| transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta. | transgenic tobacco plants producing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide d4e1, encoded by a gene under the control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna promoter, were obtained by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. successful transformation was demonstrated by pcr and southern hybridization analysis of tobacco dnas. expression of the synthetic d4e1 gene was shown by rt-pcr of tobacco mrna. crude protein extracts from leaf tissue of transformed plants significantly reduced the number ... | 2000 | 10729616 |
| broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro of the synthetic peptide d4e1. | broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of a synthetic peptide, d4e1, is documented in this paper. d4e1 inhibited the growth of several fungal phytopathogens belonging to four classes-ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, and oomycetes, and two bacterial pathogens, pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum race 18. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of d4e1 required to completely inhibit the growth of all fungi studied ranged from 4.67 to 25 microm. ... | 2001 | 11409968 |
| expression of an antimicrobial peptide via the chloroplast genome to control phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. | the antimicrobial peptide msi-99, an analog of magainin 2, was expressed via the chloroplast genome to obtain high levels of expression in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. petit havana) plants. polymerase chain reaction products and southern blots confirmed integration of msi-99 into the chloroplast genome and achievement of homoplasmy, whereas northern blots confirmed transcription. contrary to previous predictions, accumulation of msi-99 in transgenic chloroplasts did not affect norm ... | 2001 | 11706168 |
| use of green fluorescent protein to quantify the growth of colletotrichum during infection of tobacco. | to develop a quantitative assay of fungal growth inside plant tissues, strains of colletotrichum destructivum and colletotrichum orbiculare were transformed with a modified green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene fused with a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter from aspergillus nidulans. transformants expressed gfp in culture and had the same growth rate and general appearance as the wild type. gfp was observed in all fungal structures during infection of leaves of nicotiana benthamia ... | 2003 | 12609730 |
| the role of ethylene during the infection of nicotiana tabacum by colletotrichum destructivum. | two periods of increased ethylene production were observed after inoculation of nicotiana tabacum by colletotrichum destructivum. this pathogen exhibits an intracellular hemibiotrophic infection process, with a biotrophic phase followed by a necrotrophic phase. ethylene production first increased during the biotrophic phase with a peak at 24 h before the necrotrophic phase. a second increase in ethylene occurred late in the necrotrophic phase when the lesions were expanding. two different 1-amin ... | 2003 | 14565949 |
| a novel arabidopsis-colletotrichum pathosystem for the molecular dissection of plant-fungal interactions. | the ability of a colletotrichum sp., originally isolated from brassica campestris, to infect arabidopsis thaliana was examined. sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (its)1, 5.8s rna gene and its2 regions of ribosomal (r)dna showed the pathogen to be colletotrichum destructivum. the host range was broad, including many cruciferous plants and some legumes. at 25 degrees c, all a. thaliana accessions tested were susceptible to the brassica isolates of c. destructivum; however, at 15 ... | 2004 | 15000394 |
| induction of glutathione s-transferase genes of nicotiana benthamiana following infection by colletotrichum destructivum and c. orbiculare and involvement of one in resistance. | four glutathione s-transferase (gst) genes, nbgstu1, nbgstu2, nbgstu3, and nbgstf1, were amplified from cdna of nicotiana benthamiana leaves infected with colletotrichum destructivum using primers based on conserved regions of n. tabacum gst sequences. expression of nbgstu1 and nbgstu3 increased progressively during infection by either c. destructivum or colletotrichum orbiculare, except for a slight decrease by nbgstu1 late in the infection, whereas nbgstu2 and nbgstf1 expression remained relat ... | 2005 | 15837710 |
| expression of a metacaspase gene of nicotiana benthamiana after inoculation with colletotrichum destructivum or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and the effect of silencing the gene on the host response. | metacaspases are cysteine proteinases that have homology to caspases, which play a central role in signaling and executing programmed cell death in animals. a type ii metacaspase cdna, nbmca1, was amplified from nicotiana benthamiana infected with colletotrichum destructivum. it showed a peak in expression at 72 h post-inoculation corresponding with the switch to necrotrophy by c. destructivum. inoculation of n. benthamiana with an incompatible bacterium, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which s ... | 2007 | 17576564 |
| quantifying fungal infection of plant leaves by digital image analysis using scion image software. | a digital image analysis method previously used to evaluate leaf color changes due to nutritional changes was modified to measure the severity of several foliar fungal diseases. images captured with a flatbed scanner or digital camera were analyzed with a freely available software package, scion image, to measure changes in leaf color caused by fungal sporulation or tissue damage. high correlations were observed between the percent diseased leaf area estimated by scion image analysis and the per ... | 2008 | 18466990 |
| role of a xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase inhibitor in the interactions of nicotiana benthamiana with colletotrichum destructivum, c. orbiculare or pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. | a xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase inhibitor cdna, nbxegip1, was amplified from diseased leaves of nicotiana benthamiana. the sequence was similar to the tomato xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase inhibitor (xegip) and tobacco nectarin iv genes that have been described as binding and inactivating fungal family 12 xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanases. expression of nbxegip1 was not detected in healthy leaves, but the gene was induced during the later stages of infection ... | 2008 | 18705851 |
| differential expression of eight defensin genes of n. benthamiana following biotic stress, wounding, ethylene, and benzothiadiazole treatments. | eight nicotiana benthamiana defensin genes were identified that could be divided into two classes with class ii defensins being longer than class i defensins due to an additional acidic c-terminal domain. class i defensins were nbdef1.1, nbdef1.2, nbdef1.3, nbdef1.4, nbdef1.5, and nbdef1.6, and class ii were nbdef2.1 and nbdef2.2. relative rt-pcr showed that nbdef1.1, nbdef1.2, and nbdef1.4 had relatively similar expression levels in healthy leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds. however, nbd ... | 2009 | 19214516 |
| the role of a putative peroxisomal-targeted epoxide hydrolase of nicotiana benthamiana in interactions with colletotrichum destructivum, c. orbiculare or pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. | motif analysis among 30 eh1 and eh2 epoxide hydrolases from solanaceaeous plants showed differences primarily in the lid region around the catalytic site. based on in silico models of 3d structures, eh1 proteins lack a catalytic triad because of the orientation of one of the conserved lid tyrosines, while the orientation of that tyrosine in eh2 proteins fomed a catalytic triad inside a hydrophobic tunnel. two similar eh2 protein genes from nicotiana benthamiana, nbeh2.1 and nbeh2.2, have a predi ... | 2011 | 21683883 |