveridgei is most similar to oochoristica junkea (johri, 1950) schmidt, 1986, found in gekko gecko (linnaeus) from india. a common feature of both species is the location of the cirrus sac, which lies anterior to the p ... | 2010 | 20491512 |
| low density of membrane particles in auditory hair cells of lizards and birds suggests an absence of somatic motility. | hair cells are the mechanoreceptive cells of the vertebrate lateral line and inner ear. in addition to their sensory function, hair cells display motility and thus themselves generate mechanical energy, which is thought to enhance sensitivity. two principal cellular mechanism are known that can mediate hair-cell motility in vitro. one of these is based on voltage-dependent changes of an intramembrane protein and has so far been demonstrated only in outer hair cells of the mammalian cochlea. corr ... | 2004 | 15452826 |
| modulation of the reaction cycle of the na+:ca2+, k+ exchanger. | ca(2+) concentration in retinal photoreceptor rod outer segment (os) strongly affects the generator potential kinetics and the receptor light adaptation. the response to intense light stimuli delivered in the dark produce potential changes exceeding 40 mv: since the ca(2+) extrusion in the os is entirely controlled by the na(+):ca(2+), k(+) exchanger, it is important to assess how the exchanger ion transport rate is affected by the voltage and, in general, by intracellular factors. it is indeed ... | 2007 | 17415556 |
| the visual pigment cyanide effect. | the visual pigment of the tokay gecko (gekko gekko) with its in situ absorption maximum at 521 nm has its spectral position at 500 to 505 nm when chloride-deficient digitonin is used for the extraction. in this case the addition of chloride or bromide to the extract restores the maximum to 521 nm. this property, characteristic of gecko pigments in general, does not occur with any of the rhodopsins that have been tested. simple salts of cyanide, a pseudohalogenoid with an ionic radius close to th ... | 1989 | 2626492 |
| the gecko visual pigment: its photosensitivity and the effects of chloride and nitrate ions. | by use of the method of photometric curves, the photosensitivity of the major and ion-sensitive pigment of gekko gekko has been determined and compared with that of rhodopsins of the frog (rana pipiens) and of the fish (porichthys notatus). in the presence of cl- (or br-), the gecko pigment has the same photosensitivity as the other a1 rod pigments, but unlike these, the addition of nh2oh does not lead to a dartnall effect, i.e. an enhancement in the measured rate of photic bleaching. this is be ... | 1983 | 6140683 |
| convergence of thalamic and cholinergic projections in the 'dentate area' of lizards. | the small-celled part of the medial cortex (cxms) in lizards is comparable to the hippocampal area dentata in mammals. as in mammals, most of the afferents to this cortical area are arranged in sharply delimited laminae. in reptiles this lamination pattern is species-specific. in the lizard tupinambis nigropunctatus projections from the multisensory dorsolateral thalamic nucleus (dla) terminate in the middle one-third of the outer plexiform layer throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of cxms. ... | 1998 | 9491277 |
| efferent connections of the lateral cortex of the lizard gekko gecko: evidence for separate origins of medial and lateral pathways from the lateral cortex to the hypothalamus. | the lateral cortex of the lizard gekko gecko is composed of three parts: a dorsal and ventral part located rostrally and a posterior part located caudally. in order to obtain detailed information about the efferent connections of these lateral cortex subdivisions, iontophoretic injections of the anterograde tracers phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran were made in the various parts. the main projection from the dorsal part terminates in the caudal part of the medial cortex ... | 1995 | 7535810 |
| medial cortex of the lizard gekko gecko: a hodological study with emphasis on regional specialization. | there is increasing evidence that the archicortex in mammals and reptiles is not a homogeneous structure. however, little is known about the regional specialization of this cortical area in reptiles. therefore, the efferent connections of the medial cortex of the lizard gekko gecko were studied with the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. the small-celled part of the medial cortex (cxms) projects to various parts of the septum in a topological way: the rostral part projects to ... | 1993 | 8514912 |
| efferent connections of the dorsal cortex of the lizard gekko gecko studied with phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. | the efferent connections from the dorsal cortex of the lizard gekko gecko have been studied with the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. it appeared that the dorsal cortex is not a homogeneous structure as far as the efferent connections are concerned. all parts of the dorsal cortex project to the septum. all parts except the most medial project to the dorsal ventricular ridge, amygdala, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, area lateralis hypothalami, and the anterior olfact ... | 1989 | 2760266 |
| efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard gekko gecko. | the efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of the lizard gekko gecko were studied with the anterograde tracer phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (pha-l). these structures were found to have segregated output systems. the striatum shows a major projection to the globus pallidus. striatal fibers which are more caudally directed run through the lateral forebrain bundle and can be traced as far caudally as the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra where they exhibit many v ... | 1988 | 3192764 |
| gibberellin-like activity in berries of seeded and seedless tokay grapes. | gibberellin-like activity in berries of both ;tokay' (seeded) and ;seedless tokay' grapes (vitis vinifera l.) at different stages of development was determined. activity in both seeded and seedless berries was mainly in the acidic ethyl acetate fraction. in seeded berries there was very high activity beginning at the early fruit-set stage and persisting for about 3 weeks after which the activity fell to low level and vanished by the middle of july. on august 1 there was another activity peak. th ... | 1968 | 16656767 |
| the carriage of antibiotic resistance by enteric bacteria from imported tokay geckos (gekko gecko) destined for the pet trade. | the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern and has serious implications for both human and veterinary medicine. the nature of the global economy encourages the movement of humans, livestock, produce, and wildlife, as well as their potentially antibiotic-resistant bacteria, across international borders. humans and livestock can be reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, little is known about the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria harb ... | 2015 | 25461031 |
| interactions between hair cells shape spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in a model of the tokay gecko's cochlea. | the hearing of tetrapods including humans is enhanced by an active process that amplifies the mechanical inputs associated with sound, sharpens frequency selectivity, and compresses the range of responsiveness. the most striking manifestation of the active process is spontaneous otoacoustic emission, the unprovoked emergence of sound from an ear. hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear, are known to provide the energy for such emissions; it is unclear, though, how ensembles of such ce ... | 2010 | 20559557 |
| molecular evolution of the cone visual pigments in the pure rod-retina of the nocturnal gecko, gekko gekko. | we have isolated a full-length cdna encoding a putative ultraviolet (uv)-sensitive visual pigment of the tokay gecko (gekko gekko). this clone has 57 and 59% sequence similarities to the gecko rh2 and mws pigment genes, respectively, but it shows 87% similarity to the uv pigment gene of the american chameleon (anolis carolinensis). the evolutionary rates of amino acid replacement are significantly higher in the three gecko pigments than in the corresponding chameleon pigments. the accelerated ev ... | 2001 | 11591478 |
| sensory transduction and neuronal transmission as related to ultrastructure and encoding of information in different labyrinthine receptor systems of vertebrates. | mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. the animals were young crocodiles (caiman crocodilus), geckos (gekko gecko, tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans, chinemys reevesii). intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, ... | 1982 | 6289788 |
| comparative electron-microscopic studies on the conus papillaris and its relationship to the retina in night and day active geckos. | the ultrastructure of the capillary endothelium of the conus papillaris within the vitreous body was studied in night, day, and mixed (night and day) active geckos (homopholis wahlbergi, gekko gecko, pachydactylus bibronii, tarentola mauritanica, lygodactylus conraui, phelsuma guimbeaui, phelsuma madagascariensis). capillary endothelial cells were poorly developed in night and mixed active animals, whereas in day active animals they were highly organized. in particular the number and height of t ... | 1976 | 1086618 |
| the somatic chromosomes of 3 lizard species: gekko gecko, iguana iguana, and crotaphytus collaris. | | 1967 | 6062904 |
| subdigital setae of narrow-toed geckos, including a eublepharid (aeluroscalabotes felinus). | subdigital adhesive setae have previously been documented in all legged gecko families except the eublepharidae. i present evidence that members of aeluroscalabotes felinus, the only arboreal eublepharids, possess subdigital setae up to 9 mum in length. this discovery suggests that the conditions leading to adhesive setae were probably present in the ancestors of all geckos, rather than arising multiple times within gekkota. the digits and setae of aeluroscalabotes resemble those of other climbi ... | 2008 | 18484604 |
| histology and ultrastructure of the integumental chromatophores in tokay gecko (gekko gecko) (linnaeus, 1758) skin. | this paper describes the relationship between the arrangement of dermal chromatophores in tokay gecko (gekko gecko) skin and the formation of wild-type colouration, with emphasis on the ultrastructure of chromatophores. the samples of the tokay gecko skin were collected from wild-type colouration adult specimens. morphology and distribution of chromatophores was determined by using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. the present study revealed that orange/red coloured skin ofg ... | 2017 | 28553007 |
| vocal plasticity in a reptile. | sophisticated vocal communication systems of birds and mammals, including human speech, are characterized by a high degree of plasticity in which signals are individually adjusted in response to changes in the environment. here, we present, to our knowledge, the first evidence for vocal plasticity in a reptile. like birds and mammals, tokay geckos (gekko gecko) increased the duration of brief call notes in the presence of broadcast noise compared to quiet conditions, a behaviour that facilitates ... | 2017 | 28539517 |
| influence of substrate modulus on gecko adhesion. | the gecko adhesion system fascinates biologists and materials scientists alike for its strong, reversible, glue-free, dry adhesion. understanding the adhesion system's performance on various surfaces can give clues as to gecko behaviour, as well as towards designing synthetic adhesive mimics. geckos encounter a variety of surfaces in their natural habitats; tropical geckos, such as gekko gecko, encounter hard, rough tree trunks as well as soft, flexible leaves. while gecko adhesion on hard surfa ... | 2017 | 28287647 |
| viscoelastic features of adhesive setae of the tokay gecko (gekko gecko l.). | deformations of particular setae of adhesive toe pad of the tokay gecko were investigated by atomic-force microscopy. the effective elastic modulus of the investigated setae varying within 0.34-19 gpa, a pronounced hysteresis was observed during reversible bending of setae. the hysteresis-related energy losses may be as high as 98% of the total bending work. the pronounced viscous features of the setae contradict the hypothesis of dynamic self-cleaning of the gecko adhesive cover, according to w ... | 2016 | 27193882 |
| the phylogenetic distribution, anatomy and histology of the post-cloacal bones and adnexa of geckos. | post-cloacal bones of gekkotans may be present as a single (medial) pair, two pairs (medial and lateral), or may be lacking. we, herein, demonstrate that the presence of a single medial pair is the ancestral condition for the gekkota, that the lateral pair is of sporadic occurrence within and between families, except for the eublepharidae where it is universal, and that absence is also of sporadic occurrence except for the sphaerodactylidae where it is the ancestral condition. adult male tokay g ... | 2016 | 26606399 |
| mechanical analyses on the digital behaviour of the tokay gecko (gekko gecko) based on a multi-level directional adhesion model. | this paper proposes a multi-level hierarchical model for the tokay gecko (gekko gecko) adhesive system and analyses the digital behaviour of theg. geckounder macro/meso-level scale. the model describes the structures ofg. gecko's adhesive system from the nano-level spatulae to the sub-millimetre-level lamella. theg. gecko's seta is modelled using inextensible fibril based on euler's elastica theorem. considering the side contact of the spatular pads of the seta on the flat and rigid substrate, t ... | 2015 | 26345081 |
| armored geckos: a histological investigation of osteoderm development in tarentola (phyllodactylidae) and gekko (gekkonidae) with comments on their regeneration and inferred function. | osteoderms are bone-rich organs found in the dermis of many scleroglossan lizards sensu lato, but are only known for two genera of gekkotans (geckos): tarentola and gekko. here, we investigate their sequence of appearance, mode of development, structural diversity and ability to regenerate following tail loss. osteoderms were present in all species of tarentola sampled (tarentola annularis, t. mauritanica, t. americana, t. crombei, t. chazaliae) as well as gekko gecko, but not g. smithii. gekkot ... | 2015 | 26248595 |
| in vivo measurement of mesokinesis in gekko gecko: the role of cranial kinesis during gape display, feeding and biting. | cranial kinesis refers to movements of skeletal sub-units relative to one another at mobile sutures within the skull. the presence and functional significance of cranial kinesis has been investigated in various vertebrates, with much of our understanding coming from comparative studies and manipulation of ligamentous specimens. drawing on these studies, cranial kinesis in lizards has been modeled as a four-bar linkage system involving streptostyly (rotation of the quadrate), hypokinesis (dorsove ... | 2015 | 26230087 |
| peramorphic traits in the tokay gecko skull. | traditionally, geckos have been conceived to exhibit paedomorphic features relative to other lizards (e.g., large eyes, less extensively ossified skulls, and amphicoelous and notochordal vertebrae). in contrast, peramorphosis has not been considered an important process in shaping their morphology. here, we studied different sized specimens of gekko gecko to document ontogenetic changes in cranial anatomy, especially near maturity. comparison of this species with available descriptions of other ... | 2015 | 26010648 |
| how do the substrate reaction forces acting on a gecko's limbs respond to inclines? | locomotion is an essential character of animals, and excellent moving ability results from the delicate sensing of the substrate reaction forces (srf) acting on body and modulating the behavior to adapt the motion requirement. the inclined substrates present in habitats pose a number of functional challenges to locomotion. in order to effectively overcome these challenges, climbing geckos execute complex and accurate movements that involve both the front and hind limbs. few studies have examined ... | 2015 | 25645733 |
| stress distribution and contact area measurements of a gecko toe using a high-resolution tactile sensor. | the adhesive systems of geckos have been widely studied and have been a great source of bioinspiration. load-sharing (i.e. preventing stress concentrations through equal distribution of loads) is necessary to maximize the performance of an adhesive system, but it is not known to what extent load-sharing occurs in gecko toes. in this paper, we present in vivo measurements of the stress distribution and contact area on the toes of a tokay gecko (gekko gecko) using a custom tactile sensor with 100 ... | 2015 | 25642752 |
| insights from ecological niche modeling on the taxonomic distinction and niche differentiation between the black-spotted and red-spotted tokay geckoes (gekko gecko). | the black-spotted tokay and the red-spotted tokay are morphologically distinct and have largely allopatric distributions. the black-spotted tokay is characterized by a small body size and dark skin with sundry spots, while the red-spotted tokay has a relatively large body size and red spots. based on morphological, karyotypic, genetic, and distribution differences, recent studies suggested their species status; however, their classifications remain controversial, and additional data such as ecol ... | 2014 | 25535555 |
| cone-like rectification properties of cgmp-gated channels in transmutated retinal photoreceptors of nocturnal geckoes. | photoreceptors of nocturnal geckoes are scotopic, with rod-shaped outer segments, and sensitivities to light similar to the one of retinal rods from other species of lower vertebrates. however, these cells are not rods, but they originated from cones of ancestral diurnal geckoes with pure-cone retinas, after being forced to adapt to a nocturnal behavior. several interesting adaptations of these rod-like cones have been studied to date; molecular biology and functional studies confirmed that seve ... | 2014 | 25506076 |
| passively stuck: death does not affect gecko adhesion strength. | many geckos use adhesive toe pads on the bottom of their digits to attach to surfaces with remarkable strength. although gecko adhesion has been studied for hundreds of years, gaps exist in our understanding at the whole-animal level. it remains unclear whether the strength and maintenance of adhesion are determined by the animal or are passively intrinsic to the system. here we show, for the first time, that strong adhesion is produced passively at the whole-animal level. experiments on both li ... | 2014 | 25472940 |
| human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives. | since the discovery of the mechanism of adhesion in geckos, many synthetic dry adhesives have been developed with desirable gecko-like properties such as reusability, directionality, self-cleaning ability, rough surface adhesion and high adhesive stress. however, fully exploiting these adhesives in practical applications at different length scales requires efficient scaling (i.e. with little loss in adhesion as area grows). just as natural gecko adhesives have been used as a benchmark for synthe ... | 2015 | 25411404 |
| creating gecko-like adhesives for "real world" surfaces. | | 2014 | 24740961 |
| gecko toe and lamellar shear adhesion on macroscopic, engineered rough surfaces. | the role in adhesion of the toes and lamellae - intermediate-sized structures - found on the gecko foot remains unclear. insight into the function of these structures can lead to a more general understanding of the hierarchical nature of the gecko adhesive system, but in particular how environmental topology may relate to gecko foot morphology. we sought to discern the mechanics of the toes and lamellae by examining gecko adhesion on controlled, macroscopically rough surfaces. we used live tokay ... | 2014 | 24115057 |
| importance of loading and unloading procedures for gecko-inspired controllable adhesives. | the importance of loading and unloading procedures has been shown in a variety of different methods for biological dry adhesives, such as the fibers on the feet of the tokay gecko, but biomimetic dry adhesives have yet to be explored in a similar manner. to date, little work has systematically varied multiple parameters to discern the influence of the testing procedure, and the effect of the approach angle remains uncertain. in this study, a synthetic adhesive is moved in 13 individual approach ... | 2013 | 23875720 |