| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 is highly prevalent in central africa (gabon). | following a survey of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection recently carried in central africa (gabon), we cloned and sequenced pcr products of the 5' non-coding and capsid-encoding regions of hcv rna from three randomly selected hcv rna-positive gabonese subjects. in the capsid-encoding region, the identity between the three gabonese isolates was 91 to 98%. the three gabonese sequences showed a divergence of 11 to 17% from published hcv genotypes i to iv (1a, 1b, 2a and 2b) isolates and of 6 to 11% ... | 1994 | 8077938 |
| hepatitis c virus genotypes and subtypes in patients with hepatitis c, with and without cryoglobulinemia. | recent reports have shown a high frequency of anti-hepatitis c virus antibodies in patients with cryoglobulinemia. the factors involved in the production of cryoglobulins in hepatitis c virus-infected patients are unknown. to assess the role of hepatitis c virus genotypes in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia, we analyzed their prevalence in a group of 118 hepatitis c virus-infected patients according to the presence or absence of cryoglobulins. | 1996 | 8912140 |
| response to interferon-alpha of egyptian patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 4. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 is the principal hcv genotype found in egypt and the middle east. little is known concerning its propensity to cause disease and the frequency with which infected individuals respond to interferon-alpha (ifn-alpha). we have investigated the response to treatment in a cohort of 100 chronic hepatitis c patients infected with genotype 4. all patients had biopsy-proven chronic active liver disease. each was treated with 3 million units (mu) ifn-alpha, thrice weekly ... | 1996 | 8914006 |
| hepatitis c virus type 4 in portuguese haemophiliacs. | | 1997 | 9134663 |
| unexpected high prevalence of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in southern spain. | a unusually high rate of hcv-infected individuals in whom the hcv genotype cannot be ascertained by means of single pcr and lipa procedures has recently been reported in our area. the aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological, clinical and molecular characteristics of these patients. | 1997 | 9252069 |
| hepatitis c in a hemodialysis unit: molecular evidence for nosocomial transmission. | this study reports four cases of transmission of the rare hepatitis c virus genotype 4 which occurred in a hemodialysis unit and originated from a single source of infection. phylogenetic analyses performed with the ns5b domain showed that all four patients with secondary infections were infected with virus strains very similar to that of the index patient. cross infections probably resulted from breaches in safety precautions and lack of dialysis machine sterilization. | 1998 | 9738063 |
| is hepatitis c virus genotype 4 predominant in saudi arabia? | hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 is believed to be predominant in the middle east including saudi arabia (sa). we attempted to genotype 80 hcv isolates from different parts of sa by direct sequencing of a variable 222bp fragment from the ns5b region. the phylogenetic analysis of the ns5b sequences was complemented by direct sequence analysis of the conserved 5'-ncr region for hcv type-specific polymorphism. all 80 ns5b sequences separated into 3 clades which comprised 6 type 1b variants, 30 ty ... | 1999 | 10423734 |
| is the prevalence of hiv-associated nephropathy decreasing? | initial reports have suggested that approximately 10% of patients with hiv-infection develop hiv-associated nephropathy (hivan). it has also been predicted that by the end of the decade, hivan is likely to become a third leading cause of end-stage renal disease (esrd) in african-americans between the ages of 20-64 years. as the morbidity and mortality from hiv-infection has decreased in the last few years, it is possible that prevalence of hivan is also changing. we therefore screened hiv-1-infe ... | 1999 | 10592359 |
| [alpha interferon-induced eczema in atopic patients infected by hepatitis c virus: 4 case reports]. | we report four cases of eczema induced by alpha interferon in atopic patients treated for chronic hepatitis c. | 2000 | 10717563 |
| infection with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 is associated with a poor response to interferon-alpha. | | 2000 | 10819720 |
| improved response to ribavirin interferon combination compared with interferon alone in patients with type 4 chronic hepatitis c without cirrhosis. | response to treatment with alpha interferon with or without concomitant ribavirin varies according to the viral genotype in patients with chronic hepatitis c. | 2000 | 10959813 |
| the effects of hypothyroidism on liver status of cirrhotic patients. | we have shown, in animal models as well as in retrospective human study, that some degree of decreased thyroid function is beneficial for subjects with liver damage of various etiologies. therefore, we herein present the results of a cohort population study. between 1991 and 1994, 18 patients (12 women and 6 men; mean age, 59 +/- 24 years) with both biopsy-proven active cirrhosis (5 hepatitis c virus, 4 hepatitis b virus, 1 immunocompromised host, 2 primary biliary cirrhosis, 1 alcoholic, and 5 ... | 2000 | 10993436 |
| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 and response to combination therapy with interferon-alpha2b plus ribavirin. | | 2000 | 11103071 |
| infection with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 is associated with a poor response to interferon-alpha. | | 2001 | 11712887 |
| new infection with heterotypic hepatitis c virus in a patient with long-term hepatitis c virus eradication. | experimental hepatitis c virus infection in chimpanzees has shown that natural hepatitis c virus infection does not induce protective immunity and reinfection can occur in seroconverted animals. | 2001 | 11816550 |
| treatment of hepatitis c virus genotype 4-related cirrhosis: ribavirin and interferon combination compared with interferon alone. | response to treatment with interferon alfa, with or without concomitant ribavirin, varies with the viral genotype and the degree of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv). | 2002 | 12080232 |
| peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kd) plus ribavirin: a review of its use in the management of chronic hepatitis c. | pegylation of interferon-alpha-2a is associated with improved sustained virological response rates in patients with chronic hepatitis c. subsequently, combination therapy with peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kd) [pegasys] and ribavirin (copegus trade mark, rebetol) was investigated to establish if the efficacy of peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kd) monotherapy could be further enhanced. subcutaneous peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kd) was administered at a dosage of 180 micro g once weekly and oral ribavirin was ... | 2003 | 12656650 |
| prevalence and characterization of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in japanese hepatitis c carriers. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) can be classified into six major genotypes, the prevalences of which differ around the world. in japan, the main genotypes are hcv 1 and hcv 2; others are found only rarely. little is known about the prevalence in japan of hcv genotype 4 which, is found frequently in north and central africa and the middle east. thus, we conducted a study to clarify distribution of hcv genotype 4 and the clinical demographics of patients with hcv genotype 4 in japan. we examined hcv genot ... | 2003 | 12699851 |
| hepatis c virus genotype 4. | hepatitis c virus genotype 4 chronic hepatitis predominates in the eastern mediterranean region of the world. in the kingdom of saudi arabia, as high as 62% of all cases are due to genotype 4. results of efficacy and safety clinical trials using pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis c patients have shown great promise, but treatment of early responders should be maintained at 180 mg of pegylated-interferon alfa-2a plus 1000-1200 mg of ribavirin for 48 weeks unlike the 24 week ... | 2003 | 12897906 |
| [hepatitis c virus genotype 4: epidemiology and treatment]. | | 2003 | 12910223 |
| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in a north-west spain district. | | 2003 | 12957193 |
| slow viral dynamics of hepatitis c virus genotype 4. | patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) respond to interferon alpha (ifn) as poorly as those infected with genotype 1. however, there is no information on the viral dynamics of hcv-4. interferon-ribavirin treatment was administered to untreated patients infected with hcv-4. viral load was assessed with versant 3.0. viral dynamics parameters were estimated based on the bi-phasic model for hcv during ifn treatment. viral kinetics of hcv-4 follow a bi-phasic decline pattern also ... | 2003 | 12969186 |
| infection with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in the united states. | hepatitis c virus genotype differences seem to be of considerable clinical significance because they affect responses to antiviral therapy. hcv genotype 4 is rare in the united states and there are few published data regarding response to therapy in patients with hcv genotype 4 infection. | 2004 | 14679330 |
| optimized virologic response in hepatitis c virus genotype 4 with peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin. | | 2004 | 14706990 |
| analysis of t cell responses against hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in egypt. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) remains the most common cause of chronic liver disease in egypt. despite the high prevalence of hcv and schistosoma mansoni (s. mansoni) in egypt, the effect of co-infection on the immune response against hcv genotype 4a has not been extensively examined. | 2004 | 14739104 |
| [hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in a population of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | | 2004 | 15207141 |
| management of hepatitis c virus genotype 4. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 is predominantly found in the middle east and north africa. because most of the large randomized controlled trials of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis c were conducted in north america and europe, little is known about management of patients with this particular genotype. based on the available data, sustained virological response rates to interferon-based therapies appear to be intermediate between the relatively resistant hcv genotype 1 and the readily ... | 2004 | 15482528 |
| meta-analysis: a randomized trial of peginterferon plus ribavirin for the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis c genotype 4. | guidelines for treatment of patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 are not available. | 2004 | 15521839 |
| heterogeneity of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 strains circulating in south-western france. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major cause of liver disease. knowledge of hcv variability is crucial for clinical and epidemiological analysis. hcv genotype 4 (hcv-4) has become increasingly prevalent in european countries, including france, in recent years. the present study investigates the heterogeneity of hcv-4 in south-western france by phylogenetic analysis of ns5b sequences from 166 patients. the e2 region of 90 strains was also analysed. genotype 4 accounts for 7.4 % of hcv infections in t ... | 2005 | 15604436 |
| chronic hepatitis c. genotypes and response to anti-viral therapy among saudi patients. | the aim of this study is to compare the response of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 with other genotypes to anti-viral treatment among saudi patients in a prospective randomized trial. | 2004 | 15711670 |
| [emergent infectious diseases: importance for public health, epidemiology, promoting factors, and prevention]. | at the end of the 70s, it was said that eradicating infectious diseases was possible. with the occurrence of aids and the discovery of new pathogens the come-back of infectious diseases was noted, 15 to 20 years later, and the concept of emerging infections was defined. an emerging infection is the appearance of a new infection or the increase of its incidence if not new. it also includes infections for which the incidence could increase because of favorable conditions. several scenarios can be ... | 2005 | 15780893 |
| molecular epidemiology of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 isolates in egypt and analysis of the variability of envelope proteins e1 and e2 in patients with chronic hepatitis. | we analyzed hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 isolates circulating in the alexandria district (egypt) in terms of genetic divergence and the presence of different subtypes. hypervariable region 1 (hvr1) and the nh2 region of the e2 protein were characterized, and the heterogeneity of subtype 4a isolates was evaluated by analyzing epitope frequencies, immunoproteasome prediction, and possible glycosylation patterns. the heterogeneity of the nucleotide sequences was greater than that found in pre ... | 2005 | 15815016 |
| pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is classified into six genotypes. genotype 4 is now spreading in europe, especially among drug users, who are often infected with both hcv and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). previous studies have shown that hcv-4 responds poorly to interferon. pegylated interferon (peg-ifn) associated with ribavirin is now the most effective treatment for eradicating the virus. we have now studied the response of hcv-4 to peg-ifn and ribavirin and investigated the influence of hi ... | 2005 | 16032749 |
| high rate of infection with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in a district of galicia, spain. | | 2005 | 16208032 |
| cytokine profile in egyptian hepatitis c virus genotype-4 in relation to liver disease progression. | to observe the imbalance between t helper cell th1 and th2 cytokines in several chronic hepatitis disease at different stages of disease progression. | 2005 | 16425355 |
| antibody to e1 peptide of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 inhibits virus binding and entry to hepg2 cells in vitro. | to analyze the neutralizing activity of antibodies against e1 region of hepatitis c virus (hcv). specific polyclonal antibody was raised via immunization of new zealand rabbits with a synthetic peptide that had been derived from the e1 region of hcv and was shown to be highly conserved among hcv published genotypes. | 2006 | 16688798 |
| antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 replication in hepg2 cells. | hepatitis c (hcv) viral infection is a serious medical problem in egypt and it has a devastating impact on the egyptian economy. it is estimated that over 15% of egyptians are infected by the virus and thus finding a cure for this disease is of utmost importance. current therapies for hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 with interferon/ribavirin have not been successful and thus the development of alternative therapy for this genotype is desperately needed. | 2006 | 16803625 |
| hepg2 cells support viral replication and gene expression of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in vitro. | to establish a cell culture system with long-term replication of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome and expression of viral antigens in vitro. | 2006 | 16937465 |
| treatment of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 with peginterferon alfa-2a: impact of bilharziasis and fibrosis stage. | to evaluate pegylated interferon alpha2a (pegifn-alpha2a) in egyptian patients with hcv genotype 4, and the impact of pretreatment viral load, co-existent bilharziasis and histological liver changes on response rate. | 2006 | 17007024 |
| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in ugandan children and their mothers. | in kampala, uganda, in 2001, hepatitis c virus antibodies were found in 27 (4%) of 603 children and in 62 (12%) of 525 of their mothers. however, only approximately 10% of positive results were confirmed by reverse transcription-pcr, which suggests frequent false-positive results or viral clearance. all sequenced types were genotype 4. | 2006 | 17073099 |
| characterization of full-length hepatitis c virus genotype 4 sequences. | over 85% of the world's nearly 170 million hepatitis c virus (hcv)-infected subjects exist in regions of africa, southeast asia and middle eastern countries where genotypes 4-6 are very common. in particular, hcv genotype 4 is highly prevalent in egypt with more than 19% of the population infected and chronic hcv representing one of the top five leading causes of death, due in part to ineffective interferon alpha treatment against this genotype. despite this, very little work has been carried ou ... | 2007 | 17439522 |
| epidemiological characteristics and response to peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection. | hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) infection is progressing in europe, where epidemiology and sustained virological response (svr) seem to be different than in the middle east. we analysed epidemiological features and svr rates in a retrospective study of 1532 hcv-4-infected patients, including 1056 patients infected in france, 227 immigrants infected in egypt and 249 in sub-saharan africa. svr rates were assessed in 242 naive patients of the 1532, who received peginterferon plus ribavirin for ... | 2007 | 17576387 |
| camel lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection of human peripheral blood leukocytes. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a serious worldwide health risk and, to date, no effective treatments to prevent progression to chronic infection have been discovered. to combat the disease, egyptian patients often use traditional medicines, for instance, camel milk, which contains lactoferrin. currently, lactoferrin is one of the primary biopharmaceutical drug candidates against hcv infection. camel lactoferrin (clf) purification and biochemical and immunological characterization have shown its simi ... | 2007 | 17613672 |
| improving outcome in patients with hepatitis c virus genotype 4. | several factors influence treatment outcomes among patients with chronic hepatitis c. a trend is growing to adapt an individualized treatment approach to optimize treatment outcomes among chronic hepatitis c patients. hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype is an important factor that determines treatment outcomes among patients with chronic hepatitis c. hcv has six genotypes, and genotype 4 (g4) accounts for 20% of all global hcv infections. patients with g4 are underrepresented in clinical trials inv ... | 2007 | 17900328 |
| full-length genome sequences of hepatitis c virus subtype 4f. | hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) is very common in central africa, prevalent in the middle east, and is becoming increasingly frequent among southern europeans. we have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of hcv-4f strains and investigated their phylogenetic relationships with other genotypes. we amplified the complete genome of two hcv subtype 4f strains, ifbt84 and ifbt88. the hcv-4f strains have a total of 9181 and 9304 nt, respectively, including the 5' untranslated region follo ... | 2007 | 17947520 |
| hepatitis c genotype 4: what we know and what we don't yet know. | hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) is the most common variant of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) in the middle east and africa, particularly egypt. this region has the highest prevelance of hcv worldwide, with more than 90% of infections due to genotype 4. hcv-4 has recently spread in several western countries, particularly in europe, due to variations in population structure, immigration, and routes of transmission. the features of hcv-4 infection and the appropriate therapeutic regimen have not ... | 2008 | 18240152 |
| very early viral kinetics on interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection. | interferon (ifn)-resistant hepatitis c virus strains limit efficacy of antiviral combination therapy in patients infected with genotypes 1 and 4. a single test dose of ifn was useful to identify non-responders to ifn-alpha2b/ribavirin (rbv) or likely non-responders to pegylated (peg)-ifn-alpha2a/rbv therapy in genotype 1 patients. our aim was to investigate this approach in genotype 4 patients. | 2008 | 18672537 |
| risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection. | a high occurrence of type 2 diabetes (t2d) in patients with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has been reported in kuwait and other countries. however, hcv genotype 4 has been underrepresented in all previous studies. our aim was to investigate the viral and host risk factors associated with the development of t2d in patients with chronic hepatitis c genotype 4 infection in the absence of liver fibrosis and steatosis. | 2009 | 18717762 |
| genetic profile of egyptian hepatocellular-carcinoma associated with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 by 15 k cdna microarray: preliminary study. | hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a preventable disease rather than a curable one, since there is no well-documented effective treatment modality until now, making the molecular study of this disease mandatory. | 2008 | 18959789 |
| predictors of sustained virological response to a 48-week course of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 4. | knowledge of the predictors of sustained viral response (svr) to pegylated interferon (peg-inf) alfa-2a and ribavirin (rbv) therapy in patients with hepatitis c genotype-4 (hcv-4) is crucial for selecting patients who would benefit most from therapy. we assessed the predictors of svr to this combination therapy in saudi patients with chronic hcv-4 infection. | 2009 | 19139619 |
| hepatitis c genotype 4 therapy: increasing options and improving outcomes. | hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-g4) is prevalent in the middle east and africa and has spread to several regions in europe. hcv-g4 represents a major health problem in egypt, with a prevalence rate of 13%. recently, hcv-g4 has been spreading in europe particularly among intravenous drug users (idu) populations, who represent the main reservoir for hcv in europe. this article reviews the current therapeutic strategies for hcv-g4 infections in different populations. hcv-g4 has been considered a ... | 2009 | 19207965 |
| recurrence of hepatitis c virus genotype-4 infection following orthotopic liver transplantation: natural history and predictors of outcome. | there are few reports on hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) recurrences after orthotopic liver transplantation (olt). therefore, we undertook a study to determine the epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of patients with biopsy-proven recurrent hcv infection and analyzed the factors that influence recurrent disease severity. we also compared disease recurrence and outcomes between hcv-4 and other genotypes. | 2009 | 19318754 |
| predominance of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection and rapid transmission between 1935 and 1965 in the central african republic. | the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis c virus (hcv) in the central african republic (car) is poorly documented. thus, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of ns5b gene sequences from 58 hcv-infected inhabitants of a remote area of south-west car, which indicated that 48 (82.8%) were infected with genotype 4 (hcv-4), five (8.6%) with genotype 2 and five (8.6%) with genotype 1. hcv-4 strains were highly heterogeneous, containing previously described subtypes 4k (48%), 4c (27%), 4r (4%), 4f (4%) an ... | 2009 | 19535500 |
| immunohistochemical detection of hepatitis c virus (genotype 4) in b-cell nhl in an egyptian population: correlation with serum hcv-rna. | retrospective evaluation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) prevalence in lymphoma tissues has important applications in clarifying the contribution of viral factors to the pathogenesis. trials for detection of hcv at the cellular level in lymphoma tissues are, so far, minimal with unsatisfactory results. we aimed to study the detection and localization of hcv in the tissues of b-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl) patients. | 2010 | 19644357 |
| recurrence of hepatitis c virus (genotype 4) infection after living-donor liver transplant in egyptian patients. | the recurrence of hepatitis c virus infection after liver transplant is common and may endanger both graft and patient survival. we investigated the frequency and outcome of and risk factors for the recurrence of that virus after living-donor liver transplant in hepatitis c virus positive recipients. | 2009 | 19715525 |
| sustained virological response in a predominantly hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infected population. | to assess sustained virological response (svr) rates in a predominantly hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 infected population. | 2009 | 19764095 |
| emergence of hepatitis c virus genotype 4: phylogenetic analysis reveals three distinct epidemiological profiles. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 (hcv-4) infection is considered to be difficult to treat and has become increasingly prevalent in european countries, including the netherlands. using a molecular epidemiological approach, the present study investigates the genetic diversity and evolutionary origin of hcv-4 in amsterdam, the netherlands. phylogenetic analysis of the ns5b sequences (668 bp) obtained from 133 patients newly diagnosed with hcv-4 infection over the period from 1999 to 2008 revealed ... | 2009 | 19794040 |
| protease and helicase activities of hepatitis c virus genotype 4, 5, and 6 ns3-ns4a proteins. | the bifunctional ns3 protease-helicase of hepatitis c virus (hcv), together with its cofactor protein ns4a, is an important target for antiviral drugs which can cure hcv infections. hcv strains are divided into six major genotypes based on sequence diversity, and the great majority of reports on ns3 have focused exclusively on genotype 1 proteins. here we report the cloning, expression, and preliminary characterization of ns3-ns4a gene products from hcv genotypes 4, 5, and 6. this work complemen ... | 2010 | 19944069 |
| serum levels of soluble fas, soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor ii, interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-8 as early predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in egyptian patients with hepatitis c virus genotype-4. | abstract: background: liver disease progression from chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection to hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is associated with an imbalance between t-helper 1 and t-helper 2 cytokines. evaluation of cytokines as possible candidate biomarkers for prediction of hcc was performed using soluble fas(sfas), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-ii (stnfr-ii), interleukin-2 receptor (il-2r) and interleukin-8 (il-8). results: the following patients were recruited: 79 with hcv infec ... | 2010 | 20051112 |
| hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis c genotype 4 after viral clearance and in absence of cirrhosis: two case reports. | genotype 4 hepatitis c virus represents approximately 20% of global hepatitis c virus infection and is the source of a considerable burden to health-care providers across the globe. many studies reported that interferon reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis c.hereby, we are reporting two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis c virus-genotype 4 after complete viral eradication and in absence of cirrhosis. we aim to highlight the possible direct o ... | 2009 | 20181199 |
| hepatic steatosis in genotype 4 chronic hepatitis c patients: implication for therapy. | the association of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) with hepatic steatosis has not been clarified. we aimed to determine the parameters associated with steatosis among hcv-4 patients and to assess the effect of steatosis on treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin. | 2010 | 20195166 |
| the relationship between serum adiponectin and steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis c genotype-4. | the mechanisms underlying steatosis during hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection are complex and multifactorial. the aim of our study was to assess whether host metabolic factors influence the degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients infected with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 by investigating the role of adiponectin, leptin and insulin resistance. | 2010 | 20476641 |
| phylogenetic analysis of acute hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infections among human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men in germany. | an ongoing hcv epidemic currently affects a growing proportion of hiv-positive men who have sex with men (msm) in europe. recently in the north-rhine region of germany, we have observed an increase in acute hcv infections of genotype 4 (hcv-4). | 2010 | 20633101 |
| molecular and epidemiological profiles of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 in denmark. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 has increased throughout europe. this is an epidemiological study of patients infected chronically with hcv genotype 4 in denmark. the hcv strains analyzed originated from patient samples collected between 1999 and 2007 as part of the national danish hepatitis b and c network, danhep. sequence analyses were based on the envelope 1 region of hcv. results from a total of 72 patients indicated a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. fifty-six pat ... | 2010 | 20872713 |
| circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in acutely infected patients with hepatitis c virus genotype 4 are normal in number and phenotype. | the incidence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4 infection in egypt provides a unique opportunity to study the innate immune response to symptomatic acute hcv infection. we investigated whether plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) are activated as a result of hcv infection. we demonstrate that, even during symptomatic acute infection, circulating pdcs maintained a similar precursor frequency and resting phenotype, compared with pdcs in healthy individuals. moreover, stimulation with a toll-lik ... | 2010 | 20958210 |
| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 with normal transaminases: histological changes, schistosomiasis and response to treatment. | summary. among individuals with chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, approximately 30% of patients show persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (pnalt). individuals with pnalt have been historically excluded from antiviral treatment. however, some studies have reported sudden worsening of disease in patients with pnalt, suggesting the need to treat such individuals. to evaluate this further, we compared fibrosis severity and response to treatment in patients with pnalt to patients wi ... | 2010 | 21108700 |
| genetic variation in bcl-2 and response to interferon in hepatitis c virus type 4 patients. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection varies across the world, with the highest number of infections reported in egypt. bcl-2 gene polymorphism at codon 43 (127g/a) has been found to be a reliable and sensitive marker for the prediction of response to interferon therapy during viral infections. this study examined the correlation of bcl-2 gene polymorphism with the response to treatment with pegylated-ifn-alfa2b and ribavirin. eighty patients with type 4 hcv and 40 healthy voluntee ... | 2010 | 21159314 |
| hepatitis c virus genotype 4 therapy: progress and challenges. | the hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) is prevalent in egypt, the middle east and africa. recently, the epidemiology of hcv-4 has changed and this genotype has begun to cross borders and spread to several regions in europe through immigration and injection drug use. hcv-4 has been considered a difficult-to-treat genotype based on the low sustained virological response (svr) rates obtained with conventional interferon (ifn)-based regimens. pegylated interferons (peg-ifn) plus ribavirin therapy ... | 2011 | 21205137 |
| management of hepatitis c virus genotype 4: recommendations of an international expert panel. | hcv has been classified into no fewer than six major genotypes and a series of subtypes. each hcv genotype is unique with respect to its nucleotide sequence, geographic distribution, and response to therapy. genotypes 1, 2, and 3 are common throughout north america and europe. hcv genotype 4 (hcv-4) is common in the middle east and in africa, where it is responsible for more than 80% of hcv infections. it has recently spread to several european countries. hcv-4 is considered a major cause of chr ... | 2010 | 21316497 |
| molecular characterization of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 sequences in hiv-coinfected patients from argentina. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 (hcv-4) is increasing in different parts of the world but in latin america the data are still scarce. we aimed to characterize hcv-4 isolates from 383 hiv-coinfected patients in argentina. sequence analyses were based on the non-structural 5b region of hcv. results from 18 patients indicated a genetic heterogeneity that involved three genotype 4 subtypes. sequences were ascribed to subtype 4d (67%), 4a (22%), and 4m (11%). in spite of different sour ... | 2011 | 21503903 |
| the role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases in development and progression of hepatitis c virus-genotype 4-associated hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. | altered cell cycle regulatory genes expression contributes to hcv-associated liver disease. we sought to assess the role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) in hcv-associated ch and hcc. aberrant expression of cyclins a, e, d1, cdk2 and cdk4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry and differential pcr in hcv-associated ch and hcc with pericarcinomatous foci (pcf). s phase fraction (spf) was determined by flow cytometry. results were correlated with overall survival (os) in hcc patients. ... | 2011 | 21801719 |
| genetic polymorphism in il28b is associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection in an egyptian cohort. | single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) around il28b are associated with spontaneous hepatitis c virus (hcv) clearance of genotypes 1 and 3 in white and african-american populations. this study investigated whether the il28b snp (rs12979860) is associated with spontaneous clearance of hcv, principally genotype 4, in 162 egyptians (80 with clearance). the protective c allele was more common in those with spontaneous clearance (76.3% vs 57.9%; p = .0006). individuals with clearance were 3.4 (95% co ... | 2011 | 21933876 |
| hepatitis c virus (genotype 4)-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: effects of antiviral treatment. | objective: type ii mixed cryoglobulinemia (mc) is a systemic vasculitis usually associated with hepatitis c virus (hcv). the present trial was performed to investigate the efficacy of therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2a (peg-ifn alfa-2a) plus ribavirin in patients with hcv-related mc vasculitis and evaluate the factors associated with clinical remission of mc. methods: a total of 46 consecutive patients wit ... | 2011 | 22020820 |
| in vitro activity of bms-790052 on hepatitis c virus genotype 4 ns5a. | the antiviral profile of bms-790052, a potent hepatitis c virus (hcv) replication complex inhibitor targeting nonstructural protein ns5a, is well-characterized for hcv genotype-1. here, we report that bms-790052 inhibits hybrid replicons containing hcv genotype-4 ns5a genes with ec(50)s ranging from 7-13 pm. ns5a residue 30 was an important site for bms-790052-selected resistance in the hybrid replicons. our results support the potential of bms-790052 as a valuable component of combination thera ... | 2011 | 22203595 |
| evaluation of serum level of tumor necrosis factor receptor ii in hepatitis c virus (genotype 4)-infected middle-aged men with and without diabetes and its complications in egypt: a pilot study. | tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) is a type of cytokine produced by macrophages and other cell types in response to various stimuli. many studies have shown that tnf-α is involved in the development of diabetes. it also has a pivotal role in the inflammatory process of chronic hepatitis c. | 2011 | 22068019 |
| interleukin-28 and hepatitis c virus genotype-4: treatment-induced clearance and liver fibrosis. | to investigate the association between interleukin-28b (il28b) genotype and response to treatment and hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis c virus (hcv) genotype 4. | 2012 | 23323000 |