| observations on the infectivity of parasitic third-stage larvae of uncinaria lucasi stiles 1901 (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) of northern fur seals, callorhinus ursinus linn., on st. paul island, alaska. | twelve fur seal pups, which had not nursed their mothers, were used in an infectivity experiment. pups were exposed to parasitic 3rd-stage larvae of uncinaria lucasi from belly tissues of fur seal bulls, bachelors, and pregnant cows, to determine maturation capability of the larvae. hookworms were not recovered from the intestines of 3 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bulls, 6 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bachelors, and 1 nonexposed pup. maturation of hookworms did occu ... | 1978 | 149188 |
| parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the oregon coast. | forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the oregon coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. new distribution records were established for pricetrema zalophi and zalophotrema hepaticum. new host records include z. hepaticum and diphyllobothrium cordatum in the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus); nanophyetus salmincola in the california sea lion ... | 1978 | 567698 |
| [comparative anatomy of the spinal cord of semi-aquatic, aquatic and terrestrial mammals]. | skeletotopically, cervical thickening of the spinal cord in semiwater mammals (callorhinus ursinus, eumetopias jubatus, phoca larga, phoca kurilensis, enhydra lutris) corresponds to 4--5, and in terrestrial mammals (ursus arctos, vulpes vulpes)--to 3--6 cervical vertebrae. lumbar thickening in terrestrial spicies and in enhydra lutris is situated more caudally from the thoracic portion than in phocidae. in a typically water animal (phocaenoides dalli) the cervical thickening is expressed feebly, ... | 1978 | 736804 |
| new marine calicivirus serotype infective for swine. | a new serotype of calicivirus was isolated from california sea lions (zalophus californianus) with severe vesicular disease. neutralizing antibodies were found in 27 of 82 (32.9%) serum samples from california sea lions and in 15 of 146 (10.3%) serum samples from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) tested. the seropositive animals were widely dispersed along the margins of the eastern pacific basin, from the bering sea to the santa barbara channel. seropositive samples were found from as earl ... | 1990 | 2167030 |
| first isolation of a calicivirus from the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | a calicivirus was isolated from the rectum of a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pup on rogue reef, off the southern oregon coast. based on the results of neutralization tests with specific typing antisera, the isolate was identified as san miguel sea lion virus serotype 6 (smsv-6). blood obtained from nine of 37 pups (24%) during virus sample collection procedures had specific neutralizing antibodies to smsv-6. the isolation of smsv-6 from a steller sea lion represents, to our knowledge, t ... | 1987 | 3682080 |
| antibodies to marine caliciviruses in the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus schreber). | sera from 145 steller sea lions (76 adults, three subadults, 37 pups, and 29 fetuses) were tested for neutralizing antibodies to nine marine calicivirus serotypes. antibodies were found to san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) types 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13, and to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus, but no antibodies were found to the walrus calicivirus. titers (microtiter neutralization assay) ranged from 1:20 to 1:320, with many positive reactions at the higher dilutions (greater than or equal to 1:80 ... | 1987 | 3820427 |
| prevalence and distribution of serum neutralizing antibodies to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus in selected populations of marine mammals. | neutralizing antibodies to tillamook calicivirus (tcv) were found in sera collected from california sea lions (zalophus c. californianus lesson) in 1983 and 1984 and in sera collected from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus schreber) in 1976 and 1985. the combined prevalence of antibodies for these two species was 10/228 = 4.38%. titers ranged from 1:20 (five animals), to 1:40 (four animals), to 1:80 (one animal) by standard microtiter neutralization assay. the seropositive pinnipeds were dis ... | 1987 | 3820428 |
| a new species of dipetalonema from the california sea lion and a report of microfilariae from a steller sea lion (nematoda: filarioidea). | | 1967 | 6062061 |
| beta-endorphin levels in blood from selected alaskan mammals. | blood samples were analyzed for beta-endorphin from 43 non-torpid black bear (ursus americanus), 8 torpid black bear, 3 non-torpid brown bear (ursus arctos), 14 moose (alces alces), 6 mountain goats (oreamnus americanus) and 30 steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). beta-endorphin levels were detected in all species sampled and there were no significant differences in levels among non-torpid black bear, brown bear and sea lions. also, no differences were detected between moose and mountain goat ... | 1981 | 6279890 |
| biogeographic implications of cytochrome b sequences and allozymes in sockeye (oncorhynchus nerka). | nucleotide sequence and restriction site analyses of the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial dna revealed three relatively common haplotypes among sockeye salmon (n = 80) from eight populations representing four major drainages from kamchatka (russia), alaska, and british columbia. macrogeographic variation in mtdna was compared to that of three variable allozyme loci assayed for a much larger number of fish (n = 779). sockeye from the fraser river drainage of british columbia were distinct from ... | 1995 | 7751598 |
| dermatophytosis in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | serious dermatophytosis caused by trichophyton mentagrophytes was found in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) at yomiuri land marine aquarium in tokyo. the external clinical signs were extensive depilation and hyperkeratosis, as well as redness and depigmentation of the skin. histopathological findings of the skin revealed pas positive fungal hyphae with septa in the corneum layer of the epidermis. further microscopic examination suggested that this lesion of the skin was typical chronic de ... | 1994 | 7948389 |
| amino acid sequences of hemoglobin beta chains of five species of pinnipeds: neophoca cinerea, otaria byronia, eumetopias jubatus, pusa hispida, and pagophilus groenlandica. | pinnipeds (otariidae, odobenidae, and phocidae) in the order carnivora have one or two types (hb i and hb ii) of hemoglobin components. these hemoglobins consist of identical beta chains and different alpha chains. we determined the complete amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin beta chain of three species of otariidae (australian sea lion, south american sea lion, and northern sea lion) and two species of phocidae (ringed seal and harp seal) from intact beta chain and chemical cleavage fragmen ... | 1996 | 8968957 |
| isolation of reptilian calicivirus crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. | ten virus isolates were obtained from three species of marine mammals sampled on san miguel island (california, usa) and 1,200 km north on rogue reef (oregon, usa) during tagging operations in 1986-87. seven of these 10 were derived from 30 sampled steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus pups, while two of 10 were isolated from one of 19 sampled california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus pups, and the remaining isolate was derived from 30 sampled northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinu ... | 1998 | 9706554 |
| vanadium accumulation in pinnipeds. | vanadium in four species of pinnipeds (northern fur seals [callorhinus ursinus], steller sea lions [eumetopias jubatus], harbor seals [phoca vitulina], and ribbon seals [phoca fasciata]) caught in the northern pacific was analyzed using icp-ms to understand its accumulation and distribution. in northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of vanadium were observed in the liver, hair, and bone. ninety percent of the vanadium burden in the body was concentrated in these three tissues, which ... | 1999 | 9828265 |
| identification of novel cytochrome p450 1a genes from five marine mammal species. | marine mammals, being endangered by the chronic exposure of hydrophobic environmental contaminants as an assorting result of global pollution, are especially focused as indicators for organochlorine pollution. the use of contaminant-induced xenobiotic metabolizers, particularly p450 (cyp) 1a, in marine mammals can be effective as potential biomarkers of the contaminant exposure and/or toxic effects. in this study, we identified the first marine mammalian cyps. six novel cyp1a cdna fragments were ... | 2000 | 11064121 |
| possible effects of pollock and herring on the growth and reproductive success of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): insights from feeding experiments using an alternative animal model, rattus norvegicus. | the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the gulf of alaska appears to have been associated with a switch of diet from one dominated by fatty forage fishes (such as herring; clupea pallasi) to one dominated by low-fat fish (such as pollock; theragra chalcogramma). observations made during the decline include reduced body size of sea lions, low pregnancy rates, and high mortality. we used the general mammalian model, the laboratory rat (rattus norvegicus), to test whether changing ... | 2003 | 12568666 |
| observations in 2001 on hookworms ( uncinaria spp.) in otariid pinnipeds. | uncinaria spp. were recovered from the milk of california sea lions ( zalophus californianus) collected from the: (1) teats of a cow just after parturition (one parasitic third-stage larva, l(3)), (2) stomach of her nursing pup (two l(3)), and (3) stomach of a dead pup about 2 days old (one l(3), one headless, probably l(3), and four l(4)) on san miguel island, california in may 2001. this, in addition to earlier research, indicates transmammary transmission of hookworms in this host. uncinaria ... | 2003 | 12658464 |
| toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, sarcocystis neurona, and sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals. | toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum, sarcocystis neurona, and s. canis are related protozoans that can cause mortality in many species of domestic and wild animals. recently, t. gondii and s. neurona were recognized to cause encephalitis in marine mammals. as yet, there is no report of natural exposure of n. caninum in marine mammals. in the present study, antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum were assayed in sera of several species of marine mammals. for t. gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50 ... | 2003 | 14580799 |
| historic importance of some aspects of research by o. wilford olsen on hookworms (uncinaria lucasi) in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and steller sea lions (eumatopias jubatus) in 1951 on st. paul island, alaska. | the purpose of this paper is to disseminate, more widely, certain historically important aspects of research by o. wilford olsen on hookworms (uncinaria lucasi) in northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and steller sea lions (eumatopias jubatus) in 1951 on st. paul island, alaska. highly meaningful facets of the research were recorded only in a report with limited availability by olsen in 1952. portions of his research presented here include measurements of hookworm free-living infective third ... | 2005 | 15719260 |
| molecular scatology as a tool to study diet: analysis of prey dna in scats from captive steller sea lions. | the dna of prey present in animal scats may provide a valuable source of information for dietary studies. we conducted a captive feeding trial to test whether prey dna could be reliably detected in scat samples from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). two sea lions were fed a diet of fish (five species) and squid (one species), and dna was extracted from the soft component of collected scats. most of the dna obtained came from the predator, but prey dna could be amplified using prey-specific ... | 2005 | 15836654 |
| the dielectric properties of the cranial skin of five young captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and a similar number of young domestic pigs (sus scrofa) and sheep (ovis aries) between 0.1 and 10 ghz. | to aid in the development of a long-range subcutaneous radio frequency identification tag to monitor the fate of sea lion pups, the dielectric properties of the cranial skin of young female otariids, and possible test subjects of similar size and age, or pigs (sus scrofa) and sheep (ovis aries) were obtained over a frequency range of 0.1-10 ghz at the base of their heads where the tag will be implanted. the resulting curves were similar in shape to adult human skin data, but the values were gene ... | 2005 | 16088057 |
| infectious disease and the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska, usa: insights from serologic data. | serologic data were examined to determine whether infectious disease may have played a role in the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the gulf of alaska and aleutian islands, usa. available published data, unpublished data, and recent collections (1997-2000) were compared and reviewed. data were stratified by geography to compare the declining western alaskan population in the aleutian islands through eastern prince william sound to the increasing population in southeastern ala ... | 2005 | 16244061 |
| genetic identification of novel poxviruses of cetaceans and pinnipeds. | novel poxviruses were identified in skin lesions of several species of cetaceans and pinnipeds using polymerase chain reaction targeting dna polymerase and dna topoisomerase i genes of members of the subfamily chordopoxvirinae. with the exception of parapoxviruses, no molecular data of marine mammal poxviruses were available to infer genetic and evolutionary relatedness to terrestrial vertebrate poxviruses. viruses were assigned to a cetacean poxvirus 1 (cpv-1) group based on nucleotide and amin ... | 2006 | 16328132 |
| immunomodulatory effects of in vitro exposure to organochlorines on t-cell proliferation in marine mammals and mice. | marine mammals bioaccumulate various environmental contaminants such as organochlorines (ocs), which biomagnify via the food web. while the immunomodulatory effects of individual ocs have been studied, the effects of mixtures are not well understood. the immunomodulatory effects of polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) 138, 153, 169, and 180 as well as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) and all possible mixtures were examined in marine mammals and mice. lymphocyte proliferation was significantl ... | 2006 | 16407088 |
| poxvirus infection of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska. | lesions suggestive of poxvirus infection were observed in two steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska during live capture-and-release studies during 2000 and 2001. both of these animals, female pups in poor body condition, were from prince william sound; this population is part of the declining western stock. umbilicated, typically ulcerated dermal nodules were present, primarily on the fore flippers in one case, and over most of the body in the second case. histologically, there were d ... | 2005 | 16456163 |
| molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum from northern pacific marine mammals. | individual specimens of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 anisakis taxa, 8 pseudoterranova taxa, 4 contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. partial 28s (lsu) and complete internal transcribed spacer (its-1, 5.8s, its-2) ribosomal dna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and seq ... | 2005 | 16539026 |
| associations between the alaska steller sea lion decline and commercial fisheries. | the steller sea lion (ssl) population in alaska was listed as threatened under the endangered species act in 1990. at that time, several procedural restrictions were placed on the commercial fisheries of the region in an effort to reduce the potential for human-induced mortality on sea lions. several years have elapsed since these restrictions were put into place, and questions about their efficacy remain. in an effort to determine whether or not fisheries management measures have helped the ssl ... | 2006 | 16711057 |
| the effects of age, season and geographic region on thyroid hormones in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | the purpose of this study was to investigate thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3), in order to determine basal levels in steller sea lions of different ages and over seasons. serum concentrations of total t4 were highest in steller sea lions followed by total t3 concentrations. concentrations of free t4 and free t3 were three to four orders of magnitude lower. concentrations for all four thyroid hormone measurements tended to a lower level as animals matured b ... | 2006 | 16815718 |
| the olfactory receptor gene repertoires in secondary-adapted marine vertebrates: evidence for reduction of the functional proportions in cetaceans. | an olfactory receptor (or) multigene family is responsible for the well-developed sense of smell possessed by terrestrial tetrapods. mammalian or genes had diverged greatly in the terrestrial environment after the fish-tetrapod split, indicating their importance to land habitation. in this study, we analysed or genes of marine tetrapods (minke whale balaenoptera acutorostrata, dwarf sperm whale kogia sima, dall's porpoise phocoenoides dalli, steller's sea lion eumetopias jubatus and loggerhead s ... | 2007 | 17535789 |
| age-structured modeling reveals long-term declines in the natality of western steller sea lions. | since the mid-1970s, the western steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), inhabiting alaskan waters from prince william sound west through the aleutian islands, has declined by over 80%. changing oceanographic conditions, competition from fishing operations, direct human-related mortality, and predators have been suggested as factors driving the decline, but the indirect and interactive nature of their effects on sea lions have made it difficult to attribute changes in abundance to specific factor ... | 2007 | 18213964 |
| detection of helicobacter and campylobacter spp. from the aquatic environment of marine mammals. | the mechanism by which helicobacter species are transmitted remains unclear. to examine the possible role of environmental transmission in marine mammals, we sought the presence of helicobacter spp. and non-helicobacter bacteria within the order campylobacterales in water from the aquatic environment of marine mammals, and in fish otoliths regurgitated by dolphins. water was collected from six pools, two inhabited by dolphins and four inhabited by seals. regurgitated otoliths were collected from ... | 2009 | 18676103 |
| genomic characterization of novel marine vesiviruses from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from alaska. | marine vesiviruses were isolated in cell culture from oral and rectal swabs and vesicular fluid from alaskan steller sea lions (ssl; eumetopias jubatus). further characterization by rt-pcr, complete genomic sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that these viruses are most closely related to the marine vesiviruses, but are distinct viruses and represent two novel genotypes. the complete genome of these two ssl isolates was sequenced after cloning their viral cdna. the genomes were found ... | 2008 | 18765261 |
| a capsid gene-based real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of marine vesiviruses in the caliciviridae. | a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtrt-pcr) assay was developed for the identification of marine vesiviruses. the primers were designed to target a 176-nucleotide fragment within a highly conserved region of the san miguel sea lion viruses (smsvs) capsid gene. the assay detected viral rna from nine marine vesivirus serotypes described previously, including two serotypes (smsv-8 and -12) not identified with presently available molecular assays, a highly related bovine v ... | 2009 | 19410604 |
| validation of a homologous canine relaxin radioimmunoassay and application with pregnant and non-pregnant northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus). | the primary objectives of this study were to validate a canine relaxin ria for use in otariids and phocids and consider practical applications. for 6 captive northern fur seal females, serum samples were grouped and examined according to pregnancy (n=13), post-partum (n=8) and non-pregnancy (n=6), and, for 2 captive northern fur seal males, serum samples were grouped and examined together regardless of age (2 mo-15 yrs, n=6). placental tissue was available for examination from one northern fur s ... | 2010 | 19501094 |
| characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals. | astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-stranded rna viruses. previously studied mammalian astroviruses have been associated with diarrhoeal disease. knowledge of astrovirus diversity is very limited, with only six officially recognized astrovirus species from mammalian hosts and, in addition, one human and some bat astroviruses were recently described. we used consensus pcr techniques for initial identification of five astroviruses of marine mammals: three from california sea lions (zal ... | 2010 | 19759240 |
| expression and self-assembly of virus-like particles from two genotypes of marine vesiviruses and development of an elisa for the detection of antibodies. | sequences encoding the major and minor capsid proteins (vp1 and vp2) from two marine vesivirus isolates (steller sea lion viruses v810 and v1415) were engineered for expression of virus-like particles (vlps) in the baculovirus system. the resulting vlps were morphologically similar to native vesivirus virions. purified vlps were probed in immunoblots with pooled antisera specific for nine san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) types, and a predominant protein of approximately 60kda was detected. an en ... | 2010 | 19913368 |
| fecal triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations change in response to thyroid stimulation in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | variation in concentrations of thyroid hormones shed in feces may help to identify physiological states of animals, but the efficacy of the technique needs to be validated for each species. we determined whether a known physiological alteration to thyroid hormone production was reflected in hormone concentrations in the feces of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). we quantified variation of triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) concentrations in feces following two intramuscular injection ... | 2010 | 19941866 |
| the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts. | in this study we directly compared soluble and particulate chromate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human (homo sapiens) and sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) lung fibroblasts. our results show that hexavalent chromium induces increased cell death and chromosome damage in both human and sea lion cells with increasing intracellular chromium ion levels. the data further indicate that both sodium chromate and lead chromate are less cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea lion cells than human cells, based on a ... | 2010 | 20211760 |
| non-invasive measurement of thyroid hormone in feces of a diverse array of avian and mammalian species. | we developed and validated a non-invasive thyroid hormone measure in feces of a diverse array of birds and mammals. an i(131) radiolabel ingestion study in domestic dogs coupled with high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis, showed that peak excretion in feces occurred at 24-48h post-ingestion, with i(131)-labelled thyroid hormone metabolites excreted primarily as triiodothyronine (t3) and relatively little thyroxine (t4), at all excretion times examined. the immunoreactive t3 profile ... | 2010 | 20412809 |
| coxiella burnetii infection of a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) found in washington state. | a pregnant sea lion stranded in the state of washington was found to have placentitis caused by a unique strain of coxiella burnetii. this is the first description of coxiellosis in a sea lion and suggests that exposure to sea lions may be a risk factor for contracting q fever. | 2010 | 20592144 |
| addendum to “the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium in steller sea lion lung fibroblasts compared to human lung fibroblasts” [comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol. 152(1)91–8. | | 2011 | 21812147 |
| discovery of an orthoreovirus in the aborted fetus of a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). | an aborted mid-gestational male steller sea lion fetus with an attached placenta was recovered on the floor of an open floating capture trap located off norris rock near denman island, british columbia. viral culture of the placenta demonstrated cytopathic effect. although no specific signal was obtained in microarray experiments using rna obtained from viral culture, elution and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a reovirus. complete genome pyrosequencing led to the identification of an ... | 2011 | 21795475 |
| aerobic oral and rectal bacteria of free-ranging steller sea lion pups and juveniles (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska. | bacteriologic cultures from oral, rectal, and lesion samples from free-ranging steller sea lion (ssl, eumetopias jubatus) pups and juveniles in alaska (2001-2005) were examined to determine frequency of infection by a specific subset of common and pathogenic aerobic bacteria. associations between isolated bacteria and age, sex, body condition, location, and sampling season were investigated. salmonella spp. isolates were further evaluated to determine spatial clustering (n=48) and to identify se ... | 2011 | 22102651 |
| occurrence of pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of selected marine mammal species. | the occurrence of bacteria belonging to pasteurellaceae in the oral cavity of captive marine mammals was investigated using culture and subsequent geno- and phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analyses. a total of 89 bacterial isolates from pinnipeds tentatively classified with the family pasteurellaceae were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis of rpob gene sequences, which showed that the isolates investigated formed five distinct groups. four strains from california sea lio ... | 2012 | 23272350 |
| the ancestral carnivore karyotype as substantiated by comparative chromosome painting of three pinnipeds, the walrus, the steller sea lion and the baikal seal (pinnipedia, carnivora). | karyotype evolution in carnivora is thoroughly studied by classical and molecular cytogenetics and supplemented by reconstructions of ancestral carnivora karyotype (ack). however chromosome painting information from two pinniped families (odobenidae and otariidae) is noticeably missing. we report on the construction of the comparative chromosome map for species from each of the three pinniped families: the walrus (odobenus rosmarus, odobenidae-monotypic family), near threatened steller sea lion ... | 2016 | 26821159 |
| isolation and genomic characterization of a novel orthoreovirus from a brown-eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) in japan. | five species, mammalian orthoreovirus, avian orthoreovirus (arv), nelson bay orthoreovirus (nbv), baboon orthoreovirus and reptilian orthoreovirus, have been identified in the genus orthoreovirus. their genomes each consist of 10 dsrna segments. a novel orthoreovirus was isolated from the haemorrhagic intestine of a dead brown-eared bulbul (hypsipetes amaurotis) in japan. the virus formed syncytia in caco-2 and vero cells. electron microscopy revealed non-enveloped capsids of ~70 nm diameter, wh ... | 2015 | 25740958 |
| complete genome analysis identifies tvärminne avian virus as a candidate new species within the genus orthoreovirus. | orthoreoviruses have been associated with a variety of diseases in domesticated poultry and wild-living birds. in 2002, a reovirus strain named tvärminne avian virus (tvav), was identified in finland in a crow showing neurological disorders. the objective of this study was the molecular characterization of this novel reovirus strain. genome sequencing was performed by combining semiconductor sequencing and traditional capillary sequencing. sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that tvav shar ... | 2014 | 24421111 |
| serologic evidence of brucella infection in pinnipeds along the coast of hokkaido, the northernmost main island of japan. | brucella infection in hokkaido was serologically surveyed in four species of pinnipeds inhabiting cape erimo during 2008-2013 and the shiretoko peninsula in 1999, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using brucella abortus and b. canis as antigens. anti-brucella positive sera showed higher absorbance to b. abortus than b. canis in almost all samples. anti-b. abortus antibodies were detected in serum samples from 24% (n=55) of western pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina stejnegeri) in cape erimo ... | 2017 | 28262966 |
| coxiella burnetii in northern fur seals and steller sea lions of alaska. | coxiella burnetii, a zoonotic bacterium, has recently been identified in several marine mammal species on the pacific coast of north america, but little is known about the epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis in these species. we tested sera archived from northern fur seals (nfs, callorhinus ursinus; n=236) and steller sea lions (ssl, eumetopias jubatus; n=72) sampled in alaska for c. burnetii antibodies, and vaginal swabs from nfs (n=40) for c. burnetii by qpcr. the antibody prevalence ... | 2013 | 23568925 |
| coxiella burnetii infection of marine mammals in the pacific northwest, 1997-2010. | q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium coxiella burnetii. humans are commonly exposed via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria derived from the waste products of domesticated sheep and goats, and particularly from products generated during parturition. however, many other species can be infected with c. burnetii, and the host range and full zoonotic potential of c. burnetii is unknown. two cases of c. burnetii infection in marine mammal placenta have been reported, but it is not kno ... | 2012 | 22247392 |
| sarcocystis canis associated hepatitis in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) from alaska. | sarcocystis canis infection was associated with hepatitis in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus). intrahepatocellular protozoal schizonts were among areas of necrosis and inflammation. the parasite was genetically identical to s. canis and is the first report in a steller sea lion, indicating another intermediate host species for s. canis. | 2014 | 24484486 |
| first isolation of streptococcus halichoeri and streptococcus phocae from a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) in south korea. | streptococcus species are emerging potential pathogens in marine mammals. we report the isolation and identification of streptococcus halichoeri and streptococcus phocae in a steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) in south korea. | 2016 | 26555114 |
| occurrence and genotypic analysis of trichinella species in alaska marine-associated mammals of the bering and chukchi seas. | the zoonotic parasite trichinella is the causative agent of trichinellosis outbreaks in the circumpolar arctic. subsistence communities are particularly prone to trichinellosis due to traditional meat preparation methods and regional presence of a freeze-tolerant trichinella species (trichinella nativa). this study is the first application of a validated artificial digestion method in determining incidence of trichinella sp. in alaskan mammals. infection incidence in pinniped species (erignathus ... | 2014 | 24373515 |
| molecular systematics of pinniped hookworms (nematoda: uncinaria): species delimitation, host associations and host-induced morphometric variation. | hookworms of the genus uncinaria have been widely reported from juvenile pinnipeds, however investigations of their systematics has been limited, with only two species described, uncinaria lucasi from northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and uncinaria hamiltoni from south american sea lions (otaria flavescens). hookworms were sampled from these hosts and seven additional species including steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), california sea lions (zalophus californianus), south american fu ... | 2013 | 24162075 |
| findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern california coast, 1984-1990. | personnel at the marine mammal center (the center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern california (usa) coast from 1984 through 1990, including california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus townsendi). the primary disease findings in st ... | 1993 | 8355344 |
| contamination status and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals and arsenic in five seabird species from the central bering sea. | seabirds are marine top predators and accumulate high levels of metals and metalloids in their tissues. contamination by metals in the highly productive offshore region has become a matter of public concern. it is home to 80% of the seabird population in the usa, 95% of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), and major populations of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), walruses (odobenus rosmarus) and whales. here, the concentrations of eight heavy metals (hg, cd, cr, co, ni, cu, zn and pb ... | 2017 | 28302954 |
| characterization of species differences in xenobiotic metabolism in non-experimental animals. | the ability to metabolize xenobiotics in organisms has a wide degree of variation among organisms. this is caused by differences in the pattern of xenobiotic bioaccumulation among organisms, which affects their tolerance. it has been reported in the veterinary field that glucuronidation (ugt) activity in cats, acetylation activity in dogs and sulfation (sult) activity in pigs are sub-vital in these species, respectively, and require close attention when prescribing the medicine. on the other han ... | 2017 | 28250318 |
| feeding kinematics and performance of basal otariid pinnipeds, steller sea lions and northern fur seals: implications for the evolution of mammalian feeding. | feeding performance studies can address questions relevant to feeding ecology and evolution. our current understanding of feeding mechanisms for aquatic mammals is poor. therefore, we characterized the feeding kinematics and performance of five steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) and six northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus). we tested the hypotheses that both species use suction as their primary feeding mode, and that rapid jaw opening was related to suction generation. steller sea lions ... | 2015 | 26449976 |
| tooth size variation in pinniped dentitions. | it is contentious whether size variation among mammalian teeth is heterogeneous or homogeneous, whether the coefficient of variation is reliable, and whether the standard deviation of log-transformed data and the residual of standard deviation on mean variable size are useful replacements for the coefficient of variation. most studies of tooth size variation have been on mammals with complex-crowned teeth, with relatively little attention paid to taxa with simple-crowned teeth, such as pinnipedi ... | 2015 | 26317362 |
| uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (ugt) xenobiotic metabolizing activity and genetic evolution in pinniped species. | there are various interspecies differences in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. it is known that cats show slow glucuronidation of drugs such as acetaminophen and strong side effects due to the ugt1a6 pseudogene. recently, the ugt1a6 pseudogene was found in the northern elephant seal and otariidae was suggested to be ugt1a6-deficient. from the results of measurements of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (ugt) activity using liver microsomes, the steller sea lion, northern fur seal, and ... | 2015 | 26179383 |
| inflation and deflation pressure-volume loops in anesthetized pinnipeds confirms compliant chest and lungs. | we examined structural properties of the marine mammal respiratory system, and tested scholander's hypothesis that the chest is highly compliant by measuring the mechanical properties of the respiratory system in five species of pinniped under anesthesia (pacific harbor seal, phoca vitulina; northern elephant seal, mirounga angustirostris; northern fur seal callorhinus ursinus; california sea lion, zalophus californianus; and steller sea lion, eumetopias jubatus). we found that the chest wall co ... | 2014 | 25426080 |
| linking reproduction and survival can improve model estimates of vital rates derived from limited time-series counts of pinnipeds and other species. | we propose a method to model the physiological link between somatic survival and reproductive output that reduces the number of parameters that need to be estimated by models designed to determine combinations of birth and death rates that produce historic counts of animal populations. we applied our reproduction and somatic survival linked (rssl) method to the population counts of three species of north pacific pinnipeds (harbor seals, phoca vitulina richardii (gray, 1864); northern fur seals, ... | 2013 | 24324541 |
| halogenated phenolic contaminants in the blood of marine mammals from japanese coastal waters. | information on accumulation of halogenated phenolic contaminants in the blood of marine mammal is limited. the present study, we determined the residue levels and patterns of chlorinated and brominated phenolic contaminants (oh-pcbs, oh-pbdes and bromophenols) in the blood collected from pinnipeds (northern fur seal, spotted seal, steller sea lion and ribbon seal) and small cetaceans (harbor porpoise and dall's porpoise) from japanese coastal waters. concentrations of pcbs and oh-pcbs found in p ... | 2014 | 24060385 |
| differentiating between steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) and northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) scats through analysis of faecal dna. | we describe a method to determine the species of pinniped from faeces collected from sympatric steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) and northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) rookeries using newly developed species-specific primers that amplify a 667-669-base pair segment from the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) cytochrome b (cytb) gene region. the primers yielded the correct species in 100% of tissue samples from 10 known animals and 100% of faecal samples from 13 known animals. species could be id ... | 2011 | 21429117 |
| characterization of progressive keratitis in otariids. | to characterize a form of progressive keratitis that occurs commonly in otariids. | 2010 | 20840090 |
| mercury concentrations in the fur of steller sea lions and northern fur seals from alaska. | we compared total mercury (thg) concentrations in the fur of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) from the depleted pribilof islands population with those of both declining and thriving populations of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from prince william sound (pws) and southeast alaska (sea), respectively. relatively low wet weight concentrations (ranges) of thg were detected in the fur of steller sea lion (ssl) pups (0.90-3.14 microg/g) and juveniles (0.56-6.75 microg/g) from both are ... | 2002 | 12474974 |
| temporal records of δ(13)c and δ (15)n in north pacific pinnipeds: inferences regarding environmental change and diet. | sea lion and seal populations in alaskan waters underwent various degrees of decline during the latter half of the twentieth century and the cause(s) for the declines remain uncertain. the stable carbon ((13)c/(12)c) and nitrogen ((15)n/(14)n) isotope ratios in bone collagen from wild steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the bering sea and gulf of alaska were measured for the period 1951-1997 to test the hypothesi ... | 2001 | 24577700 |
| accumulation of silver in the liver of three species of pinnipeds. | silver in the three species of pinnipeds [northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), and harbor seal (phoca vitulina)] caught in the north pacific ocean were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, in order to understand accumulation and distribution of silver in pinnipeds. in northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of silver were observed in the liver and body hair. some 70% of the silver burden was concentrated in the liver. ... | 2001 | 11202650 |
| high aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia. | the objective was to assess the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles in pinnipeds. samples of swimming and nonswimming muscles were collected from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus, n = 27), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus, n = 5), and harbor seals (phoca vitulina, n = 37) by using a needle biopsy technique. samples were either immediately fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde or frozen in liquid nitrogen. the volume density of mitochondria, myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, a ... | 1999 | 10194210 |
| persistent organochlorine residues in northern fur seal from the pacific coast of japan since 1971. | the present study was conducted to determine the residue levels of persistent organochlorines such as pcb homologues, ddt and its metabolites, and hch isomers in the ventral blubber of female northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) collected off sanriku, the pacific coast of northern japan, since 1971. among the organochlorines examined, the concentrations of pcbs and ddts were found to be high in all samples. the residue levels of these two contaminants showed a drastic reduction following matu ... | 1994 | 15091661 |
| body mass and composition responses to short-term low energy intake are seasonally dependent in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were fed restricted iso-caloric amounts of pacific herring (clupea pallasi) or walleye pollock (theragra chalcogramma) for 8-9 days, four times over the course of a year to investigate effects of season and prey composition on sea lion physiology. at these levels, the sea lions lost body mass at a significantly higher rate during winter (1.6 +/- 0.14 kg day(-1)), and at a lower rate during summer (1.2 +/- 0.32 kg day(-1)). decreases in body fat mass and sta ... | 2006 | 16625362 |
| nasal mites (acari:halarachnidae) in the spotted seal, phoca largha pallas, and other pinnipeds of alaskan waters. | the nasal passages of 349 pinnipeds of seven species were examined for halarachnid mites. each of seven steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), 75 of 99 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and four of 71 spotted seals (p. largha) were infected, but none of 28 walruses (odobenus rosmarus), 43 ringed seals (phoca hispida), 58 ribbon seals (p. fasciata), and 43 bearded seals (erignathus barbatus) was infected. the sea lions harbored orthohalarachne attenuata (banks, 1910) and o. diminuata (doetschman, 1 ... | 1982 | 7097872 |
| calicivirus antibodies in california gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) and steller sea lions (eumetopias jupatus). | | 1974 | 4441258 |
| prevalence of algal toxins in alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment. | current climate trends resulting in rapid declines in sea ice and increasing water temperatures are likely to expand the northern geographic range and duration of favorable conditions for harmful algal blooms (habs), making algal toxins a growing concern in alaskan marine food webs. two of the most common hab toxins along the west coast of north america are the neurotoxins domoic acid (da) and saxitoxin (stx). over the last 20 years, da toxicosis has caused significant illness and mortality in m ... | 2016 | 28073526 |
| physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained steller sea lions diving in the open ocean. | marine mammals are characterized as having physiological specializations that maximize the use of oxygen stores to prolong time spent under water. however, it has been difficult to undertake the requisite controlled studies to determine the physiological limitations and trade-offs that marine mammals face while diving in the wild under varying environmental and nutritional conditions. for the past decade, steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) trained to swim and dive in the open ocean away from ... | 2017 | 27686668 |
| supporting risk assessment: accounting for indirect risk to ecosystem components. | the multi-scalar complexity of social-ecological systems makes it challenging to quantify impacts from human activities on ecosystems, inspiring risk-based approaches to assessments of potential effects of human activities on valued ecosystem components. risk assessments do not commonly include the risk from indirect effects as mediated via habitat and prey. in this case study from british columbia, canada, we illustrate how such "indirect risks" can be incorporated into risk assessments for sev ... | 2016 | 27632287 |
| averaged propulsive body acceleration (apba) can be calculated from biologging tags that incorporate gyroscopes and accelerometers to estimate swimming speed, hydrodynamic drag and energy expenditure for steller sea lions. | forces due to propulsion should approximate forces due to hydrodynamic drag for animals horizontally swimming at a constant speed with negligible buoyancy forces. propulsive forces should also correlate with energy expenditures associated with locomotion-an important cost of foraging. as such, biologging tags containing accelerometers are being used to generate proxies for animal energy expenditures despite being unable to distinguish rotational movements from linear movements. however, recent m ... | 2016 | 27285467 |
| dive, food, and exercise effects on blood microparticles in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): exploring a biomarker for decompression sickness. | recent studies of stranded marine mammals indicate that exposure to underwater military sonar may induce pathophysiological responses consistent with decompression sickness (dcs). however, dcs has been difficult to diagnose in marine mammals. we investigated whether blood microparticles (mps, measured as number/μl plasma), which increase in response to decompression stress in terrestrial mammals, are a suitable biomarker for dcs in marine mammals. we obtained blood samples from trained steller s ... | 2016 | 26843583 |
| the effect of novel research activities on long-term survival of temporarily captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | two novel research approaches were developed to facilitate controlled access to, and long-term monitoring of, juvenile steller sea lions for periods longer than typically afforded by traditional fieldwork. the transient juvenile steller sea lion project at the alaska sealife center facilitated nutritional, physiological, and behavioral studies on the platform of temporary captivity. temporarily captive sea lions (tjs, n = 35) were studied, and were intraperitoneally implanted with life history t ... | 2015 | 26580549 |
| organochlorine contaminant concentrations in multiple tissues of free-ranging steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in alaska. | the relationships of selected organochlorine (oc) contaminants between blubber, blood, feces, and milk of young, free-ranging steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were examined. both between and within each tissue there was considerable individual variation. in spite of the variation, similar patterns were observed across the tissues for most of the selected pcb congeners. in all four tissues, the major pcb congeners were pcb101, pcb118, pcb138, and pcb153. the most prominent congener, both as ... | 2016 | 26524270 |
| population trend and elasticities of vital rates for steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the eastern gulf of alaska: a new life-history table analysis. | steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) numbers are beginning to recover across most of the western distinct population segment following catastrophic declines that began in the 1970s and ended around the turn of the century. this study makes use of contemporary vital rate estimates from a trend-site rookery in the eastern gulf of alaska (a sub-region of the western population) in a matrix population model to estimate the trend and strength of the recovery across this region between 2003 and 2013. ... | 2015 | 26488901 |
| evaluating hair as a predictor of blood mercury: the influence of ontogenetic phase and life history in pinnipeds. | mercury (hg) biomonitoring of pinnipeds increasingly utilizes nonlethally collected tissues such as hair and blood. the relationship between total hg concentrations ([thg]) in these tissues is not well understood for marine mammals, but it can be important for interpretation of tissue concentrations with respect to ecotoxicology and biomonitoring. we examined [thg] in blood and hair in multiple age classes of four pinniped species. for each species, we used paired blood and hair samples to quant ... | 2016 | 26149950 |
| validating the relationship between 3-dimensional body acceleration and oxygen consumption in trained steller sea lions. | we tested the ability of overall dynamic body acceleration (odba) to predict the rate of oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) in freely diving steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) while resting at the surface and diving. the trained sea lions executed three dive types-single dives, bouts of multiple long dives with 4-6 dives per bout, or bouts of multiple short dives with 10-12 dives per bout-to depths of 40 m, resulting in a range of activity and oxygen consumption levels. average metabol ... | 2015 | 26002519 |
| assessment of competition between fisheries and steller sea lions in alaska based on estimated prey biomass, fisheries removals and predator foraging behaviour. | a leading hypothesis to explain the dramatic decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in western alaska during the latter part of the 20th century is a change in prey availability due to commercial fisheries. we tested this hypothesis by exploring the relationships between sea lion population trends, fishery catches, and the prey biomass accessible to sea lions around 33 rookeries between 2000 and 2008. we focused on three commercially important species that have dominated the sea lion ... | 2015 | 25950178 |
| a nutrigenomic approach to detect nutritional stress from gene expression in blood samples drawn from steller sea lions. | gene expression profiles are increasingly being used as biomarkers to detect the physiological responses of a number of species to disease, nutrition, and other stressors. however, little attention has been given to using gene expression to assess the stressors and physiological status of marine mammals. we sought to develop and validate a nutrigenomic approach to quantify nutritional stress in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). we subjected 4 female steller sea lions to 3 feeding regimes o ... | 2015 | 25700740 |
| dive behaviour can predict metabolic expenditure in steller sea lions. | quantification of costs associated with foraging contributes to understanding the energetic impact that changes in prey availability have on the energy balance of an animal and the fitness of populations. however, estimating the costs of foraging is difficult for breath-hold divers, such as steller sea lions, that feed underwater. we developed models parameterized with data from free-diving captive steller sea lions to estimate the costs incurred by wild animals while foraging. we measured divin ... | 2015 | 27293736 |
| physiological predictors of long-term survival in juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | this study builds on a continued effort to document potential long-term research impacts on the individual, as well as to identify potential markers of survival for use in a field framework. the transient juvenile steller sea lion (tj) project was developed as a novel framework to gain access to wild individuals. we used three analyses to evaluate and predict long-term survival in temporarily captive sea lions (n = 45) through cormack-jolly-seber open population modelling techniques. the first a ... | 2015 | 27293728 |
| the influence of time in captivity, food intake and acute trauma on blood analytes of juvenile steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. | the steller sea lion, eumetopias jubatus, has experienced regionally divergent population trends over recent decades. one potential mechanism for this disparity is that local factors cause reduced health and, therefore, reduced survival of individuals. the use of blood parameters to assess sea lion health may help to identify whether malnutrition, disease and stress are important drivers of current trends, but such assessments require species-specific knowledge of how parameters respond to vario ... | 2015 | 27293693 |
| a longitudinal study of steller sea lion natality rates in the gulf of alaska with comparisons to census data. | steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) numbers in the western distinct population segment are beginning to recover following the dramatic decline that began in the 1970s and ended around the turn of the century. low female reproductive rates (natality) may have contributed to the decline and remain an issue of concern for this population. during the 2000s we found high natality among steller sea lions in the gulf of alaska indicating a healthy population. this study extends these previous estimat ... | 2014 | 25383865 |
| crossing to safety: dispersal, colonization and mate choice in evolutionarily distinct populations of steller sea lions, eumetopias jubatus. | population growth typically involves range expansion and establishment of new breeding sites, while the opposite occurs during declines. although density dependence is widely invoked in theoretical studies of emigration and colonization in expanding populations, few empirical studies have documented the mechanisms. still fewer have documented the direction and mechanisms of individual transfer in declining populations. here, we screen large numbers of pups sampled on their natal rookeries for va ... | 2014 | 25266462 |
| the effect of organohalogen contaminants on western steller sea lion survival and movement in the russian far east. | the western stock of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) have experienced dramatic declines since the 1960s, particularly in the western alaskan and asian portions, which have continued to decline or stabilized at low levels. multiple causes for this decline have been proposed and may include anthropogenic contamination from organohalogen contaminants (ocs). these include polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), which have not been ruled out as a potential c ... | 2014 | 24887189 |
| the effects of birth weight and maternal care on survival of juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lions were listed as endangered following a collapse of the western distinct population beginning in the late 1970s. low juvenile survival has been implicated as a factor in the decline. i conducted a multistate mark-recapture analysis to estimate juvenile survival in an area of the western population where sea lions are showing signs of recovery. survival for males and females was 80% between 3 weeks and 1 year of age. approximately 20% of juveniles continued to be nursed by their m ... | 2014 | 24804679 |
| drag, but not buoyancy, affects swim speed in captive steller sea lions. | swimming at an optimal speed is critical for breath-hold divers seeking to maximize the time they can spend foraging underwater. theoretical studies have predicted that the optimal swim speed for an animal while transiting to and from depth is independent of buoyancy, but is dependent on drag and metabolic rate. however, this prediction has never been experimentally tested. our study assessed the effects of buoyancy and drag on the swim speed of three captive steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatu ... | 2014 | 24771620 |
| assessment of mercury and selenium tissular concentrations and total mercury body burden in 6 steller sea lion pups from the aleutian islands. | concentrations of total mercury ([thg]) and selenium ([tse]) were measured in several tissue compartments in steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pups; in addition we determined specific compartment and body burdens of thg. compartmental and body burdens were calculated by multiplying specific compartment fresh weight by the [thg] (summing compartment burdens equals body burden). in all 6 pup tissue sets (1) highest [thg] was in hair, (2) lowest [thg] was in bone, and (3) pelt, muscle and liver ... | 2014 | 24661459 |
| sensitivity to hypercapnia and elimination of co2 following diving in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | the diving ability of marine mammals is a function of how they use and store oxygen and the physiological control of ventilation, which is in turn dependent on the accumulation of co2. to assess the influence of co2 on physiological control of dive behaviour, we tested how increasing levels of inspired co2 (hypercarbia) and decreasing inspired o2 (hypoxia) affected the diving metabolic rate, submergence times, and dive recovery times (time to replenish o2 stores and eliminate co2) of freely divi ... | 2014 | 24604293 |
| serum chemistry reference ranges for steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) pups from alaska: stock differentiation and comparisons within a north pacific sentinel species. | blood chemistry and hematologic reference ranges are useful for population health assessment and establishing a baseline for future comparisons in the event of ecosystem changes due to natural or anthropogenic factors. the objectives of this study were to determine if there was any population spatial structure for blood variables of steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus), an established sentinel species, and to report reference ranges for appropriate populations using standardized analyses. in ad ... | 2013 | 24419664 |
| no evidence of metabolic depression in western alaskan juvenile steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus) populations have undergone precipitous declines through their western alaskan range over the last four decades with the leading hypothesis to explain this decline centering around changing prey quality, quantity, or availability for this species (i.e., nutritional stress hypothesis). under chronic conditions of reduced food intake sea lions would conserve energy by limiting energy expenditures through lowering of metabolic rate known as metabolic depression. ... | 2014 | 24416394 |
| maternal-to-fetal transfer and concentration profiles of pcb congeners for steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) from hokkaido, japan. | the concentrations of pcb congeners in the blubber and liver of mother steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus; ssls) and their fetuses from the coast of hokkaido, japan in 2008, 2010 and 2012 were analyzed by hrgc-hrms, in order to elucidate pcb congener profiles and maternal-to-fetal transfer of pcbs in ssls. σpcbs in the fetuses were 1400 ± 660 (the mean ± sd) ng/g-fat in the blubber and 570 ± 320 ng/g-fat in the liver, respectively. there was a concern that ssls had been contaminated by pcbs d ... | 2014 | 24269191 |
| beneath the surface: profiling blubber depth in pinnipeds with infrared imaging. | infrared thermography (irt) was assessed as a non-invasive tool to evaluate body condition in juvenile female harbor seals (phoca vitulina), (n=6) and adult female steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), (n=2). surface temperature determined by irt and blubber depth assessed with portable imaging ultrasound were monitored concurrently at eight body sites over the course of a year in long-term captive individuals under controlled conditions. site-specific differences in surface temperature were n ... | 2013 | 24229798 |
| steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) have greater blood volumes, higher diving metabolic rates and a longer aerobic dive limit when nutritionally stressed. | marine mammal foraging behaviour inherently depends on diving ability. declining populations of steller sea lions may be facing nutritional stress that could affect their diving ability through changes in body composition or metabolism. our objective was to determine whether nutritional stress (restricted food intake resulting in a 10% decrease in body mass) altered the calculated aerobic dive limit (cadl) of four captive sea lions diving in the open ocean, and how this related to changes in obs ... | 2014 | 24198263 |