| mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle. | a new lanostanoid ester glucoside, 3 alpha-acetoxy-5 alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-glucoside (1), and a known steroid, 2 beta,3 alpha,9 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-ergosta-7,22-diene (2), were isolated from the fruit bodies of ganoderma tsugae and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. to study the cytotoxicity of 1 and 2, the changes of dna content in human hepatocytes (hep 3b) were studied. a sub-g1 cell stage was drastically increased after 24-h incubation with ... | 1998 | 9584403 |
| characterization of a polysaccharide-protein complex from ganoderma tsugae mycelium by size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering. | a water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex (gm3) extracted from the mycelium of ganoderma tsugae was characterized using size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (sec-lls). two peaks coded as fractions i and ii appeared in the sec pattern of gm3 in 0.5 m nacl aqueous solution, corresponding to the weight-average molecular mass (m(w)) of 355 x 10(4) and 6.3 x 10(4), respectively. the relationship between the radius of gyration (<s(2)>(z)(1/2)) and m(w) showed that mo ... | 2003 | 12834980 |
| effects of triterpenoid-rich extracts of ganoderma tsugae on airway hyperreactivity and th2 responses in vivo. | airway inflammation and th2 responses play central roles in allergic asthma. we have previously reported that ganoderma tsugae supplementation could attenuate airway inflammation in the murine model. since it remains unclear which part of the g. tsugae exerts this effect on allergic asthma in vivo, this study was meant to investigate if triterpenoid extracts have anti-inflammatory effects on airway responses and regulatory effects on th2 responses. | 2007 | 17191006 |
| antitumor active protein-containing glycans from the chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi, ganoderma tsugae mycelium. | a water-soluble polysaccharide, fi, extracted from the mycelium of granoderma tsugae, was fractionated and purified by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. sixteen polysaccharides obtained were examined for antitumor effects on sarcoma 180 in mice. the three active polysaccharides obtained were as follows: fio-a: a glycan-protein complex containing 9.3% protein, and having a hetero-glyco-chain of mannose and xylose. fio-b-alpha: molecular weight 10,000, gluca ... | 1994 | 7765245 |
| antitumor active polysaccharides from the chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of ganoderma tsugae. | a systematic method of extraction, fractionation, and purification of polysaccharides from songshan lingzhi (ganoderma tsugae) with antitumor activity was established. seven glycans with strong antitumor activities were obtained from 14 water-soluble, and 15 water-insoluble fractions: fio-a, fa-1, fii-1, fiii-2, and fiii-2-a, -b, and -c. fio-a and fa-1 were protein-containing glucogalactans associated with mannose and fucose. fii-1 was a (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan having a lower protein content. the ... | 1993 | 7763875 |
| ganoderma tsugae mycelium enhances splenic natural killer cell activity and serum interferon production in mice. | effects of the water-soluble extract of ganoderma tsugae mycelium (gt), its alcohol-insoluble subfraction (gti), and its alcohol-soluble subfraction (gts) on splenic natural killer (nk) cell activity and serum interferon (ifn) production were assessed in mice. intraperitoneal administration of gt (4-200 mg/kg) or gti (1-50 mg/kg), but not gts, augmented the nk cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner in c3h/hen mice. this augmentation of splenic nk cytolytic activity was not mouse-strain-de ... | 1992 | 1279250 |
| antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms. | three species of medicinal mushrooms are commercially available in taiwan, namely, ganoderma lucidum (ling-chih), ganoderma tsugae (sung-shan-ling-chih), and coriolus versicolor (yun-chih). methanolic extracts were prepared from these medicinal mushrooms and their antioxidant properties studied. at 0.6 mg/ml, g. lucidum, g. lucidum antler, and g. tsugae showed an excellent antioxidant activity (2.30-6.41% of lipid peroxidation), whereas c. versicolor showed only 58.56%. at 4 mg/ml, reducing powe ... | 2002 | 12358482 |
| effects of polysaccharides (fi0-c) from mycelium of ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by thp-1 cells and human pbmc (ii). | to study the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides. fi0-c, and its sulfated derivative, fi0-c-s, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (il-1 alpha) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha). | 2000 | 11603298 |
| effects of polysaccharides (fi0-b) from mycelium of ganoderma tsugae on proinflammatory cytokine production by thp-1 cells and human pbmc (i). | to compare the effects of water-soluble polysaccharides, fi0-b, and its formic acid-modified derivative, fi0-b-h, on production of human proinflammatory cytokines. | 2000 | 11603297 |
| prevention of autoantibody formation and prolonged survival in new zealand black/new zealand white f1 mice with an ancient chinese herb, ganoderma tsugae. | for centuries, chinese medicine has regarded ganoderma, a fungus (myceteae, amastigomycota, busidomycetes, aphyllophorales, polyporaceae, ganoderma) also known as 'ling zhi' in mandarin, as a premium remedy for many diseases. until now, no convincing data regarding its therapeutic effects in vivo on autoimmune diseases have been demonstrated. in this study, a controlled protocol was conducted in which new zealand black/white f1 mice were fed standard chow with prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) or gan ... | 2001 | 11480842 |
| cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of sacchachitin and its mechanism of action on skin wound healing. | sacchachitin membrane, a weavable skin substitute made from the residual fruiting body of ganoderma tsugae, has been demonstrated to promote skin wound healing. prior to its clinical application, it is critical to learn more about any possible cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, or allergy response, and at least some of its mechanism(s) of action(s). in the present studies, it has been found that sacchachitin suspension at less than 0.05% shows no cytotoxicity to the primary culture of rat fibroblasts ... | 2001 | 11309795 |
| new lanostanoids of ganoderma tsugae. | three new compounds, (24r, s)-3alpha-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5alpha-lanosta-8,25-di en-21-oic acid, named tsugaric acid c (1); 3alpha-acetoxy-5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-o-beta-d-xyloside, named tsugarioside b (2); and 3alpha-acetoxy-(z)-24-methyl-5alpha-lanosta-8,23,25-tr ien-21-oic acid ester beta-d-xyloside, named tsugarioside c (3), and a mixture of two known steroids were isolated from the fruit bodies of ganoderma tsugae. the structures of 1-3 were determined by spectral and chemical methods. ... | 2000 | 10785428 |
| development of fungal mycelia as skin substitutes: effects on wound healing and fibroblast. | in this study, sacchachitin membrane, prepared from the residue of the fruiting body of ganoderma tsugae, was estimated for its effects on wound healing and the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells. two mirror-image wounds were made on the back of female guinea pigs by dissecting a 1.5 x 1.5 cm2 skin surface of full thickness. sacchachitin membrane was placed randomly on one of the wounds and gauze or beschitin on the other. changes in the wound area were measured and photographed aft ... | 1999 | 9916772 |
| fungal mycelia as the source of chitin and polysaccharides and their applications as skin substitutes. | a wovenable skin substitute (sacchachitin) made from the residue of the fruiting body of ganoderma tsugae was developed in this study. chemical analysis revealed that the treated residue was a copolymer of beta-1,3-glucan (ca 60%) and n-acetylglucosamine (ca 40%) with a filamental structure of mycelia form, as demonstrated by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. the pulp-like white residue was then woven into thin, porous sheets 7.0 cm in diameter and 0.1-0.2 mm in thickness by filtrat ... | 1997 | 9259514 |
| isolating a cytoprotective compound from ganoderma tsugae: effects on induction of nrf-2-related genes in endothelial cells. | ganoderma tsugae is a medicinal fungus with several biological activities. it has long been used as a folk remedy for the promotion of health and longevity in china and other oriental countries. here, a bioactive fraction of g. tsugae was progressively purified to be enriched in the activity of cytoprotective enzymes. the highest bioactivity was detected in the 20% etoh-precipitated fraction, which was prepared from submerged fermentation filtrate of g. tsugae. following further purification by ... | 2009 | 19661698 |
| ganoderma tsugae extract inhibits expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells: in vitro and in vivo. | we examined the anti-angiogenic effects of ganoderma tsugae methanol extract (gtme) on human epidermoid carcinoma a-431 cells. our data indicate that gtme inhibits the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) in vitro and in vivo, and also inhibits the capillary tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs). we also show that the suppression of vegf expression by gtme can be restored by treatment with egf. these resul ... | 2009 | 19332363 |
| ganoderma tsugae extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via g(2)/m cell cycle arrest. | ganoderma, known as lingzhi or reishi, has been traditionally administered throughout asia for centuries as a cancer treatment and for other medicinal purposes. | 2008 | 18951965 |
| induction of premature senescence in human lung cancer by fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae. | purified recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae (refip-gts) has anti-telomerase effects in human lung adenocarcinoma a549 cells. however, how refip-gts affects cancer cell fates remains unclear. here, we demonstrated that refip-gts-treated lung cancer cells are arrested at g1 phase by flow cytometry and possess morphological phenotype consistent with cellular senescence. the senescent nature of these cells was supported by positive staining for senescence-associated be ... | 2008 | 18329152 |
| human nonmetastatic clone 23 type 1 gene suppresses migration of cervical cancer cells and enhances the migration inhibition of fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae. | the authors investigate the effects of human nonmetastatic clone 23 type 1 (nm23-h1 ) gene and fungal immunomodulatory protein-ganoderma tsugae (fip-gts) on the metastatic potential of cervical cancer cells and assess whether nm23-h1 can influence the action of fip-gts using cell migration and invasion assays and gelatin zymography. the nm23-h1 gene was stably transfected into caski cells, which lacked nm23-h1 expression. the results show that nm23-h1 stably transfected caski cells exhibit reduc ... | 2007 | 17913967 |
| nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase and calcium signaling in repression of telomerase activity in human lung cancer cells by fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae. | recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein, refip-gts, was cloned from ganoderma tsugae and purified. in our previous study, it was shown that refip-gts has anti-telomerase effects in a549 cells. here, we proved that refip-gts entry into the cell and localization in endoplasmic reticulum can result in er stress, thereby increasing er stress markers (chop/gadd153) and intracellular calcium release in a549 cells. the use of calcium chelator restores refip-gts-mediated reduction in telomerase acti ... | 2007 | 17720143 |
| antiinflammatory triterpenoids and steroids from ganoderma lucidum and g. tsugae. | the antiinflammatory properties of triterpenoids and steroids from both ganoderma lucidum and ganoderma tsugae were studied. twelve compounds, including ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-ol (1), ergosta-7,22-dien-3beta-yl palmitate (2), ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one (3), ergosta-7,22-dien-2beta,3alpha,9alpha-triol (4), 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (5), ganoderal a (6), ganoderal b (7), ganoderic aldehyde a (8), tsugaric acid a (9), 3-oxo-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (10), 3alpha-acet ... | 2008 | 17655889 |
| functional expression of fip-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae in sf21 insect cells. | the mushrooms of diverse lingzhi species have been traditionally consumed as luxurious functional food supplements in chinese society. fip-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein found in song-shan lingzhi (ganodera tsugae) has been proposed to possess therapeutic effects on cancer and autoimmune diseases. to produce active fip-gts for evaluation of oral administration, a recombinant fip-gts (rfip-gts) fused with a 6his-tag at its c-terminus was expressed in sf21 insect cells by the baculovirus e ... | 2006 | 17090952 |
| ganoderma tsugae in vivo modulates th1/th2 and macrophage responses in an allergic murine model. | we have reported that ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge model with female balb/c mice. however, the effects of g. tsugae supplementation in vivo on serum antibody levels, splenocyte and peritoneal microphage immune responses have not yet been determined. in this study, serum antibody levels, cytokines and splenocyte chemical mediators and peritoneal macrophage cultures from ovalbumin (ova)-sensitized and -challenged ... | 2006 | 16905232 |
| transcriptionally mediated inhibition of telomerase of fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae in a549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. | telomerase expression is the hallmark of tumor cells, and activation of this ribonucleoprotein complex may be a rate-limiting or critical step in cellular immortalization and oncogenesis. fungal immunomodulatory protein, fip-gts, has been isolated from ganoderma tsugae. in the present study, we expressed and purified the recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein refip-gts in e. coli. we found that refip-gts significantly and selectively inhibits the growth of a549 cancer cells while not affect ... | 2006 | 16402390 |
| ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. | ganoderma tsugae (a chinese mushroom songshan lingzhi) cultivated in taiwan is extensively used in chinese traditional medicine to treat different diseases. to determine whether g. tsugae has anti-inflammatory effects on bronchoalveolar inflammation in vivo, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of g. tsugae products, yk01 and yk07, on bronchoalveolar inflammation using an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. female balb/c mice were weekly sensitized by intraperitoneal injecti ... | 2006 | 16399629 |
| effect of ganoderma tsugae on chronically carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic actions of crude extracts of ganoderma tsugae (gte) on chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) in rats. ccl4 (20%, 0.5 ml/rat) was given twice a week for 8 weeks, and animals received gte through the whole experimental period. gte showed obvious reducing actions on the elevated levels of glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (got) and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (gpt) caused by ccl4 at weeks 3, 6 an ... | 2004 | 15673190 |
| effect of sacchachitin on keratinocyte proliferation and the expressions of type i collagen and tissue-transglutaminase during skin wound healing. | sacchachitin is a skin wound-healing membrane made of residual fruiting body of ganoderma tsugae. its effect on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) expression in actively proliferating cells, type i collagen expression and tissue remodeling in the healing tissue, and the association of tissue-transglutaminase (t-tgase) with wound healing were investigated by immunohistochemical staining. the results demonstrated that pcna expressed in keratinocytes since day 1 in the sacchachitin group and ... | 2004 | 15199592 |
| dimerization of the n-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix domain of the fungal immunomodulatory protein from ganoderma tsugae (fip-gts) defined by a yeast two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis. | a fungal immunomodulatory protein (fip-gts) was purified from ganoderma tsugae. the dna encoding fip-gts was isolated from a cdna library of g. tsugae by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. the complete amino acid sequence of fip-gts, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cdna, was the same as lz-8 isolated from ganodermn lucidum. recombinant fip-gts was expressed as a glutathione s-transferase fusion protein in escherichia coli with a yield of 20 mg/liter of culture. recombin ... | 1997 | 9242675 |
| ganoderma species discrimination by dual-mode chromatographic fingerprinting: a study on stationary phase effects in hydrophilic interaction chromatography and reduction of sample misclassification rate by additional use of reversed-phase chromatography. | acetonitrile-water extracts of several ganoderma species - a mushroom being used in traditional chinese medicine - were analysed by liquid chromatography-uv detection in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (hilic) and reversed-phase (rp) elution modes. a set of six polar stationary phases was used for hilic runs. these columns had remarkably different separation properties under binary gradient conditions as evinced by hierarchical cluster analysis on retention patterns of seven test compound ... | 2010 | 20031144 |
| phylogenetic analysis of ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal dna sequences. | characteristics and structures of mt ssu rdna were investigated for the phylogenetic study of ganoderma. phylogenetic information was concentrated mostly in the v1, v4, v5, v6 and v9 variable domains, but informative sites in conserved domains also significantly contributed in resolving phylogenetic relationships between ganoderma groups. secondary structure information of variable domains was found to be a useful marker in delineation of phylogenetic groups. strains of ganoderma species used in ... | 2004 | 21148895 |
| ganodone, a bioactive benzofuran from the fruiting bodies of ganoderma tsugae. | extracts of ganoderma tsugae, also known as the hemlock varnish shelf mushroom, and related reishi mushrooms are well documented in traditional chinese medicine. several ganoderma sp. are currently cultivated for use in coffee, teas, and dietary supplements. we now report on the isolation and characterization of an unprecedented benzofuran, ganodone (1), from the fruiting bodies of mature growth g. tsugae. this discovery provides a key next step in evaluating the active components in their assoc ... | 2011 | 21939217 |
| effects of a chinese medical herbs complex on cellular immunity and toxicity-related conditions of breast cancer patients. | rose geranium (pelargonium graveolens, geraniaceae) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, and promotes wound healing. similarly, ganoderma tsugae (ganodermataceae), codonopsis pilosula (campanulaceae) and angelica sinensis (apiaceae) are traditional chinese herbs associated with immunomodulatory functions. in the present study, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to examine whether the chinese medicinal herb complex, rg-cmh, which represents a mixture o ... | 2011 | 21864416 |