| european brown hare syndrome in northern italy: results of a virological and serological survey. | between august 1988 and august 1991, 456 carcasses of captive or sylvatic hares from several areas of northern italy, and 931 sera taken from adult hares in farms, in hunting and natural reserves and on importation were examined using virological (sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa] and immuno-electron microscopy) and serological (competition elisa) tests. the epidemiological data presented relate to the incidence of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in various provinces of nort ... | 1994 | 7949361 |
| clinical evolution and diagnosis of an outbreak of european brown hare syndrome in hares reared in captivity. | the authors studied an outbreak of an acute form of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in captive hares. the farm involved had shown negative results in a previous serological test for ebhs conducted on approximately 8% of the animals. hares which succumbed during the outbreak were submitted to an anatomo-pathological examination and the livers of these animals were collected for laboratory analysis. examination by immunoelectron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the di ... | 1993 | 8219343 |
| antigenicity of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus studied by its reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. | a panel of anti-rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (anti-rhdv) monoclonal antibodies was produced and characterized. the ability of the mabs to recognize epitopes present on rhdv capsids, european brown hare syndrome virus capsids and rhdv subunits was determined. preliminary results on the neutralizing capacity of the mabs were obtained by in vivo protection experiments. the antigenic map of rhdv obtained by this study is consistent with the current models of the calicivirus structure. | 1995 | 8533459 |
| diagnosis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) and european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) by indirect sandwich polyclonal elisa. | the establishment of two indirect sandwich polyclonal elisas for the virological diagnosis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) and european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) is described. each assay uses rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised to rhd or ebhs purified virus particles. the tests are sensitive and specific, but cross-reactions between rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) are observed. most rabbit liver homogenates identified as rhdv-positi ... | 1996 | 8885704 |
| susceptibility of hares and rabbits to the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) under experimental conditions. | the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) and the rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhdv) virus were inoculated in hares and rabbits to discover whether the homologous and heterologous host could be infected. the aims were to confirm the results of previous studies that showed the existence of antigenic differences between these two viruses, and also to define the role attributed to the hare in transmission to rabbits of a disease, ebhs, initially mistaken for rhd. during the trials, clinical sy ... | 1996 | 8885705 |
| phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses by comparison of sequences from the capsid protein gene. | a 398 bp fragment of the capsid protein (vp60) gene of 39 clinical samples of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and 17 of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv), collected between 1981 and 1995 from 17 countries, was amplified by pcr and directly sequenced. the alignment of the nucleotide sequences and the subsequently constructed phylogenetic tree clearly separated rhdv from ebhsv as phylogenetic entities. the nucleotide homology rates between the rhdv and ebhsv groups ranged between ... | 1997 | 9170495 |
| structural, antigenic and immunogenic relationships between european brown hare syndrome virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. | the capsid protein of a french isolate of the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) was expressed in the baculovirus system. the recombinant ebhsv (rebhsv) capsid protein was able to self-assemble into virus-like particles (vlps). the vlps were indistinguishable from the infectious ebhsv and displayed morphological characteristics similar to those we have described for the vlps resulting from the expression of the capsid protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), a closely related ... | 1997 | 9367366 |
| european brown hare syndrome in free-ranging european brown and mountain hares from switzerland. | from 1997 to 2000, complete necropsy and histopathologic investigations were performed on 157 free-ranging european brown hares (lepus europaeus) found dead throughout switzerland. organ samples of all these individuals (157 livers and 107 spleens available) were tested for european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv)-antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit. furthermore, 60 additional blood samples were tested for antibodies against ebhsv by elisa. in addition, liver samples ... | 2001 | 11763744 |
| european brown hare syndrome virus in free-ranging european brown hares from argentina. | from 1998 to 2000, serum samples of 80 shot european brown hares (lepus europaeus) from argentina were examined for antibodies against european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) and 80 spleen samples were tested for ebhsv-antigen by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). nine hares were positive for ebhsv-antigen. antibodies against ebhsv were detected in only one individual. based on negative staining electron microscopy of spleen homogenates, we observed calicivirus in one of five ebhsv-an ... | 2003 | 12685075 |
| new variants of european brown hare syndrome virus strains in free-ranging european brown hares (lepus europaeus) from slovakia. | investigations regarding european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) in european brown hares (lepus europaeus) in slovakia were undertaken in order to detect the possible presence of ebhsv and to evaluate its phylogenetic position. liver and/or serum samples were obtained from 135 european brown hares shot by hunters in eight regional hunting areas. from 36 animals corresponding liver and serum samples were available; from the remaining 49 and 50 animals only liver or serum samples were examined, ... | 2007 | 17347397 |
| polarisation of major histocompatibility complex ii host genotype with pathogenesis of european brown hare syndrome virus. | a study was conducted in order to determine the occurrence of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) in denmark and possible relation between disease pathogenesis and major histocompatibility complex (mhc) host genotype. liver samples were examined from 170 brown hares (hunted, found sick or dead), collected between 2004 and 2009. macroscopical and histopathological findings consistent with ebhs were detected in 24 (14.1%) hares; 35 (20.6%) had liver lesions not typical of the syndrome, 50 ( ... | 2013 | 24069299 |
| field and experimental data indicate that the eastern cottontail (sylvilagus floridanus) is susceptible to infection with european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) virus and not with rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) virus. | the eastern cottontail (sylvilagus floridanus) is an american lagomorph. in 1966, it was introduced to italy, where it is currently widespread. its ecological niche is similar to those of native rabbits and hares and increasing overlap in distribution brings these species into ever closer contact. therefore, cottontails are at risk of infection with the two lagoviruses endemically present in italy: rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv). to verify ... | 2015 | 25828691 |
| complete coding sequences of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) strains isolated in 1982 in sweden. | european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) is characterised by high mortality of european brown hares (lepus europaeus) and mountain hares (lepus timidus). european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) and the closely related rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) comprise the genus lagovirus, family caliciviridae. in contrast to rhdv, which is well studied, with more than 30 complete genome sequences available, the only complete genome sequence available for ebhsv was obtained from a strain isolated in ... | 2013 | 23640583 |
| epidemiology, control and management of an ebhs outbreak in captive hares. | here we describe an outbreak of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in a captive hare population. the ebhs outbreak occurred in march 2009, at the beginning of the breeding season. overall mortality was 53% out of an original population of 61 animals. animals between five and eleven months showed a significantly higher mortality rate than other age classes. pregnant females either aborted their foetuses and survived or died pregnant. all foetuses (n=10) of the pregnant hares were pcr positive fo ... | 2011 | 21831541 |
| isolation and identification of a non-haemagglutinating strain of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus from china and sequence analysis for the vp60 gene. | a variant strain of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, designated "whn-1", was isolated and identified in china. the virus lacked haemagglutinating activity at 25, 37 and 4 degrees c, respectively, and gave negative results in the hat after two passages in experimentally infected rabbits, but gave positive results in agar diffusion reaction (adr) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (cie). using electron microscopy, negatively stained particles of the rhdv isolate showed that the virions was approxi ... | 2007 | 17705093 |
| molecular epidemiology of european brown hare syndrome virus in france between 1989 and 2003. | genetic diversity between french european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) viruses since the disease appeared has been evaluated. nucleotide sequencing of the partial capsid protein genes of 169 ebhs viruses collected from various parts of france between 1989 and 2003, three reference strains, and a greek ebhsv collected in 2002 revealed a maximum nucleotide divergence of 11.7%, indicating a high level of conservation between viruses. two major groups were identified. the first group contained ebhs vi ... | 2006 | 16596329 |
| european brown hare syndrome in wild european brown hares from greece. | from 1999 to mid-2003, 97 european brown hares (lepus europaeus) found dead throughout greece were examined by necropsy, histopathology, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the presence of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) and ebhs virus (ebhsv), respectively. hare losses were sporadic, starting in the cold season and lasting for many months (december to may). the most prominent gross lesions were observed in the liver and included swelling and discoloration; conge ... | 2005 | 16456168 |
| epizootiologic and ecologic investigations of european brown hares (lepus europaeus) in selected populations from schleswig-holstein, germany. | from 1997-99 european brown hare (lepus europaeus) population densities were estimated by spotlight surveys within different areas in schleswig-holstein, germany. these areas showed a wide variation in local hare population densities. in addition, red fox (vulpes vulpes) densities were estimated in 1997 by surveys of fox dens and litters. sera of 321 hares (shot between 1998-2000) from four study areas were examined for antibodies against european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) by enzyme link ... | 2003 | 14733269 |
| folding of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein and delineation of n-terminal domains dispensable for assembly. | rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) are caliciviruses that produce severe symptoms and are lethal to rabbits and hares. the folding of the capsid protein was studied by determination of the antigenic pattern of chimeric capsid proteins, composed of regions from rhdv and ebhsv capsid proteins. the anti-rhdv monoclonal antibody (mab) e3, which is known to bind an external conformational epitope, recognized the rhdv c-terminal region. the anti-rhdv ... | 2002 | 12181675 |
| immunocapture-rt-pcr assay for detection and molecular epidemiology studies of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses. | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus and european brown hare syndrome virus are two members of the genus lagovirus in the family caliciviridae. they are the causative agents of highly contagious and fatal diseases of rabbits and hares respectively. we adjusted one assay for the detection and the genomic characterisation of each virus, based on viral purification by immunocapture and genomic amplification by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ic-rt-pcr). it is carried out directly with ... | 2001 | 11483216 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| antibodies against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in free-ranging red foxes from germany. | antibodies against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) from 352 red fox (vulpes vulpes) sera collected in germany (mecklenburg-vorpommern) in 1993 were tested by a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit. ninety samples with positive or suspected results also were analyzed by the hemagglutination inhibition test (hit). eighteen serum samples (5%) were positive with the blocking elisa and eight of these also were positive with hit. the 18 positive sera also were tested by ... | 1998 | 9706552 |
| detection and differentiation of rabbit hemorrhagic disease and european brown hare syndrome viruses by amplification of vp60 genomic sequences from fresh and fixed tissue specimens. | two reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assays have been developed for the detection and differentiation of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv), two closely related caliciviruses. in order to select highly specific primers, comparative analysis was performed with a large number of rhdv and ebhsv genomic sequences. regarding these data, primers were selected from similar regions of the vp60 genes to amplify a fragment of 316 nucleotides from the g ... | 1997 | 9316895 |
| colorimetric detection of lagomorphs' calicivirus genomic sequences by polymerase chain reaction incorporating digoxigenin dutp. | a method of reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has been implemented for the demonstration of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) genome in organ suspensions, leukocytes and excretions of infected rabbits. rt-pcr has been tested with 10 rhdv strains isolated at various geographic sites and times using a pair of primers coming from the gene region coding for the capsid protein vp60. the same primers were effective in the amplification of 4 of 5 european b ... | 1997 | 9231981 |
| detection and preliminary characterization of a new rabbit calicivirus related to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus but nonpathogenic. | a new rabbit calicivirus related to the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) was identified. the new virus contains significant differences from the previously characterized rhdv isolates in terms of pathogenicity, viral titer, tropism, and primary sequence of the structural protein. cross-protection experiments, antigenic data, and sequence comparisons demonstrate that the new virus is more closely related to rhdv than to the european brown hare syndrome virus, another member of the calicivi ... | 1996 | 8970986 |
| microheterogeneity of p60 capsid protein and the encoding gene among contemporary isolates of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. | the gene encoding the p60 capsid protein from a spanish isolate of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) has been cloned and sequenced. both cdna and the derived protein sequences have been compared with those from several contemporary european rhdv isolates. genetic heterogeneity among co-circulating viruses is nearly constant along the p60-encoding gene, around 0.034 substitutions per nucleotide, and it does not allow prediction of the preferential regions for long-term fixation of mutat ... | 1996 | 8879136 |
| european brown hare syndrome virus: molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome. | the genome of the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv), a calicivirus related to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), was fully sequenced. it was 7442 bases long and contained two orfs. in rhdv, the 5' large orf (orf1) is predicted to encode a polyprotein precursor to the non-structural and capsid proteins. the small orf (orf2) encodes a predicted protein of 12 kda. alignment of sequences of ebhsv and rhdv showed 71% nucleotide identity; the changes were uniformly scattered over the w ... | 1996 | 8760416 |
| european brown hare syndrome in free-ranging hares in poland. | a study of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) was conducted in poland (czempin). from april 1993 until february 1994, 100 blood and 78 spleen samples of european brown hares (lepus europaeus) were tested for prevalence of ebhs and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhdv) antibodies and ebhs virus antigen with two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kits. thirty-eight of 100 serum samples were positive for ebhs, and six (7.6%) of 78 of the spleen materials were-antigen positive for ebhs viru ... | 1996 | 8722266 |
| detection of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus: an immunoblotting method using virus-coated human erythrocyte membranes. | the virus of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhdv) was purified from infected rabbit liver homogenate by using its property to bind to human red blood cells. lysates from virus coated cells contained a 60 kda protein identified as the major viral protein. immunoblots prepared with that preparation were proved to be useful for immunochemical analysis since the 60 kda component was intensively stained by subsequent incubation with rabbit sera from infected rabbits and with a secondary labelled antibo ... | 1995 | 8546017 |
| susceptibility of hares and rabbits to a belgian isolate of european brown hare syndrome virus. | signs and pathologic changes of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) were reproduced in four hares (lepus europaeus) after experimental inoculation of a liver suspension from hares from belgium, which naturally died of ebhs. virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the liver of an experimentally infected hare. they were spherical with a diameter of 28 to 30 nm. after density gradient centrifugation, virus particles were detected in the density zone of 1.34 g/ml. based on immuno ... | 1993 | 8387610 |
| european brown hare syndrome virus: relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. | monoclonal antibodies directed against the capsid protein of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) were used to identify field cases of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) and to distinguish between rhdv and the virus responsible for ebhs. western blot (immunoblot) analysis of liver extract of an ebhs virus (ebhsv)-infected hare revealed a single major capsid protein species of approximately 60 kda that shared epitopes with the capsid protein of rhdv. rna isolated from the liver of an ebhsv-in ... | 1994 | 7518531 |
| diagnosis of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the european brown hare syndrome. | development of methods for the diagnosis of viral haemorrhagic disease and the european brown hare syndrome has proceeded at a steady pace over the last few years. the studies conducted by the authors demonstrate that, like vhdv, ebhsv is a calicivirus. the degree of correlation between the two viruses is a key question both for understanding their biology and interpreting the diagnostic results. a discussion of the similarities and differences between vhd and ebhs is followed by the presentatio ... | 1991 | 1662098 |
| identification of the viral haemorrhagic disease virus of rabbits as a calicivirus. | liver tissue from rabbits which had died of viral haemorrhagic disease (vhd) was used to identify the causative agent of the disease. after extraction of liver homogenates and density gradient ultracentrifugation, viral particles with buoyant densities between 1.32 to 1.38 g/ml and estimated sedimentation coefficients between 100 s and 175 s were obtained. the isolated virions were determined to have a diameter of 40 nm. the particles morphologically resembled those of the caliciviridae family, ... | 1991 | 1662097 |
| proposal for a unified classification system and nomenclature of lagoviruses. | lagoviruses belong to the caliciviridae family. they were first recognized as highly pathogenic viruses of the european rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) and european brown hare (lepus europaeus) that emerged in the 1970-1980s, namely, rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv), according to the host species from which they had been first detected. however, the diversity of lagoviruses has recently expanded to include new related viruses with varying pat ... | 2017 | 28714849 |
| the new french 2010 rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus causes an rhd-like disease in the sardinian cape hare (lepus capensis mediterraneus). | lagovirus is an emerging genus of caliciviridae, which includes the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) of rabbits and the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) of hares that cause lethal hepatitis. in 2010, a new rhdv related virus (rhdv2) with a unique genetic and antigenic profile and lower virulence was identified in france in rabbits. here we report the identification of rhdv2 as the cause in sardinia of several outbreaks of acute hepatitis in rabbits and cape hare (lepus capensis ... | 2013 | 24099575 |
| the genetic analysis of new polish strains of european brown hare syndrome virus. | in this paper we describe recently occurring outbreaks of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in a captive hare population. the aim of our study was to evaluate the phylogenetic position of detected polish strains compared to other european strains of ebhsv. investigations were undertaken in hares from different provinces of poland. liver or spleen samples were tested for viral rna using the rt-nested pcr method and the products were subsequently sequenced. the genetic analysis was based on the ... | 2014 | 24988863 |
| molecular evolution and antigenic variation of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv). | european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) is the aetiological agent of european brown hare syndrome (ebhs), a disease affecting lepus europaeus and lepus timidus first diagnosed in sweden in 1980. to characterize ebhsv evolution we studied hare samples collected in sweden between 1982 and 2008. our molecular clock dating is compatible with ebhsv emergence in the 1970s. phylogenetic analysis revealed two lineages: group a persisted until 1989 when it apparently suffered extinction; group b emerg ... | 2014 | 25155199 |
| the use of convalescent sera in immune-electron microscopy to detect non-suspected/new viral agents. | negative staining electron microscopy methods can be employed for the diagnosis of viral particles in animal samples. in fact, negative staining electron microscopy methods are used to identify viruses, especially in minor species and wild animals, when no other methods are available and in cases of rare, emerging or re-emerging infections. in particular, immune-electron-microscopy with convalescent sera is employed to detect etiological agents when there are undiagnosed clinical outbreaks, when ... | 2015 | 26008707 |
| the discovery of three new hare lagoviruses reveals unexplored viral diversity in this genus. | our knowledge of mammalian viruses has been strongly skewed toward those that cause disease in humans and animals. however, recent metagenomic studies indicate that most apparently healthy organisms carry viruses, and that these seemingly benign viruses may comprise the bulk of virus diversity. the bias toward studying viruses associated with overt disease is apparent in the lagoviruses (family caliciviridae) that infect rabbits and hares: although most attention has been directed toward the hig ... | 2019 | 30997155 |
| widespread occurrence of the non-pathogenic hare calicivirus (hacv lagovirus gii.2) in captive-reared and free-living wild hares in europe. | the lagovirus genus comprises both pathogenic viruses as european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv- gii.1) and rabbit hemorrhagic disease viruses (rhdv-gi.1 and rhdv2-gi.2), that principally infect european brown hares (lepus europeaus) and european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus), respectively, causing severe necrotic hepatitis, spleen enlargement and disseminated haemorrhage. this genus includes also non-pathogenic agents, such as rabbit calicivirus (rcv-e1 - gi.3) and the non-pathogenic hare ... | 2020 | 32603021 |
| overcoming species barriers: an outbreak of lagovirus europaeus gi.2/rhdv2 in an isolated population of mountain hares (lepus timidus). | prior to 2010, the lagoviruses that cause rabbit hemorrhagic disease (rhd) in european rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) and european brown hare syndrome (ebhs) in hares (lepus spp.) were generally genus-specific. however, in 2010, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (rhdv2), also known as lagovirus europaeus gi.2, emerged and had the distinguishing ability to cause disease in both rabbits and certain hare species. the mountain hare (lepus timidus) is native to sweden and is susceptible to european ... | 2018 | 30477499 |
| full-genome sequencing of german rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus uncovers recombination between rhdv (gi.2) and ebhsv (gii.1). | rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv; genotypes gi.1 and gi.2) and european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv; genotype gii.1) are caliciviruses belonging to the genus lagovirus. these viruses pose a serious threat to wild and domestic rabbit and hare populations around the world. in recent years, an expanding genetic diversity has been described within the genus, with recombination events occurring between the different genotypes. here, we generated and analysed 56 full-genome sequences of rh ... | 2020 | 33324492 |
| potential role of wolf (canis lupus) as passive carrier of european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv). | european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) was detected in a faecal swab collected from a wolf carcass in northern italy. the full-length genome of the ebhsv wolf/17/2016/ita strain was determined. in the vp60 capsid gene, the wolf strain displayed the highest genetic identity (99.2-99.1% nucleotide and 99.6-99.7% amino acid) with two ebhsv strains recently found in the intestinal content of a red fox and in the spleen and liver of a hare in northern italy. this finding poses interrogatives on t ... | 2017 | 29195228 |
| host specific glycans are correlated with susceptibility to infection by lagoviruses, but not with their virulence. | the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) and the european brown hare syndrome virus (ebhsv) are two lagoviruses from the familycaliciviridaethat cause fatal diseases in two leporid genera,oryctolagusandlepus, respectively. in the last few years, several examples of host jumps of lagoviruses among leporids were recorded. in addition, a new pathogenic genotype of rhdv emerged and many non-pathogenic strains of lagoviruses have been described. the molecular mechanisms behind host shifts and the ... | 2017 | 29187537 |