| complete sequence of the rna genome of human rhinovirus 16, a clinically useful common cold virus belonging to the icam-1 receptor group. | we report here the complete nucleotide sequence and predicted polyprotein sequence of hela cell-adapted human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16). this virus is more suitable than human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14) for clinical studies, and its growth and physical properties are favorable for biochemical and crystallographic analysis. the complete message-sense rna genome of hrv16 is composed of 7124 bases, not including the poly(a) tail. an open reading frame, extending from base 626 to 7084 predicts a polyprotein ... | 1995 | 7732663 |
| crystallographic and cryo em analysis of virion-receptor interactions. | cryoelectron microscopy has been used to determine the first structure of a virus when complexed with its glycoprotein cellular receptor. human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16) complexed with the two amino-terminal, immunoglobulin-like domains of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) shows that icam-1 binds into the 12 a deep "canyon" on the surface of the virus. this is consistent with the prediction that the viral receptor attachment site lies in a cavity inaccessible to the host's antibodies. t ... | 1994 | 7913361 |
| the structure of human rhinovirus 16. | rhinoviruses and the homologous polioviruses have hydrophobic pockets below their receptor-binding sites, which often contain unidentified electron density ('pocket factors'). certain antiviral compounds also bind in the pocket, displacing the pocket factor and inhibiting uncoating. however, human rhinovirus (hrv)14, which belongs to the major group of rhinoviruses that use intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1) as a receptor, has an empty pocket. when antiviral compounds bind into the empty ... | 1993 | 7915182 |
| structure of a human rhinovirus complexed with its receptor molecule. | cryoelectron microscopy has been used to determine the structure of a virus when complexed with its glycoprotein cellular receptor. human rhinovirus 16 complexed with the two amino-terminal, immunoglobulin-like domains of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 shows that the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 binds into the 12-a deep "canyon" on the viral surface. this result confirms the prediction that the viral-receptor attachment site lies in a cavity inaccessible to the host's antibodies. the ... | 1993 | 8093643 |
| the refined structure of human rhinovirus 16 at 2.15 a resolution: implications for the viral life cycle. | rhinoviruses belong to the picornavirus family and are small, icosahedral, non-enveloped viruses containing one positive rna strand. human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16) belongs to the major receptor group of rhinoviruses, for which the cellular receptor is intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (icam-1). in many rhinoviruses, one of the viral coat proteins (vp1) contains a hydrophobic pocket which is occupied by a fatty acid-like molecule, or so-called 'pocket factor'. antiviral agents have been shown to bin ... | 1997 | 9083115 |
| win 52035-dependent human rhinovirus 16: assembly deficiency caused by mutations near the canyon surface. | three drug-dependent mutants of human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16) were characterized by sequence analyses of spontaneous mutant isolates and were genetically reconstructed from a parental cdna plasmid. these mutants formed plaques in the presence but not in the absence of the selecting antiviral drug, win 52035, which binds to the capsid of wild-type virus and inhibits its attachment to the host cell. the drug-dependent phenotype of each mutant was caused by a single amino acid substitution in the vp1 ... | 1998 | 9445020 |
| eosinophils bind rhinovirus and activate virus-specific t cells. | episodes of virus-induced exacerbations of asthma are accompanied by increased eosinophils (eos) in respiratory secretions and evidence of eos degranulation. although rhinoviruses (rv) are the viruses most often implicated in exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, little is known about the immune response to this group of viruses and, in particular, eos-rv interactions. to define such interactions, we incubated human rhinovirus type 16 (rv16), a serotype using icam-1 as a receptor, ... | 1998 | 9570544 |
| experimental common cold increases mucosal output of eotaxin in atopic individuals. | in view of recent observations demonstrating that rhinovirus infections are associated with increased local activity of eosinophils, we hypothesized that eotaxin, a selective eosinophil chemoattractant, may be involved in eosinophil recruitment/activation in common cold infections. | 1999 | 10604558 |
| analysis of three structurally related antiviral compounds in complex with human rhinovirus 16. | rhinoviruses are a frequent cause of the common cold. a series of antirhinoviral compounds have been developed that bind into a hydrophobic pocket in the viral capsid, stabilizing the capsid and interfering with cell attachment. the structures of a variety of such compounds, complexed with rhinovirus serotypes 14, 16, 1a, and 3, previously have been examined. three chemically similar compounds, closely related to a drug that is undergoing phase iii clinical trials, were chosen to determine the s ... | 1999 | 10611281 |
| allergen challenge-induced acute exudation of il-8, ecp and alpha2-macroglobulin in human rhinovirus-induced common colds. | rhinovirus infections cause exacerbations of eosinophilic airway disease. the acute effects of allergen-challenge on nasal interleukin-8 (il-8), eosinophil cationic protein (ecp), and alpha2-macroglobulin were examined in atopic subjects with common cold symptoms. twenty-three patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were inoculated with human rhinovirus 16 outside the pollen season. diluent and allergen challenges, followed by nasal lavages, were carried out about 3 months before and 4 days aft ... | 1999 | 10836321 |
| synergism between rhinovirus infection and oxidant pollutant exposure enhances airway epithelial cell cytokine production. | of the several factors believed to exacerbate asthmatic symptoms, air pollution and viral infections are considered to be particularly important. although evidence indicates that each of these respiratory insults individually can increase asthma severity in susceptible individuals, we know little about the extent to which exposure to environmental oxidant pollutants can influence the course of respiratory viral infection and its associated inflammation. to investigate the interaction of these tw ... | 2002 | 12117643 |
| human rhinovirus type 16: mutant v1210a requires capsid-binding drug for assembly of pentamers to form virions during morphogenesis. | our laboratory has previously reported isolation of human rhinovirus type 16 (hrv16) mutants which depend on win 52035 to grow. a rapid rise of progeny virus infectivity occurred when drug was added late in growth cycles, suggesting that the drug-dependence lesion was at the step of virus assembly (w. wang et al., j. virol. 72:1210-1218, 1998). here, we report that capsid subunits, 5s protomers and 14s pentamers, of a drug-dependent mutant were produced normally in the absence of drug, but mutan ... | 2003 | 12743280 |
| viability of poliovirus/rhinovirus vpg chimeric viruses and identification of an amino acid residue in the vpg gene critical for viral rna replication. | picornaviral rna replication utilizes a small virus-encoded protein, termed 3b or vpg, as a primer to initiate rna synthesis. this priming step requires uridylylation of the vpg peptide by the viral polymerase protein 3d(pol), in conjunction with other viral or host cofactors. in this study, we compared the viral specificity in 3d(pol)-catalyzed uridylylation reactions between poliovirus (pv) and human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16). it was found that hrv16 3d(pol) was able to uridylylate pv vpg as effic ... | 2003 | 12805442 |
| encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) proteins 2a and 3bcd localize to nuclei and inhibit cellular mrna transcription but not rrna transcription. | we have followed the viral processing cascade and polyprotein precursor fates during encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection of hela cells using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs). within the first 2-4 h of infection, signals of antibodies specific for the 2a, 3b(vpg), 3c(pro) and 3d(pol) proteins were found to co-localize in nucleoli at the rrna synthesis and cellular protein b23 (nucleophosmin) sites. cellular fractionation identified viral protein precursor 3bcd as the common source ... | 2003 | 12921996 |
| small interfering rna molecules as potential anti-human rhinovirus agents: in vitro potency, specificity, and mechanism. | rna silencing or interference (rnai) is a sequence-specific, post-transcriptional process of mrna degradation. the degradation of target gene mrna can be induced by short dsrna molecules (21-25-nt) corresponding to the sequence of the target gene to be silenced. short dsrna molecules have been shown to be very effective in inducing rna silencing in several human cell lines. in this study, we have shown that short dsrna molecules corresponding to the human rhinovirus-16 (hrv-16) genome induce eff ... | 2004 | 14670593 |
| structural and virological studies of the stages of virus replication that are affected by antirhinovirus compounds. | pleconaril is a broad-spectrum antirhinovirus and antienterovirus compound that binds into a hydrophobic pocket within viral protein 1, stabilizing the capsid and resulting in the inhibition of cell attachment and rna uncoating. when crystals of human rhinovirus 16 (hrv16) and hrv14 are incubated with pleconaril, drug occupancy in the binding pocket is lower than when pleconaril is introduced during assembly prior to crystallization. this effect is far more marked in hrv16 than in hrv14 and is m ... | 2004 | 15452226 |
| crystal structure of complete rhinovirus rna polymerase suggests front loading of protein primer. | picornaviruses utilize virally encoded rna polymerase and a uridylylated protein primer to ensure replication of the entire viral genome. the molecular details of this mechanism are not well understood due to the lack of structural information. we report the crystal structure of human rhinovirus 16 3d rna-dependent rna polymerase (hrv16 3dpol) at a 2.4-a resolution, representing the first complete polymerase structure from the picornaviridae family. hrv16 3dpol shares the canonical features of o ... | 2005 | 15596823 |
| human airway epithelial cells produce ip-10 (cxcl10) in vitro and in vivo upon rhinovirus infection. | human rhinovirus (hrv) infections trigger exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and are associated with lymphocytic infiltration of the airways. we demonstrate that infection of primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells, or of the beas-2b human bronchial epithelial cell line, with human rhinovirus type 16 (hrv-16) induces expression of cxcl10 [ifn-gamma-inducible protein 10 (ip-10)], a ligand for the cxcr3 receptor found on activated type 1 t lymphocyte ... | 2005 | 15764644 |
| the role of p38 mapk in rhinovirus-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by monocytic-lineage cells. | viral respiratory infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and can contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. major group human rhinovirus enters cells by binding to the cell surface molecule icam-1 that is present on epithelial and monocytic lineage cells. the focus of the resulting viral infection is in bronchial epithelia. however, previous studies of the cytokine dysregulation that follows rhinovirus infection have implicated monocytic lineage cells in establishing the inflammator ... | 2005 | 15944313 |
| nasal rantes and eotaxin production pattern in response to rhinovirus infection. | tissue eosinophilia is a hallmark of nasal polyposis and its pathogenesis is an area of high interest. rantes and eotaxin are both known to recruit eosinophils, however, the mechanisms triggering their induction are still uncertain, and viral infections have been suggested to be involved in this process. therefore, we investigated whether rhinovirus infection is a stimulus for rantes and eotaxin expression and production. fibroblasts were cultured from healthy nasal mucosa obtained during endona ... | 2006 | 16792174 |
| recombinant vp4 of human rhinovirus induces permeability in model membranes. | in common with all nonenveloped viruses, the mechanism of picornavirus membrane penetration during cell entry is poorly understood. the small, myristylated capsid protein vp4 has been implicated in this process. here we show that recombinant vp4 of human rhinovirus 16 has the ability to associate with and induce membrane permeability in otherwise intact liposomes. this provides further evidence that vp4 plays a key role in picornavirus cell entry. | 2008 | 18256154 |
| phasing of the triatoma virus diffraction data using a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction. | the blood-sucking reduviid bug triatoma infestans, one of the most important vector of american human trypanosomiasis (chagas disease) is infected by the triatoma virus (trv). trv has been classified as a member of the cripavirus genus (type cricket paralysis virus) in the dicistroviridae family. this work presents the three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-em) reconstruction of the trv capsid at about 25 a resolution and its use as a template for phasing the available crystallographic ... | 2008 | 18308357 |
| proteinase 2apro is essential for enterovirus replication in type i interferon-treated cells. | the picornaviridae family comprises a diverse group of small rna viruses that cause a variety of human and animal diseases. some of these viruses are known to induce cleavage of components of the innate immune system and to inhibit steps in the interferon pathway that lead to the production of type i interferon. there has been no study of the effect of picornaviral infection on the events that occur after interferons have been produced. to determine whether members of the enterovirus genus can a ... | 2009 | 19211759 |
| cigarette smoke decreases innate responses of epithelial cells to rhinovirus infection. | exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with a significant increase in the risk for respiratory viral infections. the airway epithelium is the primary target for both cigarette smoke and respiratory viral infection. we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke on the response of airway epithelial cells to rhinovirus infection. we found that pre-exposure of beas-2b cells or primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (nhbes) to cigarette smoke extract (cse) reduced the induction of mrna o ... | 2011 | 20224072 |
| persistence of rhinovirus rna and ip-10 gene expression after acute asthma. | viral nucleic acid may be detected for up to 6 months after an acute asthma deterioration, but the pattern and consequences of viral persistence after acute asthma are incompletely understood. this study investigates the frequency of viral persistence after acute asthma, assesses viral infectivity and determines the host inflammatory responses to viral persistence. | 2011 | 21054674 |
| ltb4 increases nasal neutrophil activity and conditions neutrophils to exert antiviral effects. | leukotriene b4 (ltb4) recruits and activates neutrophils. accordingly, this leukotriene is involved in innate defense actions. | 2011 | 21251805 |
| effects of montelukast on patients with asthma after experimental inoculation with human rhinovirus 16. | leukotrienes are induced by viral infections. | 2011 | 21354028 |
| prophylactic antibody treatment and intramuscular immunization reduce infectious human rhinovirus 16 load in the lower respiratory tract of challenged cotton rats. | human rhinoviruses (hrv) represent the single most important etiological agents of the common cold and are the most frequent cause of acute respiratory infections in humans. currently the performance of available animal models for immunization studies using hrv challenge is very limited. the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) is a well-recognized model for the study of human respiratory viral infections. in this work we show that, without requiring any genetic modification of either the host or the ... | 2014 | 25328560 |