| atomic absorption spectrometric and colorimetric determination of iron in seafoods. | iron levels in 14 seafoods were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (aas) on freeze-dried composites. samples were prepared for analysis after dry-ashing at 550 degrees c and wet digestion in hno3-hclo4. paired analysis of wet digests were accomplished by aas and use of the colorimetric reagent, ferrozine. there was no significant difference in iron levels of seafoods due to sample preparation. while individual species levels were not significantly different between the aas and colorime ... | 1978 | 649563 |
| an inhibitor of t lymphocyte blastogenesis derived from the unfertilized ova of shad (alosa sapidissima). | unfertilized ova from shad, a north atlantic herring, contains a cytostatic inhibitor of t lymphocyte blastogenesis. the inhibitor has an estimated molecular weight of 10,000-30,000 da, is heat stable, non dialyzable, and resistant to protease digestion and periodate oxidation. although the inhibitor functions at an early metabolic event in t lymphocyte mitogenesis, it does not appear to interfere with thymidine transport, antagonize lectin binding to lymphocyte surface receptors, or interfere w ... | 1990 | 2189050 |
| morphological survey of teleost organs important in carcinogenesis with attention to fixation. | key features of the gross and microscopic anatomy of teleost liver, digestive tract, kidney, and skin were reviewed from the world literature. illustrations of the above and new findings were obtained from light as well as scanning and transmission electron micrographs of tissues from 7 freshwater fish species: alosa sapidissima, american shad; esox lucius, northern pike; lepomis macrochirus, bluegill sunfish; pimephales promelas, fathead minnow; stizostedion vitreum, walleye; oryzias latipes, j ... | 1984 | 6087142 |
| detection of ultrasonic tones and simulated dolphin echolocation clicks by a teleost fish, the american shad (alosa sapidissima). | the authors previously reported that american shad (alosa sapidissima) can detect sounds from 100 hz to 180 khz, with two regions of best sensitivity, one from 200 to 800 hz and the other from 25 to 150 khz [mann et al., nature 389, 341 (1997)]. these results demonstrated ultrasonic hearing by shad, but thresholds at lower frequencies were potentially masked by background noise in the experimental room. in this study, the thresholds of the american shad in a quieter and smaller tank, as well as ... | 1998 | 9670546 |
| the nematode anisakis simplex in american shad (alosa sapidissima) in two oregon rivers. | this paper represents the first report of the nematode anisakis simplex in the american shad (alosa sapidissima) in its introduced range in the american pacific northwest. all the adult shad sampled from spawning populations in the willamette (n = 9) and umpqua (n = 12) rivers were infected with a. simplex with intensities ranging from 6 to 89 worms per fish. this preliminary investigation contrasts sharply with previous studies in the native range of american shad and confirms that this fish ma ... | 2002 | 12435154 |
| optimal swim speeds for traversing velocity barriers: an analysis of volitional high-speed swimming behavior of migratory fishes. | migrating fish traversing velocity barriers are often forced to swim at speeds greater than their maximum sustained speed (u(ms)). failure to select an appropriate swim speed under these conditions can prevent fish from successfully negotiating otherwise passable barriers. i propose a new model of a distance-maximizing strategy for fishes traversing velocity barriers, derived from the relationships between swim speed and fatigue time in both prolonged and sprint modes. the model predicts that fi ... | 2005 | 15671330 |
| myosin vi and viia distribution among inner ear epithelia in diverse fishes. | unconventional myosins are critical motor proteins in the vertebrate inner ear. mutations in any one of at least six different myosins can lead to human hereditary deafness, but the precise functions of these proteins in the ear are unknown. this study uses a comparative approach to better understand the role of myosins vi and viia in vertebrate ears by examining protein distribution for these two myosins in the ears of evolutionarily diverse fishes and the aquatic clawed toad xenopus laevis. bo ... | 2007 | 17204383 |
| aphanomyces invadans and ulcerative mycosis in estuarine and freshwater fish in florida. | in the spring of 1998, the florida fish and wildlife research institute received numerous reports of lesioned or ulcerated fish primarily from the st. lucie estuary on the southeast coast of florida, an area known since the late 1970s for lesions of the ulcerative mycosis (um) type. from these and archived reports, as well as others received from different areas of florida, we documented that diseased specimens had randomly distributed skin ulcers (usually reddened or hemorrhagic) with raised ir ... | 2007 | 18236628 |
| pathogenicity studies with the fungi aphanomyces invadans, achlya bisexualis, and phialemonium dimorphosporum: induction of skin ulcers in striped mullet. | based on isolations from naturally infected fish in florida, we investigated the role of the fungi aphanomyces invadans, achlya bisexualis, and phialemonium dimorphosporum in the etiology of ulcerative mycosis (um) in striped mullet mugil cephalus. we injected healthy striped mullet subcutaneously with secondary zoospores of four oomycete isolates: two concentrations (50 and 115 zoospores/ml) of sjr (an endemic isolate of aphanomyces invadans in american shad alosa sapidissima from the st. johns ... | 2007 | 18236631 |
| water quality trends in the delaware river basin (usa) from 1980 to 2005. | in 1940, the tidal delaware river was "one of the most grossly polluted areas in the united states." during the 1950s, water quality was so poor along the river at philadelphia that zero oxygen levels prevented migration of american shad leading to near extirpation of the species. since then, water quality in the delaware basin has improved with implementation of the 1961 delaware river basin compact and 1970s federal clean water act amendments. at 15 gages along the delaware river and major tri ... | 2011 | 20665109 |
| organochlorine residues in finfish from maryland waters 1976-1980. | organochlorine pesticide and herbicide levels were monitored in samples of a variety of edible finfish harvested from the maryland section of the chesapeake bay and its tributaries over a five-year period (1976-80). qualitative and quantitative information was obtained for the various polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb's), heptachlor, alpha-bhc, chlordane, ddd, dde, ddt, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlorepoxide, lindane, mirex, methoxychlor, aldrin, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzene, kepone and dacthal. in ad ... | 2013 | 3937849 |
| quantifying alosine prey in the diets of marine piscivores in the gulf of maine. | the objectives of this work were to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of the occurrence of anadromous fishes (alewife alosa pseudoharengus, blueback herring alosa aestivalis and american shad alosa sapidissima) in the stomachs of demersal fishes in coastal waters of the north-west atlantic ocean. results show that anadromous fishes were detectable and quantifiable in the diets of common marine piscivores for every season sampled. even though anadromous fishes were not the most abund ... | 2015 | 25943427 |
| mitochondrial genome of the american shad alosa sapidissima. | the complete mitochondrial genome of alosa sapidissima has been determined. the total length of the mitogenome was 16,697 bp and had a gene content (13 protein-coding, 22 trnas and 2 rrnas. except for the seven trna and nd6 genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. the overall base composition of the heavy strand is 28.3% a, 24.8% t, 28.9% c, 17.9% g, with an at content of 53.1%. the dna sequence of alosa. sapidissima shared 97.1, 93.9, 88.8 and 82.3% sequence identit ... | 2011 | 21314242 |
| effects of different salinities on growth performance, survival, digestive enzyme activity, immune response, and muscle fatty acid composition in juvenile american shad (alosa sapidissima). | the effects of salinity on survival, growth, special activity of digestive enzymes, nonspecific immune response, and muscle fatty acid composition were evaluated in the american shad (alosa sapidissima). juveniles of 35 days after hatching were reared at 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 ppt for 60 days. at the end of the experiment, juvenile american shad presented higher survival and specific growth rate (sgr) in salinity group (7, 14, and 21 ppt) than control group (p < 0.05). the special activi ... | 2016 | 28013424 |
| developmental changes in digestive enzyme activity in american shad, alosa sapidissima, during early ontogeny. | in order to assess the digestive physiological capacity of the american shad alosa sapidissima and to establish feeding protocols that match larval nutritional requirements, we investigated the ontogenesis of digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase) in larvae, from hatching to 45 days after hatching (dah). we found that all of the target enzymes were present at hatching, except pepsin, which indicated an initial ability to digest nutr ... | 2017 | 27942900 |
| yolked oocyte dynamics support agreement between determinate- and indeterminate-method estimates of annual fecundity for a northeastern united states population of american shad. | reports of american shad fecundity identify two important themes regarding egg production in fishes. first, geographic variation occurs and is biologically meaningful. shad annual fecundity decreases with increasing latitude, but predicted lifetime fecundity does not, because of a counter-gradient of survival probability, all of which can explain the adaptive significance of natal homing. second, the appropriate method of measuring fecundity depends on the pattern of oocyte development. historic ... | 2016 | 27716845 |
| ichthyophonus parasite phylogeny based on its rdna structure prediction and alignment identifies six clades, with a single dominant marine type. | despite their widespread, global impact in both wild and cultured fishes, little is known of the diversity, transmission patterns, and phylogeography of parasites generally identified as ichthyophonus. this study constructed a phylogeny based on the structural alignment of internal transcribed spacer (its) rdna sequences to compare ichthyophonus isolates from fish hosts in the atlantic and pacific oceans, and several rivers and aquaculture sites in north america, europe, and japan. structure of ... | 2016 | 27409236 |
| genetic diversity and differentiation in a wide ranging anadromous fish, american shad (alosa sapidissima), is correlated with latitude. | studies that span entire species ranges can provide insight into the relative roles of historical contingency and contemporary factors that influence population structure and can reveal patterns of genetic variation that might otherwise go undetected. american shad is a wide ranging anadromous clupeid fish that exhibits variation in demographic histories and reproductive strategies (both semelparity and iteroparity) and provides a unique perspective on the evolutionary processes that govern the ... | 2013 | 23379260 |
| allis shad (alosa alosa) exhibit an intensity-graded behavioral response when exposed to ultrasound. | most fish cannot hear frequencies above 3 khz, but a few species belonging to the subfamily alosinae (family clupeidae) can detect intense ultrasound. the response of adult specimens of the european allis shad (alosa alosa) to sinusoidal ultrasonic pulses at 70 and 120 khz is tested. the fish showed an intensity-graded response to the ultrasonic pulses with a response threshold between 161 and 167 db re 1 micropa (pp) for both frequencies. these response thresholds are similar to thresholds deri ... | 2008 | 19062793 |
| neuronal encoding of ultrasonic sound by a fish. | many species of odontocete cetaceans (toothed whales) use high-frequency clicks (60-170 khz) to identify objects in their environment, including potential prey. behavioral studies have shown that american shad, alosa sapidissima, can detect ultrasonic signals similar to those of odontocetes that are potentially their predators. american shad also show strong escape behavior in response to ultrasonic pulses between 70 and 110 khz and can determine the location of the sound source at least in the ... | 2004 | 14749304 |
| development of ultrasound detection in american shad (alosa sapidissima). | it has recently been shown that a few fish species, including american shad (alosa sapidissima; clupeiformes), are able to detect sound up to 180 khz, an ability not found in most other fishes. initially, it was proposed that ultrasound detection in shad involves the auditory bullae, swim bladder extensions found in all members of the clupeiformes. however, while all clupeiformes have bullae, not all can detect ultrasound. thus, the bullae alone are not sufficient to explain ultrasound detection ... | 2004 | 14638842 |
| ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in the pituitary of the american shad (alosa sapidissima). | the distribution and ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells have been studied in the pituitary gland of embryos, larvae, and juveniles of the clupeid american shad (alosa sapidissima) using immunocytochemical techniques. in juvenile specimens, adenohypophysis was composed of rostral pars distalis (rpd), formed by cavities lined by prolactin (prl), adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), and gonadotropic hormone (gth) cells; proximal pars distalis (ppd), containing growth hormone (gh), gth, and putative ... | 2003 | 12849969 |
| developmental and environmental regulation of chloride cells in young american shad, alosa sapidissima. | location, abundance, and morphology of gill chloride cells were quantified during changes in osmoregulatory physiology accompanying early development in american shad, alosa sapidissima. during the larval-juvenile transition of shad, gill chloride cells increased 3.5-fold in abundance coincident with gill formation, increased seawater tolerance, and increased na(+),k(+)-atpase activity. chloride cells were found on both the primary filament and secondary lamellae in pre-migratory juveniles. chlo ... | 2001 | 11471137 |
| ultrasound detection by clupeiform fishes. | it has previously been shown that at least one species of fish (the american shad) in the order clupeiforms (herrings, shads, and relatives) is able to detect sounds up to 180 khz. however, it has not been clear whether other members of this order are also able to detect ultrasound. it is now demonstrated, using auditory brainstem response (abr), that at least one additional species, the gulf menhaden (brevoortia patronus), is able to detect ultrasound, while several other species including the ... | 2001 | 11425147 |
| a tumor growth inhibitory factor and a tumor growth promoting factor isolated from unfertilized ova of shad (alosa sapidissima). | in the present study, a cytostatic tumor growth inhibitory peptide and a tumor growth promoting peptide with molecular weights of 20,000-30,000 da have been identified in the supernatant fraction of unfertilized ova from shad. the factors can be separated by gel chromatography, thus indicating that the factors are individual molecules. both of the factors are nondialyzable, heat stable, and resistant to trypsin digestion and periodate oxidation. | 1989 | 2930539 |
| length and restriction site heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial dna of american shad (alosa sapidissima). | restriction endonuclease analysis was used to assess mitochondrial dna (mtdna) variation in american shad (alosa sapidissima) collected from 14 rivers ranging from florida to quebec. two types of heteroplasmy were observed, one involving a major length polymorphism and the other a single restriction site. shad mtdna occurred in two principal size classes, 18.3 and 19.8 kb. of 244 shad examined, 30 were heteroplasmic and carried both size classes of mtdna in varying proportions; the remainder wer ... | 1988 | 17246419 |
| accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in american shad during their migration in the hudson river, spring 1977. | fifty-two female american shad (alosa sapidissima) were collected during the spring of 1977 at two sites on the lower hudson river, 27 miles and 75 miles from the river mouth. the fish were extracted with hexane, and the extracts were analyzed by electron-capture gas chromatography (ec-gc) and by gc/mass spectrometry (ms), pcbs were quantitated by ec-gc, and the concentrations were compared by fish length and by site. fish collected from the downstream site contained a mean pcb concentration of ... | 1980 | 6775280 |
| a trematode parasite of the genus clinostomum new to the shad, alosa sapidissima. | | 1948 | 18099931 |