| regional differences in content of small basic peptide toxins in the venoms of crotalus adamanteus and crotalus horridus. | 1. reverse-phase hplc and organic solvents were used to isolate small basic peptide (sbp) toxins from the venoms of crotalus adamanteus, c. durissus terrificus, c. horridus, c. scutulatus scutulatus, c. viridis concolor, c. viridis helleri and c. viridis viridis. 2. acid-dep analyses indicated a high degree of toxin purity which was obtained with a single hplc run. 3. the combined results of hplc, immunodiffusion and electrophoresis analyses of venoms from different geographical regions indicate ... | 1991 | 1756621 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of several venoms of snakes in the family crotalidae. | crude venoms from the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus) and the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) were used to prepare monovalent antivenoms in rabbits. each of these four monovalent antivenoms was reacted against six different venoms using the technique of immunoblotting (western blot) to determine the relative immunogenicity of the four venoms and to compa ... | 1990 | 2339435 |
| some corrections of coccidian (apicomplexa: protozoa) nomenclature. | the following nomenclatural corrections and changes are introduced for the coccidia. new species: cryptosporidium rhesi from the rhesus monkey macaca mulatta; cryptosporidium serpentis from the snakes elaphe guttata, elapha subocularis, crotalus horridus, and sanzinia madagascarensis; eimeria perazae from the lizard cnemidophorus l. lemniscatus; and eimeria tarichae from the salamander taricha toirosa. new combinations: orcheobius carinii for cariniella carinii from the frog leptodactylus ocella ... | 1980 | 7463253 |
| successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid fab antivenom. | to report the effectiveness of a new polyvalent crotalid antivenom on neurotoxicity associated with north american rattlesnake envenomation. two syndromes of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity have been reported. in severe envenomation by crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mojave rattlesnake), weakness and fasciculations of various muscle groups, including those innervated by cranial nerves, may develop. occasionally respiratory insufficiency develops. the second neurotoxic effects is myokymia, a type ... | 1997 | 9209226 |
| preclinical assessment of the ability of polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced in costa rica to neutralize the venoms of north american snakes. | polyvalent (crotalinae) and anticoral (elapidae) antivenoms produced by instituto clodomiro picado, costa rica, were assessed for their ability to neutralize various toxic activities of the venoms of north american snakes of the genera crotalus, agkistrodon and micrurus, in assays involving preincubation of venom and antivenom. when the intraperitoneal route of injection was utilized, polyvalent (crotalinae) antivenom was effective in the neutralization of the venoms of crotalus atrox, crotalus ... | 2003 | 12782085 |
| snake venomics of crotalus tigris: the minimalist toxin arsenal of the deadliest neartic rattlesnake venom. evolutionary clues for generating a pan-specific antivenom against crotalid type ii venoms. | we report the proteomic and antivenomic characterization of crotalus tigris venom. this venom exhibits the highest lethality for mice among rattlesnakes and the simplest toxin proteome reported to date. the venom proteome of c. tigris comprises 7-8 gene products from 6 toxin families; the presynaptic β-neurotoxic heterodimeric pla(2), mojave toxin, and two serine proteinases comprise, respectively, 66 and 27% of the c. tigris toxin arsenal, whereas a vegf-like protein, a crisp molecule, a medi ... | 2011 | 22181673 |
| timber rattlesnake bite to the hand with secondary coagulopathy and serum sickness. | | 2007 | 1865611 |
| the coagulation of blood by snake venoms and its physiologic significance. | nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. as has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin (bothrops atrox, bothrops jararaca, bothrops nummifera, crotalus adamanteus, crotalus horridus, crotalus terrificus basiliscus, crotalus terrificus terrificus). the optimum ph for this coagulation was determined for 3 of these, and was found in each case to b ... | 1937 | 19870622 |
| caryospora bigenetica (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in south america: new hosts and distribution records. | the coccidian caryospora bigenetica was first described in the snake crotalus horridus (viperidae) from united states of america. this study represents the first record of the occurrence of c. bigenetica in snakes in south america. feces were sampled between november 2013 and may 2014 from 256 wild snakes maintained in scientific breeding facilities in the states of mato grosso do sul (ms; n = 214) and rio de janeiro (rj; n = 42), brazil. caryospora bigenetica was found in 14 (5.6%) snakes, all ... | 2015 | 25909262 |
| comparative enzymatic study of hplc-fractionated crotalus venoms. | 1. ten venoms of the genus crotalus (crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus horridus horridus, crotalus lepidus, crotalus polystictus, crotalus molossus molossus, crotalus pusillus, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, venom b, and crotalus viridis lutosus) were fractionated using hplc anion and cation exchange chromatography. 2. hplc venom fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and proteolytic activities. 3. crude virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) ... | 1989 | 2680253 |
| potentiation of the toxicity of basic peptides from rattlesnake venoms by sodium acetate. | the potentiating effect of sodium acetate on the toxicity of crotamine from crotalus durissus terrificus venom, e toxin from crotalus horridus horridus venom, and myotoxin a from crotalus viridus viridis venom was examined. subcutaneous injection of 6.3 mg/kg body weight of either crotamine or e toxin in 0.6 ml of water or myotoxin a in 0.6 ml of 0.05 m tris/0.1 m nacl buffer, ph 9.0, failed to produce lethality in mice. injection of either e toxin or crotamine at doses of 4.0 mg/kg in 0.6 ml of ... | 1986 | 3750343 |
| radio transmitter implantation and movement in the wild timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ). | radiotelemetry transmitters have become critical to studies of wildlife ecology. however, little is known about how transmitter implantation surgery affects the mobility of some species, including the timber rattlesnake, crotalus horridus . tracking snake movement can provide insights into the effects of transmitter implantation. during 2007-2011, 71 radio transmitters were surgically implanted intracoelomically in 47 timber rattlesnakes. over 20 of these snakes underwent surgery at least twice ... | 2017 | 28192045 |
| no safety in the trees: local and species-level adaptation of an arboreal squirrel to the venom of sympatric rattlesnakes. | within some species, squirrels respond to variable selection from venomous snake predators by showing population-level variation in resistance, while between species, some rattlesnakes possess venom that is more effective at overcoming venom resistance in different species of squirrels. a functional evaluation of resistance variation to venom within and between species of squirrels and snakes can link resistance variation to its evolutionary causes across these different evolutionary scales. to ... | 2016 | 27158112 |
| muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, inhibits hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms. | the antihemorrhagic activity of muscle extract of hedgehog, erinaceus europaeus, was tested on various snake venoms with hemorrhagic activity. the extract inhibited strongly hemorrhagic activity of venoms from bitis arietans, bothrops jararaca and vipera latastei gaditana, and remarkably that of venoms from agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, bitis gabonica rhinoceros, bitis nasicornis, bothrops atrox asper, crotalus horridus horridus and vipera berus. the antihemorrhagic activity against eight other s ... | 1994 | 7846699 |
| fine structure and organization of the infrared receptor relay, the lateral descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in pit vipers. | the morphology of the nucleus of the lateral descending tract of v has been studied in species of two genera of pit vipers, cottonmouth moccasin (agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus), and rattlesnake (crotalus ruber and crotalus horridus horridus). the nucleus is the site of termination of primary afferent neurons forming the infrared receptors in the facial pits. it is located on the external surface of the common descending tract of v and contains somata that range in size from 7 to 22 micromete ... | 1981 | 7204672 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| isolation of lactococcus garvieae strain trf1 from the fecal material of a timber rattlesnake. | in certain species of fish, such as rainbow trout, infection by the firmicutes lactococcus garvieae is problematic. this organism is the causative agent of lactococcosis disease in fish, and it is also considered a potential zoonotic bacterium, since it can cause several opportunistic infections in humans. in this study, l. garvieae strain trf1 was grown and isolated in pure culture from the fecal material of a timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus), living in the wild. the presence/absence of s ... | 2014 | 24595817 |
| l-amino acid oxidase, phosphodiesterase, total protein and other properties of juvenile timber rattlesnake (c. h. horridus) venom at different stages of growth. | | 2015 | 4352855 |
| hepatozoon species of the timber rattlesnake in northern florida: description of a new species, evidence of salivary gland oocysts, and a natural cross-familial transmission of an hepatozoon species. | two species of hepatozoon, i.e., h. sauritus and h. horridus n. sp., were present in 1 of 8 timber rattlesnakes, crotalus horridus. the narrow gamonts of h. sauritus are 15.0-19.0 x 3.5-5.0 microm, with lw 58-86 microm2 and l/w 3.2-4.7, with a narrow, rounded anterior end. the spherical to slightly ovoid oocysts produce ovoid to elongate sporocysts, 21-43 x 12-24 microm, l/w 1.20-2.7, containing on average 22.1 (10-34) sporozoites. this is the first report of a natural cross-familial transfer of ... | 2008 | 18564754 |
| snake venom metalloproteinases, crotarhagin and alborhagin, induce ectodomain shedding of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein vi. | glycoprotein (gp)vi, that binds collagen, together with gpib-ix-v which binds vonwillebrand factor, forms an adheso-signalling complex on platelets that initiates thrombus formation in haemostasis and thrombosis. in this study, we show that two snake venom metalloproteinases, crotarhagin and alborhagin, induce ectodomain shedding of gpvi by a mechanism that involves activation of endogenous platelet metalloproteinases. alborhagin is a viper venom metalloproteinase from trimeresurus albolabris, w ... | 2007 | 18064326 |
| clinical management of babesiosis in dogs with homeopathic crotalus horridus 200c. | homeopathic crotalus horridus 200c was evaluated in 13 clinical cases of babesiosis in dogs, compared with another 20 clinical cases treated with diminazine. babesiosis is an important tropical tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease in dogs clinically manifested by anorexia, dehydration, temperature, dullness/depression, diarrhoea/constipation, pale mucosa, hepatomegaly, vomiting/nausea, splenomegaly, distended abdomen/ascites, yellow coloured urine, emaciation/weight loss, and occular discharge. the ... | 2007 | 17437935 |
| isolation and characterization of two disintegrins inhibiting adp-induced human platelet aggregation from the venom of crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mohave rattlesnake). | disintegrins and disintegrin-like proteins are molecules found in the venom of four snake families (atractaspididae, elapidae, viperidae, and colubridae). the disintegrins are nonenzymatic proteins that inhibit cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, and signal transduction, and may have potential in the treatment of strokes, heart attacks, cancers, and osteoporosis. prior to 1983, the venom of crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (mohave rattlesnake) was known to be only neurotoxic; however ... | 2006 | 16084550 |
| life-threatening upper airway edema caused by a distal rattlesnake bite. | a 36-year-old man captured a timber rattlesnake and was accidentally envenomated in the thumb by the severed head. at a local emergency department, hypotension and confusion developed. facial and glossal edema were also observed. oxygen was delivered by face mask, and crystalloids and dopamine were administered. respiratory distress developed with progressive hypoxemia. intubation was unsuccessful because of massive glossal and epiglottic (laryngeal) edema, and an emergency cricothyrotomy was pe ... | 2001 | 11423817 |
| inhibition of hemorrhagic activities of various snake venoms by purified antihemorrhagic factor obtained from japanese habu snake. | the ability of purified antihemorrhagic factor isolated from the serum of japanese habu (trimeresurus flavoviridis) was tested on 17 snake venoms to inhibit their hemorrhagic activity. the factor strongly inhibited that of the venoms of crotalus horridus horridus and vipera latastei gaditana in addition to that of the homologous (t. flavoviridis) venom. hemorrhagic activity of agkistrodon halys blomhoffi, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, bothrops atrox asper and crotalus atrox venoms was also ... | 1994 | 8016857 |
| a thrombin-like enzyme from timber rattlesnake venom. | the procoagulant component has been purified from timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) venom by deae-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on immobilized p-aminobenzamidine and a final deae-sepharose chromatography. as obtained, the procoagulant gave a single band of mr 29 500 +/- 2000 on sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis whether or not the sample was reduced prior to electrophoresis. schiff's stain indicated the presence of some carbohydrate. ... | 1983 | 6626556 |
| characteristics of the action of crotalus horridus horridus (timber rattlesnake) venom on the isolated, perfused rat heart. | the isolated langendorff-perfused heart was used to examine the effects of a 4 min infusion of crotalus horridus horridus venom (3.3-33 micrograms/ml) on various physiological, biochemical and morphological parameters. venom infusion reduced ventricular contractility in a dose-dependent manner that was not reversible; this response was markedly attenuated by either lowering the temperature from 37 degrees c to 32 degrees c or the perfusate potassium ion concentration from 5.9 to 2.5 mm. the nega ... | 1987 | 3438920 |
| studies on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients bitten by bothrops jararaca (jararaca). | the blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic systems of nine patients envenomed by bothrops jararaca in são paulo (brazil) were studied. five of the accidents were caused by young snakes (less than 50 cm). on admission, four patients had non-clotting and three partially-clotting blood. fibrinogen levels were decreased due to the thrombin-like activity of the venom as expected. consequent secondary activation of the fibrinolytic system was evident from the low levels of alpha-2-antiplasmin and the ... | 1990 | 2402749 |
| dic-like syndrome after envenomation by the snake, crotalus horridus horridus. | after envenomation by the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) a young man showed massive swelling and ecchymoses of the involved extremity, generalized petechiae and a large hematoma of the left upper eyelid. two weeks later he was completely well. the first blood sample was incoagulable and showed high titers of fibrin split products by the misfi and staphylococcal clumping tests. immounoelectrophoresis showed both d and e fragments, but only d was present at 18 hours. the profound ... | 1975 | 1167934 |
| hemodynamic effects of slow and rapid defibrination with defibrizyme, the thrombin-like enzyme from venom of the timber rattlesnake. | the hemodynamic response to slow and rapid defibrination was sutdied in anesthetized beagle dogs, with the following results: 1. slow defibrination was a benign procedure that had little or no effect on the hemodynamic variables studied. 2. rapid defibrination induced statistically significant decreases in cardiac output, stroke volume, and mean aortic arterial pressure. 3. bradycardia, a drop in mean left v"ntricular pressure, cardiac and minute work indices, an increase in pulmonary artery pre ... | 1975 | 237415 |
| facial diplegia, pharyngeal paralysis, and ophthalmoplegia after a timber rattlesnake envenomation. | the timber rattlesnake, also known as crotalus horridus, is well known to cause significant injury from toxins stored within its venom. during envenomation, toxic systemic effects immediately begin to cause damage to many organ systems including cardiovascular, hematologic, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and neurologic. one defining characteristic of the timber rattlesnake is a specific neurotoxin called crotoxin, or the "canebrake toxin," which is a potent β-neurotoxin affecting presynaptic nerv ... | 2013 | 24196093 |
| natural variation in steroid hormone profiles of male timber rattlesnakes, crotalus horridus, in northwest arkansas. | we describe the seasonal profile of circulating steroid hormones (testosterone and corticosterone) in relation to the breeding season in free ranging male timber rattlesnakes, crotalus horridus, over the course of three active seasons. in addition, we examine variation in steroid concentrations across years and in relation to body condition. we found that seasonal profiles of plasma testosterone were different compared to other crotalines with similar mating patterns. concentrations of testoster ... | 2014 | 24997417 |
| seasonal variation in hematology and blood plasma chemistry values of the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus). | hematology, biochemical analyses, and body condition indices are useful tools for describing animal health, especially when making management decisions for species of conservation concern. we report hematologic, biochemical, and body condition index data for 13 free-ranging timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) sampled repeatedly over an active season in indiana, usa. | 2014 | 25098306 |
| early significant ontogenetic changes in snake venoms. | snake venom plays a critical role in food acquisition, digestion, and defense. venoms are known to change throughout the life of some snake species, but nothing is known about the venom composition of hatchling/neonate snakes prior to and just after their first shedding cycle, despite this being a critical time in the life of the snake. using a cohort of crotalus horridus and two cohorts of crotalus adamanteus, we showed for the first time that snakes undergo significant changes in venom composi ... | 2015 | 25600640 |
| black bear reactions to venomous and non-venomous snakes in eastern north america. | bears are often considered ecological equivalents of large primates, but the latter often respond with fear, avoidance, and alarm calls to snakes, both venomous and non-venomous, there is sparse information on how bears respond to snakes. we videotaped or directly observed natural encounters between black bears (ursus americanus) and snakes. inside the range of venomous snakes in arkansas and west virginia, adolescent and adult black bears reacted fearfully in seven of seven encounters upon beco ... | 2014 | 25635152 |
| metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota of the timber rattlesnake, crotalus horridus. | snakes are capable of surviving long periods without food. in this study we characterized the microbiota of a timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus), devoid of digesta, living in the wild. pyrosequencing-based metagenomics were used to analyze phylogenetic and metabolic profiles with the aid of the mg-rast server. pyrosequencing of samples taken from the stomach, small intestine and colon yielded 691696, 957756 and 700419 high quality sequence reads. taxonomic analysis of metagenomic reads indic ... | 2015 | 25663091 |
| the transcriptomic and proteomic basis for the evolution of a novel venom phenotype within the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus). | the genetics underlying adaptive trait evolution describes the intersection between the probability that particular types of mutation are beneficial and the rates they arise. snake venoms can vary in a directly meaningful manner through coding mutations and regulatory mutations. the amounts of different components determine venom efficacy, but point mutations in coding sequences can also change efficacy and function. the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus) has populations that have evolved ne ... | 2015 | 25727380 |
| ophidiomyces ophiodiicola dermatitis in eight free-ranging timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) from massachusetts. | eight free-ranging timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) from two geographically isolated massachusetts populations were observed with skin lesions located primarily on the head but occasionally also on the lateral and ventral surfaces of the body. the snakes underwent health assessments that included physical examination, clinical pathology, full body radiographs, and full thickness biopsies of skin lesions. each snake had fungal elements present histologically in tissue sections from skin le ... | 2015 | 25993746 |
| purpura following timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) envenomation. | | 1985 | 3979108 |
| ability of polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin to neutralize myonecrosis, hemorrhage and lethality induced by timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) venom. | the local and lethal effects of crude crotalus horridus horridus venom were quantitated and the ability of polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin to neutralize these effects was studied. a light microscopy assay was used to measure myonecrosis, a new method based on the amount of hemoglobin present in the injected muscle was used to measure hemorrhage and the ld50 was used as a measure of lethality. results indicate that polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin significantly neutralized myonecrosis in mice ... | 1985 | 3927522 |
| male snakes allocate time and energy according to individual energetic status: body condition, steroid hormones, and reproductive behavior in timber rattlesnakes, crotalus horridus. | life-history theory predicts that organisms will hedge current reproductive investment against potential costs in terms of survivorship and future fecundity. however, little is known regarding the endocrine mechanisms underlying bet-hedging strategies in free-ranging male vertebrates. we examined the relationships among individual energetic status, steroid hormones, mate search, and reproductive behavior in free-ranging male timber rattlesnakes. snakes were monitored over four active seasons in ... | 2015 | 26658410 |
| snake co-occurrence patterns are best explained by habitat and hypothesized effects of interspecific interactions. | snakes often occur in species-rich assemblages, and sympatry is thought to be facilitated primarily by low diet overlap, not interspecific interactions. we selected, a priori, three species pairs consisting of species that are morphologically and taxonomically similar and may therefore be likely to engage in interspecific, consumptive competition. we then examined a large-scale database of snake detection/nondetection data and used occupancy modelling to determine whether these species occur tog ... | 2014 | 23998642 |
| the genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics. | snake venoms generally show sequence and quantitative variation within and between species, but some rattlesnakes have undergone exceptionally rapid, dramatic shifts in the composition, lethality, and pharmacological effects of their venoms. such shifts have occurred within species, most notably in mojave (crotalus scutulatus), south american (c. durissus), and timber (c. horridus) rattlesnakes, resulting in some populations with extremely potent, neurotoxic venoms without the hemorrhagic effect ... | 2013 | 23758969 |
| [pure defibrination after timber rattlesnake bite]. | the only disorder of coagulation observed after a timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus) bite was a total absence of fibrinogen which lasted 64 hours despite hourly administration of cryoprecipitates. the pure defibrination experimentally obtained with this particular species of crotalid snakes underlines the specificity of the coagulation disorder and the impossibility of identifying the coagulopathy induced by venom poisoning without laboratory examination. | 1983 | 6221322 |
| [comparison of the venoms of two viperides, lachesis mutus and crotalus horridus by electrofocusing]. | | 1983 | 6625481 |
| isolation, stabilization, and characterization of a toxin from timber rattlesnake venom. | a rapid and convenient method for the purification of a toxin from timber rattlesnake, crotalus horridus horridus, venom using carboxymethyl cellulose ion-exchange chromatography has been devised. the toxicity of this venom component is labile, but it is stabilized by the addition of 20+ v/v glycerol to the buffer solution. this toxin has a molecular weight of 15,000 +/- 700 as determined by sds gel electrophoresis. it is both heat and protease resistant. treatment of this venom component with 2 ... | 1979 | 471946 |
| cultivation of cells from a fibroma in a rattlesnake, crotalus horridus. | | 1972 | 4347028 |
| constituents of the blood of the hibernating and normal rattlesnake, crotalus horridus. | | 1945 | 21006951 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of crotalus horridus (timber rattlesnake). | the complete mitogenome of the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus) was completed using sanger sequencing. it is 17,260 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 21 trnas, two rrnas and two control regions. gene synteny is consistent with other snakes with the exception of a missing redundant trna (ser) . this mitogenome should prove to be a useful addition of a well-known member of the viperidae snake family. | 2013 | 22994371 |
| cryptic sociality in rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) detected by kinship analysis. | research on social behaviour has largely concentrated on birds and mammals in visually active, cooperatively breeding groups (although such systems are relatively rare) and focused much less on species that rarely interact other than for mating and parental care. we used microsatellite markers to characterize relatedness among aggregations of timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus), a putatively solitary reptile that relies heavily on chemical cues, and found that juveniles and pregnant females ... | 2012 | 22357940 |
| development of a test system for homeopathic preparations using impaired duckweed (lemna gibba l.). | a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (lemna gibba l.) was developed to study potentially regulative effects of homeopathic preparations. we compared potentized substances (nine different potency levels between 17 x and 33 x ) with two controls (unsuccussed and succussed water) regarding their influence on number- and area-related growth rate and color of fronds (leaves). screening included 11 potentized substances: arsenicum album, gibberellic acid, nosode, arsenic(v), phosphorus, conchae, ... | 2011 | 21476829 |
| absence of phospholipase a(2) in most crotalus horridus venom due to translation blockage: comparison with crotalus horridus atricaudatus venom. | to investigate the peculiar absence of phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)s) in most crotalus horridus (ch) venom, we cloned and sequenced the venom pla(2)s of three ch specimens from different regions. the results revealed that all the venom glands contained mrnas that encoded an acidic pla(2) (designated as either ch-e6 or ch-e6'). the predicted ch-e6 from the iowan ch and ch-e6' from the south carolinian ch differed by only one amino acid residue, while the pla(2) cdna cloned from the kentuckian ch c ... | 2010 | 20347857 |
| roads, interrupted dispersal, and genetic diversity in timber rattlesnakes. | anthropogenic habitat modification often creates barriers to animal movement, transforming formerly contiguous habitat into a patchwork of habitat islands with low connectivity. roadways are a feature of most landscapes that can act as barriers or filters to migration among local populations. even small and recently constructed roads can have a significant impact on population genetic structure of some species, but not others. we developed a research approach that combines fine-scale molecular g ... | 2010 | 20151984 |
| seasonal variation in hormonal responses of timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) to reproductive and environmental stressors. | data addressing adrenocortical modulation across taxonomic groups are limited, especially with regard to how female reproductive condition influences the sensitivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. we investigated seasonal and reproductive variation in basal and stress-induced hormone profiles in a population of free-ranging timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) in north-central pennsylvania during spring (i.e., may), summer (i.e., july), and early fall (i.e., september). baseline ... | 2009 | 19363617 |
| integrating individual behaviour and landscape genetics: the population structure of timber rattlesnake hibernacula. | individuals of many species show high levels of fidelity to natal populations, often due to reliance on patchily distributed habitat features. in many of these species, the negative impacts of inbreeding are mitigated through specialized behaviours such as seasonal mating dispersal. quantifying population structure for species with these characteristics can potentially elucidate social and environmental factors that interact to affect mating behaviour and population connectivity. in the northern ... | 2008 | 18028304 |
| comparative skin permeability of neonatal and adult timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus). | skin permeability and lipid content were determined using shed epidermis of neonatal and adult timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) from the coastal plain pine barrens of new jersey and from the appalachian mountains of northern pennsylvania. differences between populations due to habitat and within populations due to age were tested. skin permeability was not found to differ according to locality (p>0.05), but rates were significantly different for age. permeability of adult epidermis was gr ... | 2005 | 15893947 |
| kin recognition in rattlesnakes. | snakes are often regarded as the least social of all vertebrate groups, but this assumption stems from the fact that they are secretive and difficult to observe in nature, rather than direct evidence. recent studies have revealed a surprising degree of social complexity in snakes. here, i examine the ability of captive-raised timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) to recognize siblings by measuring the mean separation distance and frequency of contact between pairs of individuals housed togethe ... | 2004 | 15252996 |
| timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) use chemical cues to select ambush sites. | chemicals left by organisms moving through the environment are used by other organisms to mediate interspecific interactions. most studies of chemical eavesdropping focus on prey responding to chemical cues from predators, despite the fact that chemical cues are frequently used by predators as a source of information about prey. crotalus horridus uses a foraging strategy that is widespread among sedentary predators: the snake chooses a site where it is likely to encounter prey and remains immobi ... | 2004 | 15139311 |
| effects of body mass, meal size, fast length, and temperature on specific dynamic action in the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus). | detailed analysis of animal energy budgets requires information on the cost of digestion (specific dynamic action [sda]), which can represent a significant proportion of ingested energy (up to 30% in infrequent feeders). we studied the effects of snake mass, temperature (25 degrees and 30 degrees c), fasting time (1 and 5 mo), and prey size (10%-50% of snake mass) on sda in 26 timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus). we used flow-through respirometry to measure hourly co(2) production rates (vco ... | 2013 | 13130425 |
| substrate specificity of a hemorrhagic proteinase from timber rattlesnake venom. | | 1983 | 6340729 |
| scaling of co2 production in the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus), with comments on cost of growth in neonates and comparative patterns. | to understand the bioenergetic fluxes of free-ranging timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) better, we measured co(2) production rate of 83 snakes in response to body mass, body temperature, time of day, sex, and geographic locality (northwest arkansas and coastal virginia). effects of body mass, temperature, time of day, and the temperature-by-time interaction were remarkably similar to effects reported for other rattlesnakes. we noted that c. horridus has relatively high, but precedented, q( ... | 2013 | 11517461 |
| airway obstruction following canebrake rattlesnake envenomation. | we report an unusual case of canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus atricaudatus) envenomation whose major manifestation was orolingual edema and airway compromise. the likely source of swelling was mucosal absorption of venom following the first aid technique of cutting and sucking the bite site. except for airway compromise, the patient had mild local bite site effects (swelling) and mild systemic findings (depressed fibrinogen and elevated creatinine phosphokinase). he was managed with fibe ... | 2001 | 11348818 |
| canebrake rattlesnake envenomation. | to document the clinical presentation and course of consecutive cases of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus atricaudatus). | 1997 | 9209224 |
| defibrinating enzyme from timber rattlesnake (crotalus h. horridus) venom: a potential agent for therapeutic defibrination. i. purification and properties. | | 1975 | 1167709 |
| malignant chromatophoroma in a canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus atricaudatus). | an adult female canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus atricaudatus) at zoo atlanta (atlanta, georgia, usa) had a subcutaneous mass on the left lateral abdomen. microscopically, the tumor contained a pleomorphic population of cells with abundant intracytoplasmic brown to gold nonrefractile pigment (chromatophores), large stellate cells resembling neurons, and small stellate cells whose cytoplasmic processes formed a fibrillar matrix. the pigment stained black with the fontana-masson technique ... | 1997 | 9279411 |
| binding of a novel 50-kilodalton alboaggregin from trimeresurus albolabris and related viper venom proteins to the platelet membrane glycoprotein ib-ix-v complex. effect on platelet aggregation and glycoprotein ib-mediated platelet activation. | binding of the multimeric adhesive glycoprotein, von willebrand factor (vwf), to the platelet membrane glycoprotein (gp) ib-ix-v complex mediates platelet adhesion and initiates signal transduction leading to platelet activation. recently described viper venom proteins that bind to the gp ib alpha-chain and inhibit vwf binding provide novel probes for studying receptor function. we have purified a 50-kda form of alboaggregin from the white-lipped tree viper (trimeresurus albolabris) and two 25-k ... | 1996 | 8823201 |
| isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for use in population genetic analysis in the timber rattlesnake, crotalus horridus. | a crotalus horridus genomic library was screened for clones containing microsatellite loci by hybridization with oligonucleotides consisting of a (dc x da)n dinucleotide repeat. primers designed to amplify six of the microsatellite loci were used to screen 32 unrelated individuals representing populations in eastern pennsylvania, southern new jersey, north carolina, south carolina, and alabama. the six microsatellite loci were all polymorphic, with two to nine alleles, and heterozygote frequenci ... | 2006 | 8830093 |
| regional variation in the presence of canebrake toxin in crotalus horridus venom. | reverse-phase hplc was used to isolate the pla complex neurotoxin "canebrake toxin" from the venom of crotalus horridus from northern florida. individual venoms from 107 specimens of c. horridus throughout its range were investigated for the presence of the toxin. the distribution of canebrake toxin was limited to two separate regions, including a region of louisiana, arkansas and oklahoma, and a separate region from southeastern south carolina through eastern georgia to northern florida. four d ... | 1994 | 8061939 |
| severe myonecrosis in a fatal case of envenomation by the canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus atricaudatus). | severe myonecrosis was found at autopsy in a fatal case of envenomation by crotalus horridus atricaudatus. the degree and extent of rhabdomyolysis were independent of the site of muscle sampling, being no more advanced at the site of envenomation. we conclude that myonecrosis was not enhanced by increased interstitial pressure. | 1987 | 3617084 |
| pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by hemorrhagic proteinase iv from timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) venom. | the effects on the vascular system of a purified toxin, hemorrhagic proteinase iv, from crotalus horridus horridus venom were studied with emphasis on the pathogenesis of hemorrhage. white mice were injected intramuscularly with sublethal doses of the hemorrhagic toxin, and tissue samples were obtained at 5 and 30 min, 3 and 24 hr after the injection. there was a good correlation between amount of toxin injected and amount of hemorrhage. microscopically, extensive areas of hemorrhage around musc ... | 1987 | 3303450 |
| resistance of a hemorrhagic proteinase from timber rattlesnake venom to proteolytic degradation. | the proteolytic activity of hemorrhagic proteinase iv isolated from timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) venom was resistant to inactivation by trypsin, pronase and the proteolytic iit fraction isolated from timber rattlesnake venom. sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the hemorrhagin incubated alone and with the three proteinases revealed that the addition of trypsin or the iit fraction caused little apparent degradation of the hemorrhagin, whether or not the samples were reduc ... | 1984 | 6374969 |
| a zygomycotic infection in captive snakes. | we report disseminated, fatal fungal disease involving subcutaneous and visceral tissues in 4 captive snakes (1 elaphe guttata, 2 crotalus horridus, and 1 pituophis melanoleucus). the etiologic agent, which was abundant in the lesion, had a rounded form in vivo with a prominent nucleus. these cells averaged 17 microns in diameter and reproduced by fission, forming clusters of two or four daughter cells. the etiologic agent was isolated on sabouraud dextrose agar from one of the snakes. it also g ... | 1983 | 6683876 |
| isolation and characterization of a hemorrhagic proteinase from timber rattlesnake venom. | a protein isolated from timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) venom by ion-exchange and high-pressure liquid chromatography is hemorrhage inducing and lethal to mice (ld50 of 10 micrograms/g of body weight). it is a ca2+- and zn2+-containing proteinase and has the ability to hydrolyze hide powder azure. atomic absorption spectroscopy shows 2.5 ca2+ and 1 zn2+ per protein monomer. the proteinase activity is destroyed by incubation with disulfide-reducing agents and by dialysis against e ... | 1983 | 6340728 |
| enterococcus crotali sp. nov., isolated from faecal material of a timber rattlesnake. | a facultatively anaerobic, gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated etrf1t, was found in faecal material of a timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus). based on a comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, the isolate was assigned to the genus enterococcus. the 16s rrna gene sequence of strain etrf1t showed >97 % similarity to that of the type strains of enterococcus rotai, e. caccae, e. silesiacus, e haemoperoxidus, e. ureasiticus, e. moraviensis, e. plantarum, e. quebecensis, e. ureilyticus, ... | 2017 | 28632114 |
| common cutaneous bacteria isolated from snakes inhibit growth of ophidiomyces ophiodiicola. | there is increasing concern regarding potential impacts of snake fungal disease (sfd), caused by ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (oo), on free-ranging snake populations in the eastern usa. the snake cutaneous microbiome likely serves as the first line of defense against oo and other pathogens; however, little is known about microbial associations in snakes. the objective of this study was to better define the composition and immune function of the snake cutaneous microbiome. eight timber rattlesnakes ... | 2017 | 29134436 |
| pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of voriconazole and itraconazole in healthy cottonmouths (agkistrodon piscivorus) and massasauga rattlesnakes (sistrurus catenatus) with snake fungal disease. | snake fungal disease (sfd; ophidiomyces ophiodiicola) is posing a significant threat to several free-ranging populations of pitvipers. triazole antifungals have been proposed for the treatment of mycoses in reptiles; however, data are lacking about their safety and efficacy in snakes with sfd. study 1 investigated in vitro susceptibility, and identified that plasma concentrations >250 ng/ml (voriconazole) and >1,000 ng/ml (itraconazole) may be effective in vivo for sfd. in study 2, the pharmacok ... | 2017 | 28920790 |
| carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 inhibition of snake venom thrombin-like activity: novel biochemical "brake"? | a complication of defibrinogenation therapy with snake venom enzymes such as ancrod is hypofibrinogenemia associated bleeding secondary to no human-derived inhibitor being available to inactivate or diminish the activity of such enzymes. of interest, ancrod contains a critical histidine residue without which enzymatic activity is inhibited, and carbon monoxide has been demonstrated to inhibit biomolecular function by interacting with histidine moieties in ion channels. we tested the hypothesis t ... | 2017 | 27787696 |
| iron and carbon monoxide prevent degradation of plasmatic coagulation by thrombin-like activity in rattlesnake venom. | thousands suffer poisonous snake bite, often from defibrinogenating species annually. three rattlesnake species in particular, the timber rattlesnake, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, and southern pacific rattlesnake, cause clinically relevant hypofibrinogenemia via thrombin-like activity in their venom. it has been demonstrated that iron (fe) and carbon monoxide (co) change the ultrastructure of plasma thrombi and improve coagulation kinetics. thus, the present investigation sought to determine ... | 2016 | 26666988 |
| snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction. | there are approximately 420 venomous species of snakes living on the earth. their venoms, each unique, can affect multiple organ systems. the venoms have a predilection for the peripheral nervous system where the neuromuscular junction is a favorite target. those venoms affecting the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane are called beta-neurotoxins and those affecting the postsynaptic membrane are called alpha-neurotoxins. alpha-bungarotoxin has been used in quantitative studies ... | 2004 | 15257514 |
| prospective study of morbidity associated with snakebite envenomation. | the morbidity associated with snakebite envenomation has not been well documented. | 2003 | 12733849 |
| thrombocytopenia following timber rattlesnake envenomation. | to better characterize timer rattlesnake venom--induced thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy and the response to therapy with antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent. | 1997 | 9209223 |
| aaem minimonograph #37: facial and limb myokymia. | myokymia is a clinical phenomenon associated with characteristic electromyographic activity referred to as myokymic discharges. these are spontaneously generated bursts of individual motor unit potentials with each burst recurring rhythmically or semirhythmically, usually several times per second. it involves facial muscles more commonly than those of the extremities, and is most often seen in association with guillain-barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, radiation plexopathy, pontine tumors, and ... | 1991 | 1745276 |
| timber rattlesnake venom-induced myokymia: evidence for peripheral nerve origin. | facial and limb myokymia occurred in four consecutive cases of timber rattlesnake envenomation and represents the "fasciculations" frequently reported in this entity. the facial myokymia disappears within hours of antivenin therapy and the limb myokymia by increasing serum ionized calcium. these observations suggest that the action of the venom is a biochemical one, increasing peripheral nerve excitability. | 1987 | 3627455 |
| an application of randomization for detecting evidence of thermoregulation in timber rattlesnakes (crotalus horridus) from northwest arkansas. | most reptiles maintain their body temperatures within normal functional ranges through behavioral thermoregulation. under some circumstances, thermoregulation may be a time-consuming activity, and thermoregulatory needs may impose significant constraints on the activities of ectotherms. a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for demonstrating thermoregulation is a difference between observed body temperature distributions and available operative temperature distributions. we examined operati ... | 2006 | 10893172 |
| persistent pit viper envenomation in three dogs. | north central florida is the home to several venomous snakes. the most clinically significant pit vipers include the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, the water moccasin, and less commonly the timber rattlesnake. many of the dogs and cats that become envenomated by these particular snakes have moderate to severe clinical signs requiring the use of antivenom in doses that can range from 1 to 20 vials with the average case requiring two vials. oftentimes, the pet owners' financial limitations restr ... | 2019 | 31129161 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium mangenotii tr, isolated from the fecal material of a timber rattlesnake. | here, we report the draft genome sequence of clostridium mangenotii strain tr, which was isolated from the fecal material of a timber rattlesnake. this bacterium is nonpathogenic but contains 68 genes involved in virulence, disease, and defense. | 2014 | 24407632 |
| crotalocytin: recognition and purification of a timber rattlesnake platelet aggregating protein. | after being envenomated by the timber rattlesnake, a patient was found to have a platelet count of 5000 per microliter, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time both greater than 150 sec, plasma fibrinogen 0 mg/dl, and fibrinogen split products 2560 microgram/ml. however, this patient did not appear to have acute disseminated intravascular coagulation since coagulation factors ii-xii were normal. we postulated that this venom contained, in addition to a fibrinogen clotting enzy ... | 1980 | 7437509 |
| crotalocytin: characterization of the timber rattlesnake platelet activating protein. | crotalocytin, a platelet activating protein from timber rattlesnake venom, was studied to characterize its nature and to investigate its action on platelets. it exhibited proteolytic activity on the substrate azocoll and amidolytic activity on several peptide p-nitroanilides. the platelet activating and amidolytic activity of crotalocytin was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate. in addition, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited crotalocytin's ability to stimulate platelets. active site ti ... | 1980 | 6254583 |
| fractionation and partial characterization of toxic components of timber rattlesnake venom. | | 1979 | 473242 |
| gradual and discrete ontogenetic shifts in rattlesnake venom composition and assessment of hormonal and ecological correlates. | ontogenetic shifts in venom occur in many snakes but establishing their nature as gradual or discrete processes required additional study. we profiled shifts in venom expression from the neonate to adult sizes of two rattlesnake species, the eastern diamondback and the timber rattlesnake. we used serial sampling and venom chromatographic profiling to test if ontogenetic change occurs gradually or discretely. we found evidence for gradual shifts in overall venom composition in six of eight snakes ... | 2020 | 33081249 |
| st segment elevation myocardial infarction following a crotalus horridus envenomation. | cardiac ischemia or myocardial infarction after pit viper envenomation is rare. few case reports have been published, none describing cases reported after crotaline snake envenomation in the united states. we report a case of st-segment elevation myocardial infarction (stemi) occurring in a 73-year-old man after an envenomation by a juvenile canebrake rattlesnake (crotalus horridus). the man was bitten on the left index finger and subsequently developed localized edema followed by hypotension, c ... | 2018 | 29859668 |