| dna probes for species identification of mosquitoes in the anopheles gambiae complex. | identification of species within the anopheles gambiae giles species complex is essential for the correct evaluation of malaria vector ecology studies and control programmes. the development of dna probes to distinguish species of the an.gambiae complex is described. genomic libraries were prepared for four members of the an.gambiae complex. these were screened using radiolabelled dna from different species of an.gambiae sensu lato and a number of clones selected on the basis of their species sp ... | 1987 | 2979526 |
| [behavior during biting and at rest of anopheles melas and its chromosomal variants]. | | 1986 | 3752799 |
| the height and direction of non-host oriented flight, and the age, of anopheles melas in relation to wind direction in the gambia, west africa. | | 1970 | 5530325 |
| an observation on the effect of vegetation on the flight pattern of anopheles melas and aedes chamboni in the the gambia, west africa. | | 1970 | 5530326 |
| oviposition by anopheles melas and its effect on egg survival during the dry season in the gambia, west africa. | | 1965 | 5836875 |
| field estimates of the flight speed of some west african mosquitoes. | there was a relationship between wind speed and catches of anopheles melas and culex thalassius which attempted to bite man at ground level and at 4 and 8 m on an open scaffolding tower, in cleared bush in the gambia. it was expected that in winds which exceeded their flight speed, no mosquitoes would be able to approach and attack men on the tower. catches of mosquitoes fell off sharply in winds of 120 cm/s, which may approximate to their flight speed, although some insects were still captured ... | 1980 | 6108094 |
| the attractiveness of some birds and mammals for mosquitoes in the gambia, west africa. | in separate experiments in a savanna area of the gambia, mosquitoes attacking chickens, pigeons, ducks, goats, a man and a calf were compared in baited traps. anopheles melas and culex thalassius were common at all baits, but an. melas predominated only in the catches from mammals, where it formed 60-75% of the total catch. aedes spp., mainly ae. albocephalus and ae. punctothoracis, and c. tritaeniorhynchus were a significant component in the mammal-baited catches but were poorly represented at ... | 1983 | 6140903 |
| contribution to the knowledge of anopheles melas and an. gambiae in west africa. | | 1983 | 6615048 |
| anopheles gambiae and a. melas at brefet, the gambia, and their role in malaria transmission. | anopheles melas and a. gambiae were studied at the village of brefet, the gambia. the population density of a. gambiae varied according to the rainfall. however, this was not so with a. melas, the highest densities of which occurred after the cessation of the rains. the sporozoite rate averaged 3.5% in a. gambiae but only 0.35% in a. melas. possible causes of these differences are discussed. | 1983 | 6882050 |
| value of cuticular and internal hydrocarbons for the identification of larvae of anopheles gambiae giles, anopheles arabiensis patton and anopheles melas theobald. | gas chromatographic profiles of the cuticular and internal lipids extracted from 4th-instar larvae of the anopheles gambiae complex have shown quantitative differences in their chain length distributions. for example, hydrocarbons extracted with 95% ethanol showed relative differences in peak heights eluting at kovat indices (ki's) 2840 (an. gambiae 1.21, an. arabiensis 1.39 and an. melas 1.14) and 3150 (an. gambiae 6.73, an. arabiensis 13.40 and an. melas 13.50). however, while using the non-hy ... | 1983 | 6882067 |
| [the utilization of molecular biological tools in the study of malaria transmission: example of programs conducted in senegal]. | some informations about malaria transmission, which has until nox difficult to get, can be obtained thanks to the use of molecular biology tools, pcr mainly. in senegal, we use that technique to solve two kinds of problems: -identification of species of the anopheles gambiae complex: pcr technique is useful compared to other diagnostic methods (chromosome pattern, dna probes, etc.) because it enables quickly and simply identification of captured anopheles from the dna contained in their legs. th ... | 1995 | 8649267 |
| anopheles gambiae complex (diptera:culicidae) near bissau city, guinea bissau, west africa. | cytogenetic studies on mosquitoes collected inside bednets near bissau city confirmed the presence of anopheles melas theobald and an. gambiae giles sensu stricto, the latter species prevailing in rainy season samples (approximately 80% in average) and the former in dry season samples (> 90%). seasonal and ecogeographical variations in the frequency of species and chromosomal inversions were analyzed. the analysis of an. gambiae sensu stricto confirmed the existence of the bissau chromosomal for ... | 1996 | 8961643 |
| [infectivity of anopheles melas vis-a-vis plasmodium falciparum in the coastal lagoon area of benin]. | in this article an. melas infestation rate for p. falciparum is compared to the rate of an. gambiae in the coastal and lagoon area of benin where the two species are sympatric. we studied the variation of an. gambiae complex infestation rate in three zones where the two species occur in different proportions. this infestation rate is higher in areas where an. gambiae is prevalent. in a second experiment we separated an. melas and an. gambiae according to cytogenetic and biometrical analysis. the ... | 1999 | 10214525 |
| a description and morphometric comparison of eggs of species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | eggs of the 6 named species of the anopheles gambiae complex are described from scanning electron micrographs of specimens obtained from laboratory colonies or wild-caught females. morphometric measurements of eggs from 5 sources of anopheles arabiensis, 2 of anopheles gambiae, one of anopheles quadriannulatus, 2 of anopheles bwambae, 2 of anopheles merus, and one of anopheles melas are compared, and relationships are analyzed by multivariate statistics. no morphologic characters were species-di ... | 1999 | 10412112 |
| earth observation, geographic information systems and plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa. | this review highlights the progress and current status of remote sensing (rs) and geographical information systems (gis) as currently applied to the problem of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa (ssa). the burden of p. falciparum malaria in ssa is first summarized and then contrasted with the paucity of accurate and recent information on the nature and extent of the disease. this provides perspective on both the global importance of the pathogen and the potential for contributio ... | 2000 | 10997207 |
| when genetic distance matters: measuring genetic differentiation at microsatellite loci in whole-genome scans of recent and incipient mosquito species. | genetic distance measurements are an important tool to differentiate field populations of disease vectors such as the mosquito vectors of malaria. here, we have measured the genetic differentiation between anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae, as well as between proposed emerging species of the latter taxon, in whole genome scans by using 23-25 microsatellite loci. in doing so, we have reviewed and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of standard parameters of genetic distance, f(st) ... | 2001 | 11553812 |
| effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission in the gambia. | the effect of zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission has not been studied on the african continent despite that the world health organization has recommended this intervention method since 1982. the effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria vector abundance, mosquito feeding preferences, and infectivity was studied in an area of moderate seasonal transmission in the gambia. a paired cohort of 204 children <7 yr of age was selected and matched in groups for presence or absence of cattle (bos ta ... | 2001 | 11761380 |
| dynamics of the malaria-vector populations in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria. | an entomological study was carried out in coastal lagos, south-western nigeria, to explore the role of anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. moucheti in the transmission of plasmodium falciparum in this holo-endemic area. mosquitoes were caught, on human bait at night and by pyrethrum-spray catches during the day, twice a month throughout 2000. of the 1812 anopheles mosquitoes collected, an. gambiae s.l., the predominant vector species, represented 78.7% while the other 21.3% were an. moucheti. the res ... | 2002 | 11989536 |
| malaria vectors in bioko island (equatorial guinea): pcr determination of the members of anopheles gambiae giles complex (diptera: culicidae) and pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in an. gambiae sensu stricto. | anopheles gambiae sensu lato giles, 1902 and anophelesfunestus giles, 1900 are the main malaria vectors on the island of bioko (equatorial guinea). this study was carried out to determine: a) members of the an. gambiae complex that may be present on the island of bioko and, b) the sensitivity of an. gambiae sensu stricto to pyrethroids. the analysis by pcr detected the presence of an. gambiae s.s. as the major vector of the complex and the "forest chromosomal form" was demonstrated by cytogeneti ... | 2002 | 12125862 |
| [role of anopheles melas theobald (1903) on malaria transmission in a mangrove swamp in saloum (senegal)]. | from june 1995 to january 1998, entomological studies carried out in five villages located in the delta's saloum have allowed to better understand the contribution of an. melas theobald (1903) to malaria transmission in mangrove swamp. among the five villages studied, three of them (simal, djilor and marlothie) located along the saloum river, are colonised by an. arabiensis; the two others (djifere and diakhanor) located between the sea and the river, are colonised by an. melas. during the rainy ... | 2002 | 12375367 |
| localized breeding of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae) along the river gambia, west africa. | a study was undertaken to identify the major larval habitats of the anopheles gambiae (giles) complex in rural gambia. mosquito larvae and pupae were sampled along transects and in specific habitats in the central region of the country during the rainy seasons of 1996 and 1997. the sampling showed that the major breeding sites were located on the flooded alluvial soils bordering the river. the largest numbers of larvae were found during september, one month after the peak rains. polymerase chain ... | 2003 | 12908913 |
| egg hatching, larval movement and larval survival of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae in desiccating habitats. | although the effects of rainfall on the population dynamics of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae have been studied in great detail, the effects of dry periods on its survival remain less clear. | 2003 | 12919636 |
| semipermeable species boundaries between anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis: evidence from multilocus dna sequence variation. | attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. in particular, an. gambiae, the primary african malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either anopheles arabiensis or anopheles merus. the recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as t ... | 2003 | 12947038 |
| anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles melas theobald in a coastal area of liberia, west africa. | | 1955 | 13281920 |
| comparative susceptibility of anopheles gambiae theo. and anopheles melas giles to infection by plasmodium falciparum in liberia, west africa. | | 1960 | 13689020 |
| preliminary experiments on the hybridization of anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles melas theobald. | | 1962 | 14016989 |
| tides, salinity and the breeding of anopheles melas (theobald, 1903) during the dry season in the gambia. | | 1964 | 14318979 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in africa. | many attempts have been made to quantify africa's malaria burden but none has addressed how urbanization will affect disease transmission and outcome, and therefore mortality and morbidity estimates. in 2003, 39% of africa's 850 million people lived in urban settings; by 2030, 54% of africans are expected to do so. we present the results of a series of entomological, parasitological and behavioural meta-analyses of studies that have investigated the effect of urbanization on malaria in africa. w ... | 2005 | 15608702 |
| chromosome speciation: humans, drosophila, and mosquitoes. | chromosome rearrangements (such as inversions, fusions, and fissions) may play significant roles in the speciation between parapatric (contiguous) or partly sympatric (geographically overlapping) populations. according to the "hybrid-dysfunction" model, speciation occurs because hybrids with heterozygous chromosome rearrangements produce dysfunctional gametes and thus have low reproductive fitness. natural selection will, therefore, promote mutations that reduce the probability of intercrossing ... | 2005 | 15851677 |
| malaria vectors in angola: distribution of species and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae complex, their pyrethroid insecticide knockdown resistance (kdr) status and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates. | malaria is by far the greatest cause of morbidity and mortality in angola, being responsible for 50% of all outpatient attendance and around 22% of all hospital deaths, yet by 2003 only 2% of under-5s used insecticide-treated nets. entomological studies are an essential foundation for rational malaria control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, but there have been no published studies of malaria vectors in angola over the 27 years of the civil war, to its end in 2002. th ... | 2006 | 16420701 |
| species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | we studied the geographical distribution of species, chromosomal, and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) complex in 23 sites in cameroon, central africa. almost all the specimens collected in the four northern-most arid sites were anopheles arabiensis. anopheles melas was found in a rural locality surrounded by mangrove swamps, on the atlantic coast. in total, 1,525 an. gambiae s.s. females were identified down to their molecular form, and inversion polymorphisms ... | 2005 | 16465741 |
| spatial variability in the density, distribution and vectorial capacity of anopheline species in a high transmission village (equatorial guinea). | malaria transmission varies from one country to another and there are also local differences in time and space. an important variable when explaining the variability in transmission is the breeding behaviour of the different vector species and the availability of breeding sites. the aim of this study was to determine the geographical variability of certain entomological parameters: human biting rate (hbr), sporozoitic index (si) for plasmodium falciparum and entomological inoculation rate (eir). | 2006 | 16556321 |
| breakpoint structure reveals the unique origin of an interspecific chromosomal inversion (2la) in the anopheles gambiae complex. | paracentric chromosomal inversions are major architects of organismal evolution and have been associated with adaptations relevant to malaria transmission in anopheline mosquitoes. the processes responsible for their origin and maintenance, still poorly understood, can be illuminated by analysis of inversion breakpoint sequences. here, we report the breakpoint structure of chromosomal inversion 2la from the principal malaria vector anopheles gambiae and its relatives in the a. gambiae complex. t ... | 2006 | 16606844 |
| rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) iv: epidemiology of urban malaria in cotonou (benin). | an estimated 40 % of the population in benin lives in urban areas. the purpose of the study was to estimate malaria endemicity and the fraction of malaria-attributable fevers in health facilities in cotonou. | 2006 | 16749927 |
| malaria vectors and transmission dynamics in coastal south-western cameroon. | malaria is a major public health problem in cameroon. unlike in the southern forested areas where the epidemiology of malaria has been better studied prior to the implementation of control activities, little is known about the distribution and role of anophelines in malaria transmission in the coastal areas. | 2007 | 17233883 |
| identification of field caught anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis by taqman single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. | identification of anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis from field-collected anopheles gambiae s.l. is often necessary in basic and applied research, and in operational control programmes. the currently accepted method involves use of standard polymerase chain reaction amplification of ribosomal dna (rdna) from the 3' 28s to 5' intergenic spacer region of the genome, and visual confirmation of amplicons of predicted size on agarose gels, after electrophoresis. this report describes dev ... | 2007 | 17326831 |
| malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of bioko, equatorial guinea. | a comprehensive malaria control intervention was initiated in february 2004 on bioko island, equatorial guinea. this manuscript reports on the continuous entomological monitoring of the indoor residual spray (irs) programme during the first two years of its implementation. | 2007 | 17474975 |
| microbial larvicides for malaria control in the gambia. | mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (ivm) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in the gambia. | 2007 | 17555570 |
| detection of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in anopheles gambiae: a comparison of two new high-throughput assays with existing methods. | knockdown resistance (kdr) is a well-characterized mechanism of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in many insect species and is caused by point mutations of the pyrethroid target site the para-type sodium channel. the presence of kdr mutations in anopheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in africa, has been monitored using a variety of molecular techniques. however, there are few reports comparing the performance of these different assays. in this study, two new high-throughput as ... | 2007 | 17697325 |
| malaria in africa: vector species' niche models and relative risk maps. | a central theoretical goal of epidemiology is the construction of spatial models of disease prevalence and risk, including maps for the potential spread of infectious disease. we provide three continent-wide maps representing the relative risk of malaria in africa based on ecological niche models of vector species and risk analysis at a spatial resolution of 1 arc-minute (9 185 275 cells of approximately 4 sq km). using a maximum entropy method we construct niche models for 10 malaria vector spe ... | 2007 | 17786196 |
| identification of the main malaria vectors in the anopheles gambiae species complex using a taqman real-time pcr assay. | the anopheles gambiae sensu lato species complex comprises seven sibling species of mosquitoes that are morphologically indistinguishable. rapid identification of the two main species which vector malaria, anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae sensu stricto, from the non-vector species anopheles quadriannulatus is often required as part of vector control programmes. currently the most widely used method for species identification is a multiplex pcr protocol that targets species specific differenc ... | 2007 | 18034887 |
| adding artesunate to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine greatly improves the treatment efficacy in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria on the coast of benin, west africa. | benin has recently shifted its national antimalarial drug policy from monotherapies to combinations containing artemisinin derivatives. when this decision was taken, the available information on alternatives to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, the first- and second-line treatment, was sparse. | 2007 | 18154655 |
| risk factors for house-entry by malaria vectors in a rural town and satellite villages in the gambia. | in the pre-intervention year of a randomized controlled trial investigating the protective effects of house screening against malaria-transmitting vectors, a multi-factorial risk factor analysis study was used to identify factors that influence mosquito house entry. | 2008 | 18179686 |
| distribution and chromosomal characterization of the anopheles gambiae complex in angola. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex (n = 1,336) were sampled (2001-2005) across angola to identify taxa, study inversion polymorphisms, and detect the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falciparum. anopheles gambiae s.s. was found in all sites; it was characterized as m-form in localities of the tropical dry and semi-desertic belts, whereas the s-form was predominant in comparatively more humid and less anthropized sites. both forms were characterized by low degrees of chromosomal po ... | 2008 | 18187801 |
| the molecular evolution of four anti-malarial immune genes in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | if the insect innate immune system is to be used as a potential blocking step in transmission of malaria, then it will require targeting one or a few genes with highest relevance and ease of manipulation. the problem is to identify and manipulate those of most importance to malaria infection without the risk of decreasing the mosquito's ability to stave off infections by microbes in general. molecular evolution methodologies and concepts can help identify such genes. within the setting of a comp ... | 2008 | 18325105 |
| transmission blocking immunity in the malaria non-vector mosquito anopheles quadriannulatus species a. | despite being phylogenetically very close to anopheles gambiae, the major mosquito vector of human malaria in africa, anopheles quadriannulatus is thought to be a non-vector. understanding the difference between vector and non-vector mosquitoes can facilitate development of novel malaria control strategies. we demonstrate that an. quadriannulatus is largely resistant to infections by the human parasite plasmodium falciparum, as well as by the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei. by using genetics ... | 2008 | 18497855 |
| the molecular forms of anopheles gambiae: a phenotypic perspective. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is undergoing speciation, being split into the m and s molecular forms. speciation is the main process promoting biological diversity, thus, new vector species might complicate disease transmission. genetic differentiation between the molecular forms has been extensively studied, but phenotypic differences between them, the evolutionary forces that generated divergence, and the mechanisms that maintain their genetic isolation have only recently been ... | 2008 | 18640289 |
| dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in the gambia. | malaria in the gambia is highly seasonal, with transmission occurring as anopheles gambiae s.l. populations expand during and immediately after a single annual rainy season that lasts from june to october. there has been very limited investigation of the ecology of vectors during the dry season, when numbers are very limited and distributions may be restricted. | 2008 | 18710559 |
| insertion polymorphisms of sine200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of anopheles gambiae molecular forms. | sines (short interspersed elements) are homoplasy-free and co-dominant genetic markers which are considered to represent useful tools for population genetic studies, and could help clarifying the speciation processes ongoing within the major malaria vector in africa, anopheles gambiae s.s. here, we report the results of the analysis of the insertion polymorphism of a nearly 200 bp-long sine (sine200) within genome areas of high differentiation (i.e. "speciation islands") of m and s a. gambiae mo ... | 2008 | 18724871 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| anopheles gambiae complex along the gambia river, with particular reference to the molecular forms of an. gambiae s.s. | the geographic and temporal distribution of m and s molecular forms of the major afrotropical malaria vector species anopheles gambiae s.s. at the western extreme of their range of distribution has never been investigated in detail. | 2008 | 18803885 |
| a pre-intervention study of malaria vector abundance in rio muni, equatorial guinea: their role in malaria transmission and the incidence of insecticide resistance alleles. | following the success of the malaria control intervention on the island of bioko, malaria control by the use of indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llitn) was extended to rio muni, on the mainland part of equatorial guinea. this manuscript reports on the malaria vectors present and the incidence of insecticide resistant alleles prior to the onset of the programme. | 2008 | 18823554 |
| studies on anopheles gambiae and anopheles melas in and around lagos. | | 1948 | 18907555 |
| the multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-saharan africa. | plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in africa. it is transmitted by a range of anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of disease varies greatly across the continent. the "entomological inoculation rate" is the commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission, yet the methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take the ecological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences across popula ... | 2009 | 19166589 |
| anopheles pseudowillmori is the predominant malaria vector in motuo county, tibet autonomous region. | malaria is endemic in linzhi prefecture in the tibet autonomous region (tar), but the vector for malaria transmission had never been identified. | 2009 | 19291287 |
| identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in the gambia. | ideally larval control activities should be targeted at sites that generate the most adult vectors, thereby reducing operational costs. despite the plethora of potential mosquito breeding sites found in the floodplains of the gambia river, about 150 km from its mouth, during the rainy season, only a small proportion are colonized by anophelines on any day. this study aimed to determine the characteristics of larval habitats most frequently and most densely populated by anopheline larvae and to e ... | 2009 | 19361337 |
| development of vegetable farming: a cause of the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae in urban areas of benin. | a fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the republic of benin. this study aims to assess the rapid expansion of urban agriculture especially, its contribution to the emergence of insecticide resistance in populations of anopheles gambiae. | 2009 | 19442297 |
| the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6: an anopheline-specific protein with a blood-feeding role. | the anopheles gambiae salivary gland protein 6 (gsg6) is a small protein specifically found in the salivary glands of adult female mosquitoes. we report here the expression of a recombinant form of the protein and we show that in vivo gsg6 is expressed in distal-lateral lobes and is secreted with the saliva while the female mosquito probes for feeding. injection of gsg6 dsrna into adult a. gambiae females results in decreased gsg6 protein levels, increased probing time and reduced blood feeding ... | 2009 | 19442731 |
| marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. | in malaria-endemic countries in africa, a large proportion of child deaths are directly or indirectly attributable to infection with plasmodium falciparum. four years after high coverage, multiple malaria control interventions were introduced on bioko island, equatorial guinea, changes in infection with malarial parasites, anemia, and fever history in children were estimated and assessed in relation to changes in all-cause under-5 mortality. there were reductions in prevalence of infection (odds ... | 2009 | 19478243 |
| inferring selection in the anopheles gambiae species complex: an example from immune-related serine protease inhibitors. | mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae species complex are the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. many host genes have been shown to affect plasmodium development in the mosquito, and so are expected to engage in an evolutionary arms race with the pathogen. however, there is little conclusive evidence that any of these mosquito genes evolve rapidly, or show other signatures of adaptive evolution. | 2009 | 19497100 |
| t-cell epitope polymorphisms of the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein among field isolates from sierra leone: age-dependent haplotype distribution? | in the context of the development of a successful malaria vaccine, understanding the polymorphisms exhibited by malaria antigens in natural parasite populations is crucial for proper vaccine design. recent observations have indicated that sequence polymorphisms in the c-terminal t-cell epitopes of the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (pfcsp) are rather low and apparently stable in low endemic areas. this study sought to assess the pattern in a malaria endemic setting in africa, usi ... | 2009 | 19500348 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| agriculture and the promotion of insect pests: rice cultivation in river floodplains and malaria vectors in the gambia. | anthropogenic modification of natural habitats can create conditions in which pest species associated with humans can thrive. in order to mitigate for these changes, it is necessary to determine which aspects of human management are associated with the promotion of those pests. anopheles gambiae, the main africa malaria vector, often breeds in rice fields. here the impact of the ancient practice of 'swamp rice' cultivation, on the floodplains of the gambia river, on the production of anopheline ... | 2009 | 19635125 |
| implementation of a novel pcr based method for detecting malaria parasites from naturally infected mosquitoes in papua new guinea. | detection of plasmodium species in mosquitoes is important for designing vector control studies. however, most of the pcr-based detection methods show some potential limitations. the objective of this study was to introduce an effective pcr-based method for detecting plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum from the field-caught mosquitoes of papua new guinea. | 2009 | 19646275 |
| status of insecticide susceptibility in anopheles gambiae s.l. from malaria surveillance sites in the gambia. | vector control is an effective way of reducing malaria transmission. the main vector control methods include the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying (irs). both interventions rely on the continuing susceptibility of anopheles to a limited number of insecticides. however, insecticide resistance, in particular pyrethroid-ddt cross-resistance, is a challenge facing malaria vector control in africa because pyrethroids represent the only class of insecticides approved for ... | 2009 | 19656399 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for rapid identification of anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. | the main malaria vectors of sub-saharan africa, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and anopheles arabiensis are morphologically indistinguishable, but often occur in sympatry and differ in feeding preference and vector competence. it is important to assess vector species identity for understanding the vectorial system and establishing appropriate vector control measures. the currently available species diagnosis methods for an. gambiae sensu latu require equipment to which public health practitione ... | 2009 | 19996433 |
| habitat suitability and ecological niche profile of major malaria vectors in cameroon. | suitability of environmental conditions determines a species distribution in space and time. understanding and modelling the ecological niche of mosquito disease vectors can, therefore, be a powerful predictor of the risk of exposure to the pathogens they transmit. in africa, five anophelines are responsible for over 95% of total malaria transmission. however, detailed knowledge of the geographic distribution and ecological requirements of these species is to date still inadequate. | 2009 | 20028559 |
| blood-feeding behavior of anopheles gambiae and anopheles melas in ghana, western africa. | anopheles gambiae is the predominant malaria vector species in ghana, western africa, with a strong local presence of anopheles melas theobald along the southern coast. we studied the biting behavior of these two species of the anopheles gambiae complex inland and at the coast in ghana, with special attention to the local peoples' preference for outdoor sleeping. we collected mosquitoes at two sites in 2007, representing the moist semideciduous forest zone and the strand and mangrove zone, and t ... | 2010 | 20180305 |
| distribution of the main malaria vectors in kenya. | a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main anopheles malaria vectors in kenya should guide national vector control strategies. however, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant anopheles vectors including anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, anopheles funestus, anopheles pharoensis and anopheles nili are lacking. the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in k ... | 2010 | 20202199 |
| insecticide resistance status in anopheles gambiae in southern benin. | the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae has become a serious concern to the future success of malaria control. in benin, the national malaria control programme has recently planned to scaling up long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) for malaria prevention. it is, therefore, crucial to monitor the level and type of insecticide resistance in an. gambiae, particularly in southern benin where reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (itns) ... | 2010 | 20334637 |
| bayesian geostatistical modeling of malaria indicator survey data in angola. | the 2006-2007 angola malaria indicator survey (amis) is the first nationally representative household survey in the country assessing coverage of the key malaria control interventions and measuring malaria-related burden among children under 5 years of age. in this paper, the angolan mis data were analyzed to produce the first smooth map of parasitaemia prevalence based on contemporary nationwide empirical data in the country. bayesian geostatistical models were fitted to assess the effect of in ... | 2010 | 20351775 |
| anopheles culicifacies breeding in brackish waters in sri lanka and implications for malaria control. | anopheles culicifacies is the major vector of both falciparum and vivax malaria in sri lanka, while anopheles subpictus and certain other species function as secondary vectors. in sri lanka, an. culicifacies is present as a species complex consisting of species b and e, while an. subpictus exists as a complex of species a-d. the freshwater breeding habit of an. culicifacies is well established. in order to further characterize the breeding sites of the major malaria vectors in sri lanka, a limit ... | 2010 | 20409313 |
| high-resolution cytogenetic map for the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | cytogenetic and physical maps are indispensible for precise assembly of genome sequences, functional characterization of chromosomal regions, and population genetic and taxonomic studies. we have created a new cytogenetic map for anopheles gambiae by using a high-pressure squash technique that increases overall band clarity. to link chromosomal regions to the genome sequence, we attached genome coordinates, based on 302 markers of bacterial artificial chromosome, cdna clones, and pcr-amplified g ... | 2010 | 20609021 |
| breakpoint structure of the anopheles gambiae 2rb chromosomal inversion. | alternative arrangements of chromosome 2 inversions in anopheles gambiae are important sources of population structure, and are associated with adaptation to environmental heterogeneity. the forces responsible for their origin and maintenance are incompletely understood. molecular characterization of inversion breakpoints provides insight into how they arose, and provides the basis for development of molecular karyotyping methods useful in future studies. | 2010 | 20974007 |
| patterns and seasonality of malaria transmission in the forest-savannah transitional zones of ghana. | knowledge of the local pattern of malaria transmission and the effect of season on transmission is essential for the planning and evaluation of malaria interventions. therefore, entomological surveys were carried out in the forest-savannah transitional belt of ghana (kintampo) from november 2003 to november 2005 in preparation for drug and vaccine trials. | 2010 | 21054895 |
| malaria transmission and insecticide resistance of anopheles gambiae in libreville and port-gentil, gabon. | urban malaria is a major health priority for civilian and militaries populations. a preliminary entomologic study has been conducted in 2006-2007, in the french military camps of the two mains towns of gabon: libreville and port-gentil. the aim was to assess the malaria transmission risk for troops. | 2010 | 21070655 |
| the dominant anopheles vectors of human malaria in africa, europe and the middle east: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. | abstract: | 2010 | 21129198 |
| unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus in macha, zambia. | abstract anopheles coustani s.l. and anopheles squamosus are sub-saharan mosquito species that have been implicated in malaria transmission. although generally believed to be of negligible importance due to their overwhelmingly zoophilic behavior, an. coustani s.l. and an. squamosus made up a large proportion of the anophelines collected by human landing catches during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 rainy seasons in macha, zambia. further, polymerase chain reaction-based blood meal identification s ... | 2010 | 21142969 |
| adaptive divergence between incipient species of anopheles gambiae increases resistance to plasmodium. | the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae is diversifying into ecotypes known as m and s forms. this process is thought to be promoted by adaptation to different larval habitats, but its genetic underpinnings remain elusive. to identify candidate targets of divergent natural selection in m and s, we performed genomewide scanning in paired population samples from mali, followed by resequencing and genotyping from five locations in west, central, and east africa. genome scans revealed a signi ... | 2010 | 21173248 |
| identification of a fibrinogen-related protein (fbn9) gene in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria has a devastating impact on worldwide public health in many tropical areas. studies on vector immunity are important for the overall understanding of the parasite-vector interaction and for the design of novel strategies to control malaria. a member of the fibrinogen-related protein family, fbn9, has been well studied in anopheles gambiae and has been shown to be an important component of the mosquito immune system. however, little is known about this gene in neotropical anopheline speci ... | 2011 | 21288344 |
| comparative analyses reveal discrepancies among results of commonly used methods for anopheles gambiae molecular form identification. | abstract: background: anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms, the major malaria vectors in the afro-tropical region, are ongoing a process of ecological diversification and adaptive lineage splitting, which is affecting malaria transmission and vector control strategies in west africa. these two incipient species are defined on the basis of single nucleotide differences in the igs and its regions of multicopy rdna located on the x-chromosome. a number of pcr and pcr-rflp approaches based on f ... | 2011 | 21810255 |
| outdoor host seeking behaviour of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following initiation of malaria vector control on bioko island, equatorial guinea. | abstract: | 2011 | 21736750 |
| Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. | The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum. | 2011 | 21929746 |
| kdr-based insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s populations in. | abstract: background: the spread of insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae is a serious threat for current vector control strategies which rely on the use of insecticides. two mutations at position 1014 of the s6 transmembrane segment of domain ii in the voltage gated sodium channel, known as kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations leading to a change of a leucine to a phenylalanine (l1014f) or to a serine (l1014s) confer resistance to ddt and pyrethroid insecticides in ... | 2011 | 22035176 |
| Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | 2011 | 22018223 |
| larval ecology of anopheles coluzzii in cape coast, ghana: water quality, nature of habitat and implication for larval control. | there is a growing interest in larval control intervention to supplement existing malaria control strategies, particularly in urban areas. however, effective implementation requires a good understanding of habitat ecology of anopheles mosquitoes. clean water bodies have long been reported by several studies as a preferred breeding habitat for anopheles gambiae. other studies have also reported the breeding of an. gambiae in polluted water bodies. however, the term clean or polluted is mostly bas ... | 2015 | 26558365 |
| global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. | global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ... | 2012 | 22723781 |
| biological differences between brackish and fresh water-derived aedes aegypti from two locations in the jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and the implications for arboviral disease transmission. | the mainly fresh water arboviral vector aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) can also undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water of up to 15 ppt (parts per thousand) salt in coastal areas. we investigated differences in salinity tolerance, egg laying preference, egg hatching and larval development times and resistance to common insecticides in ae. aegypti collected from brackish and fresh water habitats in jaffna, sri lanka. brackish water-derived ae. aegypti were more tolerant of salin ... | 2014 | 25170879 |
| variations in salinity tolerance of malaria vectors of the anopheles subpictus complex in sri lanka and the implications for malaria transmission. | anopheles subpictus sensu lato, a widespread vector of malaria in asia, is reportedly composed of four sibling species a-d based on distinct cytogenetic and morphological characteristics. however an. subpictus species b specimens in sri lanka are termed an. subpictus b/ an. sundaicus because of recent genetic data. differences in salinity tolerance and coastal/inland prevalence of an. subpictus sibling species that were not previously established in sri lanka are presented here. | 2011 | 21702917 |
| barrier screens: a method to sample blood-fed and host-seeking exophilic mosquitoes. | determining the proportion of blood meals on humans by outdoor-feeding and resting mosquitoes is challenging. this is largely due to the difficulty of finding an adequate and unbiased sample of resting, engorged mosquitoes to enable the identification of host blood meal sources. this is particularly difficult in the south-west pacific countries of indonesia, the solomon islands and papua new guinea where thick vegetation constitutes the primary resting sites for the exophilic mosquitoes that are ... | 2013 | 23379959 |
| ecophysiology of anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the sahel. | the dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the sahel. here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. we examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and ... | 2014 | 24933461 |
| diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous. | the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ... | 2015 | 26244561 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| the effects of urbanization on global plasmodium vivax malaria transmission. | many recent studies have examined the impact of urbanization on plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity and found a general trend of reduced transmission in urban areas. however, none has examined the effect of urbanization on plasmodium vivax malaria, which is the most widely distributed malaria species and can also cause severe clinical syndromes in humans. in this study, a set of 10,003 community-based p. vivax parasite rate (pvpr) surveys are used to explore the relationships between pvpr i ... | 2012 | 23217010 |
| entomological monitoring and evaluation: diverse transmission settings of icemr projects will require local and regional malaria elimination strategies. | the unprecedented global efforts for malaria elimination in the past decade have resulted in altered vectorial systems, vector behaviors, and bionomics. these changes combined with increasingly evident heterogeneities in malaria transmission require innovative vector control strategies in addition to the established practices of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. integrated vector management will require focal and tailored vector control to achieve malaria elimination. ... | 2015 | 26259942 |
| applications and limitations of centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps for measuring biting densities of african malaria vector populations: a pooled-analysis of 13 comparisons with human landing catches. | measurement of densities of host-seeking malaria vectors is important for estimating levels of disease transmission, for appropriately allocating interventions, and for quantifying their impact. the gold standard for estimating mosquito-human contact rates is the human landing catch (hlc), where human volunteers catch mosquitoes that land on their exposed body parts. this approach necessitates exposure to potentially infectious mosquitoes, and is very labour intensive. there are several safer an ... | 2015 | 26082036 |
| increasing outdoor host-seeking in anopheles gambiae over 6 years of vector control on bioko island. | vector control through indoor residual spraying (irs) has been employed on bioko island, equatorial guinea, under the bioko island malaria control project (bimcp) since 2004. this study analyses the change in mosquito abundance, species composition and outdoor host-seeking proportions from 2009 to 2014, after 11 years of vector control on bioko island. | 2016 | 27113244 |
| the vector population monitoring tool (vpmt): high-throughput dna-based diagnostics for the monitoring of mosquito vector populations. | regular monitoring of mosquito vector populations is an integral component of most vector control programmes. contemporary data on mosquito species composition, infection status, and resistance to insecticides are a prerequisite for effective intervention. for this purpose we, with funding from the innovative vector control consortium (ivcc), have developed a suite of high-throughput assays based on a single "closed-tube" platform that collectively comprise the "vector population monitoring tool ... | 2010 | 22347668 |
| malaria in mauritania: retrospective and prospective overview. | malaria has become a major public health problem in mauritania since the 1990s, with an average of 181,000 cases per year and 2,233,066 persons at risk during 1995-2012. this paper provides the first publicly available overview of malaria incidence and distribution in mauritania. information on the burden and malaria species distribution is critical for guiding national efforts in malaria control. as the incidence of malaria changes over time, regular updates of epidemiological data are necessar ... | 2015 | 25880759 |