| respiration, growth and grazing rates of three ciliate species in hypoxic conditions. | marine hypoxic episodes are affecting both marine and freshwater bodies all over the world. yet, limited data exists with regard to the effects of decreasing oxygen on protist metabolism. three ciliate species were therefore isolated from hong kong coastal waters. controlled hypoxic conditions were simulated in the lab environment, during which time growth, respiration and grazing rates were measured. euplotes sp. and a oxytrichidae-like ciliate showed decreased growth and respiration below 2.5 ... | 2014 | 24874506 |
| poly d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid (plga)-encapsulated vaccine on immune system in epinephelus bruneus against uronema marinum. | we investigate the efficacy of poly d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid (plga)-encapsulated vaccine on innate and adaptive immune response in kelp grouper (epinephelus bruneus) against uronema marinum at weeks 1, 2, and 4. the respiratory burst (rb) activity, complement activity, and α2-macroglobulin were significantly enhanced in fish immunization with vaccine on week 4 whereas vaccine and plga-encapsulated vaccine from weeks 1 to 4. the serum lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity, and antibody lev ... | 2012 | 22580022 |
| inonotus obliquus containing diet enhances the innate immune mechanism and disease resistance in olive flounder paralichythys olivaceus against uronema marinum. | the present study describes the effect of diet supplementation with chaga mushroom, inonotus obliquus extract at 0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0% levels on the innate humoral (lysozyme, antiprotease, and complement), cellular responses (production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and myeloperoxidase), and disease resistance in olive flounder, paralichythys olivaceus against uronema marinum. the lysozyme activity and complement activity significantly increased in each diet on weeks 2 and 4 agains ... | 2012 | 22484608 |
| characterization of acid phosphatases from marine scuticociliate parasites and their activation by host's factors. | summaryscuticociliates are histophagous marine parasites that cause mortality in fish. acid phosphatases (acps) are considered virulence factors and they are used by different parasites to dephosphorylate host molecules. the aim of this work was to characterize the acps from 3 scuticociliate species, uronema marinum, miamiensis avidus and parauronema virginianum, which parasitize marine finfish species. we identified acp activity (ph 5·2) with differential cellular distribution in the 3 parasite ... | 2011 | 21554845 |
| immunomodulatory effect of probiotics enriched diets on uronema marinum infected olive flounder. | the effect of five probiotics, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus sakei, bacillus subtilis, and saccharomyces cerevisiae as individual and mixed enriched diet on the seasonal prevalence, activity and intensity of uronema marinum infection in olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus is reported. the growth performance, feed efficiency, blood biochemistry, survival rate, and non-specific immune response of u. marinum infected olive flounder on week 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 ... | 2011 | 21300160 |
| effect of traditional korean medicinal (tkm) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in paralichthys olivaceus against uronema marinum. | we report the effect of aqueous-, ethanol- and methanol-solvent-derived extracts of three traditional korean herbs, punica granatum, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and zanthoxylum schinifolium, by monitoring the innate immune mechanisms, such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity and the functional immunity in terms of percentage mortality and relative percent survival (rps) in olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus) against u ... | 2010 | 20207485 |
| in vitro culture and cryopreservation of uronema marinum isolated from farmed new zealand groper (polyprion oxygeneios). | an in vitro culture method was developed for the ciliated protozoa uronema marinum isolated from new zealand aquacultured groper (polyprion oxygeneios). both formulated media and sterile seawater supplemented with homogenised fish tissue as a food source supported growth of u. marinum achieving cell densities of up to 1 x 10(5)cells/ml in culture. a cryopreservation method based on a cryomix formula of 20% glycerol, 10% fetal bovine serum and 70% cultured u. marinum, incorporating a slow freeze ... | 2009 | 19664663 |
| pathogenicity of miamiensis avidus (syn. philasterides dicentrarchi), pseudocohnilembus persalinus, pseudocohnilembus hargisi and uronema marinum (ciliophora, scuticociliatida). | the scuticociliates miamiensis avidus (syn. philasterides dicentrarchi), pseudocohnilembus persalinus, pseudocohnilembus hargisi and uronema marinum were cloned and identified using morphological characteristics and the small subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu rrna). m. avidus strains ys1, ws1, yk1 and jj3 from southern coastal areas and jeju island in korea were pathogenic to olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus (80 to 100% mortality in 8 to 10 g fish) when inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) wit ... | 2009 | 19326794 |
| cloning, site-directed mutagenesis and expression of cathepsin l-like cysteine protease from uronema marinum (ciliophora: scuticociliatida). | a cysteine protease gene (scctl) homologous to the cathepsin l genes was isolated from a cdna library of the scuticociliate parasite (uronema marinum). to express the scctl recombinant protein in heterologous system, 17 codons were redesigned to conform to the standard eukaryotic genetic code using pcr-based site-directed mutagenesis. the synthetic u. marinum procathepsin l (proscctl) was expressed at high levels in e. coli bl21 (de3) with pgex-4t-1 vector, and successfully refolded and purified ... | 2007 | 17850898 |
| scuticociliate endosymbionts of echinoids (phylum echinodermata): phylogenetic relationships among species in the genera entodiscus, plagiopyliella, thyrophylax, and entorhipidium (phylum ciliophora). | morphological research on over 50 species of ciliates recorded as endosymbionts of echinoids suggests that invasion of the echinoid microhabitat occurred on at least 4 occasions. gene sequence data confirm the phylogenetic distinctness of spirotrichean, armophorean, plagiopylean, and oligohymenophorean endosymbionts. it is also likely that oligohymenophoreans have repeatedly invaded the gut habitat. to test this hypothesis, we sequenced small subunit rrna (ssrrna) genes of 6 species representing ... | 2005 | 16419766 |
| ultrastructure and phylogeny of philasterides dicentrarchi (ciliophora, scuticociliatia) from farmed turbot in nw spain. | several species of opportunistic histophagous scuticociliates have been implicated in systemic infections of farmed fish. in turbot, scuticociliatosis is an emerging disease, and the identification of the parasite species involved is controversial. we have previously isolated philasterides dicentrarchi from farmed turbot scuticociliatosis outbreaks in northwest spain. in the present study, we report detailed ultrastructural studies of this parasite, and investigate phylogenetic relations with ot ... | 2006 | 16388691 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of cathepsin b from a scuticociliate, uronema marinum. | a cdna encoding cathepsin b was cloned from the scuticociliate, uronema marinum, which invades the olive flounder, paralichthys olivaceus, leading to high mortalities in culturing fish. the full-length scuticociliate cathepsin b (scctb) gene contains an open reading frame of 1053 base pairs encoding 350 amino acids. a homology search revealed that scctb shares sequence identity with several piscine cathepsin bs (48%-45%). the protein of scctb from u. marinum extracts was purified 12.8-fold by a ... | 2005 | 16172011 |
| uronema marinum: identification and biochemical characterization of phosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing phospholipase c. | phosphatidylcholine (pc)-specific phospholipase d (pc-pld) and phosphatidylcholine (pc)-specific phospholipase c (pc-plc) activities have been detected in uronema marinum. partial purification of pc-plc revealed that two distinct forms of pc-plc (named as mpc-plc and cpc-plc) were existed in membrane and cytosol fractions. the two pc-plc enzymes showed the preferential hydrolyzing activity for pc with specific activity of 50.4 for mpc-plc and 28.3 pmol/min/mg for cpc-plc, but did not hydrolyze p ... | 2005 | 15804375 |
| effects of bile acids on proliferation and production of proteinase activity of uronema marinum (ciliophora: scuticociliatida). | little is known about the effects of bile acids in relation to infectivity on the biological characteristics of uronema marinum, a serious opportunistic parasite of farmed olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. in this study, we examined the effects of bile acids on the proliferation of u. marinum and on proteinase production in vitro. proliferation of u, marinum was significantly enhanced by lithocholic acid (lca) at 30 and 60 pmol, and by chenodeoxycholic acid (cdca) at 0.06 pmol. in contrast, ... | 2004 | 15672881 |
| pseudocohnilembus persalinus (ciliophora: scuticociitida) is an additional species causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. | in the present study, pseudocohnilembus persalinus was first reported as a species causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. based on the stained specimens, p. persalinus was clearly differentiated from uronema marinum, which has been shown to be a cause of scuticociliatosis in farmed olive flounder in korea from its characteristic oral infraciliature structure. the 1754 bp small subunit ribosomal rna (ss rrna) gene sequence of p. persalinus showed 95% homology with the ... | 2004 | 15672880 |
| occurrence of scuticociliatosis in olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus by phiasterides dicentrarchi (ciliophora: scuticociliatida). | in the course of identifying scuticociliates recently obtained from systemically infected olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus in korea, we found a scuticociliate species whose small subunit ribosomal rna (ss rrna) gene was not amplified by species-specific primers previously designed for uronema marinum and pseudocohnilembus persalinus. by studying morphological characteristics of wet-mounted and stained specimens, we identified the species as philasterides dicentrarchi, which has been reporte ... | 2004 | 15672879 |
| comparison of toxic effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on uronema marinum (ciliata: scuticociliatida). | to discover the effects of nitric oxide (no) and peroxynitrite on uronema marinum (a ciliate responsible for systemic scuticociliatosis in cultured olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus), the dose-dependent inhibitory effect of no donors, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (sin-1) on the proliferation and survival of u. marinum was investigated. the inhibitory effects of exogenous superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase on the toxicity of sin-1 were also investiga ... | 2004 | 15109150 |
| measurement of protease activity of live uronema marinun (ciliata: scuticociliatida) by fluorescence polarization. | the proteolytic activity of live uronema marinum was analyzed by a fluorescence polarization (fp) technique. protease activity was measured as a decrease in the fp value using fluorescein isothiocynate (fitc)-casein as a protein substrate. a time-dependent decrease in fp occurred in plate wells containing live u. marinum. supplementation with the cysteine protease inhibitor e-64 had no significant inhibitory effect on the decrease in fp at any of the concentrations used. in contrast, supplementa ... | 2003 | 12718476 |
| morphology and biology of parasite responsible for scuticociliatosis of cultured olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus. | based on the arrangement and shape of the buccal structure, scuticociliates isolated from cultured olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus belonged to the family uronematidae and showed many characteristics of uronema marinum. there was variation in the morphometry of clinical isolates taken from different organs of infected flounder. however, the isolates did not show any significant difference in morphometry under cultured conditions. the ciliates were easily maintained in in vitro medium to whi ... | 2001 | 11797915 |
| comparison of growth efficiencies of protozoa growing on bacteria deposited on surfaces and in suspension. | bacteria were deposited in tubes as compact pellets by centrifuging suspensions of cultured vibrio at stationary phase. numbers and protein biomass of flagellates added to these tubes and of the vibrio, were followed and compared with the growth of the same and other protists on identical, uncentrifuged vibrio. the flagellates bodo saliens and caecitellus parvulus, which could not be seen to multiply in tubes of suspended bacteria, grazed deposited bacteria actively as did the more versatile fla ... | 2000 | 10651298 |
| comparison of similar arctic and antarctic morphotypes of heterotrophic protists regarding their genotypes and ecotypes. | the polar regions offer the opportunity to study possible diversification processes of spatially and temporally separated populations. we focused our study on similar morphotypes/species (e. g. species with the same morphology) of heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates originating from both, antarctic and arctic waters: 38 populations of six choanoflagellate morphospecies (acanthocorbis unguiculata, helgoeca nana, diaphanoeca grandis, savillea micropora, stephanoeca apheles, salpingoeca tuba), f ... | 2015 | 25555150 |
| identification of scuticociliates (pseudocohnilembus persalinus, p. longisetus, uronema marinum and miamiensis avidus) based on the cox1 sequence. | scuticociliatosis is characterized as highly histophagous, causing systemic tissue destruction and high mortality in cultured marine fish. some of the scuticociliates have been implicated as the causative agents of scuticociliatosis. here, we describe our study to differentially identify various species in complex animal-sourced samples, namely olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus and black rockfish sebastes schlegelii suffering from scuticociliatosis. the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 ( ... | 2013 | 22951379 |
| styrax japonica supplementation diet enhances the innate immune response in epinephelus bruneus against bacterial and protozoan infections. | kelp grouper, epinephelus bruneus, fed for 30days with 0% (control), 0.1%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of styrax japonica supplementation diets, led to reductions in mortality after being challenged with a bacterium (vibrio harveyi) and a ciliate protozoan (uronema marinum). the enriched diets significantly increased the survival rate as compared to the controls. the phagocytic and respiratory activities were significantly increased in kelp groupers given 1.0% and 2.0% enriched diets. the complement activity ... | 2011 | 21824474 |
| strains of uronema marinum (scuticociliatia) co-isolated with amoebae of the genus neoparamoeba. | mixed infections of histophagous ciliates and neoparamoeba spp. page, 1987 were diagnosed in gill tissue of farmed turbot psetta maxima (synonym: scophthalmus maximus) and atlantic salmon salmo salar during a study of amoebic gill disease. ciliates co-isolated from lesions grossly visible on gills of both fish hosts and from 2 species of red algae lithophyllum racemus and palmaria palmata were characterized morphologically and by using molecular markers. sequences of small subunit (ssu) rdna wer ... | 2010 | 20391914 |
| scuticociliatosis and its recent prophylactic measures in aquaculture with special reference to south korea taxonomy, diversity and diagnosis of scuticociliatosis: part i control strategies of scuticociliatosis: part ii. | scuticociliatosis caused by about 20 species belonging to the phylum ciliophora has been recognized as an emerging problem inflicting significant economic loss in aquaculture industry in the world. among these philasterides dicentrarchi, miamiensis avidus, and uronema marinum are the three species responsible for scuticociliatosis in olive flounder farms of south korea. some of the parasites living or scavenger ciliates also have become parasites of aquaculture fish. the major clinico-pathologic ... | 2010 | 20211263 |
| dna identification of ciliates associated with disease outbreaks in a new zealand marine fish hatchery. | ciliates associated with fish mortalities in a new zealand hatchery were identified by dna sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu rrna). tissue samples were taken from lesions and gill tissues on freshly dead juvenile groper, brain tissue from adult kingfish, and from ciliate cultures and rotifers derived from fish mortality events between january 2007 and march 2009. different mortality events were characterized by either of 2 ciliate species, uronema marinum and miamiensis avi ... | 2009 | 19902845 |
| inhibition of chemiluminescent response of olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus phagocytes by the scuticociliate parasite uronema marinum. | experiments were conducted to evaluate the in vitro capacity of the scuticociliatian parasite uronema marinum to inhibit chemiluminescence (cl) of olive flounder paralichthys olivaceus phagocytes. luminol-enhanced cl was used to measure the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (rois) generated by respiratory bursts of phagocytes using zymosan as a stimulant. cytotoxic and antioxidative activities of excretory-secretory (es) products of the parasite were evaluated as well. live u. marinum ... | 2002 | 12542088 |