| borrelia burgdorferi in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from coastal virginia. | ixodid ticks removed from hosts and from vegetation during march-november 1987 at sites in coastal virginia and north carolina were examined for borrelia burgdorferi. b. burgdorferi was evident in nine (22%) ixodes cookei packard removed from rice rats (oryzomys palustris), a white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus), and raccoons (procyon lotor); four (6%) amblyomma americanum (l.) removed from raccoons; and two (3%) dermacentor variabilis (say) removed from a raccoon and a rice rat. b. burgdorf ... | 1991 | 1941936 |
| relative importance of bird species as hosts for immature ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in a suburban residential landscape of southern new york state. | abundance of birds and their tick parasites were estimated in a residential community located in westchester county, ny, where lyme disease is endemic. in total, 36 bird species (416 captures) were collected, of which 25 species (69%) were parasitized by ticks. ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin composed 96.4% of the 1,067 ticks found on birds. the bird species most heavily parasitized was house wren, troglodytes aedon vieillot (11.1 ixodes dammini per bird). relative density es ... | 1993 | 8360897 |
| seasonal activity and host associations of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern missouri. | based on tick collections recovered from wild vertebrates and by dragging, the seasonal occurrence of adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, extended from october through may in southeastern missouri. adult activity was bimodal with the higher peak occurring in november followed by a lower peak in february. the activity of immature i. scapularis had the general pattern of that found in the northeast where lyme disease is hyperendemic, with larval activity (july) peaking after that of ny ... | 1999 | 10593072 |
| morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles. | adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. adult mandibles of pan troglodytes troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (zulu and europeans from spitalfields) were reliably sexed. thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discrimin ... | 1999 | 10634689 |
| degenerative joint disease in african great apes: an evolutionary perspective. | degenerative joint disease is investigated in the spine and major peripheral joints (shoulder, elbow, hip and knee) in samples of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii; p. troglodytes troglodytes), lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), and bonobos (p. paniscus). the p. troglodytes schweinfurthii sample comes from gombe national park, tanzania, while the other samples are derived from museum materials originally collected in west/central africa. total data for african ape samples incl ... | 2000 | 10968928 |
| a chimpanzee rhadinovirus sequence related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8: increased detection after hiv-1 infection in the absence of disease. | to look for a virus related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) or human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) in chimpanzees and to investigate phylogenetic and biological similarities to kshv. | 2000 | 11125908 |
| host association and seasonal activity of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in missouri. | from june 1993 through june 1996, 2,260 adult, 4,426 nymphal, and 2,178 larval lone star ticks amblyomma americanum (l.) were collected in missouri from vertebrate hosts and by dragging a cloth over vegetation. prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance of each stage varied among hosts. the relative abundance of adult lone star ticks was highest on white-tailed deer, but this stage was also collected from raccoons, opossum, red fox, coyotes, and wild turkey. nymphs were collected from gr ... | 2000 | 11128501 |
| detection and initial characterization of novel capsular polysaccharide among diverse campylobacter jejuni strains using alcian blue dye. | we have recently demonstrated that most strains of campylobacter jejuni produce capsular polysaccharide (cps), which can be detected by immunoblotting with homologous penner antisera on polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (a. v. karlyshev, d. linton, n. a. gregson, a. j. lastovica, and b. w. wren, mol. microbiol. 35:529-541, 2000). in this report, we describe a universal and rapid staining procedure using alcian blue for c. jejuni cps, which does not rely on the availability of antisera and iden ... | 2001 | 11136784 |
| a novel gamma 2-herpesvirus of the rhadinovirus 2 lineage in chimpanzees. | old world monkeys and, recently, african great apes have been shown, by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), to harbor different gamma2-herpesviruses closely related to kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). although the presence of two distinct lineages of kshv-like rhadinoviruses, rv1 and rv2, has been revealed in old world primates (including african green monkeys, macaques, and, recently, mandrills), viruses belonging to the rv2 genogroup have not yet been identified from g ... | 2001 | 11544194 |
| env sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees in cameroon are strongly related to those of human immunodeficiency virus group n from the same geographic area. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group n from cameroon is phylogenetically close, in env, to the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) cpz-gab from gabon and sivcpz-us of unknown geographic origin. we screened 29 wild-born cameroonian chimpanzees and found that three (cam3, cam4, and cam5) were positive for hiv-1 by western blotting. mitochondrial dna sequence analysis demonstrated that cam3 and cam5 belonged to pan troglodytes troglodytes and that cam4 belonged to p. t. vellerosus. gen ... | 2000 | 10590144 |
| host associations and seasonal occurrence of haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes brunneus, i. cookei, i. dentatus, and i. texanus (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern missouri. | hemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), ixodes brunneus koch, ixodes cookei packard, ixodes dentatus marx, and ixodes texanus banks were collected during a 3-yr study of pathogen-tick-host interactions in southeastern missouri. h. leporispalustris was collected from the eastern cottontail rabbit, northern bobwhite, and carolina wren, and it was active all year. i. brunneus was collected by drag and from passerine birds during december, march, and april. i. cookei was collected from raccoons and ... | 2003 | 12597662 |
| genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to hiv-1. | simian immunodeficiency viruses have been isolated from four species of monkey, the 'captive' macaque and mangabey and the 'feral' african green monkey and mandrill. while none of these viruses is a replica of hiv-1, the macaque and mangabey viruses represent correct genetic models for hiv-2, possessing exactly the same complement of genes. recently a lentivirus has been identified in two wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in gabon, west equatorial africa, and isolated from one of th ... | 1990 | 2188136 |
| occlusal relief changes with molar wear in pan troglodytes troglodytes and gorilla gorilla gorilla. | most research on primate tooth form-function relationships has focused on unworn teeth. this study presents a morphological comparison of variably worn lower second molars (m(2)s) of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla; n=47) and common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes; n=54) using dental topographic analysis. high-resolution replicas of occlusal surfaces were prepared and scanned in 3d by laser scanning. the resulting elevation data were used to create a geographic information sys ... | 2003 | 12784284 |
| a study on the role of birds in the spread of infections. | during three expeditions undertaken in march 1977 to june 1978, 797 cloacal swabs were collected from birds of 54 species. seven salmonella strains of six serotype were isolated from larus ridibundus (five strains), corvus frugilegus and acrocephalus schoenobaenus (one each). four strains of influenza a (hav2 na4v) virus were isolated from larus ridibundus. for the first time in czechoslovakia, two strains of yucaipa paramyxovirus were isolated, both of them from troglodytes troglodytes. these r ... | 1979 | 575902 |
| a further member of the yucaipa group isolated from the common wren (troglodytes troglodytes). | in 1977, 477 small birds of 52 species were virologically examined. five cloacal swabs from troglodytes troglodytes yielded two paramyxovirus strains which were found antigenically related to, but not identical with ch/yucaipa/california/56 virus according to three serological tests. the ecological significance of these findings and the possibility of paramyxovirus classification into four types are discussed. | 1979 | 94770 |
| [remarks on total ossification in the newborn wren (rangifer tarandus)]. | | 1963 | 13991767 |
| survey of gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southwestern cameroon. | a study on the distribution and population density of the western lowland gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and the central chimpanzee (pan t. troglodytes) was undertaken between december 1997 and august 2000 in the campo and ma'an forests in southwestern cameroon. the aim of this survey was to estimate the densities of the apes in different parts of the area, to assess the importance of the region for the conservation of these endangered species and to determine the influence of human activities suc ... | 2004 | 14586801 |
| borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in passerine birds from the mazurian lake region (northeastern poland). | the aim of the present study was to evaluate a potential role of different passerine birds species in mazurian lake region (northeast poland) in the spread of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochaete that causes lyme disease. a total number of 1254 birds (representing 42 species) were captured during the 3-year study period. blood samples were collected from birds and analyzed with a nested polymerase chain reaction technique in order to detect fragments of the pathogen dna. positive res ... | 2004 | 14681070 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in birds, tamaulipas state, méxico. | following the introduction of west nile virus (wnv) into north america in 1999, surveillance for wnv in migratory and resident birds was established in tamaulipas state, northern méxico in december 2001. overall, 796 birds representing 70 species and 10 orders were captured and assayed for antibodies to wnv. nine birds had flavivirus-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; four were confirmed to have antibody to wnv by plaque reduction neutralization test. the ... | 2003 | 14733673 |
| successful reproduction in wild-released orphan chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes). | we report a case of successful reproduction in wild-released orphan chimpanzees. using non-invasive genetic analysis, we determined the paternity of an infant born to a female chimpanzee released by help (habitat ecologique et liberté des primates) congo into the conkouati-douli national park, republic of congo. the sire was a released male, thus demonstrating successful reproduction in both male and female released chimpanzees. these results provide evidence that release into the wild may be a ... | 2003 | 12548336 |
| aids: the agony of africa. part iv: there are two aids epidemics -- and more may be coming. the virus, past and future. | this article focuses on the origin and evolution of the aids virus. it is noted that strong evidence supports the theory that hiv originated from chimpanzees. researcher beatrice hahn, who appears to have identified the exact chimpanzee subspecies, pan troglodytes troglodytes, which harbors the mother virus of hiv, confirmed the theory. however, the way this critically important science has been reported has undermined its credibility in africa. hahn's findings showed that hiv could have pas ... | 1999 | 12295981 |
| dental topography and diets of australopithecus afarensis and early homo. | diet is key to understanding the paleoecology of early hominins. we know little about the diets of these fossil taxa, however, in part because of a limited fossil record, and in part because of limitations in methods available to infer their feeding adaptations. this paper applies a new method, dental topographic analysis, to the inference of diet from fossil hominin teeth. this approach uses laser scanning to generate digital 3d models of teeth and geographic information systems software to mea ... | 2004 | 15120268 |
| lack of evidence for hiv type 1-related sivcpz infection in captive and wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) in west africa. | serum from 387 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus), caught in the wild or bred in captivity, was tested for antibody to hiv-1 and hiv-2, using second- and third-generation enzyme immunoassays. six samples were repeatedly positive; however, only one of these was western blot positive. serial sera drawn before and after the western blot-positive samples were seronegative, and thus we conclude that this sample represented specimen contamination, or mislabeling. thus, none of the 387 pan troglodytes ... | 2002 | 12079561 |
| adaptation of campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 to high-level colonization of the avian gastrointestinal tract. | the genome sequence of the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 has been determined recently, but studies on colonization and persistence in chickens have been limited due to reports that this strain is a poor colonizer. experimental colonization and persistence studies were carried out with c. jejuni nctc11168 by using 2-week-old light sussex chickens possessing an acquired natural gut flora. after inoculation, nctc11168 initially colonized the intestine poorly. however, after 5 weeks ... | 2004 | 15213117 |
| novel hepatitis b virus strain from a chimpanzee of central africa (pan troglodytes troglodytes) with an unusual antigenicity of the core protein. | we and others have previously reported a hepatitis b virus (hbv)-like hepadnavirus strain which seemed to be indigenous to west african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus). after that, we obtained an hbsag-positive serum sample from a chimpanzee from central africa, named bassi, belonging to another subspecies (p. troglodytes troglodytes). the full-genome nucleotide sequence of the hepadnavirus from bassi showed a significant difference (9-26%) from those so far reported from primates including ... | 2001 | 11684895 |
| paired chimpanzee hepatitis b virus (chhbv) and mtdna sequences suggest different chhbv genetic variants are found in geographically distinct chimpanzee subspecies. | the surface antigen gene region from five chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infected chimpanzees was amplified by pcr and the sequence determined. sequence comparison confirmed that all of the sequences were chimpanzee hepatitis b virus (chhbv) and they appeared to represent three distinct clusters or branches. to address the question of whether the three branches represented recently identified subspecies of chimpanzees, we determined the sequence of the mitochondrial dna hypervariable d loop fro ... | 2001 | 11551650 |
| gene flow in wild chimpanzee populations: what genetic data tell us about chimpanzee movement over space and time. | the isolation of phylogenetically distinct primate immunodeficiency viruses from at least seven wild-born, captive chimpanzees indicates that viruses closely related to hiv-1 may be endemic in some wild chimpanzee populations. the search for the chimpanzee population or populations harbouring these viruses is therefore on. this paper attempts to answer the question of whether or not such populations of chimpanzees are likely to exist at all, and, if so, where they are likely to be found. we summ ... | 2001 | 11405936 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) and spirochetes (spirochaetaceae: spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a georgia barrier island. | from september 1997 through july 1999, 300 individuals and 46 species of birds were mist-netted and screened for ticks and spirochetes on st. catherine's island, liberty county, ga. seventy-six (25%) of the birds were parasitized by a meal intensity of 4.6 ticks. seasonally, more birds were infested with ticks during the summer (50% in 1998, 34% in 1999) than in spring (15% in 1998, 11% in 1999) or fall (21% in 1997, 20% in 1998), mainly because of severe infestations on some birds by immature s ... | 2001 | 11296828 |
| sivcpz from a naturally infected cameroonian chimpanzee: biological and genetic comparison with hiv-1 n. | thus far, simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzees (sivcpz) genomes have been characterized as pan troglodytes troglodytes and show a strong relation with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 n in their env genes. we fully characterized another sivcpz from p. t. troglodytes. this chimpanzee (cam5) was, as was also the host of sivcpz-cam3, wild born in cameroon, a region where all three groups of hiv-1 (m, n and o) co-occur. in contrast to other sivcpz, sivcpz-cam5 was isolated immediately ... | 2000 | 11085579 |
| [ecology and social organization of african tropical forest primates: aid in understanding retrovirus transmission]. | the risk of transmission of primate viruses to humans is great because of their genetic proximity. it is now clear that the hiv group of retroviruses came from primates and that the origin of hiv1 is the chimpanzee subspecies of central africa, pan troglodytes troglodytes. many african primates are natural hosts of retroviruses and details of the natural history of both hosts and viruses are essential to understand the evolution of the latter. data on the demography, ecology and behaviour of thr ... | 2000 | 11030048 |
| a comparative analysis of temporomandibular joint morphology in the african apes. | a number of researchers have suggested a functional relationship between dietary variation and temporomandibular joint (tmj) morphology, yet few studies have evaluated tmj form in the african apes. in this study, i compare tmj morphology in adults and during ontogeny in gorilla (g.g. beringei, g.g. graueri, and g.g. gorilla) and pan (p. paniscus, p. troglodytes troglodytes, p.t. schweinfurthii, and p.t. verus). i test two hypotheses: first, compared to all other african apes, g.g. beringei exhib ... | 2005 | 15927660 |
| detection of diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus-1 groups m, n, and o and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees by using generic pol and env primer pairs. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of humans is the result of independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz) from naturally infected chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) to man. to develop a polymerase chain reaction-based assay capable of detecting members of all major phylogenetic sivcpz and hiv-1 lineages (groups m, n, and o), primer pairs in conserved pol and env regions were designed. both primer sets amplified </=10 copies of sel ... | 2000 | 10823786 |
| chizé virus, a new phlebovirus isolated in france from ixodes (trichotoixodes) frontalis. | a new phlebovirus (bunyaviridae family, phlebovirus genus), provisionally designed chizé virus, was isolated from a nymph of ixodes (trichotoixodes) frontalis collected on a wren (troglodytes troglodytes) found dead in the chizé forest, western france. chizé virus produced a lethal encephalitis in one-day-old mice and cytopathic effect (cpe) in vero cells. extracellular particles with a mean diameter of 105 nm with surface spikes characteristic of uukuniemi (uuk) serogroup viruses were observed ... | 1999 | 10757227 |
| prevention and control of influenza by wisconsin family physicians: a wren supported study. | although patients infected with influenza commonly present to family physicians, little is known about the usual clinical practices utilized by these physicians regarding influenza. | 1999 | 10638292 |
| feather mites, pectoral muscle condition, wing length and plumage coloration of passerines. | i compared the feather mite (acari, proctophyllodidae) loads of moulting birds with features of the new plumage that they were growing. i examined 21 samples, each sample containing individuals of the same species, sex and age class (juvenile, yearling or adult). i used nine species: wren, troglodytes troglodytes; dunnock, prunella modularis; robin, erithacus rubecula; blue tit, parus caeruleus; great tit, p. major; chaffinch, fringilla coelebs; greenfinch, carduelis chloris; linnet, c. cannabin ... | 1999 | 10479371 |
| origin of hiv-1 in the chimpanzee pan troglodytes troglodytes. | the human aids viruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) represent cross-species (zoonotic) infections. although the primate reservoir of hiv-2 has been clearly identified as the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys), the origin of hiv-1 remains uncertain. viruses related to hiv-1 have been isolated from the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), but only three such sivcpz infections have been documented, one of which involved a virus so divergent that it might represent a ... | 1999 | 9989410 |
| technical note: chromosomal and mtdna analysis of oliver. | oliver is an african ape whose species identity has been debated in the popular media and by various scientists since the early 1970s. although decisive morphological data has never been adduced on oliver, many reports indicated that oliver was morphologically unusual for a chimpanzee, particularly in his habitual bipedal posture. in addition, his diploid chromosome number was reported to be inconsistent with either human or chimpanzee, but instead intermediate between those species. we performe ... | 1998 | 9545080 |
| comparison between the complete mitochondrial dna sequences of homo and the common chimpanzee based on nonchimeric sequences. | the complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecules of homo and of the common chimpanzee were sequenced. each sequence was established from tissue of one individual and thus nonchimeric. both sequences were assembled in their entirety from natural (not pcr amplified) clones. comparison with sequences in the literature identified the chimpanzee specimen as pan troglodytes verus, the west african variety of the species. the nucleotide difference between the complete human and chimpanzee sequences is ... | 1996 | 8919866 |
| chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic hiv-1. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the cause of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), is a zoonotic infection of staggering proportions and social impact. yet uncertainty persists regarding its natural reservoir. the virus most closely related to hiv-1 is a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) thus far identified only in captive members of the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes. here we report the detection of sivcpz antibodies and nucleic acids in fecal sample ... | 2006 | 16728595 |
| protocalliphora braueri (diptera: calliphoridae) induced pathogenesis in a brood of marsh wren (cistothorus palustris) young. | infestation with blow fly larvae (protocalliphora (trypocalliphora) braueri hendel) was pathogenic to marsh wren (cistothorus palustris) young. the mechanism of pathogenicity was pseudomonas spp. infection of subdermal myiasis-induced lesions and subsequent sepsis. neither internal organ involvement nor muscle destruction was seen on necropsy of fledglings. multifocal hepatic necrosis was seen histologically and pseudomonas sp. was isolated from myiasis sites, liver, and peritoneal cavities. | 1994 | 8151811 |
| ancient dna sequences reveal unsuspected phylogenetic relationships within new zealand wrens (acanthisittidae). | ancient dna sequences from preserved specimens are increasingly being used for the investigation of pacific island ecosystems prior to the large scale modification and extinction of endemic biota associated with human colonization. however, many difficulties are associated with the use of ancient dna sequences in studies of genetically close taxa. in this paper, these difficulties are discussed as they relate to a study involving extinct and extant members of an ancient new zealand avian family, ... | 1994 | 8020616 |
| anthrax in western and central african great apes. | during the period of december 2004 to january 2005, bacillus anthracis killed three wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and one gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a tropical forest in cameroon. while this is the second anthrax outbreak in wild chimpanzees, this is the first case of anthrax in gorillas ever reported. the number of great apes in central africa is dramatically declining and the populations are seriously threatened by diseases, mainly ebola. nevertheless, a considerable ... | 2006 | 16900500 |
| isolation of avian paramyxovirus-2 from domestic and wild birds in costa rica. | a survey for newcastle disease virus (ndv) in wild birds of costa rica was conducted by swabbing wild-caught pet birds, backyard chickens, and wild birds captured in japanese mist nets in tropical rain forests and agricultural areas. cloacal swabs were collected from 876 birds of approximately 132 species representing 24 taxonomic families. hemagglutinating agents were isolated from 18.7% of the birds. paramyxovirus type 2(pmv-2) (yucaipa-like), unreported in free-flying passerines in the americ ... | 1988 | 3202769 |
| use of a tool-set by pan troglodytes troglodytes to obtain termites (macrotermes) in the periphery of the dja biosphere reserve, southeast cameroon. | at the northern periphery of the dja biosphere reserve (southeastern cameroon) we recorded a new use of a tool-set by pan troglodytes troglodytes to prey on macrotermes muelleri, m. renouxi, m. lilljeborgi, and m. nobilis. we recovered 79 puncturing sticks and 47 fishing probes at 17 termite nests between 2002 and 2005. the mean length of the puncturing sticks (n = 77) and fishing probes (n = 45) was 52 cm and 56 cm, respectively, and the mean diameter was 9 mm and 4.5 mm, respectively. sixty-ei ... | 2006 | 17096418 |
| early intravenous anesthesia: an eyewitness account. | descriptions of the earliest iv injections of various substances by individuals who actually witnessed the experiments in 1656 are presented. of particular interest is an apparently overlooked account of an experiment in which opium was administered intravenously to a dog many years before 1674 as related by the physician and anatomist thomas willis. he does not identify the precise date nor the experimenters. however, at the time of this event willis would have been at oxford. there he was a ve ... | 1990 | 2404427 |
| evidence for a complex demographic history of chimpanzees. | to characterize patterns of genomic variation in central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gain insight into their evolution, we sequenced nine unlinked, intergenic regions, representing a total of 19,000 base pairs, in 14 individuals. when these dna sequences are compared with homologous sequences previously collected in humans and in western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus), nucleotide diversity is higher in central chimpanzees than in western chimpanzees or in humans. consisten ... | 2004 | 14963091 |
| phylogenetic characteristics of three new hiv-1 n strains and implications for the origin of group n. | the three divergent hiv-1 groups m, n and o were very probably introduced into the human population by independent cross-species transmissions of sivcpz from the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes in central africa. | 2004 | 15199313 |
| rapid assessment of agents of biological terrorism: defining the differential diagnosis of inhalational anthrax using electronic communication in a practice-based research network. | early detection of bioterrorism requires assessment of diagnoses assigned to cases of rare diseases with which clinicians have little experience. in this study, we evaluated the process of defining the differential diagnosis for inhalational anthrax using electronic communication within a practice-based research network (pbrn) and compared the results with those obtained from a nationwide random sample of family physicians with a mailed instrument. | 2004 | 15506577 |
| transferability of hiv by arthropods supports the hypothesis about transmission of the virus from apes to man. | the primate pan troglodytes troglodytes, a chimpanzee subspecies, has recently been defined as a natural animal host of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). apes are traditionally hunted in africa and are offered for sale in open-air meat markets. the bloody carcasses are regularly covered with blood-feeding flies, amongst them possibly the stable fly (stomoxvs calcitrans l.). a cosmopolitically occurring biting fly. this fly is the effective vector for the retrovirus causing equine infectiou ... | 2002 | 12061404 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-caught chimpanzees from cameroon. | simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz) infecting chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) in west central africa are the closest relatives to all major variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ([hiv-1]; groups m, n and o), and have thus been implicated as the source of the human infections; however, information concerning the prevalence, geographic distribution, and subspecies association of sivcpz still remains limited. in this study, we tested 71 wild-caught chimpanzees from cameroon for evidenc ... | 2005 | 15613358 |
| the origins of hiv and implications for the global epidemic. | hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the result of several cross-species transmissions from primates to humans. recently, the ancestral strains of hiv-1 groups m and n were shown to still persist in today's wild chimpanzee populations (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in south cameroon. lately, hiv-1 group o-related viruses have been identified in western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), called sivgor, but chimpanzees are most likely the original reservoir of this simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) ... | 2007 | 17618555 |
| genetic diversity and phylogeographic clustering of sivcpzptt in wild chimpanzees in cameroon. | it is now well established that the clade of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting west central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) comprises the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in this study, we have greatly expanded our previous molecular epidemiological survey of sivcpz in wild chimpanzees in cameroon. the new results confirm a wide but uneven distribution of sivcpzptt in p. t. troglodytes thro ... | 2007 | 17651775 |
| complete genome analysis of one of the earliest sivcpzptt strains from gabon (sivcpzgab2). | chimpanzees in west central africa (pan troglodytes troglodytes) are known to harbor simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpzptt) that represent the closest relatives of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1); however, the number of sivcpzptt strains that have been fully characterized is still limited. here, we report the complete nucleotide sequence of sivcpzgab2, a virus originally identified in 1989 in a chimpanzee (p. t. troglodytes) from gabon. analysis of this sequence reveals that siv ... | 2004 | 15650433 |
| chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes) tool use in the ngotto forest, central african republic. | over a 7-month period, stick tools constructed by chimpanzees were collected and measured at the ngotto forest site in central african republic. the chimpanzees were found to use tools to dip for ants and to probe for honey. the basic descriptions of these tools and the contexts in which they were found are presented. the lengths of two of the tool types were compared with the use of a t-test for independent groups. it was found that the lengths of the tools differed significantly depending upon ... | 2005 | 15772994 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys. | numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ... | 2008 | 17916449 |
| re-analysis of a human hepatitis b virus (hbv) isolate from an east african wild born pan troglodytes schweinfurthii: evidence for interspecies recombination between hbv infecting chimpanzee and human. | according to current estimates, hepatitis b virus (hbv) has infected 2 billion people worldwide and among them, 360 million suffer from chronic hbv infection. except humans, hbv or hbv-like viruses have also been isolated from different species of apes and mammals. although recombination has been described to occur extensively between different genotypes within the human hbv lineage, no recombination event has ever been reported between human and non-human primate hbv sequences. it was our objec ... | 2005 | 15777724 |
| the formation of the brush-sticks: modification of chimpanzees or the by-product of folding? | based on field research and experimental treatments of trees, we investigated the formation of the brush-like shape of digging sticks used by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes). evidence obtained in the field consisted of digging sticks found in mboete, equatorial guinea, which is a newly reported locality for this type of tool, and campo, cameroon. digging sticks used by chimpanzees in these areas had a brush-like shape at one end, which was quite different from the other end that was pr ... | 2005 | 15883649 |
| the epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a large number of wild- and captive-born chimpanzees: evidence for a recent introduction following chimpanzee divergence. | simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpz) from the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes has been linked phylogenetically to the origin of hiv-1. related but distinct sivcpz strains have also been found in p. t. schweinfurthii , suggesting that sivcpz may have coevolved among the four chimpanzee subspecies. however, sivcpz strains from p. t. verus and p. t. vellerosus have not yet been identified. to better understand the epidemiology and natural history of sivcpz among chimpanzees, we ... | 2005 | 15929695 |
| [genetic diversity and phylogeographic distribution of siv: how to understand the origin of hiv]. | emergence of human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1 and hiv-2 results from interspecies transmission from simian viruses siv. sivcpzptt infecting chimpanzees, and from which the hiv-1 (subgroups m and n) is derived is still found in the pan troglodytes troglodytes population of south cameroon chimpanzees. the ancestor of hiv-1 group o, is found in the gorilla residing in western africa, but chimpanzees are in fact the initial reservoir of the siv viruses sivgor, and it is still unclear whether the ... | 2008 | 18601880 |
| etiology of reactive arthritis in pan paniscus, p. troglodytes troglodytes, and p. troglodytes schweinfurthii. | the character of arthritis has not received the same attention in pan paniscus as it has in p. troglodytes. reactive arthritis (a form of spondyloarthropathy) in the latter has been considered to be either a sexually transmitted or an infectious-agent diarrhea-related disorder. the unique sexual promiscuity of p. paniscus enables us to distinguish between those hypotheses. the macerated skeletons of 139 adult p. paniscus, p. troglodytes troglodytes, and p. troglodytes schweinfurthii were macrosc ... | 2005 | 16015657 |
| constitutive innate immunity is a component of the pace-of-life syndrome in tropical birds. | we studied the relationship between one component of immune function and basal metabolic rate (bmr), an indicator of the 'pace-of-life syndrome', among 12 tropical bird species and among individuals of the tropical house wren (troglodytes aedon), to gain insights into functional connections between life history and physiology. to assess constitutive innate immunity we introduced a new technique in the field of ecological and evolutionary immunology that quantifies the bactericidal activity of wh ... | 2005 | 16087427 |
| origin and biology of simian immunodeficiency virus in wild-living western gorillas. | western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) are infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus (sivgor) that is closely related to chimpanzee and human immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz and hiv-1, respectively) in west central africa. although existing data suggest a chimpanzee origin for sivgor, a paucity of available sequences has precluded definitive conclusions. here, we report the molecular characterization of one partial (bq664) and three full-length (cp684, cp2135, and cp2139) sivgor ... | 2009 | 19073717 |
| patterns of diversity in hiv-related loci among subspecies of chimpanzee: concordance at ccr5 and differences at cxcr4 and cx3cr1. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) arose in humans via zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv(cpz)) from common chimpanzees, pan troglodytes. despite the close relatedness of the two viruses and their hosts, we do not yet understand what causes siv(cpz) to be nonpathogenic in chimpanzees, and hiv/aids to be one of the most devastating infectious diseases to have emerged in humans. there have been a number of genes identified in humans that confer disease resistan ... | 2009 | 19182224 |
| estimation of african apes' body size from postcranial dimensions. | we examine how african apes' postcranial skeletal dimensions and their combinations are related to body size, as represented by trunk volume, within sex-specific samples of a total of 39 central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and 34 western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). we examine this relationship by determining the strength of the correlation between selected skeletal dimensions and trunk volume. the findings indicate that sex should be taken into account when possible. most t ... | 2009 | 19221857 |
| daily, intermittent intravenous infusion of peptide yy(3-36) reduces daily food intake and adiposity in rats. | the gut hormone peptide yy(3-36) [pyy(3-36)] decreases food intake when administered by intravenous infusion to lean and obese humans and rats. whether chronic administration of pyy(3-36) produces a sustained reduction in food intake and adiposity is the subject of intense debate. batterham et al. (r. l. batterham, m. a. cowley, c. j. small, h. herzog, m. a. cohen, c. l. dakin, a. m. wren, a. e. brynes, m. j. low, m. a. ghatei, r. d. cone, and s. r. bloom. nature 418: 650-654, 2002) first report ... | 2006 | 16210414 |
| escalation of a coevolutionary arms race through host rejection of brood parasitic young. | cuckoo nestlings that evict all other young from the nest soon after hatching impose a high reproductive cost on their hosts. in defence, hosts have coevolved strategies to prevent brood parasitism. puzzlingly, they do not extend beyond the egg stage. thus, hosts adept at recognizing foreign eggs remain vulnerable to exploitation by cuckoo nestlings. here we show that the breach of host egg defences by cuckoos creates a new stage in the coevolutionary cycle. we found that defences used during th ... | 2003 | 12634784 |
| identification of hepatitis b virus genome in faecal sample from wild living chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in gabon. | non-invasive faecal sampling in the equatorial forest in gabon allowed the first identification of the hepatitis b virus (hbv-ch(rc170)) genome in samples collected from wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes). the hbv-ch(rcl70)sequence clustered with 100% bootstrap support with previous viral sequences obtained from pan troglodytes subspecies. this is the first evidence of hbv infection in wild apes and confirms that the hbv-like strains thus far characterized in captive apes are directl ... | 2005 | 16461230 |
| foci of endemic simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). | simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzees (sivcpz) is the immediate precursor to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), yet remarkably, the distribution and prevalence of sivcpz in wild ape populations are unknown. studies of sivcpz infection rates in wild chimpanzees are complicated by the species' endangered status and by its geographic location in remote areas of sub-saharan africa. we have developed sensitive and specific urine and fecal tests for sivcpz antibody and virion rna (vrn ... | 2003 | 12805455 |
| analysis of the evolutionary relationships of hiv-1 and sivcpz sequences using bayesian inference: implications for the origin of hiv-1. | the most plausible origin of hiv-1 group m is an siv lineage currently represented by sivcpz isolated from the chimpanzee subspecies pan troglodytes troglodytes. the origin of hiv-1 group o is less clear. putative recombination between any of the hiv-1 and sivcpz sequences was tested using bootscanning and bayesian-scanning plots, as well as a new method using a bayesian multiple change-point (bmcp) model to infer parental sequences and crossing-over points. we found that in the case of highly d ... | 2003 | 12949143 |
| a survey of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the selectively logged ngotto forest, central african republic. | currently, the timber company industrie forestiere du batalimo is selectively logging the ngotto forest in the central african republic. the forest is home to a population of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and provides the bofi-speaking people of grima with food, medicine, housing material, and other commodities. over a 7-month period, the research team conducted a line-transect survey of the great ape population in the forests to the south of gr ... | 2009 | 20183473 |
| four new avian mitochondrial genomes help get to basic evolutionary questions in the late cretaceous. | good phylogenetic trees are required to test hypotheses about evolutionary processes. we report four new avian mitochondrial genomes, which together with an improved method of phylogenetic analysis for vertebrate mt genomes give results for three questions in avian evolution. the new mt genomes are: magpie goose (anseranas semipalmata), an owl (morepork, ninox novaeseelandiae); a basal passerine (rifleman, or new zealand wren, acanthisitta chloris); and a parrot (kakapo or owl-parrot, strigops h ... | 2004 | 14739240 |
| a legacy of low-impact logging does not elevate prevalence of potentially pathogenic protozoa in free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees in the republic of congo: logging and parasitism in african apes. | many studies have examined the long-term effects of selective logging on the abundance and diversity of free-ranging primates. logging is known to reduce the abundance of some primate species through associated hunting and the loss of food trees for frugivores; however, the potential role of pathogens in such primate population declines is largely unexplored. selective logging results in a suite of alterations in host ecology and forest structure that may alter pathogen dynamics in resident wild ... | 2010 | 20238141 |
| detection and characterization of hepatitis b virus strains from wild-caught gorillas and chimpanzees in cameroon, central africa. | previous epidemiological studies have reported a high prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in chimpanzees in gabon and congo, central africa. there is no data for this species from cameroon. to date few cases of active hbv infection have been documented in gorillas and only one complete hbv sequence has been described from a wild-caught gorilla originating from cameroon and housed in germany. since gorillas are apes found in cameroon, we thus investigated the prevalence and genetic re ... | 2010 | 20471498 |
| the evolution of hiv-1 and the origin of aids. | the major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of hiv-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of aids. the closest relatives of hiv-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central africa. phylogenetic analyses have revealed the origins of hiv-1: chimpanzees were th ... | 2010 | 20643738 |
| new species of parasitic quill mites of the genus picobia (acari: syringophilidae: picobiinae) from north american birds. | five new species of the genus picobia are described and illustrated: (1) p. leucophaeus sp. nov. from the laughing gull leucophaeus atricilla l. (charadriiformes: laridae) from texas; (2) p. troglodytes sp. nov. from the house wren troglodytes aedon vieillot (passeriformes: troglodytidae) from california; (3) p. cardinalis sp. nov. from the northern cardinal cardinalis cardinalis (l.) (passeriformes: cardinalidae) from texas; (4) p. carpodacus sp. nov. from the purple finch carpodacus purpureus ... | 2010 | 20939365 |
| birds of a high-altitude cloud forest in alta verapaz, guatemala. | the northern central american highlands have been recognized as endemic bird area, but little is known about bird communities in guatemalan cloud forests. from 1997 to 2001 a total of 142 bird species were recorded between 2000 and 2400 masl in cloud forest and agricultural clearings on montaña caquipec (alta verapaz, guatemala). the bird community is described based on line transect counts within the forest. pooling census data from undisturbed and disturbed forest, the gray-breasted wood-wren ... | 2005 | 17354466 |
| [on the history of injection]. | although the effect of snake bites and poisoned arrows was known from ancient time, the development of the syringe and the needle lasted several centuries. forms of intravenous injection and infusion are clearly documented in the 1650s. sir christopher wren used a syringe made of animal bladder fixed to a goose quill to inject wine and opium into the veins of dogs. j.d. major from kiel and j.s. elsholtz from berlin probably were the first to deliberately administer intravenous injections to peop ... | 2006 | 17526154 |
| adaptation of hiv-1 to its human host. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) originated from three independent cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivcpzptt) infecting chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in west central africa, giving rise to pandemic (group m) and non-pandemic (groups n and o) clades of hiv-1. to identify host-specific adaptations in hiv-1 we compared the inferred ancestral sequences of hiv-1 groups m, n and o to 12 full length genome sequences of sivcpzptt and four of the outly ... | 2007 | 17545188 |
| Widespread dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks collected from songbirds across Canada. | Abstract Millions of Lyme disease vector ticks are dispersed annually by songbirds across Canada, but often overlooked as the source of infection. For clarity on vector distribution, we sampled 481 ticks (12 species and 3 undetermined ticks) from 211 songbirds (42 species/subspecies) nationwide. Using PCR, 52 (29.5%) of 176 Ixodes ticks tested were positive for the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Immature blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, collected from infested songbird ... | 2011 | 21864130 |
| combination therapy reduces self-injurious behavior in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes): a case report. | self-injurious behavior (sib) remains a severe and intractable abnormal behavior for nonhuman primates in diverse settings and is a significant concern for veterinarians and behavioral scientists. to date, no single pharmacological, behavioral, social, or environmental intervention method has emerged as a reliable permanent cure for treating sib in all, or even most, individuals. implementation and evaluation of a combination therapeutic approach to treating sib for nonhuman primates is rare. in ... | 2007 | 17559320 |
| divergence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes could be driven by the host: diversity of borrelia strains isolated from ticks feeding on a single bird. | the controversy surrounding the potential impact of birds in spirochete transmission dynamics and their capacity to serve as a reservoir has existed for a long time. the majority of analyzed bird species are able to infect larval ticks with borrelia. dispersal of infected ticks due to bird migration is a key to the establishment of new foci of lyme borreliosis. the dynamics of infection in birds supports the mixing of different species, the horizontal exchange of genetic information, and appeara ... | 2014 | 24383476 |
| long-term effects of group-selection timber harvesting on abundance of forest birds. | relatively few studies have examined the ecological effects of group-selection timber harvesting, and nearly all have been short-term and have lacked experimental manipulations that allow pre- and posttreatment comparisons. we have been documenting the effects of a group-selection timber harvest on bird abundance in a maine forest for 24 years (preharvest, 1983-1987; postharvest, 1988-2006). here we characterized the trends in bird abundance over the first 20 years of the study in the managed an ... | 2007 | 17883487 |
| redescriptions of monopylidium exiguum (dujardin, 1845) and m. albani (mettrick, 1958) n. comb. (cestoda: dilepididae) from european passerine birds. | two species of monopylidium fuhrmann, 1899 are redescribed on the basis of specimens from their type-hosts: m. exiguum (dujardin, 1845) from troglodytes troglodytes l. (passeriformes: troglodytidae) on the curonian spit, kaliningradskaya oblast', russia, and m. albani (mettrick, 1958) n. comb. (originally paricterotaenia albani mettrick, 1958) from sturnus vulgaris l. (passeriformes: sturnidae) in the canton of jura, switzerland. in contrast to the previously proposed synonymy of these two speci ... | 2007 | 17912615 |
| sequence diversity among chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivcpz) suggests that sivcpzpts was derived from sivcpzptt through additional recombination events. | only two of four chimpanzee subspecies (pan troglodytes), p. troglodytes troglodytes (p.t.t.) and p. troglodytes schweinfurthii (p.t.s.), appear to carry specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). we identified genomic features indicating that sivcpzptt and sivcpzpts may have partly different evolutionary histories. a maximum likelihood test to discriminate between hypotheses of a common versus separate origin of sivcpzptt and sivcpzpts revealed three putative regions of separate histories ... | 2007 | 17919106 |
| characterization through multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia turdi isolates from portugal. | borrelia turdi is a spirochete from the borrelia burgdorferi complex, first reported in japan, that has been increasingly detected in europe. this genospecies is mostly associated with avian hosts and their ornithophilic ticks such as ixodes frontalis. in this study, we isolated b. turdi from five i. frontalis feeding on turdus merula, turdus philomelos, parus major and troglodytes troglodytes, and one ixodes ricinus feeding on a t. merula in portugal. these isolates were genetically characteris ... | 2016 | 26311126 |
| which forest bird species are the main hosts of the tick, ixodes ricinus, the vector of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, during the breeding season? | wild birds are important hosts for vector-borne pathogens, especially those borne by ticks. however, few studies have been conducted on the role of different bird species within a community as hosts of vector-borne pathogens. this study addressed individual and species factors that could explain the burden of ixodes ricinus on forest birds during the reproductive periods of both vectors and hosts. the goal was to identify which bird species contribute the most to the tick population at the commu ... | 2012 | 22732161 |
| development of the concept of mind. | a short account is given of the development of concepts of soul, mind and brain in order to place in historical context the subject of neuropsychiatry. a selection of primary and secondary historical sources is used to trace development of these concepts. beginning with the spirits of animism in the 3rd millennium bc, the greek invention of the soul and its properties, of thymos (emotion), menos (rage) and nous (intellect) are then traced from the time of homer, in which the soul does not last t ... | 2007 | 17999267 |
| immune-challenged house wren broods differ in the relative strengths of their responses among different axes of the immune system. | single components of the immune system are widely used to assess immune function in free-living vertebrates. however, as different immunological components are triggered by different types of threats and may be regulated independently, there is little reason to assume that they should respond similarly if challenged. we investigated whether three commonly assayed immune responses, cutaneous immune activity (phytohaemagglutinin assay), antibody response (tetanus toxoid immunization), and plasma b ... | 2008 | 18298497 |
| hiv-1 group o origin, evolution, pathogenesis, and treatment: unraveling the complexity of an outlier 25 years later. | twenty-five years ago, an aberrant hiv-1 (now classified as hiv-1 group o) was described from a cameroonian hiv patient living in belgium. the epicenter of group o was later found to be in central africa, overlapping with the geographical location of the central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla), the likely original hosts of group o. although the prevalence of group o has remained low at 1-2% in cameroon, some european countries (france, spain, belg ... | 2015 | 26450803 |
| nestling passerines are not important hosts for amplification of west nile virus in chicago, illinois. | nestling birds have been hypothesized to be important hosts for mosquito-borne arboviruses, but the role of nestlings for west nile virus (wnv) amplification remains unclear. we sampled open-cup and cavity-nesting passerines in chicago, illinois, an area of intense wnv transmission, to determine infection rates in nestlings and mosquitoes, and to test whether mosquitoes are attracted to nesting birds. analysis of culex pipiens mosquito populations demonstrated wnv amplification to high mosquito ... | 2008 | 18759639 |
| building an inner sanctuary: complex ptsd in chimpanzees. | through the analysis of case studies of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in residence at a sanctuary, who previously sustained prolonged captivity and biomedical experimentation, we illustrate how human psychological models of diagnosis and treatment might be approached in great apes. this study reflects growing attention to ethical, scientific, and practical problems associated with psychological well-being of animals. the analysis concludes that a diagnosis of complex ptsd in chimpanz ... | 2008 | 19042307 |
| neutralization properties of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and gorillas. | broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) represent powerful tools to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. here, we examined whether hiv-1-specific bnabs are capable of cross-neutralizing distantly related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting central (pan troglodytes troglodytes) (sivcpzptt) and eastern (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (sivcpzpts) chimpanzees (n = 11) as well as western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) (sivgor) (n = 1). we foun ... | 2015 | 25900654 |
| host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in tennessee. | in 2006, 2,817 blood-fed mosquitoes were collected from the site of a 2005 eastern equine encephalitis outbreak in chester county, tn. using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, 264 vertebrate hosts were identified from seven mosquito species. culex erraticus and cx. nigripalpus fed on a diversity of mammalian, avian, and reptilian hosts, whereas anopheles quadrimaculatus and an. punctipennis were predominantly mammalophagic. overall, 27% of cx. nigripalpus, 16% of cx. erraticus, and 7% of a ... | 2009 | 19706914 |
| autism genetic database (agd): a comprehensive database including autism susceptibility gene-cnvs integrated with known noncoding rnas and fragile sites. | autism is a highly heritable complex neurodevelopmental disorder, therefore identifying its genetic basis has been challenging. to date, numerous susceptibility genes and chromosomal abnormalities have been reported in association with autism, but most discoveries either fail to be replicated or account for a small effect. thus, in most cases the underlying causative genetic mechanisms are not fully understood. in the present work, the autism genetic database (agd) was developed as a literature- ... | 2009 | 19778453 |
| chapter 8: the development of neurology and the neurological sciences in the 17th century. | circa 1660 several favorable factors, instrumental to the invention of neurology, converged at the university of oxford. animals and men were believed to have a material soul whose functions throughout the nervous system were accessible to research. in 1659 inductive methods were introduced in clinical medicine by thomas willis, the founder of english epidemiology and biochemistry. the vertuosi,who later founded the royal society, performed chemical experiments in teams, and willis, head of thei ... | 2010 | 19892111 |
| effects of planting date, small grain crop destruction, fallow, and soil temperature on the management of meloidogyne incognita. | the effects of planting date, rye (secale cereale cv. wren abruzzi) and wheat (triticura aestivum cv. coker 797), crop destruction, fallow, and soil temperature on managing meloidogyne incognita race 1 were determined in a 2-year study. more m. incognita juveniles (j2) and egg-producing adults were found in roots of rye planted 1 october than in roots of rye planted 1 november and wheat planted 1 november and 1 december. numbers of m. incognita adults with and without egg masses were near or bel ... | 1990 | 19287731 |
| diversity of malaria parasites in great apes in gabon. | until 2009, the laverania subgenus counted only two representatives: plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi. the recent development of non-invasive methods allowed re-exploration of plasmodial diversity in african apes. although a large number of great ape populations have now been studied regarding plasmodium infections in africa, there are still vast areas of their distribution that remained unexplored. gabon constitutes an important part of the range of western central african great ... | 2015 | 25889049 |
| wren, boyle, and the origins of intravenous injections and the royal society of london. | | 2009 | 20029260 |
| strongyloides infections of humans and great apes in dzanga-sangha protected areas, central african republic and in degraded forest fragments in bulindi, uganda. | dna sequence analysis was carried out on strongyloides spp. larvae obtained from fecal samples of local humans, a wild western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a central chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes) inhabiting dzanga-sangha protected areas (dspa), central african republic, and eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in degraded forest fragments on farmland in bulindi, uganda. from humans, both strongyloides fuelleborni and strongyloides stercoralis we ... | 2016 | 27180094 |
| an essay concerning human understanding: how the cerebri anatome of thomas willis influenced john locke. | neurosurgeons are familiar with the anatomic investigations of thomas willis, but his intellectual legacy actually extends into the arena of philosophy. john locke was a student of willis while at oxford, and this essay explores how some of willis's anatomic discoveries might have influenced the ideas locke expressed in his essay concerning human understanding. it also includes historical information about 17th century england and the group of men (including christopher wren and robert boyle) wh ... | 2006 | 16528199 |