| an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in the area of fort smith, arkansas, 1975, due to echovirus type 4. | | 1977 | 142759 |
| serologic characterization and sero-epidemiologic studies on acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (ahc) virus. | serologic and sero-epidemiologic characteristics of ahc virus infection were studied by neutralization test (nt). four-fold or greater virus neutralizing (vn) antibody response was demonstrated to the japanese isolate of ahc virus (the j 670/71 strain) in 77.3% and 66.7% of paired sera from clinical ahc patients in japan (1971-1973) and tunisia (1973). the four patients from indonesia studied in 1972 showed similar antibody response. cross-neutralization tests of ahc virus isolated in japan (197 ... | 1975 | 165719 |
| neutralization of aggregated strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 in rd and vero or gmk-ah1 cells. | strains of enterovirus 71 and echovirus type 4 containing aggregates which were poorly neutralized by antibody in cell lines of green monkey kidney origin such as vero and gmk-ah1, were as easily neutralized as non-aggregated strains when grown in human rd cells, the explanation for this may be a lesser degree of aggregation of viral materials originating from rd cells and/or the use of lower doses of virus for neutralization tests in such cells. the latter was a consequence of a higher sensitiv ... | 1979 | 219662 |
| virus detection in soils: a comparison of four recovery methods. | among nine eluents tested, 0.5% (w/v) isoelectric casein at ph 9.0 and 0.5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk (ph 9.0) were the most efficient in eluting poliovirus type 1 (sabin) from eustis fine sand. however, no significant difference was found between the overall (elution followed by concentration) virus recoveries by non-fat dry milk, isoelectric casein, beef extract, and glycine-edta methods. high overall recovery (75%) of low input (200 pfu) of viruses from 100 g of soil was achieved by the isoelect ... | 1979 | 230890 |
| enteroviral etiology of some epidemic outbreaks in a zone of romania. | the authors describe three enterovirus epidemics: an outbreak of coxsackie b1 epidemic myalgia, one of echovirus 4 meningitis and one of epidemic vomiting and diarrhea caused by coxsackie a9 virus. etiological diagnosis was established by virological and serological tests. | 1976 | 941404 |
| epidemic outbreak of coxsackie virus meningitis. note i. clinico-epidemiological features. | an epidemic outbreak of viral meningitis mainly caused by coxsackie b3 virus is described. characteristic of the outbreak was the involvment of a large number of infants under 1 year of age (about 1/4 of the total number of cases) and the elevated incidence of encephalitis symptoms, as compared with the meningitis outbreak caused by echovirus 4 in 1973. | 1976 | 1006985 |
| echovirus type 4 infections in scotland, 1971-72. | an outbreak of infection due to echovirus 4 in scotland involving 194 cases during 1971-72 is described. clinical and epidemiological information was obtained and analysed for 181 patients, of whom 149 (82%) developed aseptic meningitis. the majority of cases were older children (39%) and young adults (40%), although the highest attack rate was in infants (10.5 per 100,000 population). an unusual feature of the outbreak was its biphasic nature with cases occurring largely in the same geographic ... | 1975 | 1209168 |
| [an epidemic of echovirus 4 meningitis: report of nine cases]. | | 1992 | 1456630 |
| [type 4 echovirus meningitis in childhood. epidemiologic and clinical aspects apropos of an epidemiologic outbreak]. | in the first half of 1988 we observed 13 cases of lymphocytic meningitis from which echovirus type 4 was isolated in the csf. we found a higher infection rate in the 6-9 years old group (54%) and in the masculine sex (69%). almost all of the cases occurred during the springtime. the clinical and csf characteristics of this epidemic do not differ much from those that have appeared in the literature. throughout 1988, in our hospital, 46 cases of lymphocytic meningitis took place and in 20 of them ... | 1992 | 1543290 |
| [epidemiology of enteroviral meningitis in croatia 1958-1988 with special emphasis on the great epidemic of 1988]. | in 1988, there was a large outbreak of enteroviral meningitis in the republic of croatia and in other parts of yugoslavia as well. a total of 4079 cases of enteroviral meningitis were registered with one fatal outcome (mb 8.7 0/ooo). the outbreak was caused by echovirus 4. analysis of epidemiological, virologic and ecological data for 1988, as well as for a number of previous years, showed the following: an upward morbidity trend observed from 1958 to 1979 turned to a high level stationary trend ... | 1990 | 2093787 |
| detection of immunoglobulin g, m, and a antibodies to enterovirus structural proteins by immunoblot technique in echovirus type 4-infected patients. | paired serum specimens from 24 patients with echovirus (ev) type 4 infection by virus isolation were tested by the immunoblot technique for the presence of igg, igm, and iga antibodies to ev4 structural proteins. single sera from 20 patients without neutralizing enterovirus igm were used as controls. all the sera from ev4-infected patients had igg antibodies to vp1 of ev4 but also 13 out of the 20 controls. 23 out of 24 ev4-infected patients elicited igm and iga specific antibodies to vp1, a pat ... | 1990 | 2176661 |
| viral antibodies in agricultural populations exposed to aerosols from wastewater irrigation during a viral disease outbreak. | the presence of antibodies to eight enteroviruses (echovirus types 4, 7, and 9, coxsackievirus types a9, b1, b3, and b4, and hepatitis a virus) and varicella-zoster virus was determined during a two-year period, 1980-1981, in paired blood samples of 777 persons in selected agricultural communities (kibbutzim) in israel. these communities were divided into several categories on the basis of wastewater utilization for sprinkler irrigation and/or fish ponds. among the nine viral antibodies studied, ... | 1987 | 3565365 |
| aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 4 in panama city, republic of panama. | between september 23 and november 30, 1981, 1,032 children from panamá city, republic of panamá were hospitalized with aseptic meningitis. forty-four per cent of the cases were in the age group 5-9 years old; the disease was mild and self-limiting with an average hospital stay of five days. echovirus 4 isolates were obtained from 48 of 160 patients. to identify risk factors associated with the epidemic, the authors randomly selected 10 per cent of hospitalized cases and conducted a family-based ... | 1987 | 3826037 |
| who collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera. | this paper summarizes the results of co-operative studies undertaken by the who international reference centre for enteroviruses and a number of who regional reference centres for viruses, who virus collaborating laboratories, or other laboratories in a comprehensive testing programme of enterovirus equine antisera. the studies were designed to appraise the specificity of immune serum prepared in horses against five representative prototype enteroviruses (poliovirus 1, coxsackieviruses a9 and b3 ... | 1965 | 4285901 |
| virus aggregation as the cause of the non-neutralizable persistent fraction. | the non-neutralizable or persistent fraction of virus populations has been found to be caused by aggregated virus. detailed investigation was performed with the prototype strain of echovirus type 4 (pesascek), as this virus is notorious for its large non-neutralizable fraction. when pesascek virus was clarified by low-speed centrifugation, homologous antiserum hardly neutralized the virus. however, when the virus was filtered through membranes having a porosity only twice the diameter of the vir ... | 1967 | 4318956 |
| serologic relationship of echovirus 4 strains isolated in south africa to shropshire strain. | | 1967 | 4960232 |
| an outbreak of meningitis due to echovirus type 4 in grimsby in 1963. ii. virus studies and antibody responses. | | 1967 | 4962742 |
| echovirus type 4 meningitis and related febrile illness: epidemiologic study of an outbreak in two eskimo communities in 1970. | | 1972 | 5039730 |
| echovirus type 4 outbreak in northern ireland during 1970-71. | | 1972 | 5084694 |
| virological and epidemiological studies on an outbreak of aseptic meningitis caused by echovirus 4 in northern japan in 1964. | | 1966 | 5219021 |
| epidemiological and virological studies of echovirus type 4 meningitis in japan, 1964. | | 1968 | 5301404 |
| echovirus type 4 infections. | | 1971 | 5565526 |
| an outbreak of meningitis due to echovirus type 4 in grimsby in 1963. i. clinical features and virus isolation. | | 1967 | 6072052 |
| survival of polioviruses and echoviruses in acanthamoeba castellanii cultivated in vitro. | cultures of acanthamoeba castellanii, kept at room temperature in sterile bacto-casitone (difco) medium, were artificially infected with vaccination poliovirus strains type 1 and type 3 and with echovirus type 4 and echovirus type 30. no remarkable virus cumulation was observed on the surface or inside amoeba cells during the observation period of 21 days. amoeba-adsorbed viruses were impossible to remove by repeated washings. virus neutralization with specific antisera showed that enteroviruses ... | 1981 | 6265550 |
| meningitis in cape town children. | a prospective clinical and microbiological survey of 213 children who presented to the teaching hospitals of the cape peninsula with meningitis was performed during a winter month. the predominant bacterium isolated was neisseria meningitidis and this survey uncovered an outbreak of viral meningitis due to echovirus 4 of the du toit strain. in comparison with previous studies, the absence of fever in 20% of the cases of meningococcal disease and the isolation of n. meningitidis group b organisms ... | 1984 | 6495128 |
| influence of host cells on the infectivity and neutralizability echovirus type 4 (pesascek). | the heterogeneity of echovirus type 4 (strain pesascek) is documented. this strain had a higher eop on rd cells than on gmk-ah1 or primary green monkey kidney cells. it was more effectively neutralized in tests on rd cells than on gmk-ah1 cells. the latter phenomenon was analyzed on materials of pesascek virus after banding in density gradients. a minor fraction was found that resisted neutralization as tested on either rd or gmk-ah1 cells. another fraction containing the main peak of infectivit ... | 1984 | 6735662 |
| [epidemiologic study of an outbreak of echovirus type-9 meningitis]. | several agents are able to produce lymphocytic meningitis, but sometimes it's not possible their identification. the viruses are the etiological agents more frequently found, especially enteroviruses, mumps virus and herpes simplex virus, with different epidemiological patterns depending on time and geographic location. most of the infections caused by enteroviruses are asymptomatics. in general the viral meningitis have a good prognostic with an acute benign course and serious signs of neurolog ... | 1994 | 7618039 |
| laboratory surveillance of viral meningitis by examination of cerebrospinal fluid in cape town, 1981-9. | nine years accumulated laboratory data derived from the culture of the cerebrospinal fluid of 11,360 aseptic meningitis cases were retrospectively reviewed to establish the epidemiology of viral meningitis in cape town. virus was isolated from 3406 of the cases (91% enteroviruses and 9% mumps). five major summer viral meningitis episodes were documented: two of echovirus 4 (706 and 445 cases), echovirus 9 (223), coxsackie a9 (104) and one of unidentified enterovirus (324 cases--probably echo 9). ... | 1993 | 8405162 |
| an outbreak of echovirus type 4 infections and its implications for diagnosis and management in general practice. | altogether, 133 patients with echovirus type 4 infection were studied. presenting illnesses and reasons for referral to hospital were analyzed. the reason for admission was commonly concern about meningitis, but also an unexplained rash or sore throat. more research is needed in general practice in order to clearly elucidate the spectrum of disease caused by echoviruses. | 1993 | 8505568 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis in an echovirus 6 and echovirus 4 nursery outbreak. | | 1997 | 9239781 |
| [viral meningoencephalitis caused by enterovirus in cuba from 1990-1995]. | the results of a study on enterovirus as causal agents of viral meningoencephalitis from 1990 to 1995 are described. from the 1458 samples of patients studied, 586 were from feces, 108 from cerebrospinal fluid and 1095 were paired sera. the samples for viral isolation were inoculated in two different cellular systems. a total of 225 samples (32.42%) were found to be positive; the highest number of isolations (n = 217) was found in feces and in diploid human lung fibroblast cells (phue-1). antibo ... | 1997 | 9472139 |
| epidemics of aseptic meningitis due to enteroviruses following national immunization days in bahrain. | we report two successive epidemics of aseptic meningitis due to enteroviruses (ev) observed after national immunization days against polio. meningitis due to echovirus 30 occurred from july 1995 to the end of january 1996, mostly among children aged 0-12 years (95.1% of cases), and meningitis due to echovirus 4 occurred from may 1996 to the end of september 1996 in the same age group. there were 286 and 169 cases, respectively. specimens from several representative cases were sent to the who col ... | 1998 | 9924570 |
| external quality assessment of enterovirus detection and typing. european union concerted action on virus meningitis and encephalitis. | reported are the results of a study of an enterovirus proficiency panel for use in isolation and serotyping and/or the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) carried out by 12 laboratories in nine european countries. eleven laboratories reported results of virus isolation and serotyping. in addition, four laboratories reported results of a pcr for enterovirus detection. correct virus isolation results were obtained for 105 of 110 samples (95.5%, four false-negatives, one false-positive), and correct pc ... | 1999 | 10212511 |
| a new variant of echovirus 4 associated with a large outbreak of aseptic meningitis. | a large outbreak of aseptic meningitis which began in april 1997 involved hundreds of cases in all geographical regions of israel and the palestinian authority, peaked between june and september, and lasted until december. | 1999 | 10405889 |
| a study of enterovirus isolations in glasgow from 1977 to 1997. | the number and range of enteroviruses isolated in the regional virus laboratory, glasgow during 1977-1997 was determined. over this period, 3,039 enterovirus isolations were reported. the echoviruses represented 67% of isolations with echovirus 4 (due to an outbreak in 1990), echovirus 30 and echovirus 11 being the most frequently isolated types. the pattern of prevalence of non-polio enteroviruses had changed from the previous 20-year period with echovirus types isolated more often (77% vs. 55. ... | 1999 | 10447428 |
| enteroviruses in spain: virological and epidemiological studies over 10 years (1988-97). | a total of 15,662 clinical samples were analysed for enterovirus (ev) isolation in cell cultures during a 10-year period (1988-97). furthermore, 210 isolates of ev obtained in primary laboratories within spain from patients with meningitis were characterized. the total number of ev typed was 758, including 727 non-polio ev and 31 sabin-like (sl) polioviruses. twenty-eight ev serotypes were represented. echoviruses comprised 90% (653/727) of fully typed non-polio ev. the four most prevalent serot ... | 2000 | 10982074 |
| molecular typing of echovirus serotype 4 isolates. | we report on clinical samples stuttgart/97, berlin/99 and jasi/99 associated with aseptic meningitis. all three samples contained echovirus 4 (e4) but stuttgart/97 was simultaneous infected with echovirus 30 (e30). the genetic relationship of the e4 strains was assessed using rt-pcr and direct sequencing of amplicons derived from the genomic region encoding the capsid protein vp1. the sequences have been compared with each other and with sequences of further e4 strains obtained from genbank. the ... | 2001 | 11597753 |
| echovirus 4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus. | to determine the association between exposure to enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes. | 2001 | 11905853 |
| [aseptic meningitis syndrome due to enterovirus and leptospira sp in children of salvador, bahia]. | for the purpose of identifying the frequency that enterovirus, leptospires, arbovirus cause aseptic meningitis syndrome (ams) during non-epidemic periods and comparing patients with and without laboratory evidence for an etiologic agent, 112 patients were selected aged between 3 months and 15 years and a clinical suspicion of ams and were referred to couto maia hospital, the infectious and parasitic disease reference center for salvador, bahia. in 44.6% (n=50), the etiologic agent for the diagno ... | 2002 | 12011925 |
| laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis of an echovirus 30-associated outbreak of aseptic meningitis in taiwan in 2001. | a large outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred from april to november 2001 in taiwan. of the 1,130 enterovirus-infected patients, echovirus 30 (e30) infection was diagnosed in 188 (16.6%), with the patients having various clinical manifestations including aseptic meningitis (73.9%), young infant fever (6.9%), respiratory symptoms or herpangina (13.3%), or others (5.9%). the majority of the e30-infected patients were between 3 and 10 years old. of the 264 e30 strains identified, 94.3, 71, and 67 ... | 2002 | 12454133 |
| [analysis of an outbreak of viral meningitis in the province of tucuman, argentina]. | to confirm the occurrence of an outbreak of viral meningitis in 1996 in the province of tucuman, argentina, and to study the outbreak's epidemiological characteristics. | 2003 | 12804154 |
| cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluid of children with echovirus type 4 meningitis. | cytokines play a role in meningeal inflammation and leukocyte recruitment. research has demonstrated that levels of different cytokines are elevated in aseptic and viral meningitis. unfortunately, previous data were confounded by the inclusion of multiple viral agents as a study group. the aims of the study were to determine the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of various cytokines in an outbreak of a single viral agent and to correlate between cytokine levels and leukocytes. cerebrospinal flu ... | 2003 | 14643393 |
| echovirus type 4 as a probable cause of meningitis associated with bilateral optic neuritis: a case report. | a 30-year-old man developed bilateral optic neuritis 1 week after acute viral meningitis caused by echovirus type 4. he received a high-dose steroid treatment combined with intravenous gamma -globulin. his visual recovery was good, and there was no sign of a primary demyelinating disease. | 2004 | 14999646 |
| enterovirus meningitis in brazil, 1998-2003. | acute viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) such as acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and encephalitis, are responsible for a high morbidity, particularly in children. non-polio enteroviruses (npev) are known to be responsible for over 80% of viral meningitis in which the etiologic agent is identified. in the present study, we show the frequency of enterovirus meningitis in brazil from december 1998 to december 2003. enterovirus were isolated from 162 (15.8%), of a total of 1,0 ... | 2006 | 16299728 |
| molecular typing of enteroviruses associated with viral meningitis in cyprus, 2000-2002. | human enteroviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases affecting many different organ systems. although infection is usually asymptomatic, infections of the central nervous system manifested as meningitis or encephalitis can pose a serious public health problem, especially during outbreaks. in this study, samples from 218 patients diagnosed with enteroviral meningitis between january 2000 and december 2002 were analysed in order to assess the epidemiology of human enterovir ... | 2006 | 16849723 |
| echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. echovirus 4 (ev-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. the association of hfmd with ev-4 has not been reported previously. two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to enteric viruses laboratory ... | 2006 | 17119674 |
| [epidemiology of enterovirus associated with neurologic diseases]. | this report describes the results of human enterovirus (hev) detection and characterization using cell culture, polymerase chain reaction and molecular typing in 2167 samples obtained from acute flaccid paralysis, aseptic meningitis and acute encephalitis patients, from 1991 to 1998 in argentina. hev were isolated in 130 out of 666 cases (19.5%) and 36 out of 666 (5.4%). hev rna was detected in 28.8% (231/801) and 3.0% (21/700) of the patients with meningitis and encephalitis, respectively. chil ... | 2007 | 17593593 |
| mosaic genome structure of echovirus type 30 that circulated in taiwan in 2001. | an echovirus type 30 (e30) outbreak occurred in taiwan in 2001. in this study, one 1998 and nineteen 2001 enterovirus isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of children with meningitis were genetically analyzed. although negative results were obtained using the e30-specific monoclocal antibody in an immunofluorescent assay (ifa) test of all 20 isolates, molecular typing by partial vp1 sequences and subsequent neutralization test identified them as e30. among those, seven of them were misidentif ... | 2007 | 17610124 |
| [outbreak of viral meningitis caused by echovirus type 4 in misiones province]. | a descriptive retrospective study was carried out to describe an epidemic outbreak of enteroviral meningitis in misiones. we reviewed records of 143 children from 1 month to 14 years of age who were hospitalized with aseptic meningitis in the pediatric hospital of posadas from august to december 2005. increased number of cases was observed between weeks 33 to 50 which reached a maximum peak in weeks 47 and 48, confirming an outbreak. the median of age was 8 years old, 55.2% were males. eighty pe ... | 2008 | 18669052 |
| laboratory investigation and phylogenetic analysis of enteroviruses involved in an aseptic meningitis outbreak in greece during the summer of 2007. | aseptic meningitis is the most commonly observed cns infection and is mainly attributed to non-polio enteroviruses (ev). | 2009 | 19699142 |
| meningitis and a febrile vomiting illness caused by echovirus type 4, northern territory, australia. | in july 2007, a cluster of meningitis cases caused by an echovirus 4 strain was detected in 1 indigenous community in the top end of the northern territory of australia. illness was characterized by fever, vomiting, and headache. over the next 4 months, additional cases of meningitis and the fever and vomiting syndrome emerged in other indigenous communities and subsequently in the major urban center of darwin. we describe the epidemiology of 95 laboratory-confirmed meningitis cases and conclude ... | 2010 | 20031044 |
| echovirus-4 meningitis outbreak imported from india. | we describe seven cases of meningitis in a group of young italian travelers coming back from india. virologic studies identified echovirus-4 as the cause of this cluster of cases, the first imported echovirus outbreak in italy. enteroviruses may play an important role in undiagnosed fevers in travelers. | 2010 | 20074102 |
| epidemiologic and clinical features of non-polio enteroviral infections in northern taiwan in 2008. | background: non-polio enteroviruses may cause different diseases, including herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd), meningitis, and nonspecific febrile illness; and cause epidemic outbreak annually. this study delineates the diversity of clinical presentations based on different serotypes and different groups [human enterovirus (hev)-a and hev-b] of enteroviruses (evs) during the 2008 epidemic in national taiwan university hospital (ntuh). methods: we retrospectively identified patients youn ... | 2011 | 21524954 |
| molecular characterization of enteroviruses associated with neurological infections in spain, 2008. | in order to investigate the etiology of viral neurological infections in spain, a national study was performed in 2008. the results obtained have been published. enteroviruses were the most frequent cause of the aseptic meningitis and infant febrile syndromes. the present report supplements the previous study with the genotyping of the detected enteroviruses. typing was by amplification of partial vp1 region and sequencing in 70 (53%) of the 132 available cerebrospinal fluid samples positive for ... | 2013 | 23893817 |
| differential effects of three echovirus strains on cell lysis and insulin secretion in beta cell derived lines. | in an earlier study, infection of human pancreatic islets with epidemic strains of echovirus (e4, e16, e30), with proven but differently ability to induce islet autoimmunity, resulted either in a severe damage (i.e., e16 and e30) or proceeded without visible changes in infected islets (i.e., e4). in this study, the ability of these strains to replicate in beta cells and the consequence of such an infection for beta cell lysis and beta cell function was studied in the pancreatic beta cell lines i ... | 2016 | 26629879 |
| molecular characterisation of enteroviruses and clinical findings from a cluster of paediatric viral meningitis cases in tshwane, south africa 2010-2011. | human enteroviruses (hevs) are the most common viral pathogen associated with paediatric aseptic meningitis. from october 2010 to february 2011 a cluster of hev-associated meningitis cases was identified in paediatric patients who had presented at two large tertiary hospitals in pretoria in the tshwane metropolitan area, gauteng, south africa (sa). | 2014 | 25176522 |