| comoviruses and enteroviruses share a t cell epitope. | an in vitro murine t cell proliferation assay was used to determine whether an antigenic epitope(s) recognized by enterovirus-immune t cells is held in common between plant comoviruses and human enteroviruses. splenocytes isolated from c3h/hej mice infected with coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) proliferated in vitro not only against a variety of enterovirus (cvb2, cvb3, cvb6, cva16, pv1) antigens, but against comovirus (cpmv, bpmv) antigens as well. splenocytes from mice inoculated with bean pod mottle ... | 1992 | 1370127 |
| outbreak of coxsackievirus a16 hand, foot, and mouth disease in a child day-care center. | | 1991 | 1746672 |
| evidence for a group-specific enteroviral antigen(s) recognized by human t cells. | human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 normal, healthy adult volunteers proliferated in vitro against a panel of enteroviral antigens, including coxsackievirus b3, coxsackievirus b2, coxsackievirus b6, coxsackievirus a16, and poliovirus 1. no proliferation against the cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus occurred. lymphocytes obtained from cord blood drawn from seven neonates were uniformly nonresponsive to enteroviral antigens. although serum neutralization antibody titers indicated ... | 1990 | 1975596 |
| fatal rhabdomyolysis and renal failure associated with hand, foot and mouth disease. | fatal severe rhabdomyolysis and anuric renal failure developed in a young man who had contracted hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic of this disease. viral studies implicated coxsackievirus a16 as the infecting agent. this appears to be the first reported case of rhabdomyolysis that was associated with hand, foot and mouth disease and infection with coxsackievirus a16. | 1989 | 2548069 |
| epidemiology of viral infections in singapore. | as singapore is a densely populated island, and also a major air and sea port, the importation and dissemination of viral infections is facilitated. respiratory viral infections have the highest prevalence rates, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) being the most important ones. seasonal variation occurs with influenza, rsv and parainfluenza virus type 1 infections. the age distribution and clinical picture associated with infections due to the various respiratory viruses are similar ... | 1987 | 2825585 |
| generalized eruption in a child with eczema due to coxsackievirus a16. | | 1968 | 5636047 |
| hand, foot, and mouth disease (coxsackievirus a16) in atlanta. | | 1967 | 6038264 |
| structural proteins of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (e71), which cause hand, foot and mouth disease, were compared with respect to their polypeptide composition by page. only three proteins were resolved for ca16, whereas the four characteristic structural proteins of e71, (vp1, vp2, vp3 and vp4) were separated. the distribution of labeled proteins suggested that the molecular weights of vp2 and vp3 of ca16 were very similar. the smallest protein, vp4, of ca16 and e71 had the same molecular weight, but ... | 1980 | 6246027 |
| prevention of death in mice infected with coxsackievirus a16 using guanidine hcl mixed with substituted benzimidazoles. | a significant reduction in the death rate of infant mice infected with ten 50% lethal doses (ld50) of coxsackievirus a16 was observed when they were treated 58 h after infection with two injections of guanidine at 145 mg/kg per injection. tremors occurred at this level but disappeared after treatment was discontinued. tremors were apparent, but less severe at 97 mg/kg per injection and did not occur at 48 mg/kg per injection. no antiviral effect could be detected at either of these levels of gua ... | 1982 | 6299189 |
| molecular analysis of coxsackievirus a16 reveals a new genetic group of enteroviruses. | coxsackievirus a16 (cav16) a member of the enterovirus genus of picornaviridae, is associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease, a febrile papulovesicular rash of childhood. we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the prototype strain of cav16 which consists of 7413 nucleotides plus the poly(a) tail. alignment of the sequence with the previously studied enteroviruses showed that the genome organization is typical for a member of this virus genus. however, the predicte ... | 1994 | 8030260 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is capable of causing paralytic disease indistinguishable from poliomyelitis due to poliovirus. to determine the relationship of ev71 to poliovirus and other enteroviruses, two strains of ev71 have been cloned and sequenced. the ev71 strains had only 46% amino acid identity with the polioviral p1 capsid region and 55% with the entire polyprotein. there were no regions of high similarity that might account for their respective ability to cause paralytic disease. the two stra ... | 1995 | 8837884 |
| [serotype determination of enteroviruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease; identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from clinical specimens by using specific probe]. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are known to be major causative agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease prevalent in summer in japan. discrimination and identification of these viruses were often hampered by a nonneutralizable or nontypable virus. therefore, a southern blot hybridization that utilizes mixed probes specific to serotype was developed. firstly, an approximately 650 bases spanning 5'-noncoding region to one third of vp2 including entire vp4 was amplified with a set ... | 1997 | 9311187 |
| complete sequence of echovirus 23 and its relationship to echovirus 22 and other human enteroviruses. | to define the relationship between echovirus 23 (e23) and other human enteroviruses, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a strain of e23 isolated from a child with high fever in connecticut in 1986 and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with those of other enteroviruses representing each of the major enterovirus phylogenetic groups, poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus a16, coxsackievirus b3, echovirus 22 (e22), and enterovirus 70. the genome of e23 (strain ... | 1998 | 9783471 |
| a genotypic characterization of enteroviral antigenic variants isolated in eastern canada. | antigenic variation within serotypes of enteroviruses can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of routine diagnosis by neutralization assays. the focus of this particular study was to initiate a genetic characterization of echovirus type 9 (e9) antigenic variants and nontypeable strains isolated in canada from 1991 to 1993. all variant strains were initially identified by the serological parameter of neutralization 'breakthrough' during conventional serotyping using the lim-benyesh-mel ... | 1999 | 10082385 |
| relationships between simian and human enteroviruses. | partial sequences from two genomic regions of simian enteroviruses were analysed and their relatedness to other picornaviruses was compared. of the 18 simian viruses included in the analysis, sequences were obtained from eleven strains for at least one genomic region. in the 5' non-coding region, sv6, sv19, sv26, sv35, sv43 and sv46 (simian viruses) and ba13 (baboon virus) clearly grouped together with human enteroviruses, whereas sv4, sv28 and sa4 (south african isolate) were more distantly rel ... | 1999 | 10092003 |
| comparison of enterovirus 71 and coxsackie-virus a16 clinical illnesses during the taiwan enterovirus epidemic, 1998. | to compare enterovirus 71 (ev 71) with coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) clinical illness in patients at chang gung children's hospital during taiwan's enterovirus epidemic of 1998. | 1999 | 10608631 |
| serotype-specific identification of enterovirus 71 by pcr. | enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 are closely related genetically and are causative agents of hand foot and mouth disease. because enterovirus 71 is more often associated with severe neurological disease, there is a need to rapidly discriminate between enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 during hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. | 2000 | 10720814 |
| an outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in taiwan, 1998. ii. laboratory diagnosis and genetic analysis. | an epidemic of enterovirus 71 (ev71) occurred in taiwan from april to december of 1998, with two peaks, one in june and the other in october. many enteroviruses were isolated in our laboratory from 258 cases during this outbreak. approximately half of the enteroviruses isolated were ev71 and one fifth were coxsackievirus a16. | 2000 | 10942089 |
| rapid diagnosis and quantification of herpes simplex virus with a green fluorescent protein reporter system. | a genetically modified cell line (vero-icp10-egfp) was constructed for detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) by a simple, rapid and direct method. the cell line was developed by stable transfection of vero cell with a plasmid encoding the green fluorescent protein (gfp) driven by the promoter of the hsv-2 icp10 gene. as early as 6 h after infection with hsv, fluorescence-emitting cells can be observed under a fluorescence microscope. a single infected cell emitting fluorescence can be observed ... | 2000 | 11064120 |
| [characterization of enterovirus type 71 isolated in saitama prefecture in 2000]. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) has been isolated mainly from hand, foot and mouth disease patients for the past several years in saitama prefecture, japan, but in 2000, enterovirus 71 (ev71) was isolated with high frequency. also, many cases with aseptic meningitis were reported unusually. we determined partial nucleotide sequences of ev71 isolated in this year and compared them with those of the viruses isolated previously. eighteen strains of ev71 were isolated from may to september in 2000. the se ... | 2001 | 11494567 |
| complete genome analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from an outbreak in taiwan and rapid identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by rt-pcr. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and encephalomyelitis were two major clinical manifestations during the 1998 enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan. to investigate whether different clinical patterns were caused by alterations in ev71 genomes, the complete nucleotide sequences of four ev71 strains associated with hfmd or encephalomyelitis were compared. among these viral strains, two or three nucleotide differences were found within the 5'-noncoding region, and two or four amino acid diff ... | 2001 | 11536241 |
| serotype-specific detection of coxsackievirus a16 in clinical specimens by reverse transcription-nested pcr. | we describe the development of a coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) serotype-specific pcr which correctly differentiated between cva16 and other enterovirus serotypes of both laboratory isolates and clinical specimens. the assay will be useful for monitoring cva16 outbreaks and studying the disease association, epidemiology, and evolution of this common enterovirus serotype. | 2001 | 11574592 |
| maternal first-trimester enterovirus infection and future risk of type 1 diabetes in the exposed fetus. | previous studies have suggested that enterovirus infections during pregnancy may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. our aim was to evaluate the role of first trimester enterovirus infections in a larger cohort of pregnant women. two series of pregnant women were analyzed as follows: 948 women (series 1) and 680 women (series 2) whose child developed clinical diabetes before the ages of 15 or 7 years, respectively. an equal number of control women with a nondiabetic child was ... | 2002 | 12145172 |
| detection, quantitation and identification of enteroviruses from surface waters and sponge tissue from the florida keys using real-time rt-pcr. | a method was developed for the quantitative detection of pathogenic human enteroviruses from surface waters in the florida keys using taqman (r) one-step reverse transcription (rt)-pcr with the model 7700 abi prism (r) sequence detection system. viruses were directly extracted from unconcentrated grab samples of seawater, from seawater concentrated by vortex flow filtration using a 100 kd filter and from sponge tissue. total rna was extracted from the samples, purified and concentrated using spi ... | 2002 | 12153016 |
| sequencing of 'untypable' enteroviruses reveals two new types, ev-77 and ev-78, within human enterovirus type b and substitutions in the bc loop of the vp1 protein for known types. | the n-terminal part of vp1 was sequenced for 43 enterovirus isolates that could not initially be neutralized with lbm pools or in-house antisera. most isolates were found to belong to human enterovirus type a (hev-a) and hev-b (18 isolates of each). all hev-a isolates could be typed by sequencing, with cv (coxsackievirus)-a16 and ev (enterovirus)-71 being dominant (nine and seven isolates, respectively). these types thus seem to have diverged more from their prototypes than the other types. amon ... | 2003 | 12655083 |
| clinical characteristics of an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore. | we experienced a hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak in late year 2000 in singapore. between 14 september 2000 and 14 november 2000, a total of 3526 cases of hfmd were notified. there were 652 patients clinically suspected to have hfmd, who were seen at the children's emergency department of kk women's and children's hospital of singapore. | 2003 | 12854382 |
| frequency, viral loads, and serotype identification of enterovirus infections in scottish blood donors. | enteroviruses are non-enveloped, frequently pathogenic rna viruses infecting humans. infection is potentially transmissible through blood or blood component transfusion from donor in the viremic phase before seroconversion for antibody. to investigate the threat to blood safety from enteroviruses, a large-scale survey of frequency and levels of viremia in blood donors was conducted. study designs and methods: blood donations from scotland over a period of 22 calendar months were screened for ent ... | 2003 | 12869111 |
| [enterovirus infections diagnosed in middle norway during the period 1992-2001]. | enteroviruses comprise polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echo viruses and the newer enteroviruses. poliovirus is now declared eradicated from europe, but viruses from the other three groups are still frequent causes of human diseases, ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to multi-organ failure. | 2003 | 14714003 |
| fatal coxsackievirus a16 infection. | a 15-month-old boy presenting with hand, foot and mouth disease died of myocarditis and intractable shock caused by coxsackievirus a16 infection. it is apparent that coxsackievirus a16 infection is not always a benign infection. | 2004 | 15014311 |
| incorrect identification of recent asian strains of coxsackievirus a16 as human enterovirus 71: improved primers for the specific detection of human enterovirus 71 by rt pcr. | human enterovirus 71 has emerged as an important pathogen in the asia pacific region and it is important to be able to make a rapid and specific diagnosis for outbreak control. recent asian strains of coxsackievirus a16 have changes in the vp1 gene which causes mispriming of widely used primers for human enterovirus 71 specific identification. | 2004 | 15122971 |
| non-specific febrile illness by coxsackievirus a16 in a 6-day-old newborn. | a case of non-specific febrile illness by coxsackievirus a 16 (ca 16) in a 6-day-old newborn whose mother had developed hand, foot and mouth disease manifestations 2 days after delivery is reported. notwithstanding the concurrence of negative circumstances like the presence of the enterovirus genome in the cerebrospinal fluid, absence of type specific neutralizing antibody and a few days of life, the newborn recovered 3 days after the onset of fever. this case, also characterized by the absence ... | 2004 | 15252383 |
| recombinant human enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease patients. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common illness of infants and young children <10 years of age. it is characterized by fever, ulcers in the oral cavity, and rashes with blisters that appear on the palm and sole. the most common causal agents of hfmd are coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and human enterovirus 71 (hev71), but other enteroviruses, including cv-a5 and cv-a10, can also cause it. when caused by cv-a16 infection, it is usually a mild disease, and patients normally recover without req ... | 2004 | 15496251 |
| the lim benyesh-melnick antiserum pools for serotyping human enterovirus cell culture isolates--still useful, but may fail to identify current strains of echovirus 18. | neutralisation tests are often used as a second line method of serotyping human enterovirus cell culture isolates after failure of indirect immunofluorescence. we reviewed the results of 85 consecutive neutralisation tests performed routinely on presumptive enterovirus isolates using the lim benyesh-melnick antiserum pools after failure of immunofluorescence on most of them, in order to assess the value of these antiserum pools. confirmation of serotype was determined by partial vp1 genome seque ... | 2005 | 15893571 |
| psoriasis herpeticum: three cases of kaposi's varicelliform eruption in psoriasis. | kaposi's varicelliform eruption (kve), first described in 1887 by moritz kaposi, refers to a disseminated cutaneous infection with herpesvirus type 1 or 2, vaccinia virus, or coxsackievirus a16 in a patient with another underlying dermatosis. when herpesvirus type 1 or 2 is the pathogenic virus, the term "eczema herpeticum" is used, independent of the underlying dermatologic diagnosis that preceded the eruption. kve is most often seen in patients with underlying atopic dermatitis, but has also b ... | 2005 | 15965420 |
| genetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulating from 1999 to 2004 in shenzhen, people's republic of china. | the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) sampled from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in shenzhen, people's republic of china, over a 6-year period (1999 to 2004) were examined with reverse transcription-pcr and dna sequencing. out of 147 stool specimens, 60 showed positive signals when screened with ev71- and ca16-specific primers. ev71 was identified in 19 specimens, and ca16 was identified in 41 specimens; coinfectio ... | 2005 | 16081920 |
| human enterovirus 71 subgenotype b3 lacks coxsackievirus a16-like neurovirulence in mice infection. | at least three different ev-71 subgenotypes were identified from an outbreak in malaysia in 1998. the subgenotypes c2 and b4 were associated with the severe and fatal infections, whereas the b3 virus was associated with mild to subclinical infections. the b3 virus genome sequences had >= 85% similarity at the 3' end to cv-a16. this offers opportunities to examine if there are characteristic similarities and differences in virulence between cv-a16, ev-71 b3 and ev-71 b4 and to determine if the pr ... | 2005 | 16122396 |
| [detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in shanghai, 2002]. | it was noticed that coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) were two major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there were several large outbreaks of hfmd in the asia-pacific region, and there was a propensity to cause severe complications or death in children under 5 years of age. the severe forms were associated with ev71 infection. although epidemics of hfmd have been reported in the mainland of china, few reports about ev71 as the pathog ... | 2005 | 16191294 |
| combining multiplex reverse transcription-pcr and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | cluster a enteroviruses, including enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16), are known to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). despite the close genetic relationship between these two viruses, ev71 is generally known to be a more perpetuating pathogen involved in severe clinical manifestations and deaths. while the serotyping of enteroviruses is mostly done by conventional immunological methods, many clinical isolates remain unclassifiable due to the limited number of antibodies ... | 2006 | 16757623 |
| recombinant newcastle disease virus capsids displaying enterovirus 71 vp1 fragment induce a strong immune response in rabbits. | the complete vp1 protein of ev71 was truncated into six segments and fused to the c-terminal ends of full-length nucleocapsid protein (npfl) and truncated np (npt; lacks 20% amino acid residues from its c-terminal end) of newcastle disease virus (ndv). western blot analysis using anti-vp1 rabbit serum showed that the n-terminal region of the vp1 protein contains a major antigenic region. the recombinant proteins carrying the truncated vp1 protein, vp1(1-100), were expressed most efficiently in e ... | 2006 | 16789020 |
| sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in sarawak, malaysia: lessons from the first 7 years. | a major outbreak of human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in sarawak in 1997 marked the beginning of a series of outbreaks in the asia pacific region. some of these outbreaks had unusually high numbers of fatalities and this generated much fear and anxiety in the region. | 2006 | 16827926 |
| phylogenetic evidence for inter-typic recombination in the emergence of human enterovirus 71 subgenotypes. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is a common causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). in recent years, the virus has caused several outbreaks with high numbers of deaths and severe neurological complications. several new ev-71 subgenotypes were identified from these outbreaks. the mechanisms that contributed to the emergence of these subgenotypes are unknown. | 2006 | 16939656 |
| genetic diversity of coxsackievirus a16 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemics in japan from 1983 to 2003. | to clarify the chronologic genetic diversity of coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) strains associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics in a restricted area and their genetic relation with those isolated in other areas, we investigated the genetic diversity of the 129 cv-a16 strains associated with hfmd epidemics in fukushima, japan, from 1983 to 2003, and compared their genetic relation to 49 cv-a16 strains isolated in other areas of japan and in china by using phylogenetic analysis ... | 2007 | 17093028 |
| echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. echovirus 4 (ev-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. the association of hfmd with ev-4 has not been reported previously. two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to enteric viruses laboratory ... | 2006 | 17119674 |
| reticulon 3 binds the 2c protein of enterovirus 71 and is required for viral replication. | enterovirus 71 is an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae. the 2c protein of poliovirus, a relative of enterovirus 71, is essential for viral replication. the poliovirus 2c protein is associated with host membrane vesicles, which form viral replication complexes where viral rna synthesis takes place. we have now identified a host-encoded 2c binding protein called reticulon 3, which we found to be associated with the replication complex through direct interaction with the enterovirus 71-encod ... | 2007 | 17182608 |
| molecular phylogeny of modern coxsackievirus a16. | a phylogenetic analysis of vp1 and vp4 nucleotide sequences of 52 recent cva16 strains demonstrated two distinct cva16 genogroups, a and b, with the prototype strain being the only member of genogroup a. cva16 g-10, the prototype strain, showed a nucleotide difference of 27.7-30.2% and 19.9-25.2% in vp1 and vp4, respectively, in relation to other cva16 strains, which formed two separate lineages in genogroup b with nucleotide variation of less than 13.4% and less than 16.3% in vp1 and vp4, respe ... | 2007 | 17308978 |
| evaluation of different clinical sample types in diagnosis of human enterovirus 71-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease. | human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 are important causes of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). like other enteroviruses, they can be isolated from a range of sterile and nonsterile sites, but which clinical sample, or combination of samples, is the most useful for laboratory diagnosis of hfmd is not clear. we attempted virus culture for 2,916 samples from 628 of 725 children with hfmd studied over a 3 1/2-year period, which included two large outbreaks. overall, throat swabs were the si ... | 2007 | 17446325 |
| enterovirus 71 triggering of neuronal apoptosis through activation of abl-cdk5 signalling. | the molecular mechanism behind what causes an infection of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in young children to result in severe neurological diseases is unclear. herein, we show that cdk5, a critical signalling effector of various neurotoxic insults in the brain, is activated by ev71 infection of neuronal cells. ev71-induced neuronal apoptosis could be effectively repressed by blocking either cdk5 kinase activity or its protein expression. moreover, ev71-induced cdk5 activation was modulated by c-abl. th ... | 2007 | 17581253 |
| epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern vietnam, 2005. | during 2005, 764 children were brought to a large children's hospital in ho chi minh city, vietnam, with a diagnosis of hand, foot, and mouth disease. all enrolled children had specimens (vesicle fluid, stool, throat swab) collected for enterovirus isolation by cell culture. an enterovirus was isolated from 411 (53.8%) of the specimens: 173 (42.1%) isolates were identified as human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and 214 (52.1%) as coxsackievirus a16. of the identified hev71 infections, 51 (29.5%) were c ... | 2007 | 18217559 |
| [serum types of enterovirus and clinical characteristics of 237 children with hand, foot and mouth disease in shenzhen]. | to study the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics and the serum types of enterovirus of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. | 2008 | 18289469 |
| development of multiplex real-time hybridization probe reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for specific detection and differentiation of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease have been reported in the asia pacific region over the last few years and resulted in significant fatalities. the 2 main etiologic agents are enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16). both viruses are closely related genetically and show similar clinical symptoms. however, ev71 are associated with neurologic complications and can lead to fatalities. in this study, we developed a multiplex real-time hybridization probe reverse transcript ... | 2008 | 18394844 |
| quick identification of effective small interfering rnas that inhibit the replication of coxsackievirus a16. | coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). it can cause myocarditis, pericarditis and fatal shock. there is no effective therapy against ca16. rna interference (rnai) is a powerful tool to silence gene expression. the small interfering rna (sirna) that induces rna degradation has recently been used as an anti-virus agent to inhibit virus replication. in this study, we established the complete nucleotide sequence of ca16 strain shzh05-1, and then ... | 2008 | 18662724 |
| simultaneous detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in clinical specimens by multiplex real-time pcr with an internal amplification control. | the recent and continuing hfmd outbreak caused by ev71 in several provinces of china since march 2008 has affected thousands of children and resulted in nearly 50 deaths. in this study, a sensitive and specific multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay has been developed for the rapid detection of ev71 and cv-a16. by using an internal amplification control, the real-time assay achieves detection of samples containing inhibitors and avoids false negatives. it should prove useful for clinical diagnosis of ... | 2009 | 19057836 |
| anti-enterovirus 71 activity screening of chinese herbs with anti-infection and inflammation activities. | antipyretic and toxin-eliminating traditional chinese herbs are believed to possess antiviral activity. in this study, we screened extracts of 22 herbs for activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71). we found that only extracts of houttuynia cordata thunb. could neutralize ev71-induced cytopathic effects in vero cells. the 50% inhibitory concentration of h. cordata extract for ev71 was 125.92 +/- 27.84 mug/ml. antiviral screening of herb extracts was also conducted on 3 genotypes of ev71, coxsackiev ... | 2009 | 19222118 |
| epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore, 2001-2007. | we reviewed the epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in singapore after the 2000 epidemic caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), with particular reference to the cyclical pattern, predominant circulating enteroviruses and impact of prevention and control measures in preschool centres. | 2009 | 19271036 |
| [simultaneous detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by multiplex real-time pcr with an internal control]. | to rapidly identify ev71 and ca16 simultaneously. | 2009 | 19388271 |
| scavenger receptor b2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to human enterovirus species a of the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71, together with coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are most frequently associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). although hfmd is considered a mild exanthematous infection, infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including fatal encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis. in recent years, epidemic and spor ... | 2009 | 19543282 |
| genetic changes of coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease patients in toyama, japan between 1981 and 2007. | we characterized the genetic diversity of the complete vp1 region of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolated from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease in toyama from 1981 to 2007 to evaluate the relationship between epidemics and genetic changes. the predominant genogroups of ca16 changed from b to c in 1995-1998, and genogroup c further changed from subgenogroup c1 to c2 around 2002, and to c3 in 2005-2007. the subgenogroups of the ev71 isolates were classified into ... | 2009 | 19628900 |
| [the epidemiologic and virological analysis of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in inner mongolia in 2007]. | in 2007, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in jungar banner, erdos city, inner mongolia autonomous region, china fever, vesicular exanthema on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks were presented in most of the patients. most of the patients were infants less than 5 years old, and an obvious peak period appeared in the disease outbreak. from 28 hospitalized patients, 23 stool specimens and 6 throat swab specimens were collected for enterovirus isolation, and 15 enterovi ... | 2009 | 19634756 |
| rhombencephalitis and coxsackievirus a16. | | 2009 | 19861078 |
| [human enteroviruses and respiratory infections]. | enteroviruses (ev) (picornaviridae) are common infectious agents divided into 4 species, including 108 serotypes and responsible for a wide range of human pathologies including upper and lower respiratory tract infections occurring in adults and infants. recent clinical studies indicated that these viruses are considered as the third etiological cause of bronchiolitis in young infants aged 1-12 months. moreover, several clinical case studies reported the etiological role of the coxsackievirus a1 ... | 2009 | 19951666 |
| molecular evidence of persistent epidemic and evolution of subgenotype b1 coxsackievirus a16-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in china. | the molecular epidemiology of cva16 in china between 1999 and 2008 reflects a pattern of endemic cocirculation of clusters b1a and b1b within subgenotype b1 viruses. the annual evolution rate of cva16 was estimated as approximately 0.91 x 10(-2) substitutions per synonymous nucleotide/year and is slightly lower than that of hev71. | 2010 | 20018819 |
| detection of non-polio enteroviruses in hungary 2000-2008 and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus a16, and echovirus 30. | human enteroviruses are associated with various clinical syndromes from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions like aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis. between june 2000 and august 2008 echovirus (e) type 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25, 30, coxsackievirus (cv) -a16, -a19, -b5, and enterovirus 71 (ev71) were reported in hungary. in this study, 29 previously enterovirus positive samples from 28 patients diagnosed with hand, foot and mouth ... | 2010 | 20044791 |
| epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in west bengal, india in august, 2007: a multicentric study. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused mostly by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). epidemic of hfmd has occurred in india only once in kerala in 2003. we report here a recent outbreak of hfmd in three districts of west bengal, india. | 2009 | 20049265 |
| [analysis on genetic character of coxsackievirus a16 strains isolated in shanghai in 2002]. | to reveal the genetic characteristic of coxsackie virus a16 (cva16) strains isolated during an epidemic of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in shanghai in 2002. | 2009 | 20077659 |
| [human enterovirus 71 was isolated from specimens of hand foot mouth disease in beijing in 2007]. | analyzing and identifying the type of enterovirus of human hand foot mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak in daxing district in beijing at the end of may in 2007. | 2009 | 20077674 |
| [genotype distribution of enterovirus a species isolated in shandong province, china]. | in order to study the genotypes and molecular evolution of human enterovirus (hev) a species in shandong province, stool samples were collected from afp and hfmd patients in shandong province and virus isolation was performed. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) specific for ev71 and cva16 were performed with the virus isolates from hfmd patients. positive isolates were selected for entire vp1 coding gene amplification and sequencing. isolates with negative pcr results and ... | 2009 | 20077929 |
| [identification of an enterovirus 71 receptor; scarb2]. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), belonging to family picornaviridae, genus enterovirus, species a, are causative agents of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd). infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and neurogenic pulmonary edema. ev71 is thus considered to be a neuropathogenic virus and ev71 outbreak has become a major public health concern. human rd cells are high ... | 2009 | 20218327 |
| [etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in guangzhou in 2008]. | to understand the etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in guangzhou area in 2008. | 2010 | 20426938 |
| an emerging recombinant human enterovirus 71 responsible for the 2008 outbreak of hand foot and mouth disease in fuyang city of china. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, is normally mild but can have life-threatening manifestations. it can be caused by enteroviruses, particularly coxsackieviruses and human enterovirus 71 (hev71) with highly variable clinical manifestations. in the spring of 2008, a large, unprecedented hfmd outbreak in fuyang city of anhui province in the central part of southeastern china resulted in a high aggregation of fatal cases. in this study, ... | 2010 | 20459851 |
| [genetic analysis of vp1 sequences of enterovirus 71 isolated from patients of hand, foot and mouth disease in beijing, 2008]. | to get genetic information of vp1 coding region of hev71 in beijing in 2008. | 2009 | 20518331 |
| a case of varicella combined with hand-foot-mouth disease in a healthy child. | we report here on an 11-year-old child with a pustulovesicular eruption on her whole body, including her palms, soles and oral mucosa, and this was accompanied with fever. a serologic test was positive for igm varicella zoster antibody and coxsackievirus a16 antibody. the histopathologic examination from the palm revealed intraepidermal pustules that showed neither inclusion bodies nor multinucleated giant cells. we made the final diagnosis, according to the serologic tests and histopathologic f ... | 2009 | 20548870 |
| emergence of enterovirus 71 "double-recombinant" strains belonging to a novel genotype d originating from southern china: first evidence for combination of intratypic and intertypic recombination events in ev71. | hand-foot-mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) has recently caused large outbreaks in mainland china in 2008. we performed complete genome sequencing on two ev71 (sz/hk08-5 and sz/hk08-6) and two ca16 (sz/hk08-3 and sz/hk08-7) strains from patients in shenzhen, china. phylogenetic, similarity plot and bootscan analyses revealed recombination between ev71 genotypes b and c at the 2a-2b junction, and between ev71 genotype b and ca16 strain g-10 in the 3c region ... | 2010 | 20549263 |
| an outbreak of coxsackievirus a16 infection: comparison with other enteroviruses in a preschool in taipei. | the transmission rate of enteroviruses in young children remains unclear. therefore, we carried out active surveillance in preschool children to investigate the transmission rate and clinical manifestation of enteroviruses. | 2010 | 20688286 |
| [detection and analysis of the enterovirus infection within 159 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease by a real-time reverse transcription-pcr assay]. | to reveal the enterovirus infection within children suffering hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in the capital institute of pediatrics from aprial to august, 2009, for the sake of clinical diagnosis and treatment. | 2009 | 20718366 |
| dynamic change of mother-source neutralizing antibodies against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in infants. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) are major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). studies indicate that the frequent hfmd outbreaks result in a few hundreds children's death in china in recent years. the vaccine and other research for hfmd need to be developed urgently. the aims of our study were: to explore dynamic development of mother-source neutralizing antibodies against ev71 and cox a16 in infants from jiangsu province, china, and to provide the fun ... | 2010 | 20819628 |
| development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous identification of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16. | human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are two major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in children. recently there have been several large outbreaks of hfmd in vietnam and the asia-pacific region. in this study, a multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed in order to detect simultaneously hev71, cva16 and other human enteroviruses. enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of three pairs of oligonucleotide primers: one pair of published primers f ... | 2010 | 20863857 |
| development of an igm-capture elisa for coxsackievirus a16 infection. | diagnosis of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) infection in china relies mainly on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) that require expensive equipment and special trained personnel, thus making its wide application in health care settings unlikely. in this study, a novel igm anti-ca16 assay was developed for the detection of igm antibodies to ca16 in serum. the responses and diagnostic value of igm for the ca16 infection were assessed by testing 1970 serum samples. the results show ... | 2010 | 20970457 |
| retrospective seroepidemiology indicated that human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulated wildly in central and southern china before large-scale outbreaks from 2008. | large nationwide outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in china from 2008; most of the cases were in children under 5 years. this study aims to identify the situation of natural human enterovirus 71 (hev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infections in children before 2008 in china. | 2010 | 21050463 |
| application of a molecular method for the classification of human enteroviruses and its correlation with clinical manifestations. | a new molecular classification scheme has recently been adopted that groups all enteroviruses into four species, designated human enterovirus a (hev-a) through d. in this study, we tried to demonstrate the correlation between this molecular classification scheme and clinical manifestations in patients. | 2010 | 21075700 |
| molecular characterization of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 using the 5' untranslated region and vp1 region. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are members of the species human enterovirus a, and are both major and independent aetiological agents of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. the human enterovirus (hev) 5' untranslated region (utr) is fundamentally important for efficient virus replication and for virulence, whilst the vp1 region correlates well with antigenic typing by neutralization, and can be used for virus identification and evolutionary studies. a comparison was undertaken of ... | 2010 | 21148280 |
| [genetic characterization of coxsackievirus a16 isolated in ningxia hui municipality in 2008.] | objective: to study the genetic characterization of coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) strains isolated during an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in ningxia hui municipality in 2008. methods: clinical samples were collected from hfmd patients in ningxia hui municipality and cva16 strains were isolated by viral isolation methods. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr), specific for cva16 were performed with these cva16 strains. entire vp1 coding region amplification an ... | 2010 | 21162993 |
| an enterovirus 71 epidemic in guangdong province of china, 2008: epidemiological, clinical, and virogenic manifestations. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is shown to be a major causative agent in outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) reported in guangdong (gd) province of china in 2008. a total of 48,876 hfmd cases (131 severe and 21 fatal) were reported to the gd hfmd web-based surveillance system, which covers 871 clinics. the main causes of death included central nervous system damage, heart failure, and pulmonary edema. the incidence rate was 52 per 100,000, and the epidemic peak appeared in may and june. ev7 ... | 2011 | 21266750 |
| detection, characterization and quantitation of coxsackievirus a16 using polyclonal antibodies against recombinant capsid subunit proteins. | coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), together with enterovirus type 71 (ev71), is responsible for most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. recent findings suggest that the recombination between cva16 and ev71, and co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of hfmd cases in china over the past few years. thus, for cva16, further understanding of its virology, epidemiology and development of diagnostic tests and vaccines are of importance. the present study ... | 2011 | 21295614 |
| molecular phylogeny of coxsackievirus a16 in shenzhen, china, from 2005 to 2009. | phylogenetic analysis of a coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) sequence from shenzhen, china, and other chinese and international ca16 sequences revealed a pattern of endemic cocirculation of strains of clusters b2a and b2b within subtype b2 viruses. amino acid evolution and nucleotide variation in the vp1 region were slight for 5 years. | 2011 | 21325543 |
| estimation of the basic reproduction number of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks. | coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are common pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) in pediatric population. little is known about the basic reproductive number (r0) for these enteroviruses. | 2011 | 21326133 |
| [etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease and genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus a16 in beijing, 2009]. | this study aimed to reveal the pathogen spectrum of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) and genetic characteristics of coxsackievirus a16 (coxa16) isolates in beijing in 2009. from 1044 clinical specimens collected from 975 hfmd cases at beijing pediatrics hospital, beijing you'an hospital and beijing ditan hospital in 2009, viral nucleic acids of enterovirus were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). enterovirus isolations were conducted with rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) ... | 2010 | 21344745 |
| [epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in shanghai, 2009]. | to analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in shanghai in 2009, epidemiological data was retrieved from the national notifiable disease report system (nndrs). nucleic acid of enterovirus (ev) was detected by real-time rt-pcr from 799 hfmd cases from 15 districts/counties in shanghai; the complete sequences of vp1 encoding region of several identified ev71 strains and sequences of vp4 encoding region of several untyped ev were determined a ... | 2010 | 21344746 |
| [construction and expression of a coxsackievirus a16 vp1 gene plasmid which delivered by live attenuated salmonella.] | aim: to develop a coxsackievirus a16 (cox a16) vp1 gene plasmid which delivered by live attenuated salmonella. methods: the plasmid which expressed vp1 protein of coxa16 was constructed by gene recombination. cellular expression was assessed by western bloten analysis. then the recombinant attenuated salmonella which harboring the plasmid were constructed by electro transformation. results: coxa16 vp1 gene sequence was inserted into a eukaryotic expression plasmid. vp1 protein was detected in th ... | 2011 | 21557905 |
| inactivation of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackie virus a16 and hand, foot, and mouth disease. | human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the two major etiological agents in major outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease. transmission of these viruses is facilitated by prolonged environmental survival and their resistance to biocides, and effective disinfection is crucial to interrupt the cycle of environmental spread. we tested the virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite against both ev71 and cva16, performed according to the association of official analytical che ... | 2011 | 21565426 |
| comparative proteome analyses of host protein expression in response to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 infections. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) are the main etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common disease among children and had caused several outbreaks in the asia-pacific region. although being genetically close to each other, ev71 infection can cause serious and fatal neurological complications like encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid paralysis (afp) and aseptic meningitis, but not in ca16 infections. in this study, the cellular response of host cells ... | 2011 | 21621020 |
| visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 and coxsackievirus a16 by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with the hydroxynaphthol blue dye. | a sensitive reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for rapid visual detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 (ev71-c4) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infection, respectively. the reaction was performed in one step in a single tube at 65°c for 60min with the addition of the hydroxynaphthol blue (hnb) dye prior to amplification. the detection limits of the rt-lamp assay were 0.33 and 1.58 of a 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid(50)) ... | 2011 | 21621554 |
| circulating coxsackievirus a16 identified as recombinant type a human enterovirus, china. | to determine the relationship of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) to prototype ca16-g10, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of circulating ca16 strains in china. complex recombinant forms of ca16-related viruses involving multiple human enteroviruses, subgroup a (ca4, ca16, and enterovirus 71), are prevalent among patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease. | 2011 | 21801645 |
| enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 3c proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrate, and anti-hfmd drug design. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the major causative agents of hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) which is prevalent in asia. thus far there are no prophylactic or therapeutic measures against hfmd. the 3c proteases from ev71 and cva16 play important roles in viral replication and are therefore ideal drug targets. by using biochemical, mutational and structural approaches, we broadly characterized both proteases. a series of high-resolution structures of the free or subst ... | 2011 | 21795339 |
| development and evaluation of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterovirus 71. | abstract: background: hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) is very common in china. it is difficult to distinguish between ev71 and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) infections in clinical hfmd patients. routine laboratory diagnosis of ev71 infection is time-consuming and requires expensive instruments. in this study, we have developed a one-step, single tube, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay for rapid and sensitive detection o ... | 2011 | 21767352 |
| a case of pityriasis rubra pilaris with associated focal acantholytic dyskeratosis complicated by kaposi's varicelliform eruption. | the clinical and histopathological diagnosis of pityriasis rubra pilaris (prp) can be difficult because clinical findings are often subtle in early stages, and microscopic findings can overlap with those of other skin diseases. focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (fad) can rarely be seen in prp and can mimic darier's disease, grover's disease or other disorders characterized by these histopathologic features. kaposi's varicelliform eruption is a widespread infection due to herpes simplex virus (hsv) ... | 2011 | 21732959 |
| hand foot and mouth disease due to enterovirus 71 in malaysia. | hand foot and mouth disease is a febrile sickness complex characterized by cutaneous eruption (exanthem) on the palms and soles with simultaneous occurrence of muco-cutanous vesiculo-ulcerative lesions (enanthem) affecting the mouth. the illness is caused by a number of enteroviruses with coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 as the main causative agents. human enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to the species human enterovirus a under the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71 has ... | 2011 | 21847753 |
| [Epidemiological features of hand, foot and mouth disease in China, 2008 - 2009]. | To clarify the seasonal and geographical difference and pathogen patterns so as to provide reference of prevention and control of the disease through analyzing the epidemical characteristics of reported hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) cases in China, 2008 - 2009. | 2011 | 21933538 |
| Survey of enterovirus infections from hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in china, 2009. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 22054534 |
| external quality assessment for enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 detection by reverse transcription-pcr using armored rna as a virus surrogate. | three armored rnas (virus-like particles [vlps]) containing target sequences from enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and a pan-enterovirus (pan-ev) sequence were constructed and used in an external quality assessment (eqa) to determine the performance of laboratories in the detection of ev71 and ca16. the eqa panel, which consisted of 20 samples, including 14 positive samples with different concentrations of ev and either ev71 or ca16 armored rnas, 2 samples with all 3 armored r ... | 2011 | 21865426 |
| [development of a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous differentiation of nine human hand food mouth disease pathogens]. | a multiplex rt-pcr assay based on gexp system was developed in order to detect simultaneously human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and other coxsackieviruses (cva4, 5, 9 and 10, cvb1, 3 and 5). enterovirus detection was performed with a mixture of 12 pairs of oligonucleotide primers including one pair of published primers for amplifying all known pan-enterovirus genomes and eleven primer pairs specific for detection of the vp1 genes of ev71, c a16, cva4, cva5, cva9, cva10, ... | 2011 | 21874901 |