| filaments of trypanosoma brucei: some notes on differences in origin and structure in two strains of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei rhodesiense. | filaments attached to trypanosomes of two strains of t. (t.) brucei were studied by electron microscopy and two distinct types identified: short-thick and long-thin. the former are associated with stumpy trypanosomes and are secretions, via the flagellar pocket, which originate in the area of the golgi complex, during the infection of the host. they are referred to as 'secretory filaments'. their diameter is 0.09 to 0.14 mum. the long-thin filaments are associated with slender forms of trypanoso ... | 1976 | 8975 |
| tsetse movement in wind fields: possible epidemiological and entomological implications for trypanosomiasis and its control. | this paper presents evidence that tsetse flies (glossina) can be dispersed by wind. this dispersal in west africa is suggested to be along a south-west north-east axis. the implications of wind dispersal of glossina for chemical and genetic control operations is discussed. field experiments necessary to test this hypothesis are recommended. a study of human trypanosomiasis foci in west africa has revealed that foci are orientated in roughly parallel lines in a south-west north-east direction. th ... | 1979 | 35935 |
| isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of trypanosoma rhodesiense. | the isolation and characterization of a new serodeme of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is described. a clone of organisms derived from a human infection produced chronic infections in mice. additional clones of differing antigenic specificities were isolated from peaks of parasitemia which occurred in these mice. the variable antigen types (vats) of these clones were determined by agglutination, immunofluorescence, and protection of actively immunized mice. thirteen distinct vats were isolated a ... | 1979 | 92203 |
| meningoencephalitis in chronic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection of the white mouse. | a more recently isolated strain of t.b. rhodesiense (eatro 1989) induced a chronic infection in most of 180 intraperitoneally infected nmri-mice, surviving 6 to 9 weeks on an average. a meningoencephalitis beginning with a meningitis one week after infection and being fully developed after 4 weeks was demonstrable by investigating 22 animals killed at random between 7 and 42 days after infection. the inflammatory reactions observed correspond to those known from the late stage of human trypanoso ... | 1979 | 113916 |
| association of autoantibodies with anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis in experimental african trypanosomiasis. | rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, and glomerulonephritis. serologic evaluation revealed that the syndrome was accompanied by the presence of 3 autoantibodies--cold-active hemagglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and antibody to fibrinogen/fibrin products. fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antibody tests showed the presence of fixed complement and fibrinogen on both trypanosomes and erythrocytes. all infected ... | 1979 | 376815 |
| cyclical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense by tsetse flies infected with culture-form procyclic trypanosomes. | culture procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma congolense were fed to glossina morsitans morsitans through artificial membranes. a very high percentage of the flies so fed produced established midgut infections, a proportion of which went on to develop into mature metacyclic trypanosomes capable of infecting mammalian hosts. the method offers a safe, clean way of infecting tsetse flies with african trypanosomes which reduces the need for trypanosome-infected animals in ... | 1979 | 536930 |
| congenital trypanosomiasis: report of a case due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1978 | 738187 |
| interaction between trypanosoma brucei and plasmodium berghei in concurrent infections in mice. | in conccurrent infection of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice, potentiation of one parasite by the other was observed, especially the malaria by the trypanosome infection. the effect appeared early in the infection. it is suggested that the mutual potentiation of the two infections was probably due to immuno-suppression which both organisms are capable of inducing in the host. | 1976 | 789909 |
| intracellular enzymes and their localization in slender and stumpy forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1977 | 873684 |
| passage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense through the peritrophic membrane of glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1977 | 895841 |
| the effect of normal human serum on trypanosomes of distinct antigenic type (etat 1 to 12) isolated from a strain of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1976 | 1015880 |
| electrocardiographic changes in african trypanosomiasis caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the electrocardiographic findings in 40 patients with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection are reported. using rigid diagnostic criteria 7 out of 18 patients (39%) had abnormal electrocardiograms before any form of therapy and 22 of the 40 patients (55%) had abnormal electrocardiograms at some stage of the disease or its treatment. the electrocardiographic abnormalities are described and discussed and the literature is reviewed. | 1975 | 1216299 |
| lipid content of the slender and stumpy forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: a comparative study. | | 1976 | 1261236 |
| the use of the acridine orange qbc technique in the diagnosis of african trypanosomiasis. | | 1992 | 1287921 |
| an in vitro bioassay for quantification of melarsoprol in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. | a biological assay was developed for measuring melarsoprol in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human african trypanosomiasis. trypanosomes were cultivated in microtiter plates for 72 hours with melarsoprol (mel b) in concentrations of 1.25 micrograms/ml to 2.2 ng/ml. the minimum inhibitory concentration of mel b for a reference trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone was determined by microscopical examination. samples of serum or cerebrospinal fluid were incubated under the same cond ... | 1992 | 1293724 |
| trisomy and chromosome size changes in hybrid trypanosomes from a genetic cross between trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t. b. brucei. | further analysis of hybrid clones from an experimental cross of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense 058 and t. b. brucei 196 shows 2 of the hybrid clones to have dna contents about 1.5 times parental values. this represents over 40,000 kb of extra dna. comparison of the molecular karyotypes of parental and progeny trypanosomes shows that the bulk of the extra dna constitutes chromosomes greater than 1 mb in size, although a small proportion can be accounted for by an increased number of mini-chromoso ... | 1992 | 1349422 |
| method for analysis, and distribution profile, of covalently-linked ferritin-daunorubicin conjugate in the blood of trypanosome-infected mice. | daunorubicin is a highly potent trypanocide in-vitro but is inactive in-vivo. when daunorubicin is conjugated to bovine serum albumin or horse spleen ferritin using schiffs base linkages, the complex is trypanocidal in-vitro and in-vivo. we have developed novel analytical methods, using hplc with fluorimetric detection, for the quantitation of daunorubicin and doxorubicin in biological samples, either as unconjugated drug, or when covalently linked to macromolecules or particles. ferritin-daunor ... | 1992 | 1350628 |
| variable and conserved structural elements of trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins. | the characterization of b cell epitopes on the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) rests on elucidation of variant specific amino acid sequences that may be exposed or buried as a result of the natural conformation of these molecules in the surface coat. despite the fact that different vsgs have heterogeneous primary sequences and unique antigenic characteristics, recent high resolution x-ray crystallographic analyses of vsgs have revealed a conserved 3-dimensional structure common to ... | 1992 | 1373472 |
| only the serum-resistant bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense express the serum resistance associated (sra) protein. | the trypanosoma brucei species consists of three subspecies. t. b. rhodesiense and t. b. gambiense are human infective forms, while t. b. brucei is lysed upon exposure to the cytotoxic factor in normal human serum. t. b. rhodesiense can however occur as a serum-resistant (r) and as a serum-sensitive form (s). in a study of the molecular basis of serum resistance in t. b. rhodesiense it was shown that in the cloned etar1-repertoire only the serum-resistant variants express specific transcripts, e ... | 1992 | 1417165 |
| diagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis. | | 1992 | 1417169 |
| suppression by trypanosoma cruzi of t-cell receptor expression by activated human lymphocytes. | the immunosuppression that develops during chagas' disease and african sleeping sickness is thought to facilitate survival of the causative agents in their mammalian hosts. whereas a number of manifestations of immunosuppression manifested during the course of these diseases has been reported in patients and animals, the mechanisms by which they are induced remain obscure. an in vitro system in which phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear (pbmc) were co-cultured ... | 1992 | 1427979 |
| cure of murine trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections with an s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor. | the compound 5'-([(z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino)-5'-deoxyadenosine (mdl73811), a potent inhibitor of s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, was effective in mice against six of eight clinical isolates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the causative agent of east african sleeping sickness. in combination with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine (dfmo; ornidyl), mdl73811 acted synergistically to cure seven of eight infections. mdl73811 was effective when given ... | 1992 | 1482141 |
| cyclic 2',3'-phosphates and nontemplated nucleotides at the 3' end of spliceosomal u6 small nuclear rna's. | spliceosomal u6 small nuclear rna (u6 rna) in species as diverse as man, frog, fruitfly, and soybean have at their 3' ends a cyclic 2',3'-phosphate (greater than p) apparently derived from uridylic acid residues that were added post-transcriptionally. the 3' ends of u6 rna's from various sources may be processed in different ways, or to different extents, depending on the organism or stage of development. the presence of a greater than p terminus on u6 rna may influence the activity of u6 rna ei ... | 1992 | 1549778 |
| differential expression of two mrnas from a single gene encoding an hmg1-like dna binding protein of african trypanosomes. | we have isolated cdna clones expressing a member of the high mobility group (hmg) protein family by screening a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expression cdna library with multimerized oligonucleotides corresponding to an octamer transcriptional regulatory sequence motif. the trypanosome dna binding protein (tdp-1) encoded by these cdnas contains two domains that show striking sequence similarity to the consensus sequence for hmg1-like dna binding domains (hmg boxes). southern blot analysis is c ... | 1992 | 1565127 |
| multicentre evaluation of an antigen-detection elisa for the diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness. | the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen elisa) for the detection, in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, of an invariant trypanosome antigen to diagnose trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness was evaluated in four clinical treatment centres. the test, which was carried out in polystyrene test-tubes, was positive in 88 (88.9%) of 99 parasitologically confirmed cases that were tested at the national institute for medical research, tabora, united republic of tanzania; 9 ... | 1992 | 1568281 |
| identification of basic fibroblast growth factor-like proteins in african trypanosomes and leishmania. | basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) is a multifunctional, heparin-binding, mitogenic polypeptide found in all tissues or cells of multicellular organisms so far examined. here we report that trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic culture forms (pcf) and leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in serum-containing and serum-free medium, contained peptides of 15-34 kda which bound heparin-sepharose with high affinity and which reacted in immunoblots with several preparations of antibodies speci ... | 1992 | 1574077 |
| evaluation of procyclic agglutination trypanosomiasis test (patt) for the immunodiagnosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in kenya. | documented sera from 156 patients admitted to alupe sleeping sickness hospital in western kenya were tested to determine the potential usefulness of procclic agglutination trypanosomiasis test (patt) for the diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense african sleeping sickness. a total of 490 serum samples were tested, including 42 controls. anti-trypanosome antibodies were detected in 99% of the sera taken prior to trypanocidal drug therapy. antibody levels remained high during course of treatm ... | 1992 | 1598505 |
| the significance of human serum sensitivity in the context of t.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness epidemiology and control. | earlier this century the postulate that trypanosoma brucei brucei and t.b. rhodesiense had a common identity and that human infectability was linked with resistance to normal human serum (nhs) in vitro, were both finally refuted in the classical tinde experiment. interest in serum sensitivity was reawakened with the advent of the biit in 1970 and the studies that followed demonstrated the presence of both human-serum-resistant (hsr) and sensitive (hss) variant antigen types, within the surface a ... | 1992 | 1644047 |
| characterization of trypanosome protein phosphatase 1 and 2a catalytic subunits. | oligonucleotides corresponding to highly conserved regions of mammalian protein phosphatase catalytic subunits were used in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to generate an amplification product from genomic dna of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. the pcr product was used to screen a t. b. rhodesiense cdna library for cdna clones encoding putative protein phosphatase catalytic subunits. two cdna clones, (tpp1a and tpp1b) representing two distinct type 1 catalytic subunit isotypes, encode 39-kda ... | 1991 | 1663579 |
| regulation of b cell responses to the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecule in trypanosomiasis. i. epitope specificity and idiotypic profile of monoclonal antibodies to the vsg of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | regulatory mechanisms governing b cell responses to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecule currently are being studied. as a fundamental basis for examining such regulation, the epitope specificities and idiotypic profiles of murine mab produced to the vsg of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone loutat 1.5 were determined. variant specific mab were used to probe vsg proteolytic peptides in western blot analysis, to serve as competitive inhibitors in ria analyses with purifie ... | 1990 | 1692071 |
| t-cell-independent and t-cell-dependent b-cell responses to exposed variant surface glycoprotein epitopes in trypanosome-infected mice. | the t-cell dependency of b-cell responses to variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) epitopes exposed in their native surface conformation on trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone loutat 1 was investigated. t-cell requirements were examined by analyses of gamma globulin preparations derived from trypanosome-infected balb/c nude (nu/nu) and thymus-intact (nu/+) mice. a radioimmunoassay was used to selectively quantitate antibody binding to native vsg 1 epitopes present on the surface of viable trypanos ... | 1990 | 1694824 |
| [campaign against sleeping sickness in south-west uganda by trapping tsetse flies]. | an outbreak of human trypanosomiasis due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has been affecting the busoga district of uganda since 1976. more than 40,000 cases have been recorded up to 1990. since two years the epidemic area has been extending to the tororo district. the vector is glossina fuscipes. in order to stop the disease transmission a vector control project was launched in 1988 in busoga area. it is based on tsetse fly trapping, using pyramidal optic traps impregnated with deltamethrin (1 ... | 1991 | 1793279 |
| evidence for widespread asymptomatic trypanosoma rhodesiense human infection in the luangwa valley (zambia). | the rotat 1/2 catt test developed for trypanosoma evansi was used in comparison with other diagnostic tests for the detection of t. rhodesiense infection in the northern part of the luangwa valley. the human population, the domestic and a large number of game animals were positive with the rotat 1/2 catt, the ag-elisa, the ifat and the radioimmunoprecipitation tests. human sera from these areas precipitated the same trypanosome-antigen components 35s-methionine labelled whereas few differences i ... | 1991 | 1796239 |
| observations on a goat naturally infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-like organisms. | | 1991 | 1809250 |
| [evaluation of the humoral response in patients infected with trypanosoma rhodesiense in mozambique]. | indirect immunofluorescence and simple immunodiffusion for trypanosomiasis were normalized. a high percent of patients were found to be positive, both by simple immunodiffusion and indirect immunofluorescence. the use of these techniques is recommended in epidemiological studies. | 1991 | 1812533 |
| differential sensitivity of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates to in vitro lysis by arsenicals. | clinical isolates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which were resistant to arsenical drugs in murine infections, were examined for resistance in vitro. a rapid lysis assay was developed which was able to predict in vivo sensitivity to melarsoprol (mel b, arsobal) and melarsen oxide. the assay was based on the finding that long slender bloodforms of drug-sensitive isolates would lyse in the presence of arsenicals upon incubation in heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. on the basis of plots of d ... | 1991 | 1849084 |
| characterization of a novel developmentally regulated gene from trypanosoma brucei encoding a potential phosphoprotein. | we have isolated a cdna clone corresponding to a single-copy nuclear gene that is upregulated at the mrna level during in vitro differentiation of bloodstream trypomastigotes of strains of both trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to procyclic forms. transcript levels begin to increase within minutes of introduction of bloodstream forms into culture and peak well before cultures exhibit a procyclic morphology. this increase in transcript levels was found to occur both in ... | 1991 | 1857381 |
| differences in glucose transport between blood stream and procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | in african trypanosomes the requirements for glucose and its metabolism vary in different stages of the life cycle. here we present evidence that cultured procyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense uptake glucose against a concentration gradient in a time and dose-dependent manner. moreover, glucose transport is completely inhibited by the sulphydryl inhibitor n-ethylmaleimide, suggesting the presence of a protein moiety as the carrier molecule. comparison of glucose uptake in bloo ... | 1991 | 1857387 |
| suppression by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense of the capacities of human t lymphocytes to express interleukin-2 receptors and proliferate after mitogenic stimulation. | we studied the suppressive effects induced in phytohemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) by purified blood forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. the parasite was found to markedly impair lymphocyte proliferation (measured in terms of [3h]thymidine incorporation). the extent of this effect increased with parasite concentration and was not due to mitogen absorption, depletion of medium nutrients, or pbmc killing by the parasite. significant reductions in ... | 1991 | 1894358 |
| regulation of b cell responses to the variant surface glycoprotein molecule in trypanosomiasis. ii. down-regulation of idiotype expression is associated with the appearance of lymphocytes expressing antiidiotypic receptors. | the current study examines the idiotypic expression and regulation of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg)-specific b cell responses during african trypanosomiasis. utilizing competitive inhibition ria analysis, we detected antibodies in the serum of balb/cbyj mice infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense clone loutat 1.5 that recognized the same vsg epitopes as three vsg 1.5-specific mab. these epitope-specific antibody responses were detectable by day 5 of infection, peaked by day 10, and th ... | 1990 | 1970594 |
| cure of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in mice with an irreversible inhibitor of s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. | a structural analog, 5'-([(z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino)-5'-deoxy adenosine (mdl 73811), of decarboxy s-adenosyl-l-methionine, the product of the reaction catalyzed by s-adenosyl-l-methionine (adomet) decarboxylase (dc), was found to inhibit trypanosoma brucei brucei adomet dc. the inhibition was time dependent (tau 50, 0.3 min), exhibited pseudo-first-order kinetics (ki, 1.5 microm), and was apparently irreversible. the natural substrate of the reaction, adomet, protected the enzyme from in ... | 1990 | 1977366 |
| expression and deletion analysis of the trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cysteine protease in escherichia coli. | trypanosoma brucei, the cause of african sleeping sickness, differentiates in the mammalian bloodstream from a long, slender trypanosome into a short, stumpy trypanosome. this event is necessary for infection of the tsetse fly and maintenance of the life cycle. we have previously shown that the stumpy form contains 10- to 15-fold-greater cysteine protease activity than either the slender form or the insect midgut procyclic, and we have isolated a cdna encoding the protease. in order to determine ... | 1991 | 1997411 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: characterisation of stocks from zambia, kenya, and uganda using repetitive dna probes. | we have previously described a system for characterising the relationships between trypanosome stocks of the t.brucei group based on southern blotting with repetitive dna probes followed by cluster analysis of resultant banding patterns (g. hide et al. molec. bioch. parasitol. 39, 213-226, 1990). in this study, we extend this analysis to examine the relationships between trypanosome stocks isolated from major sleeping sickness foci in zambia, kenya, and uganda. we show that the trypanosome strai ... | 1991 | 2026217 |
| a soluble factor from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense that prevents progression of activated human t lymphocytes through the cell cycle. | african sleeping sickness is accompanied by a severe immunosuppression. as part of our efforts to examine the mechanisms by which this suppressive state is induced, we studied alterations in human t-lymphocyte function caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. to this end, we used an in vitro system in which phytohaemagglutinin (pha)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were cultured in a medium containing soluble, non-dialysable parasite products. we were able to demonstra ... | 1991 | 2071163 |
| an effective axenic culture system for trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense blood stream forms in vitro. | an effective axenic culture system for trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (ilrad 1501) bloodstream forms is demonstrated. bloodstream forms were continuously grown in 25 mm hepes-buffered d-mem supplemented with 10 microm bathocuproine sulfonate (bcs), 100 microm cysteine, and 20% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum at 37 degrees c in vitro. at the initiation of the culture, t. b. rhodesiense bloodstream forms required the presence of 0.2 iu/ml insulin and 1 mm pyruvate, while bloodstream forms were ... | 1990 | 2098917 |
| differential susceptibility to dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine in clinical isolates of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine is an enzyme-activated inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and an antagonist of polyamine metabolism that has been successful in clinical trials against west african sleeping sickness caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense. its potential for use against the more virulent east african form of the disease, caused by t. brucei rhodesiense, is not certain. we examined 14 east african clinical isolates from the kenya trypanosomiasis research institute strain bank plu ... | 1990 | 2118325 |
| haemolymph lectin and the maturation of trypanosome infections in tsetse. | the tsetse immune system has recently been shown to be involved in trypanosome maturation; lectin secreted in the midgut, normally responsible for preventing the establishment of midgut infections, induces established midgut trypanosomes to mature. we now show that a second lectin, present in tsetse haemolymph, is essential to complete the maturation process. interactions between tsetse lectins and parasite surface coats probably determine trypanosome transmissibility and may be partly responsib ... | 1990 | 2132968 |
| the kinetics of gene expression and maturation of il-1 alpha after induction with the surface coat of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or lipopolysaccharide. | the purpose of this study was threefold: to determine if the variant surface coat glycoprotein (vsg) of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense induces il-1 alpha; to study the kinetics of il-1 alpha transcription, maturation and secretion; and to compare vsg to lps in its ability to induce il-1 alpha. vsg was added to cultures of the p388d1 murine macrophage cell line. rna was dotted onto nitrocellulose and hybridized with a murine il-1 alpha cdna probe. maximal production of il-1 alpha mrna occurred in ... | 1990 | 2230129 |
| cloning and sequencing of the cysteine protease cdna from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1990 | 2235508 |
| variant-specific trypanolytic antibodies in sera from patients infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | infections with salivarian trypanosomes are characterized by the successive development of parasite populations of distinct variable antigen types (vats), the corresponding antibodies accumulating in the blood of the host. sixty vats had been cloned during previous studies on variable antigen repertoires of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense; 12 of these were selected for immunolysis tests against 85 sera from t.b. rhodesiense patients in busoga (uganda). one variant, etat 1/1, reacted with 59 out o ... | 1990 | 2347032 |
| sequences of three vsg mrnas expressed in a mixed population of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | a cdna library was constructed from a mixed population of bloodstream trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing at least three different vsgs, one of which is immunologically similar to a vsg present during the metacyclic stage. complete sequence determinations of three full length vsg cdnas showed that the 5' spliced leader sequence is located 20-26 nucleotides upstream of the start codons of each of the three vsg mrnas. two of the vsgs (472 and 487 aa) are members of one c-terminal isotype gro ... | 1990 | 2357229 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream forms: surface ricin-binding glycoproteins are localized exclusively in the flagellar pocket and the flagellar adhesion zone. | specific binding of fluoresceinated succinyl-concanavalin a, wheat germ agglutinin, and ricin to untreated and trypsinized bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was quantitated by flow cytofluorimetry, and sites of lectin binding were identified by fluorescence microscopy. all three lectins only bound to the flagellar pocket of untreated parasites. when parasites were trypsinized to remove the variant surface glycoprotein coat, new lectin binding sites were exposed, and specific bi ... | 1990 | 2359049 |
| antibodies to calmodulin during experimental trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in rabbits. | calmodulin is an intracellular ca2+ receptor protein which regulates a wide variety of enzymatic processes in eukaryotic cells examined in detail. native calmodulin is not antigenic in rabbits because of its small size, high degree of amino acid sequence conservation and hydrophobicity. african trypanosomes contain a novel calmodulin which is structurally distinct from bovine brain and tetrahymena calmodulins. in the present study, we examine the antibody response towards these calmodulins durin ... | 1985 | 2414212 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in mice prevents virus-induced diabetes: possible role of interferon and immunological mechanisms. | b10.br, dba/2, and balb/c by j mice were infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (lou tat clone 1). subsequent infection with the d variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (emc-d) resulted in no diabetes or encephalitis, even in the susceptible dba/2 and balb/c by j strains. low levels of circulating interferon (ifn) were detected in trypanosome-infected mice at the time of emc-d infection. all strains were severely immunosuppressed as a result of trypanosome infection, as evidenced by decrea ... | 1986 | 2433362 |
| independent regulation of b cell responses to surface and subsurface epitopes of african trypanosome variable surface glycoproteins. | regulation of b cell responses to the trypanosome surface ag was examined in h-2k compatible "responder" b10.br and "nonresponder" c3h mice after infection with two variant clones of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. development of a selective ria for independent detection of antibody binding to surface (exposed) and subsurface (buried) epitopes of the trypanosome variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) molecule permitted sensitive quantitation and kinetic characterization of immune responses to these ... | 1988 | 2454998 |
| procyclin: an unusual immunodominant glycoprotein surface antigen from the procyclic stage of african trypanosomes. | an immunodominant species-specific surface glycoprotein antigen was purified from procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using lectin affinity chromatography and a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent. the purified molecule appears on a 10% polyacrylamide gel as a wide, dark silver staining band having an apparent molecular mass of between 30 and 40 kda, identical to that revealed by immunoblotting using anti-procyclic lysates. the molecule, which we have named procyclin, was s ... | 1988 | 2464763 |
| lysis of trypanosoma brucei by a toxic subspecies of human high density lipoprotein. | trypanosoma brucei brucei is an important pathogen of domestic cattle in sub-saharan africa and is closely related to the human sleeping sickness parasites, trypanosoma brucei gambiense and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. however, t. b. brucei is non-infectious to humans. the restriction of the host range of t. b. brucei results from the sensitivity of the parasite to lysis by toxic human high density lipoproteins (hdl) (rifkin, m. r. (1978) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 75, 3450-3454). we show ... | 1989 | 2494183 |
| rate of trypanosome killing by lectins in midguts of different species and strains of glossina. | the activity of lectins in different species of tsetse was compared in vivo by the time taken to remove all trypanosomes from the midgut following an infective feed and in vitro by agglutination tests. teneral male glossina pallidipes austen, g. austeni newstead and g. p. palpalis r-d. removed 50% of all trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stephens & fantham infections within 60 h. a 'refractory' line of g. m. morsitans westwood took 170 h to kill 50% infections while a 'susceptible' line of the same ... | 1989 | 2519650 |
| a gene expressed only in serum-resistant variants of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the human infective african trypanosomes are host range variants of trypanosoma brucei which are resistant to a lytic component in primate serum. t. b. rhodesiense occurs both as a form sensitive to lysis by normal human serum and as a form resistant to this lysis. switching from one phenotype to the other has been observed in both directions. in the cloned t. b. rhodesiense etar1-repertoire we have detected 1.5-kb mrnas only present in the resistant forms. in t. b. gambiense, which always occur ... | 1989 | 2528066 |
| analysis of a genetic cross between trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t. b. brucei. | two trypanosome clones, representing east and west african homozygotes at 2 isoenzyme loci (t. b. rhodesiense mhom/zm/74/58 [clone b] and t. b. brucei msus/ci/78/tsw 196 [clone a]), were cotransmitted through tsetse flies and the resulting trypanosome populations checked for the presence of non-parental karyotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. ten clones isolated from these populations proved to have 5 different recombinant genotypes by analysis of nuclear and kinetoplast dna (kdna) polym ... | 1989 | 2575239 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. v. qualitative and quantitative differences in interferon production among susceptible and resistant mouse strains. | the induction of interferon (ifn) was examined in different inbred mouse strains infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. relatively susceptible c3heb/fej mice that do not exhibit variant-specific immunity or control parasitemia did not exhibit detectable ifn throughout the infection. relatively resistant b10.br mice that exhibit variant-specific immunity and control the first peak of parasitemia exhibited detectable ifn at two intervals. the appearance of ifn in b10.br serum first coincide ... | 1985 | 2579155 |
| tropical pyomyositis associated with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection in a europid. | a 29-year-old european woman became infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in the luangwa valley, zambia. six days after the initial presentation of this infection she developed evidence of tropical pyomyositis (tp). these diseases, both of which are rare in europids, were satisfactorily treated. the pathogenesis of tp, which is nearly always caused by staphylococcus aureus, is undetermined. it seems possible that in this case either (i) both infections were introduced simultaneously by a ... | 1989 | 2603212 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by glossina morsitans morsitans (diptera:glossinidae). | interrupted feedings of teneral, laboratory-reared glossina morsitans morsitans were used to study mechanical transmission of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. intervals between exposure of individual flies on parasitaemic rats and refeeding on clean rats were varied from five minutes to 24 hours. direct transmissions were demonstrated at each interval up to 160 minutes after exposure. proboscis dissections showed that active trypanosomes were present up to 320 minutes after exposure. no mechanica ... | 1989 | 2619386 |
| experimental infection of cattle with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | infection of cattle with various stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense indicated that 49% developed a fatal cns disease comparable to that found in man. duration of disease ranged from 85 to 1613 days post infection. all eight stocks of t. b. rhodesiense tested, including those from ethiopia and tanzania, induced cns disease. blood became positive three to five days after inoculation, and after an initial peak of parasitaemia remained positive for three to five months. subinoculation of blood ... | 1989 | 2619388 |
| epidemiology of rhodesian sleeping sickness in the lambwe valley, kenya. | a total of 912 cases of sleeping sickness have been recorded from the lambwe valley from 1959 to 1984. after a period of decreasing prevalence in the 1970s an outbreak of disease occurred between 1980 and 1984. the incidence of disease for this five-year period was highest in areas adjoining the ruma national park, reaching 54% in area i. attack rates were highest in the 50+ age group (125) and children had significantly lower attack rates (8%) in this area of peridomestic transmission. sex rati ... | 1989 | 2619397 |
| immunodiagnostic tests on cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. | fourteen cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples obtained from rhodesian sleeping sickness patients from the lambwe valley at relapse were positive for the presence of anti-trypanosomal antibody by both ifat and elisa. the mean optical density (o.d.) in the elisa test was 0.804 +/- 0.362 and ranged from 0.258 to 1.363. csf from five patients from the same area without evidence of meningoencephalitis were all negative by elisa (mean o.d. 0.023 +/- 0.016, range 0.011-0.051). control csf samples from u.k ... | 1989 | 2694987 |
| expression site associated genes of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | upstream of at least some telomere-linked genes for the variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs) of african trypanosomes are expression site associated genes (esags) whose transcription is co-ordinated with the transcription of the adjacent vsg gene [cully et al. (1985) cell 42, 173-182]. the function of the corresponding esag proteins is not known. here we show the sequences of two members of the esag-i family that are upstream of the vsg genes expressed in metacyclic variant antigen types 4 and 7 ... | 1989 | 2710164 |
| african trypanosomes: inheritance of factors involved in resistance. | the c3heb/fej mouse strain has a shorter survival time and is therefore more susceptible to a trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection than the b10.br/sgsnj strain. the work reported here demonstrated that survival time is inherited as a recessive trait, whereas the ability to produce antibody to the first variant antigen population is inherited as a dominant trait. it was therefore not possible to correlate survival time with the ability to produce antibody in the f-1 and f-2 offspring. both ch ... | 1989 | 2731583 |
| high frequency of antigenic variation in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections. | rates at which trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomes switch from expression of one variable antigen type (vat) to that of another have been determined in cloned populations that have been recently tsetse-fly transmitted. switching rates have been determined between several, specific pairs of vats in each population. high rates of switching were observed in 2 cloned trypanosome lines, each derived from a separate cyclical transmission of the same parental stock and each expressing a differe ... | 1989 | 2797873 |
| an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. | a monoclonal antibody raised against a non-variable surface antigen of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic trypomastigotes was used to develop an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. the assay was evaluated using 211 sera from clinically suspected cases: 142 from parasitologically proven cases and 69 from patients who were negative on parasitological examination. the test was positive in 128 out of 142 parasitologically proven cases. the n ... | 1989 | 2927956 |
| in vitro induction of suppressor cells by plasma of rats with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. | mitogenic responses of b and t lymphocytes from spleens of rats infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were suppressed. plasma from infected rats suppressed the mitogenic responses of b and t lymphocytes from spleens of normal uninfected rats. removal of immune complexes from plasma of infected rats significantly reduced the suppressive effect of the plasma on splenic lymphocytes of normal uninfected rats. normal thymus cells treated with plasma from infected rats and added to cultures of ... | 1986 | 2940354 |
| trypanosoma rhodesiense: mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes. | one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the solubilized mitochondrial proteins of bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigote trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and radiolabeling of proteins in the presence of cycloheximide were used to identify proteins synthesized in the trypanosome mitochondrion. the proteins which comprise the mitochondrion were found to be very similar in both bloodstream and procyclic trypomastigotes, but do differ in their level of synthesis. a protein putatively identif ... | 1986 | 3013670 |
| growth of pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in irradiated inbred mice. | it was shown that irradiation (650 rad) of 7 inbred strains of mice did not block the ability of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to transform from the long slender (ls) to the short stumpy (ss) form or alter the plateau in parasitemia. in addition, it was observed that significant differences in parasitemia levels, in the rate of transformation from the ls to the ss form, as well as in the survival times occurred between the irradiated c3heb/fej and several of the other strains. these differences ... | 1988 | 3047352 |
| an estimate of the size of the metacyclic variable antigen repertoire of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | a group of 27 variable antigen type (vat)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) have been made against metacyclic forms of a cloned stock of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. in combination, these labelled in immunofluorescence 99.3% of trypanosomes in salivary probes from tsetse flies. the 0.7% of unlabelled trypanosomes were believed to be uncoated forms. the ability of a mixture of antibodies to kill metacyclics in vitro by complement-mediated lysis, thus neutralizing their infectivity for mic ... | 1988 | 3059263 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. vi. heredity of resistance and variable surface glycoprotein-specific immune responses. | the question of genetic linkage of parasite-specific immune responses to resistance to infection in experimental african trypanosomiasis was addressed. for this purpose, major histocompatibility complex-compatible resistant and susceptible inbred mouse strains and their f1 hybrid, f2 hybrid, and backcross offspring were infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense loutat 1. immunologic control of the first peak of parasitemia and survival times were the parameters measured. as we have reported p ... | 1988 | 3121739 |
| ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants inhibit ribosome activity of trypanosoma and leishmania. | ribosomes from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and from leishmania infantum were isolated and optimal conditions for in vitro translation were established. the effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins extracted from several plants was then assessed in order to identify those suitable for the preparation of immunotoxins against these organisms. ribosomes from both species were inactivated by some ribosome-inactivating proteins (dianthins, saporins, pokeweed antiviral proteins, and the ribosome-ina ... | 1988 | 3183997 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of melarsoprol treatment of infected mice. | | 1988 | 3191962 |
| loss of variable antigen during transformation of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly. | a pleomorphic line of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. the posterior portion ... | 1988 | 3194363 |
| degeneration of serotonin-specific neurons in the brain in experimental trypanosoma brucei infection. | ormerod and hussein (1986) have shown that an intracellular stage of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes the destruction of ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain. the ventricular ependymal cells are intimately associated with a plexus of nerves that react specifically with monoclonal antibody raised against serotonin. we have shown that in areas where the ependyma is damaged, the supraependymal plexus also undergoes destruction and that retrograde degeneration of the neuron as far ... | 1988 | 3197244 |
| [the fatty acids of trypanosoma brucei brucei. a comparative study with those of t. b. rhodesiense and t. b. gambiense]. | total lipid extracts from trypanosoma brucei brucei (t.b.b.), trypanosoma brucei gambiense (t.b.g.) and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (t.b.r.) were hydrolyzed and the liberated fatty acids were methylated before analysis by gas-liquid chromatography on capillary columns. the sums of the percentages for fatty acids from the different series were compared and the following relationships for the different trypanosomes obtained: --saturated fatty acids t.b.b. greater than t.b.g. greater than t.b.r. ... | 1988 | 3197256 |
| suramin and metronidazole in the treatment of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1988 | 3232180 |
| similarity in variable antigen type composition of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense populations in different sites within the mouse host. | trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense subpopulations in different sites within the body of infected mice were isolated and enumerated on day 6 of cyclically transmitted infections. most trypanosomes were in the blood vasculature and spleen but approximately 6% occurred in lymph nodes and about 9% were extravascular. most of the extravascular trypanosomes were in the peritoneal and pleural cavities; significant numbers also occurred in the brain and kidneys. six major variable antigen types (vats) were ... | 1986 | 3299895 |
| a flagellar pocket membrane fraction from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: immunogold localization and nonvariant immunoprotection. | in contrast to the abundance of detailed information on variant-specific surface coat antigens of african trypanosomes, data on possible common or nonvariant antigens within these protozoa are surprisingly limited. in this study, the cellular localization and protective potential of a previously characterized flagellar pocket membrane (fpm) fraction were determined. immunogold staining of live trypanosome suspensions at 0 to 4 degrees c by using anti-fpm hyperimmune serum raised in rabbits as th ... | 1988 | 3335412 |
| genetics of resistance to the african trypanosomes. vii. trypanosome virulence is not linked to variable surface glycoprotein expression. | the question of linkage of virulence traits to variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) expression in african trypanosomiasis was addressed. previously we demonstrated that daughter cells arising in mice infected with a genetically homogeneous trypanosome population of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were more virulent than the infecting population (j. a. inverso and j. m. mansfield, j. immunol. 130:412, 1983). these virulent trypanosomes expressed differences in surface phenotype compared with the in ... | 1988 | 3335780 |
| 13c-nmr analysis of alanine metabolism by isolated perfused livers from c3heb/fej mice infected with african trypanosomes. | 1. isolated perfused livers from mice infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense formed substantially more [3-13c]-lactate from [3-13c]-alanine than livers from uninfected mice. quantities formed by infected livers increased as infection progressed. 2. infected livers produced more 13c-labeled glutamate and glutamine, with label scrambled between c-2 and c-3. scrambling also produced [2,3-13c]-aspartate, [2-13c]-alanine and [2-13c]-lactate. delayed appearance of label in c-4 of glutamate/gluta ... | 1988 | 3378406 |
| trypanocidal activity of free and carrier bound daunorubicin. | activities of a range of macromolecular conjugates of daunorubicin against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in vitro and in vivo are described and compared to those of free daunorubicin. conjugates tested were daunorubicin attached to bovine serum albumin by (i) a labile 'glutaraldehyde' linkage (d-bsag), and (ii) a stable succinyl linkage (d-bsas), daunorubicin covalently linked to agarose beads (d-ag), and daunorubicin adsorbed onto polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (d-pica). trypanocidal ... | 1988 | 3396080 |
| use of symptoms and signs for diagnosis of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense trypanosomiasis by rural health personnel. | the results are described of a study of 60 patients with sleeping sickness from north-east zambia together with 60 hospital controls and 27 nearest-neighbour controls. eight symptoms were significantly commoner among sleeping-sickness patients than among either set of controls, and some of these symptoms were used to devise a scoring system for use by rural medical personnel. although most patients reported a short history of the illness, almost 90% had abnormal cerebrospinal fluid, and there wa ... | 1986 | 3490318 |
| procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of african trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies. | procyclic culture form (pcf) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living pcf. the antibodies reacted with pcf of several clones of t.b. brucei, t.b. gambiense, and t.b. rhodesiense, but not with pcf of t. congolense or t. vivax, or with promastigo ... | 1986 | 3512712 |
| melarsoprol and reactive encephalopathy in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1987 | 3617176 |
| the investigation of trypanosoma brucei isolates obtained from glossina pallidipes in south nyanza, kenya. | during studies to determine the main trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmission sites in lambwe valley, western kenya, glossina pallidipes were collected from two areas in the valley and examined for trypanosome infection. t. brucei isolated from infected flies were tested for their response to the lethal effects of human blood (blood incubation infectivity test, biit) and also characterized using isoenzyme electrophoresis. six of the 26 t. brucei tested were biit positive, two of which had enz ... | 1987 | 3669129 |
| biochemical and immunological characterization of the variant surface coat glycoprotein shed by african trypanosomes. | as the variant surface coat glycoprotein (vsg) was shed from trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense into the blood of infected rats, it was biochemically characterized and compared with vsg that had been purified from trypanosomal homogenates. to determine if vsg was in association with lipid, membranes and lipoproteins in plasma of infected rats (irp), vsg isolated from plasma (pvsg), and vsg isolated from trypanosomal homogenates (hvsg) were all concentrated by ultracentrifugation and assayed for the ... | 1986 | 3721578 |
| trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: cell surface lectin-binding capacity. | | 1986 | 3727583 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c with various tsetse fly tissues. | metacyclic trypanosomes developed in populations of procyclic forms of four stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cultivated at 28 degrees c in a liquid medium containing explants of tsetse fly head-salivary glands, alimentary tract, abdominal body wall, or thoracic muscle. the cultures became infective for mice 7-16 days after they were prepared, and infective trypanosomes were present for prolonged periods. in the culture series of stock trum 545, infectivity persisted for 138 days when the ... | 1986 | 3735153 |
| the effect of macromolecular conjugates of daunorubicin on nuclear ultrastructure in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | the effects of free and conjugated daunorubicin on t.b. rhodesiense in vitro are described. free drug caused nucleolar lesions ranging from segregation to complete fragmentation. at equimolar concentrations a soluble bovine serum albumin conjugate with a stable succinyl linkage (d-bsas) produced no ultrastructural lesions whereas a conjugate with a labile glutaraldehyde linkage (d-bsag) and a conjugate linked to large agarose beads (d-ag) produced similar though less severe lesions than free dru ... | 1986 | 3757066 |
| metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein genes of trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense are activated in situ, and their expression is transcriptionally regulated. | during the metacyclic stage in the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei subsp. rhodesiense, the expression of variant surface glycoproteins (vsgs) is restricted to a small subset of antigenic types. previously we identified cdnas for the vsgs expressed in metacyclic variant antigen types (mvats) 4 and 7 and found that these vsg genes do not rearrange when expressed at the metacyclic stage (m. j. lenardo, a. c. rice-ficht, g. kelly, k. esser, and j. e. donelson, proc. nathl. acad sci. usa 81:6642-664 ... | 1986 | 3785186 |
| the effects of mammalian milk/colostrum upon trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | | 1986 | 3789845 |
| african trypanosomiasis: haematogenic brain parasitism early in experimental infection through bypassing the blood-brain barrier, with considerations on brain trypanosomiasis in man. | a hematogenic invasion of the brain in suckling nmri mice infected with trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense was initiated by means of a mechanical damage of the blood-brain barrier. the brain was punctured after development of a blood infection. brain infection was found in 31 out of 32 animals examined. trypanosomes are initially capable of rapid multiplication. the number of parasites was highest during the 1st week. from the middle of the 2nd week the number of parasites decreased continuously, al ... | 1987 | 3809147 |
| development of metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei sspp. in cultures containing explants of phormia regina meigen. | when procyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were cultivated in nunclon 25 cm2 flasks at 27 c in a liquid medium containing various tissue explants of phormia regina meigen, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. the infective stages were present at various periods of up to 29 days when the cultures were terminated. larger numbers of explants of head-salivary glands than the other tissues used were required to produce infections. infe ... | 1986 | 3819970 |
| enzyme variation in t. brucei ssp. ii. evidence for t. b. rhodesiense being a set of variants of t. b. brucei. | a collection of stocks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolated in kenya have been examined for electrophoretic variation in 20 enzymes. the results obtained have been analysed in order to determine whether these trypanosomes are diploid and undergo mating and to determine the genetic distance between t. b. rhodesiense, t. b. brucei and t. b. gambiense. the enzyme electrophoretic markers were further used in experiments involving cyclically transmitted mixtures of stocks aimed at detecting gen ... | 1985 | 3856830 |
| expression of two variant surface glycoproteins on individual african trypanosomes during antigen switching. | individual trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense organisms were observed in the process of switching variant surface glycoproteins (vsg's). during this switch, trypanosomes simultaneously expressed both pre- and postswitch vsg's uniformly over their surface as detected with monoclonal antibodies. analysis of this switching event showed that trypanosomes expressing any one of three distinct preswitch vsg's could switch to expression of from one to three different postswitch vsg's. up to 2.7 percent of t ... | 1985 | 3892689 |