| nonspecific inhibitors of coronavirus oc43 haemagglutination in human sera. | antibodies against the human coronavirus oc43 in human sera were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (hi), complement fixation (cf), and radial diffusion-haemolysis in gel (hig) techniques. the apparent hi titres in a fraction of sera with no antibodies detectable by the two other methods were found to be reduced considerably after treating the sera with phospholipase c (plc). the plc treatment also reduced the apparent hi titres in some sera containing variable amounts of cf and/or hig ant ... | 1978 | 214680 |
| sequence analysis of the membrane protein gene of human coronavirus oc43 and evidence for o-glycosylation. | the gene encoding the membrane (m) protein of the oc43 strain of human coronavirus (hcv-oc43) was amplified by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of viral rna with hcv-oc43- and bovine coronavirus (bcv)-specific primers. the nucleotide sequence of the cloned 1.5 kb fragment revealed an open reading frame (orf) of 690 nucleotides which was identified as the m protein gene from its homology to bcv. this orf encodes a protein of 230 amino acids with an m(r) of 26416. the gene is prec ... | 1992 | 1402806 |
| detection of rodent coronaviruses in tissues and cell cultures by using polymerase chain reaction. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was developed for the detection of rodent coronaviruses in biological material by using reverse transcriptase and two primers which flanked an m gene sequence of 375 bp. pcr detected all of 11 different strains of mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) as well as rat sialodacryoadenitis virus but not bovine coronavirus or human coronavirus strains oc43 and 229e. the m gene sequences of bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus oc43 are homologous to that of mhv, but ... | 1991 | 1661745 |
| the hemagglutinin/esterase gene of human coronavirus strain oc43: phylogenetic relationships to bovine and murine coronaviruses and influenza c virus. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin/esterase (he) genes of human coronavirus (hcv) strain oc43 and bovine respiratory coronavirus (brcv) strain g95 were determined from single-stranded cdna fragments generated by reverse transcription of virus-specific mrnas and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. an open reading frame of 1272 nucleotides was identified as the putative he gene by homology to the bovine coronavirus he gene. this open reading frame encodes a protein of 424 a ... | 1992 | 1727608 |
| comparison of the replication of distinct strains of human coronavirus oc43 in organotypic human colon cells (caco-2) and mouse intestine. | three strains of human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 were compared for their ability to cause enteric infections and to induce interferon alpha (ifn alpha) using the caco-2 human colon carcinoma cell line which exhibits spontaneous epithelial differentiation in vitro. mrc-5 cell culture grown stocks were prepared from: 1. cv paris, a strain of oc43 recovered from an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns. 2. cv mb, a neurotropic strain of oc43 which exhibits strict neuronal specificity in mu ... | 1990 | 2103102 |
| susceptibility of laboratory mice to intranasal and contact infection with coronaviruses of other species. | the susceptibility of laboratory mice to intranasal and contact infection with mouse hepatitis virus (mhv)-related coronaviruses was tested in infant cd1 mice. one day old mouse pups were inoculated intranasally with respiratory mhv-s, enteric mhv-y, rat sialodacryoadenitis virus (sdav), human coronavirus oc43 (hcv-oc43) or bovine coronavirus (bcv). twenty-four hours later, they were placed in direct contact with age matched sham inoculated pups. indices of infection in virus inoculated mice inc ... | 1990 | 2170746 |
| sequence analysis of nucleocapsid gene and leader rna of human coronavirus oc43. | the nucleotide sequence of the 3'-end of the genomic rna of human coronavirus oc43 (hcv-oc43) was determined from the cdna clones of the intracellular virus-specific mrnas. the nucleotide sequence and the predicted amino acid sequence of the main open reading frame (orf), which represents the nucleocapsid (n) protein, were highly homologous to those of bovine coronavirus (bcv) mebus strain. this orf predicts a protein of 448 amino acids. additional smaller orfs are also present in a different re ... | 1989 | 2541577 |
| human enteric coronaviruses: antigenic relatedness to human coronavirus oc43 and possible etiologic role in viral gastroenteritis. | in a group of infants with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, examination of paired sera for antibody to human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus showed a peculiar pattern of serological response, restricted only to hcv oc43 surface antigens, in a significantly higher proportion than among age-matched controls. in another group of infants and young children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis, fecal excretion of coronavirus-like particles was detected by electron ... | 1985 | 2985710 |
| human and bovine coronaviruses recognize sialic acid-containing receptors similar to those of influenza c viruses. | human coronavirus oc43 and bovine coronavirus elute from agglutinated chicken erythrocytes when incubated at 37 degrees c, suggesting the presence of a receptor-destroying enzyme. moreover, bovine coronavirus exhibits an acetylesterase activity in vitro using bovine submaxillary mucin as substrate similar to the enzymatic activity found in influenza c viruses. furthermore, pretreatment of erythrocytes with either influenza c virus or bovine coronavirus eliminates subsequent binding and agglutina ... | 1988 | 3380803 |
| oligonucleotide fingerprints of antigenically related bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus oc43. | virion rnas from the bovine enteric coronavirus and the human respiratory coronavirus oc43 were compared by one dimensional gel electrophoresis and by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. for each virus, approximately 55 per cent of the rna migrated as a 6.8 md species, 10 per cent as a 0.68 md species, and 15 per cent as heterogeneous small molecular weight rna. a sequence homology of greater than 96 per cent was observed between the 6.8 md species from the two viruses. the 0.68 md rna is apparently ... | 1985 | 4038068 |
| occurrence of antibodies to human coronavirus oc43 in finland. | | 1974 | 4450100 |
| intracellular development and mechanism of hemadsorption of a human coronavirus, oc43. | | 1972 | 5023770 |
| coronaviruses and gastroenteritis: evidence of antigenic relatedness between human enteric coronavirus strains and human coronavirus oc43. | a peculiar pattern of antibody response to human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv) was observed in a significantly higher proportion of children with gastroenteritis (ge) than controls. it was directed only to oc43 surface antigens and appeared to be quite different form that observed in oc43 respiratory infections, in which an antibody response to both oc43 and ncdcv surface and internal antigens was found. subsequently, fecal excretion of cv-like particles w ... | 1984 | 6083436 |
| antigenic and biological relationships between human coronavirus oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhoea coronavirus. | monospecific antisera were prepared in mice to human coronavirus oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhoea coronavirus (ncdcv) which had been previously adapted to growth in suckling mouse brain. brain suspension from infected suckling mice was used as immunogen. the antigenic relationship between oc43 and ncdcv was studied by the indirect immunoperoxidase antibody technique, by the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test and a new infectious centre-reduction neutralization test. in mouse immune sera, a t ... | 1981 | 6169790 |
| antigenic relationships among proteins of bovine coronavirus, human respiratory coronavirus oc43, and mouse hepatitis coronavirus a59. | antisera prepared against each of three single and one pair of major structural proteins of the bovine coronavirus (mebus strain) were used in immunoblotting studies to measure cross-reactivity with the structural proteins of the human coronavirus oc43 and the mouse hepatitis coronavirus a59. we conclude that the bovine coronavirus is comprised of four major structural proteins, gp190 (normally present as 120- and 100-kilodalton subunits), gp140, pp52, and gp26. the human coronavirus oc43 has an ... | 1984 | 6205167 |
| reactivity of human coronavirus oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhoea coronavirus membrane-associated antigens. | human embryonic lung fibroblast cultures and vero cell cultures infected with cell culture-adapted strains of human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 or neonatal calf diarrhoea coronavirus (ncdcv) were shown to possess highly cross-reactive membrane-associated antigens (maa) by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (ifama). maa appeared 3 h post-infection, concurrently with the appearance of cytoplasmic antigens. electron microscopic observations of cell cultures infected with either coronavirus stra ... | 1982 | 7050300 |
| genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus to bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus oc43 as studied by the use of bovine coronavirus s gene-specific probes. | the genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) to bovine coronavirus (bcv) and human coronavirus (hcv) strain oc43 was examined by dot blot hybridization assays. two bcv s gene-specific probes were generated by polymerase chain reaction from the avirulent l9-strain of bcv. probes were located in the s1 and the s2 region of the peplomeric (s) glycoprotein gene. the s1 probe (726 bp) hybridized with bcv and hcv-oc43, but not with hev under moderate stringency hy ... | 1995 | 7646353 |
| biological and genetic characterization of a hemagglutinating coronavirus isolated from a diarrhoeic child. | the coronavirus strain hecv-4408 was isolated from diarrhea fluid of a 6-year-old child with acute diarrhea and propagated in human rectal tumor (hrt-18) cells. electron microscopy revealed coronavirus particles in the diarrhea fluid sample and the infected hrt-18 cell cultures. this virus possessed hemagglutinating and acetylesterase activities and caused cytopathic effects in hrt-18 cells but not in mdbk, gbk and fe cells. one of four s-specific monoclonal antibodies reacted in western blots w ... | 1994 | 7852955 |
| molecular characterization of the s protein gene of human coronavirus oc43. | the gene encoding the spike protein of the oc43 strain of human coronavirus (hcv-oc43) was cloned and sequenced. the complete nucleotide sequence revealed an open reading frame of 4062 nucleotides encoding a protein of 1353 amino acids with a predicted m(r) of 150,078. structural features include 22 n-glycosylation sites, an n-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence of 17 amino acids, an hydrophilic cysteine-rich sequence of 35 amino acids near the c terminus, and a potential proteolytic cleavage s ... | 1993 | 8376972 |
| structural and functional analysis of the s proteins of two human coronavirus oc43 strains adapted to growth in different cells. | the receptor-binding activity of strain cu (grown in mdck i cells) and of strain va (adapted to vero cells) of human coronavirus oc43 was analyzed and compared with the binding activity of bovine coronavirus (bcv) and of the oc43 strain provided by the american type culture collection (at). results obtained with resialylated erythrocytes indicated that the ability of the viruses to recognize 9-o-acetylated sialic acid in an alpha 2,6-linkage decreased in the following order: at > cu > bcv > va. ... | 1996 | 8712929 |
| the region between the m and s genes of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus is highly similar to human coronavirus oc43. | the nucleotide sequences of the regions between the membrane and spike protein genes of three strains of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) were determined. a total of 739 (hev strain 67n) and 751 (strains nt9 and vw572) nucleotides were sequenced. two orfs, potentially encoding proteins of 12.8 and 9.6 kda, were identified. pairwise comparisons with the corresponding orfs in bovine coronavirus (bcv) and human coronavirus (hcv) oc43 revealed sequence similarities of greater ... | 1996 | 8757985 |
| characterization of human t cell clones specific for coronavirus 229e. | coronaviruses (cv) are pleomorphic enveloped rna viruses that are ubiquitous in nature, causing a variety of diseases in both man and domestic animals. in man, cv are generally associated with upper respiratory tract infections. the two prototype strains that are the best studied human cv isolates and which are thought to be responsible for most of the respiratory infections caused by cv are called 229e and oc43. humoral responses consisting of neutralizing antibodies to cv are present in most i ... | 1995 | 8830466 |
| analysis of cellular receptors for human coronavirus oc43. | bovine coronavirus (bcv), human coronavirus oc43 (hcv-oc43) and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) are serologically related viruses that all have hemagglutinating activity. the receptor determinant for attachment to erythrocytes has been shown to be n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5,9ac2). we compared the ability of the three coronaviruses to recognize 9-o-acetylated sialic acid and found that they all bind to neu5,9ac2 attached to galactose in either a2,3 or a2,6-linkage. th ... | 1995 | 8830510 |
| identification of 120 kd and 30 kd receptors for human coronavirus oc43 in cell membrane preparations from newborn mouse brain. | a biotinylated virus overlay was used to identify a 120kd virus-binding molecule in dissociated newborn mouse brain (nmb) cell suspensions after separation of the proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblotting, and blockage of non-specific binding sites. the virus-binding molecule was not detected in adult mouse brain cell suspensions. mannose- and glucose-rich glycoproteins from nmb cell membranes were selected by cona-sepharose (pharmacia) chromatography. a 30kd virus-binding ... | 1995 | 8830513 |
| cystatin d, a natural salivary cysteine protease inhibitor, inhibits coronavirus replication at its physiologic concentration. | this study was conducted to examine the effect of cystatin d, a newly discovered salivary cysteine protease inhibitor, on human coronavirus replication. when mrc-5, human diploid lung cells, were incubated with dilutions of recombinant human cystatin d from 0.65-10 microm for 1 h prior to, during and after infection with coronavirus oc43 and 229e strains, a decrease in virus yield was observed resulting in an ic50 of 0.8 microm for both virus strains. this dose is within the normal concentration ... | 1998 | 9573825 |
| comparison of immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and rt-pcr for the detection of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 in cell culture. | human coronaviruses, with two known serogroups named 229e and oc43, cause up to one third of common colds and may be associated with serious diseases such as nosocomial respiratory infections, enterocolitis, pericarditis and neurological disorders. reliable methods of detection in clinical samples are needed for a better understanding of their role in pathology. as a first step in the design of such diagnostic procedures, the sensitivities and specificities of two viral diagnostic assays were co ... | 1998 | 9694322 |
| human coronavirus polyadenylated rna sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. | human coronaviruses, represented by the two prototype strains hcv-oc43 and hcv-229e, are important human respiratory pathogens, also associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. two previous studies, one describing the electron microscopic observation of doughnut-shaped particles, resembling coronaviruses, in a perivascular inflammatory lesion of brain tissue taken at autopsy from a multiple sclerosis patient, and the other one reporting the isolation of coronaviruses from the brains of two multip ... | 1997 | 9208420 |
| persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcv) have been associated mainly with infections of the respiratory tract. accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo observations is consistent with the neurotropism of these viruses in humans. to verify the possibility of a persistent infection within the central nervous system (cns), various human cell lines of neural origin were tested for their ability to maintain chronic infection by both known strains of hcv, oc43 and 229e. production of infectious progeny virion ... | 1998 | 9782332 |
| human macrophages are susceptible to coronavirus oc43. | adherent adult and cord blood macrophages were infected with human coronavirus oc43 at a multiplicity of 1-1.5 and washed twice to remove unbound virus. virus progeny was detected in the supernatant on day 1 and peaked at 2-3 days at an average titer of 5 +/- 3.9 x 10(6) pfu/ml from seven samples. viral rna was detected by nested set rt-pcr in infected macrophages incubated for 48 hr. intracellular viral nucleocapsid was detected in 15% of the cells and surface staining for viral spike antigen w ... | 1998 | 9782339 |
| isolation of a coronavirus from kidney biopsies of endemic balkan nephropathy patients. | endemic balkan nephropathy (ebn) is a kidney disease of unknown etiology limited to bulgaria, rumania and former yugoslavia. primary kidney tissue cultures were established as explants from tissue obtained at operations from 5 ebn patients with urinary tract tumors. four out of the five biopsy specimens on extended culture incubation at 33 degrees c yielded a coronavirus virus (ebnv) which was cytopathogenic for human fibroblast and vero cells. in cells inoculated with ebnv, cytoplasmic immunofl ... | 1999 | 9933748 |
| acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus oc43. | human coronaviruses (hucv) are recognized respiratory pathogens. data accumulated by different laboratories suggest their neurotropic potential. for example, primary cultures of human astrocytes and microglia were shown to be susceptible to an infection by the oc43 strain of hucv (a. bonavia, n. arbour, v. w. yong, and p. j. talbot, j. virol. 71:800-806, 1997). we speculate that the neurotropism of hucv will lead to persistence within the central nervous system, as was observed for murine corona ... | 1999 | 10074188 |
| dna probe for the human coronavirus oc43 also detects neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv). | human coronaviruses (hcv) oc43 and 229e are the second most frequently isolated agents of common colds, and have also been associated with severe upper respiratory infections in children and with gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, such as infantile necrotizing enterocolitis. while hcv-oc43 and neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus ncdcv cannot be held responsible for enteric infection in man, serological data suggest the possible existence of a human coronavirus, antigenically related to hcv-oc43 ... | 1996 | 8841041 |
| interferon gamma potentiates human coronavirus oc43 infection of neuronal cells by modulation of hla class i expression. | hcn-1a, a human cerebral cortical neuron cell line, was examined for its susceptibility to human coronaviruses. the 229e strain replicated efficiently, but the oc43 strain did not replicate well, if at all. treatment of the cells with interferon gamma at 20u/ml for 48 hr markedly increased the susceptibility of the cells to infection with oc43 virus as shown by a 100-fold increase in secretion of infectious virus over a four day period as compared to untreated controls. the increased susceptibil ... | 1995 | 8575842 |
| human coronavirus oc43 rna 4 lacks two open reading frames located downstream of the s gene of bovine coronavirus. | nucleotide sequences between the spike (s) and membrane (m) protein genes of the oc43 strain of human corona-virus were obtained from pcr-amplified viral mrnas. sequence analysis of this region revealed the presence of two orfs encoding proteins of 12.9 and 9.5 kda. these two proteins were identified as putatively nonstructural (ns) due to their homology to the corresponding bcv ns gene products. northern blot analysis indicated that each of these two genes was present on a separate mrna (5 and ... | 1993 | 8517026 |
| hla class i antigen serves as a receptor for human coronavirus oc43. | human coronaviruses are associated with acute respiratory and enteric disease in man as such their target cells are probably the epithelial cells lining the respiratory and enteric tract. attachment of virus to specific receptors on the cell surface is a major determinant of virus tropism in pathogenesis (1). recently, aminopeptidase-n was identified as a cell receptor for the 229e coronavirus (2). cell receptor(s) for oc43 coronavirus have not been identified. however, it is of pathologic signi ... | 1993 | 8505072 |
| structural and functional analysis of the surface protein of human coronavirus oc43. | the two surface glycoproteins s and he of human coronavirus oc43 (hcv-oc43) were isolated from the viral membrane and purified. only the s protein was able to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, indicating that this viral protein is the major hemagglutinin of hcv-oc43. the receptor determinant recognized by this virus on the surface of erythrocytes is n-acetyl-9-o-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5,9ac2) which is also used by bovine coronavirus for attachment to cells. by analyzing erythrocytes containin ... | 1993 | 8317096 |
| characterization of the nonstructural and spike proteins of the human respiratory coronavirus oc43: comparison with bovine enteric coronavirus. | the nucleotide sequence of the region between the spike (s) and the membrane (m) protein genes, and sequences of the s and ns2 genes of the oc43 strain of human coronavirus (hcv-oc43) were determined. the ns2 gene comprises an open reading frame (orf) encoding a putative nonstructural (ns) protein of 279 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 32-kda. the s gene comprises an orf encoding a protein of 1353 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular weight of 149,918. sequence comparis ... | 1993 | 8209772 |
| virus-ligand interactions of oc43 coronavirus with cell membranes. | the binding of human coronavirus oc43 to human rhabdomyosarcoma cells which are highly susceptible to infection was studied by a solid phase virus binding assay and a receptor blockade assay. it was observed that whole virions and s(spike) bound to a 90 kd glycoprotein of rd cells even after treatment of the substrate with neuraminidase or 0.1 m naoh. a second receptor of 45 kd also bound virus and was identified as hla class i antigen. antibody to both receptors reduced the virus yield in a rec ... | 1993 | 8209744 |
| human coronavirus oc43 interacts with major histocompatibility complex class i molecules at the cell surface to establish infection. | human coronaviruses have been associated with common colds, diarrhea and enterocolitis, and have been implicated in multiple sclerosis. hla class i molecules may play a critical role as receptor for oc43 because monoclonal antibody (mab)w6/32 to hla-a, -b and -c specificities completely blocks infectivity in human rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. the role of hla class 1 antigen as the virus receptor was examined using hla-a3.1 stably transfected human plasma cells and untransfected hmy.c1r cells whi ... | 1994 | 7959963 |
| susceptibility of murine cns to oc43 infection. | | 2001 | 11774452 |
| induction of apoptosis in mrc-5, diploid human fetal lung cells after infection with human coronavirus oc43. | | 2001 | 11774544 |
| evaluation of nested polymerase chain methods for the detection of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | currently, the diagnosis of human respiratory coronavirus infection is either slow or insensitive. this paper describes nested polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of human coronaviruses oc43 and 229e. the specificity and sensitivity of the assays have been determined and they have been applied to the detection of the viruses in nasal aspirates. these assays are more rapid and sensitive than cell culture and may replace the latter as the diagnostic method of choice. | 1994 | 7877631 |
| sequence and expression of the ns2 protein gene of human coronavirus oc43. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the ns2 gene of human coronavirus oc43 (hcv-oc43) was determined. sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame that could encode a protein of 278 amino acids, with an estimated molecular mass of 32.2 kda. six potential phosphorylation sites are present but no sites of n-glycosylation were found. the amino acid sequence of the hcv-oc43 ns2 protein shows 92% identity with that of the mebus strain of bovine coronavirus (bcv). however, a stretch of nine consec ... | 1995 | 7844564 |
| an outbreak of coronavirus oc43 respiratory infection in normandy, france. | the 2 groups of human coronaviruses (hcovs) represented by the prototype strains hcov 229e and hcov oc43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. hcovs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. from october 2000 through april 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for hcov by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. from 8 february through 27 march 2001, hcov oc43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. the other viruses ... | 2003 | 12684910 |
| human papillomavirus type 16 e7 peptide-directed cd8+ t cells from patients with cervical cancer are cross-reactive with the coronavirus ns2 protein. | human papillomavirus type 16 (hpv16) e6 and e7 oncoproteins are required for cellular transformation and represent candidate targets for hpv-specific and major histocompatibility complex class i-restricted cd8(+)-t-cell responses in patients with cervical cancer. recent evidence suggests that cross-reactivity represents the inherent nature of the t-cell repertoire. we identified hla-a2 binding hpv16 e7 variant peptides from human, bacterial, or viral origin which are able to drive cd8(+)-t-cell ... | 2003 | 12692247 |
| development and application of an enzyme immunoassay for coronavirus oc43 antibody in acute respiratory illness. | study of coronavirus oc43 infections has been limited because of the lack of sensitive cell culture systems and serologic assays. to improve this circumstance, we developed an indirect enzyme immunoassay (eia) to detect serum antibody to oc43. antigen (100 ng) prepared by polyethylene glycol precipitation provided optimal results without a postcoat procedure. evaluation of intraplate variation indicated that a > or = 2.5-fold increase in serum titer was significant. sixteen of 18 (89%) paired se ... | 1994 | 7814468 |
| detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. | an investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease was carried out in a large rehoming kennel. tissue samples taken from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs were tested for the presence of coronaviruses using rt-pcr with conserved primers for the polymerase gene. sequence analysis of four positive samples showed the presence of a coronavirus with high similarity to both bovine and human coronavirus (strain oc43) in their polymerase and spike genes, whereas there was a l ... | 2003 | 12781709 |
| antigenic relationships of coronaviruses detectable by plaque neutralization, competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. | the antigenic relationships of mouse coronaviruses jhm and a59, human viruses oc43 and 229e, and multiple sclerosis (ms) isolates sd and sk have been investigated by plaque neutralization, competitive enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, and immunoprecipitation. a59, sk, or sd plaques are neutralized by antiserum prepared against homologous as well as heterologous virus. plaque neutralization also demonstrated weak reactivity between sd or sk and mouse virus jhm but no reactivity with human coro ... | 1981 | 7337039 |
| coronavirus isolates sk and sd from multiple sclerosis patients are serologically related to murine coronaviruses a59 and jhm and human coronavirus oc43, but not to human coronavirus 229e. | two coronaviruses (sk and sd), isolated from fresh autopsy brain tissue from two multiple sclerosis patients, were compared with known human and murine coronaviruses. in plaque neutralization assays, antisera prepared against multiple sclerosis isolates sk and sd demonstrated significant cross-reactivity to each other and to murine coronavirus a59, weak cross-reactivity to murine coronavirus jhm, but no cross-reactivity to the human coronavirus 229e. antiserum to sk or sd failed to inhibit hemag ... | 1981 | 7241654 |
| antigenic relatedness of human enteric coronavirus strains to human coronavirus oc43: a preliminary report. | | 1984 | 6491374 |
| simultaneous detection of fourteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by two multiplex reverse transcription nested-pcr assays. | there is a need for rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients, who are susceptible to serious complications. the multiplex rt-nested pcr assay has been used widely for simultaneous detection of non-related viruses involved in infectious diseases because of its high specificity and sensitivity. a new multiplex rt-pcr assay is described in this report. this approach includes nested primer sets targeted to con ... | 2004 | 14748074 |
| human coronavirus oc43 serum inhibitor and neutralizing antibody by a new plaque-reduction assay. | | 1980 | 6244598 |
| differential susceptibility of cultured neural cells to the human coronavirus oc43. | by using cell-type-specific markers and neural cultures derived from various areas of the nervous system, it has been possible to identify various interactions between oc43 virus and mouse oligodendrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and fibroblasts. neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia produced viral antigen and infectious virus. astrocytes and fibroblasts both produced viral antigen but not infectious virus. oligodendrocytes produced neither infectious virus nor viral antigen. human embryo brain ... | 1985 | 3973963 |
| probing for the human coronavirus oc43 in multiple sclerosis. | tissues acquired at autopsy from four patients with ms and biopsies from one patient with a probable diagnosis of ms were probed for the presence of oc43 rna. this human coronavirus was not detected. | 1986 | 3785676 |
| regulation of persistent infections with human coronavirus oc43. | | 1987 | 2829539 |
| seroepidemiologic study of human coronavirus oc43 infections in italy. | human coronavirus oc43 from suckling mouse brain (smb) suspension has been adapted to grow in human embryonic lung fibroblast cell cultures. complement-fixing and hemagglutinating antigens were prepared from infected cell cultures and used in parallel with the same antigens from smb for a study of the prevalence of oc43 antibody in northern italy as well as for the serodiagnosis of recent oc43 infections and reinfections. results show (i) a higher sensitivity of the hemagglutination-inhibition a ... | 1978 | 216378 |
| antibodies to human coronavirus oc43 measured by radial haemolysis in gel. | an application of the haemolysis-in-gel (hig) technique was developed to quantitate antibodies against the human coronavirus oc43. preinfection and convalescent sera from two patients with verified oc43 infection showed a significant increase in antibody titres measured by hig as well as by haemagglutination-inhibition (hi). 241 of the other 306 sera tested (80%) caused radial haemolysis in gels containing viral antigen-sensitized erythrocytes and complement. no haemolysis was seen in gels prepa ... | 1977 | 197594 |
| comprehensive detection and identification of human coronaviruses, including the sars-associated coronavirus, with a single rt-pcr assay. | the sars-associated human coronavirus (sars-hcov) is a newly described, emerging virus conclusively established as the etiologic agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). this study presents a single-tube rt-pcr assay that can detect with high analytical sensitivity the sars-hcov, as well as several other coronaviruses including other known human respiratory coronaviruses (hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e). species identification is provided by sequencing the amplicon, although a rapid scree ... | 2004 | 15488617 |
| oc43 strain-related coronavirus antibodies in different age groups. | serum antibodies against human coronavirus oc43 in different age groups were measured by complement fixation (cf), haemagglutination inhibition (hi), radial diffusion haemolysis-in-gel (hig), and solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) methods. antigen grown in suckling mouse brain was used in all tests. results obtained by the cf and hig tests, and the ria, were in good agreement with regard to the presence or absence of antibodies. similar results were also obtained with the hi test if nonspecific ... | 1979 | 113504 |
| a serological survey of human coronavirus in pigs of the tohoku district of japan. | a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the tohoku district of japan was examined for hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies to human coronavirus (hcv), swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) and bovine coronavirus (bcv). hi antibodies to hcv oc43 strain and hev 67n strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 91.4 and 82.1%, respectively, while the bcv kakegawa strain was 44.2% positive. farm d in miyagi prefecture showed the highest antibody titers to hcv oc43 s ... | 1998 | 9782320 |
| false-positive results in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay due to hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e rectified by western blotting with recombinant sars-cov spike polypeptide. | using paired serum samples obtained from patients with illness associated with increases in anti-human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) or anti-hcov-229e antibodies, we examined the possibility of false-positive results detected in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) nucleocapsid protein immunoglobulin g enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). three of the 21 and 1 of the 7 convalescent-phase serum samples from persons with increases in antibod ... | 2004 | 15583332 |
| frequency and natural history of rhinovirus infections in adults during autumn. | human rhinovirus (hrv) accounts for a significant portion of common-cold illness, with the peak incidence being in the early fall. three hundred forty-six adults who had self-diagnosed colds of 48 h or less were enrolled in a study during september and october 1994 to determine the frequency and clinical course of hrv infections. nasal wash specimens for viral culture and reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for hrv rna and human coronavirus oc43 and 229e rna detection were collected on enrollment ... | 1997 | 9350748 |
| coronaviruses in spinal fluid of patients with acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis. | acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis (amon) may be an initial symptom of multiple sclerosis (ms). coronaviruses have been implicated in the etiology of ms. the objective of the present study was to look for coronaviral rna in amon, which could be present in the initial stages of the development of ms. | 1999 | 10442448 |
| infection of primary cultures of human neural cells by human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | we evaluated the ability of human coronaviruses to infect primary cultures of human neural cells. double immunofluorescence with antibodies to virus and cell markers showed infection of fetal astrocytes and of adult microglia and astrocytes by strain oc43. rna amplification revealed infection of fetal astrocytes, adult microglia, and a mixed culture of adult oligodendrocytes and astrocytes by strain 229e. infectious virus was released only from fetal astrocytes, with higher titers for oc43. huma ... | 1997 | 8985420 |
| pigs with highly prevalent antibodies to human coronavirus and swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the tohoku district of japan. | from 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the tohoku district of the honshu island of japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), human coronavirus (hcv) and bovine coronavirus (bcv) by haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test. antibodies to hev 67n strain and hcv oc43 strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 82.1 and 91.4%, respectively, while seropositivity rate to bcv kakegawa strain was 44.2%. no clinical signs ... | 1999 | 10459660 |
| antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43. | cross-reactivity between antibodies to different human coronaviruses (hcovs) has not been systematically studied. by use of western blot analysis, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), antigenic cross-reactivity between severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and 2 hcovs (229e and oc43) was demonstrated in immunized animals and human serum. in 5 of 11 and 10 of 11 patients with sars, paired serum samples showed ... | 2005 | 15897988 |
| activation of glial cells by human coronavirus oc43 infection. | multiple sclerosis (ms) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease that could be triggered by a viral infection. coronaviruses induce an ms-like disease in rodents, are neuroinvasive in humans and can infect primary cultures of human astrocytes and microglia. infection of the human astrocytic cell line u-373mg by the oc43 strain of human coronavirus caused an upregulation of il-6, tnf-alpha, and mcp-1 mrna expression. this virus also modulated the activity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 ... | 2000 | 10900340 |
| viral load quantitation of sars-coronavirus rna using a one-step real-time rt-pcr. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease that first occurred in humans in the people's republic of china in november 2002 and has subsequently spread worldwide. a novel virus belonging to the coronaviridae family has been identified as the cause of this pulmonary disease. the severity of the disease combined with its rapid spread requires the development of fast and sensitive diagnostic assays. | 2006 | 16023880 |
| neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. | human coronaviruses (hcov) cause common colds but can also infect neural cell cultures. to provide definitive experimental evidence for the neurotropism and neuroinvasion of hcov and its possible association with multiple sclerosis (ms), we have performed an extensive search and characterization of hcov rna in a large panel of human brain autopsy samples. very stringent reverse transcription-pcr with two primer pairs for both viral strains (229e and oc43), combined with southern hybridization, w ... | 2000 | 10982334 |
| survival of human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 in suspension and after drying onsurfaces: a possible source ofhospital-acquired infections. | strains oc43 and 229e of human coronaviruses (hcov) cause one-third of common colds and hospital-acquired upper respiratory tract hcov infections have been reported in premature newborns. to evaluate possible sources of infection, virus survival was studied in aqueous suspensions and on absorptive and non-absorptive surfaces representative of a hospital environment. virus susceptibility to chemical disinfection with standard products was also characterized. virus survived in saline solution for ... | 2000 | 11023724 |
| characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal. | a coronavirus was isolated from feces of a diarrheic foal and serially propagated in human rectal adenocarcinoma (hrt-18) cells. antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate nc99) were based on serological comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene. indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (bcv) and porc ... | 2000 | 11101590 |
| murine encephalitis caused by hcov-oc43, a human coronavirus with broad species specificity, is partly immune-mediated. | the human coronavirus hcov-oc43 causes a significant fraction of upper respiratory tract infections. most coronaviruses show a strong species specificity, although the sars-coronavirus crossed species from palm civet cats to infect humans. similarly, hcov-oc43, likely a member of the same coronavirus group as sars-cov, readily crossed the species barrier as evidenced by its rapid adaptation to the murine brain [mcintosh, k., becker, w.b., chanock, r.m., 1967. growth in suckling-mouse brain of "i ... | 2006 | 16413043 |
| the prevalence of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs in japan. | canine coronavirus (ccov) has been reported to cause acute diarrhea mainly in young pups. ccov and feline coronavirus are classified as group 1 coronaviruses. however, it has recently been reported in the united kingdom that the group 2 coronavirus gene, which is more closely related to the bovine coronavirus (bcov) and human coronavirus strain oc43, has been detected in respiratory tract tissue samples from dogs with respiratory disease. in this study, we examined the prevalence of antibodies t ... | 2006 | 16462112 |
| direct diagnosis of human respiratory coronaviruses 229e and oc43 by the polymerase chain reaction. | an rt-pcr-hybridization was developed that amplified genetic material from the m protein gene of hcov-229e and hcov-oc43. the analytic sensitivity of these original primers were compared with primers defined in the n gene and described previously. the results show that 0.05 tcid50 of hcov-229e and 0.01 tcid50 of hcov-oc43 can be detected by this molecular method using the original method. detection of hcov-229e and hcov-oc43 in clinical specimens is possible using this method: 348 respiratory sp ... | 2001 | 11483217 |
| coronaviruses in brain tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis. | brain tissue from 25 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (ms) and as controls brain tissue from 36 patients without neurological disease was tested for the presence of human coronaviral rna. four pcr assays with primers specific for n-protein of human coronavirus strain 229e and three pcr assays with primers specific for the nucleocapsid protein of human coronavirus strain oc43 were performed. sporadic positive pcr assays were observed in both patients and controls in some of th ... | 2001 | 11515789 |
| [nosocomial infections due to human coronaviruses in the newborn]. | human coronaviruses, with two known serogroups named 229-e and oc-43, are enveloped positive-stranded rna viruses. the large rna is surrounded by a nucleoprotein (protein n). the envelop contains 2 or 3 glycoproteins: spike protein (or protein s), matrix protein (or protein m) and a hemagglutinin (or protein he). their pathogen role remains unclear because their isolation is difficult. reliable and rapid methods as immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies and reverse transcription-polymeras ... | 2002 | 11865552 |
| [antigenicity analysis of nucleocapsid proteins of 3 human coronaviruses sars-cov, 229e and oc43 with their monoclonal antibodies]. | to prepare and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein of 3 human coronaviruses sars-cov, 229e and oc43 and study the antigenic relationship between the 3 n proteins. | 2006 | 16546729 |
| enhanced identification of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract samples with nucleic acid amplification tests. | the advantages of nucleic acid amplification tests (nat) over conventional methods for the detection of pathogens in lower respiratory tract samples have not been established. nat for respiratory pathogens were performed on 439 endotracheal tube (ett) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples. a potential pathogen was detected in 87 samples. of 22 samples that tested positive by conventional methods, 15 tested positive for the same pathogen by nat, 1 tested positive for a different pathogen, 2 ha ... | 2006 | 16555283 |
| sequence of the 3'-terminal end (8.1 kb) of the genome of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus: comparison with other haemagglutinating coronaviruses. | a cytopathogenic coronavirus, serologically identified as porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), has recently been associated with acute outbreaks of wasting and encephalitis in nursing piglets from pig farms in southern québec and ontario, canada. the 3'-terminal end of the genome of the prototype hev-67n strain and that of the recent québec iaf-404 field isolate, both propagated in hrt-18 cells, were sequenced. overall, sequencing data indicated that hev has remained antigeni ... | 2002 | 12237422 |
| analysis of human coronavirus 229e spike and nucleoprotein genes demonstrates genetic drift between chronologically distinct strains. | historically, coronaviruses have been recognized as a cause of minor respiratory infections in humans. however, the recent identification of three novel human coronaviruses, one causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), has prompted further examination of these viruses. previous studies of geographically and chronologically distinct human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) isolates have found only limited variation within s gene nucleotide sequences. in contrast, analysis of the s genes of con ... | 2006 | 16603522 |
| the genome sequence of the sars-associated coronavirus. | we sequenced the 29,751-base genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus known as the tor2 isolate. the genome sequence reveals that this coronavirus is only moderately related to other known coronaviruses, including two human coronaviruses, hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e. phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins indicates that the virus does not closely resemble any of the three previously known groups of coronaviruses. the genome sequence will aid in the ... | 2003 | 12730501 |
| vacuolating encephalitis in mice infected by human coronavirus oc43. | involvement of viruses in human neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying pathologic mechanisms remain generally unclear. human respiratory coronaviruses (hcov) can infect neural cells, persist in human brain, and activate myelin-reactive t cells. as a means of understanding the human infection, we characterized in vivo the neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties of hcov-oc43 through the development of an experimental animal model. virus inoculation of 21-day postnatal c57bl/6 and balb/c mi ... | 2003 | 14592756 |
| coronavirus hku1 and other coronavirus infections in hong kong. | we have recently described the discovery of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus hku1 (cov-hku1), associated with community-acquired pneumonia. however, the clinical spectrum of disease and the epidemiology of cov-hku1 infections in relation to infections with other respiratory viruses are unknown. in this 12-month prospective study, 4,181 nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients with acute respiratory tract infections were subjected to reverse transcription-pcrs specific for cov-hku1 and human corona ... | 2006 | 16757599 |
| common rna replication signals exist among group 2 coronaviruses: evidence for in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavirus molecules. | 5' and 3' utr sequences on the coronavirus genome are known to carry cis-acting elements for di rna replication and presumably also virus genome replication. 5' utr-adjacent coding sequences are also thought to harbor cis-acting elements. here we have determined the 5' utr and adjacent 289-nt sequences, and 3' utr sequences, for six group 2 coronaviruses and have compared them to each other and to three previously reported group 2 members. extensive regions of highly similar utr sequences were f ... | 2003 | 14592769 |
| infectious diseases. unexplained false alarm may hold lessons. | | 2003 | 14593143 |
| frequent detection of human coronaviruses in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory tract infection by use of a novel real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. | during the past years, human coronaviruses (hcovs) have been increasingly identified as pathogens associated with more-severe respiratory tract infection (rti). diagnostic tests for hcovs are not frequently used in the routine setting. it is likely that, as a result, the precise role that hcovs play in rtis is greatly underestimated. we describe a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the detection of hcov that c ... | 2004 | 14767819 |
| cross-protection against a human enteric coronavirus and a virulent bovine enteric coronavirus in gnotobiotic calves. | a group 2 human coronavirus designated hecv-4408 was isolated from a child with acute diarrhea and is antigenically and genetically more closely related to bovine coronavirus (bcov) than to human coronavirus oc43 (x. m. zhang, w. herbst, k. g. kousoulas, and j. storz, j. med. virol. 44:152-161, 1994). to determine whether hecv-4408 infects gnotobiotic calves and induces cross-protective immunity against the virulent enteric bcov db2 strain, gnotobiotic calves (n = 4) were orally inoculated with ... | 2006 | 16971444 |
| a prospective hospital-based study of the clinical impact of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (non-sars)-related human coronavirus infection. | in addition to the human coronaviruses (hcovs) oc43 and 229e, which have been known for decades to cause infection in humans, 2 new members of this genus have recently been identified: hcovs nl63 and hku1. their impact as a cause of respiratory tract disease in adults at risk for complications needs to be established. | 2006 | 16983613 |
| identification of a new human coronavirus. | three human coronaviruses are known to exist: human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e), hcov-oc43 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). here we report the identification of a fourth human coronavirus, hcov-nl63, using a new method of virus discovery. the virus was isolated from a 7-month-old child suffering from bronchiolitis and conjunctivitis. the complete genome sequence indicates that this virus is not a recombinant, but rather a new group 1 coronavirus. t ... | 2004 | 15034574 |
| prediction of amino acid pairs sensitive to mutations in the spike protein from sars related coronavirus. | in this study, we analyzed the amino acid pairs affected by mutations in two spike proteins from human coronavirus strains 229e and oc43 by means of random analysis in order to gain some insight into the possible mutations in the spike protein from sars-cov. the results demonstrate that the randomly unpredictable amino acid pairs are more sensitive to the mutations. the larger is the difference between actual and predicted frequencies, the higher is the chance of mutation occurring. the effect i ... | 2003 | 15127935 |
| acute respiratory symptoms in adults in general practice. | community studies have shown that approximately 30% of patients with acute respiratory tract symptoms have no identifiable infective aetiology. this may not be applicable in general practice. | 2004 | 15128697 |
| hcov-oc43-induced encephalitis is in part immune-mediated. | | 2006 | 17037592 |
| human respiratory coronavirus oc43: genetic stability and neuroinvasion. | the complete genome sequences of the human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) laboratory strain from the american type culture collection (atcc), and a hcov-oc43 clinical isolate, designated paris, were obtained. both genomes are 30,713 nucleotides long, excluding the poly(a) tail, and only differ by 6 nucleotides. these six mutations are scattered throughout the genome and give rise to only two amino acid substitutions: one in the spike protein gene (i958f) and the other in the nucleocapsid protein g ... | 2004 | 15280490 |
| the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is cleaved in virus infected vero-e6 cells. | spike protein is one of the major structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. it is essential for the interaction of the virons with host cell receptors and subsequent fusion of the viral envelop with host cell membrane to allow infection. some spike proteins of coronavirus, such as mhv, hcov-oc43, aibv and bcov, are proteolytically cleaved into two subunits, s1 and s2. in contrast, tgv, fipv and hcov-229e are not. many studies have shown that the cleavage of spike prot ... | 2004 | 15450134 |
| complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus oc43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event. | coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded rna viruses with a genome of approximately 30 kb. based on genetic similarities, coronaviruses are classified into three groups. two group 2 coronaviruses, human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) and bovine coronavirus (bcov), show remarkable antigenic and genetic similarities. in this study, we report the first complete genome sequence (30,738 nucleotides) of the prototype hcov-oc43 strain (atcc vr759). complete genome and open reading frame (orf) analy ... | 2005 | 15650185 |
| human coronavirus infection among children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in thailand. | this study was performed to further identify the previously uncharacterized human coronavirus 229e (hcov-229e) and human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) in thailand by using the rt-pcr technique. in addition, we performed this study in order to delineate the prevalence, the potential clinical impacts and evaluation of the genetic characterization of this pathogen in young children who presented with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri). | 2007 | 17139182 |
| genetic variability of human respiratory coronavirus oc43. | | 2005 | 15709046 |
| human coronavirus oc43 causes influenza-like illness in residents and staff of aged-care facilities in melbourne, australia. | three outbreaks of respiratory illness associated with human coronavirus hcov-oc43 infection occurred in geographically unrelated aged-care facilities in melbourne, australia during august and september 2002. on clinical and epidemiological grounds the outbreaks were first thought to be caused by influenza virus. hcov-oc43 was detected by rt-pcr in 16 out of 27 (59%) specimens and was the only virus detected at the time of sampling. common clinical manifestations were cough (74%), rhinorrhoea (5 ... | 2005 | 15816152 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| circulation of genetically distinct contemporary human coronavirus oc43 strains. | in this study, we report the complete genome sequence of two contemporary human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43) strains detected in 2003 and 2004, respectively. comparative genetic analyses of the circulating strains and the prototype hcov-oc43 strain (atcc vr759) were performed. remarkably, a lower than expected similarity is found between the complete genomes and more in particular between the spike genes of the be03 and be04 strains. this finding suggests the existence of two genetically distinc ... | 2005 | 15914223 |