| the action of various venoms on escherichia coli. | the antibacterial activity of honeybee venom (apis mellifera), three snake venoms (naja naja sputatrix, vipera russellii and crotalus adamanteus) and the polypeptide melittin was investigated against escherichia coli. minimum inhibitory concentration values, cell lysis and alterations in cell permeability were determined and action against e. coli was in the order: a. mellifera venom greater than melittin greater than n. naja sputatrix venom much greater than v. russellii venom greater than c. a ... | 1986 | 3542922 |
| molecular cloning of a cardiotoxin structural gene from malayan spitting cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | the structural gene and cdna encoding cardiotoxin in naja naja sputatrix have been cloned and characterized with a view to study the gene protein relationships and also to produce pure protein in large amounts. using the polymerase chain reaction on the total rna isolated from the venom glands, the structural gene (180 bp) has been synthesized and expressed in escherichia coli to produce a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. immunoblotting using polyclonal antibodies raised against the total ... | 1993 | 8446963 |
| phospholipase a2 from naja naja sputatrix venom is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor. | a variety of snake venoms was tested for the ability to inhibit the binding of antagonists to specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (machrs); the highest activity was found in the venom of naja naja sputatrix. the active principle in this venom was isolated by column chromatography on sephadex g-50, sephadex g-150, and cm-sephadex c-25. the final preparation was homogeneous as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hplc; about sevenfold purification was achieved with a yield ... | 1996 | 8638927 |
| cloning and characterization of cdnas encoding three isoforms of phospholipase a2 in malayan spitting cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom. | cdnas encoding three phospholipase a2 (pla2) isoforms in naja naja sputatrix were cloned and characterized. one of them encoded an acidic pla2 (apla) while the others encoded neutral pla2 (npla-1 and npla-2). the specific characteristics of apla and npla were attributed to mutations at nt139 and nt328 from g to c and g to a, respectively, resulting in amino acid substitutions from asp20 and 83 in apla to his20 and asn83 in npla. amino acid sequencing of purified protein also showed the presence ... | 1997 | 9028006 |
| six isoforms of cardiotoxin in malayan spitting cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom: cloning and characterization of cdnas. | cardiotoxins are the most abundant toxin components of cobra venom. although many cardiotoxins have been purified and characterized by amino acid sequencing and other pharmacological and biochemical studies, to date only five cardiotoxin cdnas from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra), three cdnas from chinese cobra (naja atra) and two more of uncertain origin (either chinese or taiwan cobra) have been reported. in this paper we show the existence of four isoforms of cardiotoxin by protein analysis and ... | 1998 | 9565688 |
| four new postsynaptic neurotoxins from naja naja sputatrix venom: cdna cloning, protein expression, and phylogenetic analysis. | cdnas encoding 4 short chain alpha-neurotoxins from malayan spitting cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant toxins possessed identical amino acid sequences to alpha-neurotoxins. this is the first report on cloning and expression of isoforms of neurotoxins from a species of spitting cobra. two of these isoforms were also identified in the crude venom by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc), capillary electrophores ... | 1998 | 9839671 |
| cytotoxic potency of cardiotoxin from naja sputatrix: development of a new cytolytic assay. | the possible involvement of specific regions/loops of cardiotoxin from naja sputatrix venom in mediating its cytolytic activity is evaluated using a new cytolytic assay. in this assay, the amount of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) that is released upon lysis of the cellular membranes by the cytotoxin has been measured as an index of cytolysis. this newly developed cat system is more sensitive than the traditional haemolysis method utilizing red blood cells or the lactate dehydrogenase as ... | 2002 | 12027804 |
| a comparative analysis of invaded sequences from group ia phospholipase a(2) genes provides evidence about the divergence period of genes groups and snake families. | two phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) genes classified into group ia were cloned from the genomic library of the sea snake laticauda semifasciata. eight clones were obtained by pcr cloning procedure from genomic dna of laticauda laticaudata (four clones) and laticauda colubrina (four clones). the genes were 3.6-4.4kbp in length. intron and exon organization of the group ia pla(2) genes was the same as that of naja sputatrix group ia pla(2) genes (four exons and three introns). there were two kinds of ... | 2002 | 12076640 |
| sputa nerve growth factor forms a preferable substitute to mouse 7s-beta nerve growth factor. | the ngf (nerve growth factor) from naja sputatrix has been purified by gel filtration followed by reversed-phase hplc. the protein showed a very high ability to induce neurite formation in pc12 cells relative to the mouse ngf. two cdnas encoding isoforms of ngf have been cloned and an active recombinant ngf, sputa ngf, has been produced in escherichia coli as a his-tagged fusion protein. sputa ngf has been found to be non-toxic under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. the induction of neurite ... | 2004 | 15225125 |
| a secretory phospholipase a2-mediated neuroprotection and anti-apoptosis. | phospholipase a2 liberates free fatty acids and lysophospholipids upon hydrolysis of phospholipids and these products are often associated with detrimental effects such as inflammation and cerebral ischemia. the neuroprotective effect of neutral phospholipase from snake venom has been investigated. | 2009 | 19775433 |
| mucuna pruriens linn. seed extract pretreatment protects against cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular depressant effects of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom in rats. | mucuna pruriens has been used by native nigerians as a prophylactic for snakebite. the protective effects of m. pruriens seed extract (mpe) were investigated against the pharmacological actions of n. sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom in rats. the results showed that mpe-pretreatment protected against cardiorespiratory and, to a lesser extent, neuromuscular depressant effects of n. sputatrix venom. these may be explained at least in part by the neutralisation of the cobra venom toxins by ant ... | 2011 | 21614888 |
| pulmonary inflammation and edema induced by phospholipase a2: global gene analysis and effects on aquaporins and na+/k+-atpase. | victims of snakebite quickly succumb to severe respiratory failure, which can be fatal if left untreated. one of the most toxic components of snake venom is phospholipase a2 (pla2; ec 3.1.1.4). pla2 isolated from the elapid, naja sputatrix, induced pulmonary inflammation and edema when administered intravenously and intratracheally to rats. analysis of pulmonary gene expression profiles using oligonucleotide microarrays revealed 60 genes whose expression was altered by at least 3-fold in respons ... | 2003 | 12746451 |
| a synthetic weak neurotoxin binds with low affinity to torpedo and chicken alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | weak neurotoxins from snake venom are small proteins with five disulfide bonds, which have been shown to be poor binders of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. we report on the cloning and sequencing of four cdnas encoding weak neurotoxins from naja sputatrix venom glands. the protein encoded by one of them, wntx-5, has been synthesized by solid-phase synthesis and characterized. the physicochemical properties of the synthetic toxin (swntx-5) agree with those anticipated for the natural toxin. we ... | 2002 | 12199703 |
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr) inhibitor from snake venom: interaction with subtypes of human machr. | snake venoms can contain a variety of well-studied neurotoxins, especially nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitor, normally called postsynaptic neurotoxin. karlsson first reported muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (machr) inhibitor from snake venom. in a previous study in our laboratory, we found a machr inhibitor from naja naja sputatrix venom that bound to rat brain synaptosomes. brain synaptosomes contain all subtypes of machrs, and thus the exact selectivity of the inhibitor could not be ... | 1999 | 10462446 |
| cardiotoxins from the venom of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | | 1982 | 7149742 |
| isolation and characterization of two toxins from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | two principal toxins of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by successive sp-sephadex c-25 ion exchange chromatography and sephadex g-50 gel filtration chromatography. they are designated as sputa-neurotoxin 1 (sn1) and sputa-neurotoxin 2 (sn2), respectively. both toxins belong to the group of short neurotoxins which are composed of approximately 60 amino acid residues. the ld50 values following i.p. injection of the purified toxins are ... | 1983 | 6857705 |
| improvement of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) antivenin. | a low molecular weight toxic fraction was isolated from venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) by sephadex g-50 gel filtration chromatography. the fraction accounted for almost 100% of the venom lethality. antisera were prepared by immunizing rabbits with the low molecular weight toxic fraction, the glutaraldehyde-treated low molecular weight toxic fraction and the glutaraldehyde-treated, sea snake neurotoxin-enriched low molecular weight toxic fraction, respectively. only the serum of ... | 1983 | 6845388 |
| venomics of naja sputatrix, the javan spitting cobra: a short neurotoxin-driven venom needing improved antivenom neutralization. | the venom proteome of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) was elucidated through reverse-phase hplc, nano-esi-lcms/ms and data mining. a total of 97 distinct protein forms belonging to 14 families were identified. the most abundant proteins are the three-finger toxins (3ftxs, 64.22%) and phospholipase a2(pla2, 31.24%), followed by nerve growth factors (1.82%), snake venom metalloproteinase (1.33%) and several proteins of lower abundance (<1%) including a variety of venom enzymes. at subproteom ... | 2017 | 28159706 |
| new host and locality records of snake intestinal nematode kalicephalus spp in indonesia. | to observe three species of kalicephalus found in three species of snake (ophiophagus hannah, ptyas mucosus, and naja sputatrix) during research on capture snake for trading in java and snake biodiversity in kalimantan islands. | 2011 | 23569740 |
| structurally conserved alpha-neurotoxin genes encode functionally diverse proteins in the venom of naja sputatrix. | the structure and organization of the genes encoding the long-chain neurotoxins and four other isoforms of weak neurotoxins in the venom of naja sputatrix are reported. the genes contained three exons interrupted by two introns, a structure similar to other members of the three-finger toxin family. the proteins encoded by these genes, however, show varied affinity towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. phylogenetic analysis of these genes showed that the weak neurotoxin gene is confined to a ... | 2003 | 14572646 |
| alpha-neurotoxin gene expression in naja sputatrix: identification of a silencer element in the promoter region. | alpha-neurotoxin (alpha-ntx) from the venom of cobra, naja sputatrix, is a highly lethal post-synaptic toxin that is responsible for the lethality caused by the venom. however, this toxin is found at low levels (3%) in the crude venom. the expression of its gene is determined by a promoter which is 90% similar to the promoter of another three-fingered toxin, cardiotoxin (ctx), which is produced in large amounts (60%) in the same venom. functional analysis of the ntx-2 gene promoter demonstrated ... | 2002 | 12127074 |
| the amino acid sequences of two postsynaptic neurotoxins isolated from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom. | the complete amino acid sequences of two postsynaptic neurotoxins (toxin-3 and toxin-5) isolated from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom were determined by direct automated edman degradation of peptides obtained from digests with various proteases. toxin-3 and toxin-5 are both short-chain neurotoxins and their amino acid sequences are highly homologous to naja naja atra and naja naja philippinensis neurotoxin, respectively. toxin-3 is unique in possessing aspartic acid (d) as the fifth re ... | 1994 | 7886703 |
| evidence for existence of venom 5' nucleotidase in multiple forms through inhibition of concanavalin a. | pharmacologically active 5' nucleotidase is a ubiquitously distributed enzyme in snake venoms. in this study the effect of concanavalin a (con-a) on different snake venoms 5' nucleotidase activity is tested in order to know the protein nature which will ultimately help in purification of the enzyme with high yield. con-a inhibited naja naja, naja kauthia, naja melanoleuca, naja naja sputatrix, agistrodon halys blomhoffii, bothrops asper and oxyranus scutellas venom 5' nucleotidase activity at di ... | 2010 | 20941753 |
| isolation and preliminary characterisation of two toxic phospholipases a2 from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | two toxic phospholipases a have been isolated from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). the phospholipases a were purified by successive ion-exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, sephadex g-75 gel filtration chromatography and successive bio-rex 70 ion-exchange chromatography. the purified toxic phospholipases a were homogeneous electrophoretically. they were designated as sputatrix phospholipase a-i and sputatrix phospholipase a-ii. positional specificity studies showed ... | 1982 | 7150663 |
| enzymatic activities of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venoms. | the enzymatic activities of four samples of malayan cobra venom were investigated. there was significant variation in the contents of l-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase a, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase. the phosphodiesterase content was, however, constant. storage of the lyophilized venom powder at 25 degrees c for 1 month did not affect the enzymatic activities. the venom enzymatic activities were generally also stable at 4 degrees c in 0 ... | 1987 | 3433296 |
| the multiplicity of cardiotoxins from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom. | four novel cardiotoxins were isolated from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom by successive separation on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse phase column. amino acid sequences of the cardiotoxins were determined by edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion. it shows that these cardiotoxins comprise 60 amino acid residues. comparative analyses on the amino acid sequences of cardiotoxins from the venoms of n. naja atra and other naja species indicated that amino acid substitutions of ... | 2000 | 10708798 |
| expression of cardiotoxin-2 gene. cloning, characterization and deletion analysis of the promoter. | this report is the first study of the regulation of expression of a toxin gene and it also demonstrates the novel finding that the cardiotoxin (ctx)-2 gene from naja sputatrix is expressed in the venom gland as well as in other tissues in the snake, such as liver, heart and muscle. the venom gland produces a 500-bp (spliced) ctx-2 mrna as the final transcript. however, the liver produces two types of ctx-2 mrna, of which the unspliced transcript (1 kb) is predominant; the 500 bp spliced transcri ... | 2001 | 11248705 |
| the protective effects of mucuna pruriens seed extract against histopathological changes induced by malayan cobra (naja sputatrix) venom in rats. | seed of mucuna pruriens (velvet beans) has been prescribed by traditional medicine practitioners in nigeria as a prophylactic oral antisnake remedy. in the present studies, we investigated the protective effects of m. pruriens seed extract (mpe) against histopathological changes induced by intravenous injection of naja sputatrix (malayan cobra) venom in rats pretreated with the seed extract. examination by light microscope revealed that the venom induced histopathological changes in heart and bl ... | 2009 | 19696731 |
| the protective effect of mucuna pruriens seeds against snake venom poisoning. | the seed, leaf and root of mucuna pruriens have been used in traditional medicine for treatments of various diseases. in nigeria, the seed is used as oral prophylactics for snakebite. | 2009 | 19429384 |
| molecular basis of cardiotoxicity upon cobra envenomation. | various clinical manifestations leading to death have been documented in most cases of bites caused by venomous snakes. cobra envenomation is an extremely variable process and known to cause profound neurological abnormalities. the complexity of cobra venom can induce multiple-organ failure, leading to death in case of severe envenomation. intramuscular administration of malayan spitting cobra (naja sputatrix) crude venom at 1 microg/g dose caused death in mice in approximately 3 h. analysis of ... | 2005 | 15619012 |
| [envenoming by malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix)--case report]. | malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) is the venomous snake of the elapidae family which involves at least three species of asian spitting cobras, according to the new taxonomy. this snake occurs naturally in southeastern asia and in poland it is kept only in the private breedings. its venom mainly contains neurotoxins which have paralyzing activities to the nervous system and cardiotoxins which act cytolytically. the present study shows a case of the forty-one-year-old man professionally engaging ... | 2004 | 15521620 |
| effect of mucuna pruriens seed extract pretreatment on the responses of spontaneously beating rat atria and aortic ring to naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom. | mucuna pruriens linn. (velvet bean) has been used by native nigerians as a prophylactic for snakebite. rats pretreated with m. pruriens seed extract (mpe) have been shown to protect against the lethal and cardiovascular depressant effects of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venoms, and the protective effect involved immunological neutralization of the venom toxins. to investigate further the mechanism of the protective effect of mpe pretreatment against cobra venom toxicity, the actions of ... | 2012 | 21785646 |
| structure and organization of the cardiotoxin genes in naja naja sputatrix. | we report the genomic structure, organization and the presence of multiple isoforms of the gene encoding cardiotoxins (ctx) of naja naja sputatrix. the cardiotoxin gene consists of six ctx isoforms, each (2.2 kb) having three exons and two introns. two possible transcription initiation sites as well as consensus tata boxes and transcription factor binding motifs, ap-2, nfil-6/c/ebp, nf-kappab and puf have been identified in the 5'-region of the gene. the ctx gene isoforms show nucleotide variati ... | 1998 | 9738945 |
| postsynaptic alpha-neurotoxin gene of the spitting cobra, naja naja sputatrix: structure, organization, and phylogenetic analysis. | the venom of the spitting cobra, naja naja sputatrix contains highly potent alpha-neurotoxins (ntxs) in addition to phospholipase a2 (pla2) and cardiotoxin (ctx). in this study, we report the complete characterization of three genes that are responsible for the synthesis of three isoforms of alpha-ntx in the venom of a single spitting cobra. dna amplification by long-distance polymerase chain reaction (ld-pcr) and genome walking have provided information on the gene structure including their pro ... | 1999 | 10077532 |
| in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of cardiotoxin and neurotoxin genes in naja naja sputatrix. | secretory processes and their regulation have been extensively studied in mammalian salivary parotid glands. however, little is known regarding the secretory mechanism in the venom glands of snakes, which invariably produce one of the most complex of all animal secretions. the pharmacologically important and toxic components of the malayan spitting cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom include postsynaptic neurotoxins (ntx), presynaptic neurotoxins (phospholipase a2, pla2), and cardiotoxins (ctx) wh ... | 1999 | 10082757 |
| antioxidants: promising neuroprotection against cardiotoxin-4b-induced cell death which triggers oxidative stress with early calpain activation. | cardiotoxin-4b (ctx-4b), isolated from naja naja sputatrix venom, shows lethality in several cell types. employing murine primary cortical neurons, this study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanisms of ctx-4b in the induction of neuronal death. ctx-4b induced a dose- and time-dependent neuronal death. strong induction of calpains as early as 4h post-ctx-4b 75 nm treatment was detected in neurons with negligible caspase 3 activation. for the first time in cultured murine primary co ... | 2008 | 18377942 |
| distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a₂ in the venoms of afro-asian cobras (subgenus: naja, afronaja, boulengerina and uraeus). | the protein abundances of phospholipases a₂ in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. to determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases a₂ (svpla₂) in the cobras, the svpla₂ activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (noba) as the substrate. the colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svpla₂ enzymatic activities with the svpla₂ pr ... | 2019 | 30769779 |
| exploring the diversity and novelty of toxin genes in naja sumatrana, the equatorial spitting cobra from malaysia through de novo venom-gland transcriptomics. | the equatorial spitting cobra, naja sumatrana, is a distinct species of medically important venomous snakes, listed as who category 1 in southeast asia. the diversity of its venom genes has not been comprehensively examined, although a few toxin sequences annotated to naja sputatrix were reported previously through cloning studies. to investigate this species venom genes' diversity, de novo venom-gland transcriptomics of n. sumatrana from west malaysia was conducted using next-generation sequenc ... | 2019 | 30754700 |
| naja sputatrix venom preconditioning attenuates neuroinflammation in a rat model of surgical brain injury via pla2/5-lox/ltb4 cascade activation. | inflammatory preconditioning is a mechanism in which exposure to small doses of inflammatory stimuli prepares the body against future massive insult by activating endogenous protective responses. phospholipase a2/5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene-b4 (pla2/5-lox/ltb4) axis is an important inflammatory signaling pathway. naja sputatrix (malayan spitting cobra) venom contains 15% secretory pla2 of its dry weight. we investigated if naja sputatrix venom preconditioning (vpc) reduces surgical brain injury ( ... | 2017 | 28710425 |
| high-affinity selective inhibitor against phospholipase a2 (pla2): a computational study. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) is the most abundant protein found in snake venom. pla2 induces a variety of pharmacological effects such as neurotoxicity, myotoxicity and cardiotoxicity as well as anticoagulant, hemolytic, anti-platelet, hypertensive, hemorrhagic and edema inducing effects. in this study, the three dimensional structure of pla2 of naja sputatrix (malayan spitting cobra) was modeled by i-tasser, swiss-model, prime and modeller programs. the best model was selected based on overall stere ... | 2016 | 26422703 |
| the effect of a polyvalent antivenom on the serum venom antigen levels of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom in experimentally envenomed rabbits. | the treatment protocol of antivenom in snake envenomation remains largely empirical, partly due to the insufficient knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of snake venoms and the effects of antivenoms on the blood venom levels in victims. in this study, we investigated the effect of a polyvalent antivenom on the serum venom antigen levels of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom in experimentally envenomed rabbits. intravenous infusion of 4 ml of neuro polyvalent snake antivenom [npav, f(ab')2 ... | 2015 | 25819552 |
| prophylactic effect of mucuna pruriens linn (velvet bean) seed extract against experimental naja sputatrix envenomation: gene expression studies. | mucuna pruriens is widely used in traditional medicine for treatments of various diseases. in certain region of nigeria, the seed is used as oral prophylactics for snakebite. rats pretreated with the aqueous extract from m. pruriens seed (mpe) were protected against the lethal effects of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom [tan et al., j ethnopharmacol, 123 (2009) 356]. the pretreatment also protected against venom-induced histopathological changes in rat heart. to contribute to the unde ... | 2014 | 25241584 |
| toxicokinetics of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom following intramuscular and intravenous administrations of the venom into rabbits. | existing protocols for antivenom treatment of snake envenomations are generally not well optimized due partly to inadequate knowledge of the toxicokinetics of venoms. the toxicokinetics of naja sputatrix (javan spitting cobra) venom was investigated following intravenous and intramuscular injections of the venom into rabbits using double-sandwich elisa. the toxicokinetics of the venom injected intravenously fitted a two-compartment model. when the venom was injected intramuscularly, the serum co ... | 2013 | 23537711 |
| assessing sabu (serum anti bisa ular), the sole indonesian antivenom: a proteomic analysis and neutralization efficacy study. | serum anti ular bisa (sabu) is the only snake antivenom produced locally in indonesia; however, its effectiveness has not been rigorously evaluated. this study aimed to assess the protein composition and neutralization efficacy of sabu. sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion liquid chromatography and shotgun proteomics revealed that sabu consists of f(ab')2but a significant amount of dimers, protein aggregates and contaminant albumins. sabu moderately neutralized calloselasma rho ... | 2016 | 27869134 |
| in vivo interactions between neurotoxin, cardiotoxin and phospholipases a2 isolated from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom. | the in vivo interactions between alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxin and two phospholipases a2 (sputa-phospholipase a2-1 and 3) isolated from malayan cobra venom were assessed by examining the effects of simultaneous injection of sub-ld50 dose of one toxin on (i) i.v. ld50 s of the other toxins in mice; and (ii) mean survival times of mice injected with lethal doses of the other toxins. while ld50 measurements did not reveal any interaction between the toxins in vivo, survival time measurements sugges ... | 1990 | 2264068 |
| the anticoagulant activity of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom and venom phospholipase a2 enzymes. | malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom was found to exhibit an in vitro anticoagulant activity that was much stronger than most common cobra (genus naja) venoms. the most potent anticoagulants of the venom are two lethal phospholipase a2 enzymes with pi's of 6.15 and 6.20, respectively. the anticoagulant activity of the venom is due to the synergistic effect of the venom phospholipase a2 enzymes and polypeptide anticoagulants. bromophenacylation of the two phospholipase a2 enzymes reduced the ... | 1989 | 2619749 |
| isolation and characterization of an acidic lethal phospholipase az from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom. | an acidic, lethal phospholipase az was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). the enzyme has an isoelectric point of 5.58, a molecular weight of 12000, and a medium lethal dose (ld50) of 0.86 micrograms/g in mice by intravenous injection. the enzyme also exhibited weak anticoagulant and edema-forming activities. the amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to those of other cobra venom phospholipases az. | 1989 | 2764979 |