| the influence of the victim on shock induced aggression in rats. | in two studies, free-roaming male rats (aggressors) were shocked in the presence of male target rats restrained in either an upright or a supine posure. in addition, in experiment ii, two levels of aggressor shock intensity (0.8 ma or 2.0 ma) were used while targets received one of three levels of shock (0.5 ma, 1.5 ma, or 2.5 ma). in both studies, upright targets were attacked less than supine targets. frequency of aggression was directly related to level of aggressor shock intensity in experim ... | 1976 | 944758 |
| arterial delivery of myoblasts to skeletal muscle. | one of the major limitations of myoblast implantation as a therapy for muscular disease is that multiple injections by intramuscular implantation may be required for widespread delivery of cells. also, some sites (eg, the diaphragm) are relatively inaccessible to injection. as an alternative, we have undertaken intra-arterial administration of myoblasts. for these experiments, we used donor cell myoblasts from the immortal l6 cell line labeled with lacz via the beta-gal-at-gal retrovirus. in our ... | 1992 | 1461375 |
| identification of epidermal growth factor as a component of the rat urinary bladder tumor-enhancing urinary fractions. | using the heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladder, we have shown that normal rat urine has a potent tumor-enhancing effect on bladder carcinogenesis. in an attempt to isolate tumor-enhancing factor(s), urine was fractionated by bio-gel p-100 column chromatography and each eluate fraction was examined for inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase (odc) in a target rat bladder carcinoma cell line, 804g. we have identified two odc-inducible peaks, one located in a high molecular weight regio ... | 1989 | 2784351 |
| cyclosporine-induced cell-mediated injury of the thymic medullary epithelium. | cyclosporine (csa) can induce prolonged tolerance to alloantigens, but it requires an intact thymus. in normal rats, csa causes a rapid but reversible ablation of the thymic medulla with an associated loss of the hassall's corpuscles and apparent maturation arrest of the thymocytes. we have tested the hypothesis that csa induces a cell-mediated lysis of the medullary epithelium. normal rats were treated with csa (15 mg/kg) or vehicle. the thymocytes were then adoptively transferred into syngenei ... | 1988 | 3282361 |
| transferrin as a growth factor for rat bladder carcinoma cells in culture. | using the heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladder system, we previously showed that normal urine has a tumor-enhancing effect on carcinogen-initiated urothelium. in an attempt to isolate a urinary growth-stimulating (tumor-enhancing) factor(s), urine was first fractionated by bio-gel p-100 column chromatography, and each fraction was tested for inducibility of ornithine decarboxylase (odc) and growth-stimulatory activity in a target rat bladder carcinoma cell line, 804g. odc inducibilit ... | 1987 | 3621154 |
| an empirical study of the structure of the patrol/marking motivational system in the rat. | the existence and structure of an hypothesized motivational system of patrol/marking was supported and elucidated by a behavioral study on untrained highly inbred laboratory rats. one rat (the "runner") was placed into a test chamber containing a wire-mesh running wheel flanked by two chambers, one of which contained another rat (the "target"). four conditions of runners (socially-isolated males, socially-housed males, non-estrous females, and estrous females) were exposed to four types of targe ... | 1984 | 6541349 |
| aggression in rats as a function of target location in a double alley. | after training in a double alley for 100% food reward in each of two goalboxes, 14 male long-evans hooded rats were run on a partial reinforcement schedule with a target rat present in either the first goalbox or the second runway. the incidence of attack was objectively recorded in both locations. significantly higher levels of aggression were recorded during nonreward trials than during reward trials in the goalbox, or during either nonreward or reward trials in the runway. the results are int ... | 1984 | 6542754 |
| evidence for e-selectin complement regulatory domain mrna splice variants in the rat. | the adhesion protein e-selectin is one mediator of endothelial cell-leukocyte interaction during acute inflammation. to investigate the molecular regulation of e-selectin function, we have examined the expression of e-selectin mrna in target rat tissues after administration of lipopolysaccharide, a potent inducer of acute inflammation. in the course of these studies we isolated two unique rat e-selectin cdna fragments. both cdna fragments show extensive nucleotide sequence homology to previously ... | 1995 | 7490517 |
| expression of constitutively active gs alpha-subunits in gh3 pituitary cells stimulates prolactin promoter activity. | although g protein alpha subunits are known to regulate such cellular functions as growth and enzymatic activity, the ability of these proteins to regulate target gene expression has not yet been directly investigated. transient expression in gh3 pituitary cells of a target rat prolactin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct, (-1957)prl-cat, was increased by coexpressed constitutively active alpha s mutant q227l-alpha s but not by wild-type alpha s. thus activated alpha s but not ... | 1994 | 8276815 |
| substitution rate variation in closely related rodent species. | the existence of evolutionary rate variation has previously been demonstrated between different orders, different species and even between different regions of the same gene. to examine rate variation between closely related species of rodents we have sequenced the adenine phosphorybosyltransferase (aprt) gene from mus spicilegus, mus pahari, mastomys hildebrandtii, stochomys longicaudatus and gerbillus campestris and compared these sequences with the previously published mus musculus, rattus no ... | 1997 | 9023989 |
| in vitro properties and organ uptake of rat band 3 cross-linked erythrocytes. | chemical conditions for cross-linking rat erythrocytes with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (bs3) and 3,3' dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) (dtssp) have been studied. these two cross-linking reagents seem to react with band 3 proteins in rat erythrocyte membrane. two different conditions have been assayed using different cell/cross-linker concentration ratios. similar cell volumes were observed in cross-linked rat erythrocytes compared to rat control erythrocytes. cell yields after cross-l ... | 1997 | 9195046 |
| axons containing the growth associated protein gap-43 specifically target rat corticotrophs following adrenalectomy. | an extensive network of nerve fibers immunoreactive for the neuronal growth associated protein gap-43 (gap-43-ir) is present within the anterior pituitary (ap) of the rat, and the density of these fibers has been reported to increase 4 days after adrenalectomy (adx). in the present study, we employed confocal dual-label immunofluorescence microscopy to determine whether gap-43-ir fibers are specifically associated with corticotrophs at various intervals after adx. a dramatic increase in the dens ... | 1998 | 9744487 |
| effects of caloric, protein, and sodium deprivation on the affiliative behavior of norway rats (rattus norvegicus). | the tendency of food-deprived, protein-deprived, and sodium-deprived norway rats (rattus norvegicus) and their respective controls to affiliate with conspecifics deprived of either food, protein, or sodium was examined. the authors found that (a) independent of internal state, focal rats offered a forced choice between protein-deprived and protein-replete target rats spent more time near replete than deprived target rats; and (b) both food-deprived and sodium-deprived focal rats offered a forced ... | 2001 | 11459166 |
| potentiation of antitumor immunity by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. | antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (adept) has displayed antitumor activity in animal models and clinical trials. we examined whether antitumor immunity is generated during adept by employing an immunoenzyme composed of the monoclonal antibody (mab) rh1 conjugated to beta-glucuronidase to target rat as-30d hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. a glucuronide prodrug of p-hydroxyaniline mustard was used to treat malignant ascites after immunoenzyme localization at the cancer cells. adept cured mo ... | 2001 | 11745488 |
| persistence of trichinella spiralis in rat carcasses experimentally mixed in different feed. | trichinella spiralis infected rat carcasses were incubated for 6 weeks in several animal feeds to assess how long trichinella can present a risk for an outbreak in contaminated feeds. in groups of 6, 24 infected target rats were placed in silage, grained barley, propionic acid-preserved feed, and also into simulated pasture conditions. test environments were sampled after one-, 2-, 4-, and 6-week-incubations. trichinella larvae were recovered by digestion, and their infectivity was evaluated in ... | 2002 | 12831173 |
| characterization of gene expression profile in rat kupffer cells stimulated with ifn-alpha or ifn-gamma. | kupffer cells are intrasinusoidal space located macrophages with phagocytic capacity. interferons are cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities which may influence the activity of kupffer cells. aim of this study was to evaluate kupffer cell gene expression after interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma stimulation in order to investigate a link between these cytokines and macrophage activation. | 2006 | 16807150 |
| disturbances in social interaction occur along with pathophysiological deficits following sub-chronic phencyclidine administration in the rat. | a sub-chronic administration of phencyclidine to the rat brings about enduring pathophysiological and cognitive changes that resemble some features of schizophrenia. the present study aimed to determine whether the behavioural consequence of this phencyclidine regime extends to a long-term disruption of social interaction that might provide a parallel with some negative symptoms of the disease. rats were treated with phencyclidine (2mg/kg bi-daily for 1 week) or vehicle followed by a drug-free p ... | 2008 | 18706451 |
| spatial distribution of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction increases cardiac transgene expression but not capillary permeability. | ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (utmd) has evolved as a promising tool for organ specific gene and drug delivery. using dna-loaded microbubbles, cardiac transfection has been shown to be feasible. however, two-dimensional properties of the ultrasound beam limit cardiac transgene expression to the focal zone, thus, reducing its potential therapeutic effect. the aim of this study was to test if spatial distribution of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction in the heart could lead ... | 2009 | 19427103 |
| role of cytochrome p450c17α in dibromoacetic acid-induced testicular toxicity in rats. | dibromoacetic acid (dbaa), a by-product formed during disinfection of drinking water, alters spermatogenesis in rats through defective spermiation. the mechanism underlying this toxicity is not fully understood. in this study, gene expression data generated with microarrays from testes were used to generate a mechanistic understanding of dbaa-induced testicular toxicity. testes were collected from male sprague-dawley rats dosed orally for 1 and 4 days with dbaa at 250 mg/kg/day. at both time poi ... | 2010 | 21046364 |
| vitamins d and e combined effect on the rat myocardium under alloxan-induced diabetes. | it is commonly known that in diabetes mellitus the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality increases. the purpose of this study was to determine the specific features of the morphological restructuring of the myocardium in the early stage of experimental diabetes and use the combined impact of powerful antioxidants (vitamin c and vitamin e) on the rat myocardium in conditions of alloxan-induced diabetes. the experimental animals were divided into three groups: 40 rats were the target, and ... | 2017 | 29099710 |
| enhanced at puberty-1 (eap1) expression critically regulates the onset of puberty independent of hypothalamic kiss1 expression. | enhance at puberty-1 (eap1) is an intronless gene that regulates the onset of puberty through a network of hypothalamic genes. however, precise mechanistic events essential for eap1-regulation of puberty have not been fully elucidated. eap1 is thought to promote the initiation of puberty through regulation of the hypothalamic metastasis-suppressor kiss1. we aim to investigate this hypothesis by genetically perturbing eap1 through rna interference in vivo. | 2017 | 29017168 |
| in situ single cell detection via microfluidic magnetic bead assay. | we present a single cell detection device based on magnetic bead assay and micro coulter counters. this device consists of two successive micro coulter counters, coupled with a high gradient magnetic field generated by an external magnet. the device can identify single cells in terms of the transit time difference of the cell through the two micro coulter counters. target cells are conjugated with magnetic beads via specific antibody and antigen binding. a target cell traveling through the two c ... | 2017 | 28222140 |
| coated minispheres of salmon calcitonin target rat intestinal regions to achieve systemic bioavailability: comparison between intestinal instillation and oral gavage. | achieving oral peptide delivery is an elusive challenge. emulsion-based minispheres of salmon calcitonin (sct) were synthesized using single multiple pill (smpill®) technology incorporating the permeation enhancers (pes): sodium taurodeoxycholate (natdc), sodium caprate (c10), or coco-glucoside (cg), or the ph acidifier, citric acid (ca). minispheres were coated with an outer layer of eudragit® l30 d-55 (designed for jejunal release) or surelease®/pectin (designed for colonic release). the proce ... | 2016 | 27480451 |
| effects of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-mcpd) and its metabolites on dna damage and repair under in vitro conditions. | 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-mcpd) is a food contaminant that occurs during industrial production processes and can be found mainly in fat and salt containing products. 3-mcpd has exhibited mutagenic activity in vitro but not in vivo, however, a genotoxic mechanism for the occurrence of kidney tumors has not so far been excluded. the main pathway of mammalian 3-mcpd metabolism is via the formation of β--chlorolactatic acid and formation of glycidol has been demonstrated in bacterial metabolis ... | 2016 | 26747977 |
| behavior modulation of rats to a robotic rat in multi-rat interaction. | in this paper, we study the behavioral response of rats to a robotic rat during multi-rat interaction. experiments are conducted in an open-field where a robotic rat called wr-5 is put together with three laboratory rats. wr-5 is following one rat (target), while avoiding the other two rats (outside observers) during interaction. the behavioral characteristics of each target rat is evaluated by scoring its locomotor activity and frequencies of performing rearing, body grooming and mounting actio ... | 2015 | 26414400 |
| stent-mediated gene delivery for site-specific transgene administration to the airway epithelium and management of tracheobronchial tumors. | gene therapy is currently under investigation as a means of managing a variety of pulmonary diseases. unfortunately, gene transfer to bronchial epithelium has been hampered by the lack of stable and efficient transduction. recent studies have shown that gene vectors could be tethered to the metallic surfaces of intra-arterial stents. this approach enables efficacious and site-specific adenoviral gene delivery to the vascular endothelium. | 2014 | 25323160 |
| nonthermal effects of lifelong high-frequency electromagnetic field exposure on social memory performance in rats. | we are today surrounded almost constantly by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (emfs) from mobile communications base stations. to date, however, there has been little concern regarding nonthermal effects of emfs on cognition. in the present study, male and female rats were subjected to continuous far-field exposure to a frequency of 900-mhz (global system for mobile communications [gsm]) or 1.966-ghz (universal mobile telecommunications system [umts]) at 0.4 w/kg. memory performance of adul ... | 2014 | 24999587 |
| sub-noael amounts of vinclozolin and xenoestrogens target rat chondrogenesis in vivo. | several endocrine disrupting compounds (edc) elicit skeletal dysgenesis at pharmacological doses. we have investigated the impact of doses below the "no observed adverse effect" (noael) for vinclozolin (v), an anti-androgenic fungicide, alone or associated with xenoestrogens (genistein, g and bisphenol-a, bpa). v, g, bpa and their combinations were administered orally to female wistar rats during gestation and lactation. f1 and f2 offspring were investigated for skeletal anomalies at post-natal ... | 2014 | 24333988 |
| effect of annexin a2 on hepatopulmonary syndrome rat serum-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. | hepatopulmonary syndrome (hps) is characterizes by an arterial oxygenation defect induced by intrapulmonary vasodilation that increase morbidity and mortality. however, the underlying mechanisms on hps-associated pulmonary vascular remodeling remains undefined. in this study, we found that hps rat serum, drawn from common bile duct ligation (cbdl) rats, mediated the overexpression of anxa2 and the proliferation of pasmcs. and small interfering rna (sirna) that target rat anxa2 led to significant ... | 2013 | 23059374 |
| mir-200a is involved in rat epididymal development by targeting β-catenin mrna. | the expression of 350 micrornas (mirnas) in epididymis of rat from postnatal development to adult (from postnatal days 7-70) was profiled with home-made mirna microarray. among them, 48 mirnas changed significantly, in which the expression of mir-200a increased obviously with time, in a good agreement with that obtained from northern blot analysis. the real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction result indicated that temporal expression of rat β-catenin was exactly inversed to that of mir-2 ... | 2012 | 22240259 |
| mir-873-3p targets hdac4 to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression upon parathyroid hormone exposure in rat osteoblasts. | matrix metalloproteinase-13 (mmp-13) plays a predominant role in endochondral bone formation and bone remodeling. parathyroid hormone (pth) stimulates the expression of mmp-13 via runx2, a bone transcription factor in rat osteoblastic cells (umr106-01), and histone deacetylase 4 (hdac4) acts as a corepressor of runx2. moreover, micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in regulating genes posttranscriptionally. here, we hypothesized that pth upregulates the mirnas targeting hdac4, which could le ... | 2020 | 31960421 |
| is the mid-diastolic isthmus always the best ablation target for re-entrant atrial tachycardias? | we evaluated the ability of an ultrahigh mapping system to identify the most convenient rhythmia ablation target (rat) in intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardias (iart) in terms of the narrowest area to transect to interrupt the re-entry. | 2020 | 31895131 |
| sex differences in anxiety-like behaviors in rats. | the use of animal models for behavioral and pharmaceutical testing is employed in many different fields of research but often relies solely on male animals. when females are included, the existing literature frequently offers inconsistent results regarding the effects of sex and/or estrous cycle on anxiety-like behaviors. our current study sought to establish baseline or normative behaviors in three commonly employed tests of anxiety-like behavior, and determine any sex or cycle differences. anx ... | 2019 | 31487491 |
| targeted hippocampal gaba neuron ablation by stable substance p-saporin causes hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy in rats. | cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy develops in the absence of identified brain injuries, infections, or structural malformations, and in these cases, an unidentified pre-existing abnormality may initiate febrile seizures, hippocampal sclerosis, and epilepsy. although a role for gabaergic dysfunction in epilepsy is intuitively obvious, no causal relationship has been established. in this study, hippocampal gaba neurons were targeted for selective elimination to determine whether a focal hippocamp ... | 2019 | 30963545 |
| tgf-β1-stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression by down-regulation of mir-203a-5p in rat osteoblasts. | transforming growth factor-beta1 (tgf-β1) is a pleiotropic and ubiquitous cytokine involved in bone development and bone remodeling. matrix metalloproteinase-13 (mmp13) plays a role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ecm), and the regulation of this gene is critical in bone remodeling. we previously reported that tgf-β1 stimulates mmp13 expression in rat osteoblasts. recently, studies have examined the regulation of bone metabolism by micrornas (mirnas) to determine their therapeuti ... | 2019 | 30951775 |
| multimodal imaging assessment and histologic correlation of the female rat pelvic floor muscles' anatomy. | pelvic floor disorders negatively impact millions of women worldwide. although there is a strong epidemiological association with childbirth, the mechanisms leading to the dysfunction of the integral constituents of the female pelvic floor, including pelvic floor skeletal muscles, are not well understood. this is in part due to the constraints associated with directly probing these muscles, which are located deep in the pelvis. thus, experimental models and non-invasive techniques are essential ... | 2019 | 30740685 |
| parathyroid hormone-induced down-regulation of mir-532-5p for matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in rat osteoblasts. | parathyroid hormone (pth) acts on osteoblasts and functions as an essential regulator of calcium homeostasis and as a mediator of bone remodeling. we previously reported that pth stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (mmp-13) in rat osteoblasts and that mmp-13 plays a key role in bone remodeling, endochondral bone formation, and bone repair. recent evidence indicated that micrornas (mirnas) have regulatory functions in bone metabolism. in this study, we hypothesized that the d ... | 2018 | 29626351 |