| malaria's indirect contribution to all-cause mortality in the andaman islands during the colonial era. | malaria has a substantial secondary effect on other causes of mortality. from the 19th century, malaria epidemics in the andaman islands' penal colony were initiated by the brackish swamp-breeding malaria vector anopheles sundaicus and fuelled by the importation of new prisoners. malaria was a major determinant of the highly variable all-cause mortality rate (correlation coefficient r(2)=0.60, n=68, p<0.0001) from 1872 to 1939. directly attributed malaria mortality based on post-mortem examinati ... | 2008 | 18599354 |
| malaria prevalence in nias district, north sumatra province, indonesia. | the nias district of the north sumatra province of indonesia has long been known to be endemic for malaria. following the economic crisis at the end of 1998 and the subsequent tsunami and earthquake, in december 2004 and march 2005, respectively, the malaria control programme in the area deteriorated. the present study aims to provide baseline data for the establishment of a suitable malaria control programme in the area and to analyse the frequency distribution of drug resistance alleles associ ... | 2007 | 17760967 |
| environmental factors associated with spatial and temporal distribution of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) larvae in sukabumi, west java, indonesia. | a 12-mo ecological study of the spatial-temporal distribution of immature stages of anopheles species was conducted in sukabumi district, west java, indonesia. the study characterized 1,600 sites from a contiguous coastal and hill zone (0-800-m elevation) of which 64% contained anopheles larvae. principal component and multiple logistic regression analyses identified ecological parameters associated with presence of nine [anopheles aconitus doenitz, anopheles annularis van de wulp, anopheles bar ... | 2007 | 17695007 |
| malaria mosquito control using edible fish in western kenya: preliminary findings of a controlled study. | biological control methods are once again being given much research focus for malaria vector control. this is largely due to the emerging threat of strong resistance to pesticides. larvivorous fish have been used for over 100 years in mosquito control and many species have proved effective. in the western kenyan highlands the larvivorous fish oreochromis niloticus l. (perciformes: cichlidae) (formerly tilapia nilotica) is commonly farmed and eaten but has not been previously tested in the field ... | 2007 | 17688686 |
| insecticide susceptibility of mosquitoes invading tsunami-affected areas of thailand. | in order to control the mosquitoes invading tsunami-affected areas of thailand, the insecticide susceptibility status of field larvae and mosquitoes (anopheles sundaicus and culex sitiens) was tested under laboratory conditions. larval bioassay tests were conducted using the who standard method. three larvicides: temephos, malathion, and plant extract (ethanolic extract of the southeast asian long pepper. piper retrofractum vahl), were used in the experiments. the results revealed that cx. sitie ... | 2006 | 17547065 |
| malaria in sri lanka: one year post-tsunami. | one year ago, the authors of this article reported in this journal on the malaria situation in sri lanka prior to the tsunami that hit on 26 december 2004, and estimated the likelihood of a post-tsunami malaria outbreak to be low. malaria incidence has decreased in 2005 as compared to 2004 in most districts, including the ones that were hit hardest by the tsunami. the malaria incidence (aggregated for the whole country) in 2005 followed the downward trend that started in 2000. however, surveilla ... | 2006 | 16700913 |
| altered environment and risk of malaria outbreak in south andaman, andaman & nicobar islands, india affected by tsunami disaster. | pools of salt water and puddles created by giant waves from the sea due to the tsunami that occurred on 26th december 2004 would facilitate increased breeding of brackish water malaria vector, anopheles sundaicus. land uplifts in north andaman and subsidence in south andaman have been reported and subsidence may lead to environmental disturbances and vector proliferation. this warrants a situation analysis and vector surveillance in the tsunami hit areas endemic for malaria transmitted by bracki ... | 2005 | 16029514 |
| endemic coastal malaria in the thousand islands district, near jakarta, indonesia. | to conduct malaria surveillance near jakarta where only imported malaria has been described over the past two decades and to characterize endemicity and risk to heavily populated peri-urban locations. | 2005 | 15860097 |
| comparative susceptibility of three important malaria vectors anopheles stephensi, anopheles fluviatilis, and anopheles sundaicus to plasmodium vivax. | the 3 laboratory-colonized malaria vectors, i.e., anopheles stephensi, an. sundaicus, and an. fluviatilis, were studied for their comparative susceptibility to plasmodium vivax sporogony. there was no significant difference in oocyst and sporozoite recruitment by these 3 species, whereas the geometric mean (gm) of the oocyst number per midgut was significantly lower in an. fluviatilis as compared with that in the other 2 species. there was no difference in the gm of oocyst between an. stephensi ... | 2005 | 15856876 |
| maps of the sri lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond. | following the tsunami, a detailed overview of the area specific transmission levels is essential in assessing the risk of malaria in sri lanka. recent information on vector insecticide resistance, parasite drug resistance, and insights into the national policy for malaria diagnosis and treatment are important in assisting national and international agencies in their control efforts. | 2005 | 15676073 |
| evaluation of repellent action of cymbopogan martinii martinii stapf var sofia oil against anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of car nicobar island, andaman & nicobar islands, india. | a field study was carried out to evaluate the mosquito repellent action of cymbopogan martinii martinii stapf var sofia oil in tribal village of car nicobar island. results revealed that application of 1 ml of the oil provided 98.7% protection in indoor and 96.52% in outdoor conditions during 12 h period of observation from the bites of an. sundaicus. cymbopogan martinii martinii stapf var sofia oil is an indigenous product, its application is safe and can be widely used for protection from mala ... | 2003 | 15119079 |
| the development and trend of insecticide-resistance in anopheles aconitus doenitz and anopheles sundaicus rodenwaldt. | the spread of insecticide-resistance in the two main vectors of malaria in java, anopheles aconitus dönitz and a. sundaicus rodenwaldt, has been of concern to workers in the indonesian malaria eradication programme since ddt-resistance was first detected, in a. sundaicus, in 1954. the history of development of resistance in these two vectors has been summarized in this paper by assembling the available records in chronological order, thus facilitating reference.the picture which emerges is that ... | 1965 | 14310902 |
| the insecticide-resistance problem: a review of developments in 1956 and 1957. | the author reviews the growth of the insecticide-resistance problem throughout the world during the period between july 1956 and november 1957, and the developments in research on the subject during the same period.three new resistant species have been discovered-anopheles subpictus, chrysomyia putoria and rhipicephalus sanguineus-and eight new types of resistance in already resistant species have been observed. moreover, the geographical area covered by certain resistant insect populations has ... | 1958 | 13536795 |
| the drug sensitivity and transmission dynamics of human malaria on nias island, north sumatra, indonesia. | nias island, off the north-western coast of sumatra, indonesia, was one of the first locations in which chloroquine-resistant plasmodium vivax malaria was reported. this resistance is of particular concern because its ancient megalithic culture and the outstanding surfing conditions make the island a popular tourist destination. international travel to and from the island could rapidly spread chloroquine-resistant strains of p. vivax across the planet. the threat posed by such strains, locally a ... | 2002 | 12194705 |
| detection of 1014f kdr mutation in four major anopheline malaria vectors in indonesia. | malaria is a serious public health problem in indonesia, particularly in areas outside java and bali. the spread of resistance to the currently available anti-malarial drugs or insecticides used for mosquito control would cause an increase in malaria transmission. to better understand patterns of transmission and resistance in indonesia, an integrated mosquito survey was conducted in three areas with different malaria endemicities, purworejo in central java, south lampung district in sumatera an ... | 2010 | 21054903 |
| possible impact of rising sea levels on vector-borne infectious diseases. | vector-borne infectious diseases are a significant cause of human and animal mortality and morbidity. modeling studies predict that changes in climate that accompany global warming will alter the transmission risk of many vector-borne infectious diseases in different parts of the world. global warming will also raise sea levels, which will lead to an increase in saline and brackish water bodies in coastal areas. the potential impact of rising sea levels, as opposed to climate change, on the prev ... | 2011 | 21241521 |
| epidemic malaria in the menoreh hills of central java. | after more than 50 years of effective management, resurgent malaria threatens residents in the menoreh hills and the foothills of the dieng plateau of central java, indonesia. the dieng plateau dominates the highland center of central java. the steep menoreh hills, surrounded by rice paddy habitats, cover approximately 500 km2 with no peaks greater than 1,000 m. we studied epidemic malaria in purworejo district, one of the three districts containing the menoreh hills. between 1986 and 1995, the ... | 2002 | 12139222 |
| gender, mosquitos and malaria: implications for community development programs in laputta, myanmar. | this paper examines the gender roles linked to division of labor and potential exposure to mosquitos and malaria prevention activities. a "human development initiative" (hdi) project has been launched in laputta, a mangrove delta region of myanmar assisted by united nations development program since 1994. the project aims to improve rural community access to primary health care and provide micro-credit programs, income generation schemes, and educational opportunities as a basis for community em ... | 2001 | 11944723 |
| disappearance of malaria vector anopheles sundaicus from chilika lake area of orissa state in india. | malaria has declined around chilika lake (85 degrees 20'e, 19 degrees 40'n) in orissa state, india, from hyperendemicity in the 1930s to hypoendemicity during recent decades. six decades ago, 21 spp. of anopheles mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) were recorded from this area, including the well known indian malaria vectors an. culicifacies giles, an. fluviatilis james, an. maculatus theobald, an. stephensi liston and an. sundaicus (rodenwaldt), the last formerly regarded as the main vector locally ... | 2000 | 11129711 |
| isozyme evidence for three sibling species in the anopheles sundaicus complex from indonesia. | electrophoretic studies of isoenzymes in three chromosomally distinct forms (a, b and c) of the mosquito anopheles sundaicus theobald (diptera: culiciae) were undertaken on wild samples collected from six geographically isolated populations in indonesia. analyses of 12 enzyme systems comprising 15 loci revealed significant allelic variations, genetic polymorphism, within and among the populations of the an. sundaicus complex. phylogenetic dendrograms produced by analysis using the biosys-1 progr ... | 1999 | 10608230 |
| the distribution of common anopheles mosquitoes in northwestern peninsular malaysia. | using cow-baited net traps in the coastal and hilly areas of northern peninsular malaysia, 21 species of anopheles mosquitoes were found. the distribution of common anopheles is presented. the composition of the anopheline mosquito fauna was more diversified in the coastal areas than in the hilly areas. the displacement of anopheles sundaicus by anopheles subpictus and the disappearance of anopheles hackeri in the coastal area were noted. | 1997 | 9491360 |
| evaluation of shading of fish farming ponds as a larval control measure against anopheles sundaicus rodenwaldt (diptera:culicidae). | larval density of anopheles sundaicus in shaded and unshaded fish farming ponds was monitored at a coastal village in north sumatra, indonesia. the average density in the experimentally shaded ponds with nipa leaves was reduced to < 1/10. disappearance of algae and decline of water temperature also were observed, but the salinity did not change. the larval density was lower in ponds with tilapia sp than without fish, but that in ponds with ophiocephalus sp was not significantly lower. dominant i ... | 1995 | 9139389 |
| feeding preferences of anopheles sundaicus in car nicobar island. | host feeding behaviour of an. sundaicus population in car nicobar island was studied by bloodmeal analysis and bait collection. results indicated the zoophagic nature of the species in different resting sites. however, a human blood index of 0.18 was observed in specimens collected from human dwellings. the highest proportion of females was found positive for porcine antigen. bait collections also indicated a similar feeding pattern. | 1993 | 8034108 |
| resting and biting habits of anopheles sundaicus in car nicobar island. | resting and biting habits of an. sundaicus were studied in car nicobar island. results of resting behaviour revealed that although substantial numbers of an. sundaicus rest outdoor, still the species prefer to rest indoors, and much less in human dwellings. high parity rate (73.38%) in an. sundaicus and close contact with man were the factors responsible for high transmission in car nicobar. an. sundaicus population in car nicobar is susceptible to ddt. indoor man-biting of an. sundaicus was sig ... | 1994 | 7713265 |
| a study on anopheles maculatus and anopheles sundaicus in singapore. | | 1969 | 5803563 |
| studies on malaria and filariasis vectors in kamorta and great nicobar islands. | a total of 1401 adult mosquitoes mainly dominated by anopheles sundaicus (40.18%) and culex quinquefasciatus (57.31%) were collected from kamorta and great nicobar islands. it was revealed from human bait collection that both species prevailed almost all through the night (density 8.1/man hour) with a peak around midnight. mixed breeding of a. sundaicus with a. vagus, cx. quinquefasciatus, cx. bitaeniorhynchus and cx. tritaeniorhynchus was observed at many places. adult a. sundaicus were found h ... | 1989 | 2635108 |
| co-existence and attempted hybridization between anopheles litoralis (king) and anopheles sundaicus (rodenwaldt) in sabah, malaysia. | anopheles (cellia) litoralis king and anopheles (cellia) sundaicus rodenwaldt, vectors of malaria, were collected from the same brackis and sea-water habitats in six localities in sabah. they share the same breeding habitats with predominance of one species over the other. the two species although distinct have small morphological differences and are taxonomically separated by certain wing characters. hybridization between the two species was successful. reciprocal crosses produced viable progen ... | 1978 | 749225 |
| inferring selection in the anopheles gambiae species complex: an example from immune-related serine protease inhibitors. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae species complex are the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. many host genes have been shown to affect plasmodium development in the mosquito, and so are expected to engage in an evolutionary arms race with the pathogen. however, there is little conclusive evidence that any of these mosquito genes evolve rapidly, or show other signatures of adaptive evolution. | 2009 | 19497100 |
| variations in the mitochondrial dna markers in the anopheles (cellia) sundaicus population from the andaman and nicobar islands, india. | four sibling species in the anopheles sundaicus complex have earlier been reported, including species d from the andaman and nicobar islands of india where it constitutes 58% of all anopheles population and is a major malaria vector. earlier, we have reported the identical sequences for ribosomal dna markers among the specimens of a. sundaicus from andaman and nicobar islands irrespective of their habitat. these its2 sequences were also identical to the reported sequence of variant iii of southe ... | 2009 | 19595665 |
| management of malaria threat following tsunami in andaman & nicobar islands, india and impact of altered environment created by tsunami on malaria situation of the islands. | andaman & nicobar islands (indian territory) are situated in the bay of bengal and endemic for malaria with perennial transmission. anopheles sundaicus which prefers to breed in brackish water, is known as the main vector for malaria and maintains high endemicity of malaria. tsunami waves entered the inhabited coastal areas, caused heavy devastation and left large areas inundated causing exceptionally high breeding sources for vector mosquitoes of malaria. the disaster created a new habitat suit ... | 2009 | 19660429 |
| island fever: the historical determinants of malaria in the andaman islands. | malaria was the major cause of morbidity and a leading cause of mortality in the andaman islands penal colony from 1858 to 1945. besides annual malaria incidence peaks coinciding with the arrival of the monsoon, multi-year cycles (administrative in nature) of 10-15 years are also discernable. the size of the previous year's prisoner intake was associated (r(2)=0.21, n=57) with increased malaria. the positive relationship (r(2)=0.33, n=47) between the total number of buddhist prisoners and malari ... | 2010 | 19733876 |
| global status of ddt and its alternatives for use in vector control to prevent disease. | i review the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt), used for disease vector control, along with current evidence on its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. | 2009 | 20049114 |
| malaria vectors of timor-leste. | the island of timor lies at the south-eastern edge of indonesia on the boundary of the oriental and australian faunal regions. the country of timor-leste, which occupies the eastern part of the island, is malarious, but anopheline faunal surveys and malaria vector incrimination date back to the 1960 s. over the last decade the malaria vectors of south-east asia and the south-west pacific have been intensely studied using molecular techniques that can confirm identification within complexes of is ... | 2010 | 20122278 |
| evaluation of chloroquine therapy for vivax and falciparum malaria in southern sumatra, western indonesia. | chloroquine was used as first-line treatment for plasmodium falciparum or plasmodium vivax in indonesia before the initial launch of artemisinin combination therapy in 2004. a study to evaluate efficacies of chloroquine against p. falciparum and p. vivax was undertaken at lampung in southern sumatra, western indonesia in 2002. | 2010 | 20152016 |
| anopheles culicifacies breeding in brackish waters in sri lanka and implications for malaria control. | anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of both falciparum and vivax malaria in sri lanka, while anopheles subpictus and certain other species function as secondary vectors. in sri lanka, an. culicifacies is present as a species complex consisting of species b and e, while an. subpictus exists as a complex of species a-d. the freshwater breeding habit of an. culicifacies is well established. in order to further characterize the breeding sites of the major malaria vectors in sri lanka, a limit ... | 2010 | 20409313 |
| elimination of malaria risk through integrated combination strategies in a tropical military training island. | on the military training facility of tekong island, singapore, a comprehensive vector-borne disease control program was started in end-2006 to reduce mosquito populations and negate the need for anti-malaria chemoprophylaxis. the program was based on 1) preventing importation of malaria through screening of visitors, 2) preventing human-to-mosquito transmission through early case detection and mosquito control, 3) preventing mosquito-to-human transmission through personal protection, and 4) cont ... | 2010 | 20519595 |
| molecular epidemiological investigation of plasmodium knowlesi in humans and macaques in singapore. | singapore reported its first locally acquired human plasmodium knowlesi infection in 2007, involving a soldier who had undergone training in a forested area where long-tailed macaques are frequently seen. comprehensive disease surveillance and monitoring system that was set up after the initial case detected four additional human p. knowlesi cases in 2007 and one in 2008. all involved military personnel who had undergone training in the forested area, and none had traveled out of singapore 1 mon ... | 2011 | 20586605 |
| bionomics of anopheles spp. (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of sukabumi, west java, indonesia. | a 15-month bionomic study of anopheles species was conducted in two ecologically distinct villages (coastal and upland) of sukabumi district, west java, indonesia from june 2006 to september 2007. mosquitoes were captured using human-landing collections at both sites. during the study, a total of 17,100 anopheles mosquitoes comprising 13 anopheles species were caught: 9,151 at the coastal site and 7,949 at the upland site. anopheles barbirostris, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles vagus were the ... | 2009 | 20836823 |
| vectors and malaria transmission in deforested, rural communities in north-central vietnam. | malaria is still prevalent in rural communities of central vietnam even though, due to deforestation, the primary vector anopheles dirus is uncommon. in these situations little is known about the secondary vectors which are responsible for maintaining transmission. basic information on the identification of the species in these rural communities is required so that transmission parameters, such as ecology, behaviour and vectorial status can be assigned to the appropriate species. | 2010 | 20846447 |
| towards eradication: three years after the tsunami of 2004, has malaria transmission been eliminated from the island of simeulue? | the island of simeulue was the first landfall of the tsunami of december 2004. the tsunami destroyed many villages on the island, leaving one third of the population homeless. malaria is endemic in simeulue and an epidemic was reported to have occurred three months prior to the tsunami. information concerning malaria was, however, not easily available. the earthquakes related to the tsunami may have created extensive potential breeding sites of anopheles sundaicus, the probable vector, and incre ... | 2010 | 20952042 |
| analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping mitochondrial genomes of a neotropical malaria vector complex. | many vectors of human malaria belong to complexes of morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. here we report the analysis of the newly sequenced complete mitochondrial dna molecules from six recognized or putative species of one such group, the neotropical anopheles albitarsis complex. the molecular evolution of these genomes had been driven by purifying selection, particularly strongly acting on the rna genes. directional mutation pressure associated with the strand-asynchronous asymm ... | 2011 | 21241811 |
| why are anopheline mosquitoes not present in the seychelles? | species of anopheline mosquitoes are largely distributed over emerged lands around the world and, within the tropics, few areas are without these insects, which are vectors of malaria parasites. among the exceptions is the seychelles archipelago in the western indian ocean. however, in the aldabra island group, located in the extreme western portion of the archipelago, anopheles gambiae s.l. was introduced, leading to massive proliferation and then elimination, with the most recent autochthonous ... | 2011 | 21303530 |
| tsunami, post-tsunami malaria situation in nancowry group of islands, nicobar district, andaman and nicobar islands. | due to tsunami in 2004 a large proportion of population in nicobar group of islands become homeless, and in 2006 large scale labour migration took place to construct the houses. in 2008, a significant increase in malaria incidence was observed in this area. therefore, in march 2008, the situation of malaria was assessed in nancowry islands in nicobar district to study the reasons for the observed upsurge in the number of cases, and to suggest public health measures to control the infection. | 2011 | 21321423 |
| the dominant anopheles vectors of human malaria in the asia-pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis. | abstract: background: the final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (dvs) of malaria is presented here. the first publication examined the dvs from the americas, with the second covering those species present in africa, europe and the middle east. here we discuss the 19 dvs of the asian-pacific region. this region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence ... | 2011 | 21612587 |
| larval development of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus in peri-urban brackish water and its implications for transmission of arboviral diseases. | aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and aedes albopictus skuse mosquitoes transmit serious human arboviral diseases including yellow fever, dengue and chikungunya in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. females of the two species have adapted to undergo preimaginal development in natural or artificial collections of freshwater near human habitations and feed on human blood. while there is an effective vaccine against yellow fever, the control of dengue and chikungunya is mainly dependent on reducing f ... | 2011 | 22132243 |
| relationships between anopheline mosquitoes and topography in west timor and java, indonesia. | malaria is a serious health issue in indonesia. mosquito control is one aspect of an integrated malaria management programme. to focus resources on priority areas, information is needed about the vectors and their habitats. this research aimed to identify the relationship between anopheline mosquitoes and topography in west timor and java. | 2010 | 20796265 |
| global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. | global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ... | 2012 | 22723781 |
| mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of protein of solanum villosum leaves. | mosquitoes are associated with the transmission of malaria, dengue, japanese encephalitis, filariasis and other viral diseases throughout the globe, apart from being a nuisance pest. biological control alone or as a part of integrated vector management stands to be a better alternative to the chemical controls aimed against pest mosquitoes. at the same time it is necessary to control bacteria by synthetic or natural means (plant products). hence the present study was designed to screen the effec ... | 2008 | 19061512 |
| monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors. | vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis. | 2013 | 24843200 |
| variations in salinity tolerance of malaria vectors of the anopheles subpictus complex in sri lanka and the implications for malaria transmission. | anopheles subpictus sensu lato, a widespread vector of malaria in asia, is reportedly composed of four sibling species a-d based on distinct cytogenetic and morphological characteristics. however an. subpictus species b specimens in sri lanka are termed an. subpictus b/ an. sundaicus because of recent genetic data. differences in salinity tolerance and coastal/inland prevalence of an. subpictus sibling species that were not previously established in sri lanka are presented here. | 2011 | 21702917 |
| biology of culex sitiens, a predominant mosquito in phang nga, thailand after a tsunami. | a tsunami affected area in phang nga province, thailand was explored randomly as some freshwater sites had changed into brackish-water sites. a survey of four areas found culex sitiens to be the most dominant mosquito species.this mosquito prefers to breed in putrefied water with garbage and it was found in almost every stagnant, brackish-water site in full sunlight. the larval density was more than 300 larvae/dip/250 ml water. its biting cycle, determined by human landing catch, was nocturnal, ... | 0 | 22950682 |
| anopheline species and their plasmodium infection status in aligarh, india. | malaria is a global issue and india contributes substantially to global malaria incidence. information related to malaria vectors is very limited in aligarh. the environmental and climatological situations permit the continual breeding of vectors in permanent breeding sites. this study was designed with the aim to screen all the anophelines species and possible malaria vectors in three different localities of aligarh. anopheles mosquitoes were collected from three different localities (fort, jal ... | 2015 | 27579016 |
| entomological determinants of insecticide-treated bed net effectiveness in western myanmar. | in a large cluster randomized control trial of insecticide-treated bed nets (itn) in western myanmar the malaria protective effect of itn was found to be highly variable and, in aggregate, the effect was not statistically significant. a coincident entomological investigation measured malaria vector abundance and biting behaviour and the human population sleeping habits, factors relevant to itn effectiveness. | 2013 | 24119994 |
| absence of knockdown resistance suggests metabolic resistance in the main malaria vectors of the mekong region. | as insecticide resistance may jeopardize the successful malaria control programmes in the mekong region, a large investigation was previously conducted in the mekong countries to assess the susceptibility of the main malaria vectors against ddt and pyrethroid insecticides. it showed that the main vector, anopheles epiroticus, was highly pyrethroid-resistant in the mekong delta, whereas anopheles minimus sensu lato was pyrethroid-resistant in northern vietnam. anopheles dirus sensu stricto showed ... | 2009 | 19400943 |
| diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous. | the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ... | 2015 | 26244561 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| the polymorphism and the geographical distribution of the knockdown resistance (kdr) of anopheles sinensis in the republic of korea. | in the republic of korea (rok), six sibling species of the anopheles sinensis complex are considered the vector species of malaria, but data on their susceptibilities to malaria and vector capacities have been controversial. the intensive use of insecticides has contributed to the rapid development and spread of insecticide resistance in the an. sinensis complex. knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids and ddt in the an. sinensis complex is associated with a mutation in codon 1014 of the volta ... | 2012 | 22554130 |
| epidemiology of plasmodium vivax malaria in india. | historically, malaria in india was predominantly caused by plasmodium vivax, accounting for 53% of the estimated cases. after the spread of drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum in the 1990s, the prevalence of the two species remained equivalent at the national level for a decade. by 2014, the proportion of p. vivax has decreased to 34% nationally, but with high regional variation. in 2014, p. vivax accounted for around 380,000 malaria cases in india; almost a sixth of all p. vivax cases reported ... | 2016 | 27708188 |
| plasmodium vivax msp-3α polymorphisms: analysis in the indian subcontinent. | plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite and accounts for approximately the same number of malaria cases as plasmodium falciparum in india. compared with p. falciparum, p. vivax is difficult to eradicate because of its tendency to cause relapses, which impacts treatment and control strategies. the genetic diversity of these parasites, particularly of the merozoite surface protein-3 alpha (msp-3α) gene, can be used to help develop a potential vaccine. the present stu ... | 2016 | 27663527 |
| an experimental hut evaluation of olyset plus, a long-lasting insecticidal net treated with a mixture of permethrin and piperonyl butoxide, against anopheles fluviatilis in odisha state, india. | fast development of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors prompted the development of new vector control tools including combination of insecticides with different modes of action as part of resistance management strategies. olyset plus® is a new long-lasting insecticidal net, in which, permethrin and a synergist, piperonyl butoxide (pbo), are incorporated into filaments. mixture nets such as this may have application against resistant mosquitoes, particularly those whose resistance is based ... | 2016 | 27439398 |
| insecticide resistance in areas under investigation by the international centers of excellence for malaria research: a challenge for malaria control and elimination. | scale-up of the main vector control interventions, residual insecticides sprayed on walls or structures and/or impregnated in bed nets, together with prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, have led to a global reduction in malaria transmission. however, resistance in vectors to almost all classes of insecticides, particularly to the synthetic pyrethroids, is posing a challenge to the recent trend of declining malaria. ten international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) locate ... | 2015 | 26259947 |
| bionomic aspects of the anopheles subpictus species complex in sri lanka. | anopheles subpictus grassi s.l. (diptera: culicidae) functions as a secondary malaria vector to anopheles culicifacies giles s.l. (diptera: culicidae) in sri lanka. the taxon a. subpictus is reported to exist as a species complex comprising four sibling species (a-d) that can be differentiated through polytene chromosome banding patterns and stage-specific morphometric traits in india. based on the morphological characteristics described for the indian subpictus complex, the presence of all four ... | 0 | 25205254 |
| malaria in south asia: prevalence and control. | the "malaria evolution in south asia" (mesa) program project is an international center of excellence for malaria research (icemr) sponsored by the us national institutes of health. this us-india collaborative program will study the origin of genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their selection on the indian subcontinent. this knowledge should contribute to a better understanding of unexpected disease outbreaks and unpredictable disease presentations from plasmodium falciparum and plasmodi ... | 2012 | 22248528 |
| ddt-resistance of anopheles sundaicus in java. | | 0 | 13404450 |
| evidence-based malaria control in timor leste from 2006 to 2012. | malaria has been a major public health problem in the newly established democratic republic of timor leste with over 200,000 cases being reported in 2006 and 2007. the national malaria control programme (nmcp) was established in 2003. the progress made in malaria control in timor leste is reported. | 2015 | 25890294 |
| impact of a spatial repellent on malaria incidence in two villages in sumba, indonesia. | a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to examine the effect of spatial repellent (sr) in households at risk of malaria in indonesia. following presumptive radical cure for malaria in 180 adult men representing sentinels of new infection in four clusters within two villages, all households were given either metofluthrin or placebo mosquito coils. weekly blood smear screening and human-landing mosquito catches were done throughout the 6 months intervention. malaria i ... | 2014 | 25311699 |
| molecular characterization of the malaria vector anopheles barbirostris van der wulp in sri lanka. | anopheles barbirostris is a vector of malaria in sri lanka. the taxon exists as a species complex in the southeast asian region. previous studies using molecular markers suggest that there are more than 4 distinct clades within the an. barbirostris complex in southeast asia. the present study characterizes sri lankan an. barbirostris using mtdna cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and ribosomal rna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) gene sequences. | 2014 | 25073899 |
| progress towards malaria elimination in sabang municipality, aceh, indonesia. | indonesia has set 2030 as its deadline for elimination of malaria transmission in the archipelago, with regional deadlines established according to present levels of malaria endemicity and strength of health infrastructure. the municipality of sabang which historically had one of the highest levels of malaria in aceh province aims to achieve elimination by the end of 2013. | 2013 | 23363768 |
| existence of the rdl mutant alleles among the anopheles malaria vector in indonesia. | the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor-chloride channel complex is known to be the target site of dieldrin, a cyclodiene insecticide. gaba-receptors, with a naturally occurring amino acid substitution, a302s/g in the putative ion-channel lining region, confer resistance to cyclodiene insecticides that includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin and endosulphan. | 2012 | 22364613 |
| barrier screens: a method to sample blood-fed and host-seeking exophilic mosquitoes. | determining the proportion of blood meals on humans by outdoor-feeding and resting mosquitoes is challenging. this is largely due to the difficulty of finding an adequate and unbiased sample of resting, engorged mosquitoes to enable the identification of host blood meal sources. this is particularly difficult in the south-west pacific countries of indonesia, the solomon islands and papua new guinea where thick vegetation constitutes the primary resting sites for the exophilic mosquitoes that are ... | 2013 | 23379959 |
| anopheles subpictus carry human malaria parasites in an urban area of western india and may facilitate perennial malaria transmission. | india contributes 1.5-2 million annual confirmed cases of malaria. since both parasites and vectors are evolving rapidly, updated information on parasite prevalence in mosquitoes is important for vector management and disease control. possible new vector-parasite interactions in goa, india were tested. | 2016 | 26919828 |
| molecular characterization and identification of members of the anopheles subpictus complex in sri lanka. | anopheles subpictus sensu lato is a major malaria vector in south and southeast asia. based initially on polytene chromosome inversion polymorphism, and subsequently on morphological characterization, four sibling species a-d were reported from india. the present study uses molecular methods to further characterize and identify sibling species in sri lanka. | 2013 | 24001126 |
| multicentre studies of insecticide-treated durable wall lining in africa and south-east asia: entomological efficacy and household acceptability during one year of field use. | indoor residual spraying (irs) is a primary method of malaria vector control, but its potential impact is constrained by several inherent limitations: spraying must be repeated when insecticide residues decay, householders can tire of the annual imposition and campaign costs are recurrent. durable lining (dl) can be considered an advanced form of long-lasting irs where insecticide is gradually released from an aesthetically attractive wall lining material to provide vector control for several ye ... | 2012 | 23107112 |
| insecticide substitutes for ddt to control mosquitoes may be causes of several diseases. | malaria continues to be a public health problem in bangladesh, despite efforts in the 1960s to eradicate the vectors through the use of ddt. at one point, eradication of malaria was acclaimed but later on it reappeared. the use of ddt is no more legally allowed in bangladesh, which has been officially replaced by a number organophosphates and/or synthetic pyrethroids and their combinations in addition to the integrated vector management (ivm) package. ivm being a community approach is still to g ... | 2012 | 22956113 |
| the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the mekong region. | knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. malaria transmission in the mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance. | 2008 | 18534006 |
| genetic evidence for malaria vectors of the anopheles sundaicus complex in sri lanka with morphological characteristics attributed to anopheles subpictus species b. | anopheles subpictus sensu lato, a widespread malaria vector in asia, is reportedly composed of four sibling species a - d. mosquitoes morphologically identified as belonging to the subpictus complex were collected from different locations near the east coast of sri lanka, and specific ribosomal dna sequences determined to validate their taxonomic status. | 2010 | 21114832 |
| distance to anopheles sundaicus larval habitats dominant among risk factors for parasitemia in meso-endemic southwest sumba, indonesia. | the decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater importance of understanding the epidemiology of low to moderate transmission settings. marked heterogeneity in infection risk within these populations creates opportunities to understand transmission and guide resource allocation to greater impact. | 2014 | 25495283 |
| climate change and epidemiology of human parasitosis in egypt: a review. | climate change is an emerging global issue. it is expected to have significant impacts both in egypt and around the world. thus, the country is in need for taking action to prepare for the unavoidable effects of climate change, including the increase in water stress, the rise in sea level, and the rapidly increasing gap between the limited water availability and the escalating demand for water in the country. also, weather and climate play a significant role in people's health. direct impacts of ... | 2013 | 25685530 |
| successful malaria elimination strategies require interventions that target changing vector behaviours. | the ultimate long-term goal of malaria eradication was recently placed back onto the global health agenda. when planning for this goal, it is important to remember why the original global malaria eradication programme (gmep), conducted with ddt-based indoor residual spraying (irs), did not achieve its goals. one of the technical reasons for the failure to eliminate malaria was over reliance on a single intervention and subsequently the mosquito vectors developed behavioural resistance so that th ... | 2013 | 23388506 |
| repellent efficacy of deet, mygga, neem (azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (melia azedarach) oil against anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in ethiopia. | in ethiopia, anopheles arabiensis is the main vector responsible for the transmission of malaria in the country and its control mainly involves application of indoor residual spraying (irs) and use of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns). | 2015 | 25935845 |
| seasonal changes in the antibody responses against plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigens in areas of differing malaria endemicity in indonesia. | the transmission of malaria in indonesia is highly heterogeneous spatially and seasonally. anti-malaria antibody responses can help characterize this variation. in the present study antibody responses to plasmodium falciparum msp-1 and ama-1 were measured to assess the transmission intensity in a hypo-endemic area of purworejo and a meso-endemic area of lampung during low and high transmission seasons. | 2013 | 24321092 |
| malaria vaccines: looking back and lessons learnt. | the current status of malaria vaccine approaches has the background of a long and arduous path of malaria disease control and vaccine development. here, we critically review with regard to unilateral interventional approaches and highlight the impact of socioeconomic elements of malaria endemicity. the necessity of re-energizing basic research of malaria life-cycle and plasmodium developmental biology to provide the basis for promising and cost-effective vaccine approaches and to reach eradicati ... | 0 | 23569729 |
| epidemiology of plasmodium vivax in indonesia. | endemic malaria occurs across much of the vast indonesian archipelago. all five species of plasmodium known to naturally infect humans occur here, along with 20 species of anopheles mosquitoes confirmed as carriers of malaria. two species of plasmodia cause the overwhelming majority and virtually equal shares of malaria infections in indonesia: plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax the challenge posed by p. vivax is especially steep in indonesia because chloroquine-resistant strains predomi ... | 2016 | 27708185 |
| examples of coupled human and environmental systems from the extractive industry and hydropower sector interfaces. | large-scale corporate projects, particularly those in extractive industries or hydropower development, have a history from early in the twentieth century of creating negative environmental, social, and health impacts on communities proximal to their operations. in many instances, especially for hydropower projects, the forced resettlement of entire communities was a feature in which local cultures and core human rights were severely impacted. these projects triggered an activist opposition that ... | 2016 | 27791077 |
| application of copper-based ovitraps in local houses in west sumatra, indonesia: a field test of a simple and affordable larvicide for mosquito control. | the application of oviposition traps (ovitraps) is one of the currently available rational methods used in mosquito control campaigns because it eliminates the larval stage. however, the use of current larvicides is hampered by their cost and applicability. therefore, a more economical and practical alternative is urgently needed. we previously reported that copper in liquid form is a promising candidate due to its potent larvicide properties in a laboratory setting, affordability, and availabil ... | 2016 | 27433130 |
| increased detection of plasmodium knowlesi in sandakan division, sabah as revealed by plasmonex™. | plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite that is widespread in humans in malaysian borneo. however, little is known about the incidence and distribution of this parasite in the sandakan division, malaysian borneo. therefore, the aim of the present epidemiological study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of p. knowlesi as well as other plasmodium species in this division based on a most recent developed hexaplex pcr system (plasmonex™). | 2013 | 23902626 |
| operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. | present elimination strategies are based on recommendations derived during the global malaria eradication program of the 1960s. however, many countries considering elimination nowadays have high intrinsic transmission potential and, without the support of a regional campaign, have to deal with the constant threat of imported cases of the disease, emphasising the need to revisit the strategies on which contemporary elimination programmes are based. to eliminate malaria, programmes need to concent ... | 2010 | 21035841 |
| post-tsunami malaria in indonesia-the pivotal contributions of permanente physicians. | | 0 | 22811654 |
| confirmation of anopheles peditaeniatus and anopheles sundaicus as malaria vectors (diptera: culicidae) in sungai nyamuk village, sebatik island north kalimantan, indonesia using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | anopheles mosquitoes may be incriminated as malaria vectors by observing sporozoites in their salivary glands and by testing heads or thoraces by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect plasmodium species-specific circumsporozoite proteins (csp). this study tested anopheles collected in sungai nyamuk village for the presence of both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax csp. the anopheles spp. were collected by human landing collection indoors and outdoors and by indoor and o ... | 2016 | 27838614 |
| confirmation of anopheles peditaeniatus and anopheles sundaicus as malaria vectors (diptera: culicidae) in sungai nyamuk village, sebatik island north kalimantan, indonesia using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | anopheles mosquitoes may be incriminated as malaria vectors by observing sporozoites in their salivary glands and by testing heads or thoraces by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect plasmodium species-specific circumsporozoite proteins (csp). this study tested anopheles collected in sungai nyamuk village for the presence of both plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax csp. the anopheles spp. were collected by human landing collection indoors and outdoors and by indoor and o ... | 2016 | 27330094 |
| socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of reported malaria cases in bangka district, babel island province, indonesia during 2008-2012. | malaria is a major health problem in many developing countries including indonesia. the purpose of this study was to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution of malaria cases in bangka district, bangka-belitung island province, indonesia. bangka district is a malaria endemic area of indonesia. we analyzed the epidemiological data of all reported malaria cases during 2008-2012 in bangka district. of the 4,756 malaria-confirmed cases reported during the study p ... | 2015 | 26867354 |
| repeated landmass reformation limits diversification in the widespread littoral zone mosquito anopheles sundaicus sensu lato in the indo-oriental region. | southeast asia harbours abundant biodiversity, hypothesized to have been generated by pliocene and pleistocene climatic and environmental change. vicariance between the island of borneo, the remaining indonesian archipelago and mainland southeast asia caused by elevated sea levels during interglacial periods has been proposed to lead to diversification in the littoral zone mosquito anopheles (cellia) sundaicus (rodenwaldt) sensu lato. to test this biogeographical hypothesis, we inferred the popu ... | 2014 | 24750501 |
| anopheles (cellia) epiroticus (diptera: culicidae), a new malaria vector species in the southeast asian sundaicus complex. | anopheles sundaicus species a of the southeast asian a. sundaicus complex is formally named anopheles epiroticus linton & harbach based on dna sequence differentiation of the whole nuclear its2 region and a portion of both the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase i mitochondrial genes. detailed comparative morphological studies of the adult, larval and pupal stages did not reveal any differential or diagnostic differences that reliably distinguish a. epiroticus from a. sundaicus s.s. informatio ... | 2005 | 16048681 |
| bionomics of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria endemic region of sungai nyamuk village, sebatik island - north kalimantan, indonesia. | the bionomics of anopheles was investigated in coastal sungai nyamuk village, nunukan district, north kalimantan province from august 2010 to january 2012. mosquitoes were captured using human landing collections. a total of 5103 anopheles mosquitoes comprising 11 species were caught and 2259 adult parous females were tested by elisa for plasmodium antigen. anopheles vagus, an. sundaicus and an. subpictus were the most abundant species caught. overall, anopheles vagus were zoophilic and exophagi ... | 2017 | 28315305 |
| detection of immunogenic proteins from anopheles sundaicus salivary glands in the human serum. | the saliva of mosquitoes has an important role in the transmission of several diseases, including malaria, and contains substances with vasomodulating and immunomodulating effects to counteract the host physiological mechanisms and enhance pathogen transmission. as immunomodulatory components, salivary gland proteins can induce the generation of specific igg antibodies in the host, which can be used as specific biomarkers of exposure to anopheles sundaicus . the objective of this study was to id ... | 2015 | 26312930 |
| polymerase chain reaction identification of three members of the anopheles sundaicus (diptera: culicidae) complex, malaria vectors in southeast asia. | anopheles sundaicus s.l., a major malaria vector taxon, occurs primarily along coastal areas and on islands in southeast asia. our previous studies using cytochrome oxidase i, cytochrome-b, and internal transcribed spacer 2 markers discriminated three allopatric species: an. sundaicus s.s. in northern borneo, an. epiroticus in southeast asia, and an. sundaicus e on sumatra and java, indonesia. morphological comparisons of three developmental stages did not reveal unique diagnostic characters tha ... | 2007 | 17915501 |
| speciation and phylogeography of the southeast asian anopheles sundaicus complex. | anopheles sundaicus s.l. is a malaria vector in coastal areas of southeast asia. previous studies showed at least four distinct species within the complex. the present study investigated the phylogeography and the status of a. sundaicus s.l. populations from cambodia, thailand, malaysia and indonesia with regard to a. sundaicus s.s. from sarawak, malaysian borneo and a. epiroticus in vietnam and thailand. three lineages recovered by analyses of cyt-b and coi (mtdna) confirmed the presence of a. ... | 2007 | 17350896 |
| bionomics and systematics of the oriental anopheles sundaicus complex in relation to malaria transmission and vector control. | the taxonomic history, distribution, bionomics, systematics, and vector control strategies for the anopheles sundaicus complex are reviewed in relation to malaria epidemiology. the lack of data on the bionomics, insecticide resistance, and vector capacity, as well as the general lack of surveillance and monitoring of potential vector populations, make the development of targeted control measures problematic. it will be necessary to elucidate, characterize and identify all members of the complex ... | 2004 | 15516652 |
| molecular evidence of speciation between island and continental populations of anopheles (cellia) sundaicus (diptera: culicidae), a principal malaria vector taxon in southeast asia. | anopheles sundaicus s.l. is a principal malaria vector taxon on islands and along the coastal areas of southeast asia. it has a wide geographical distribution and exhibits a high level of ecological and behavioral variability. study of this taxon is crucial for understanding its biology and implementing effectise vector control measures. we compared populations of an. sundaicus from vietnam, thailand, and malaysian borneo by using two mitochondrial dna markers: cytochrome oxidase i and cytochrom ... | 2004 | 15185927 |
| genetic analysis of a larval color mutant, yellow larva, in anopheles sundaicus. | one larval body color mutant, yellow larva (yl), was isolated from a newly established cyclic colony of anopheles sundaicus. the inheritance pattern revealed that yellow larva was an autosomal recessive mutant. | 1997 | 9249662 |