| new host and locality records for two protozoan (myxosporea, coccidia) parasites of marine fishes. | this is the first report of the myxosporean ortholinea orientalis from atlantic herring clupea harrengus. it infects the kidney tubules and previously was known from pacific herring clupea pallasii and navaga eleginus navaga in the white sea and north pacific ocean. this is also the first report of the coccidian eimeria raibauti from norway pout trisopterus esmarkii. it infects the epithelium of the pyloric ceca and previously was known only from poorcod trisopterus minutus in the mediterranean ... | 1991 | 2010866 |
| [the electrolyte content of the body of insects, ascidians, fishes, amphibians and mammals and its dynamics in ontogeny]. | in animals in which sodium is a predominant cation of the blood serum or haemolymph (rat, newt triturus vulgaris, sturgeon acipenser güldenstädti, herring clupea pallasi, ascidian goniocarpa rustica), its content in the body amounts up to a half of the total bulk of electrolytes; in insects with potassium type of the haemolymph, the share of sodium is equal to 6.4%. in animals of the same species, total electrolyte content (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and the relationship between sepa ... | 1988 | 3245357 |
| viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, ichthyophonus hoferi, and other causes of morbidity in pacific herring clupea pallasi spawning in prince william sound, alaska, usa. | pacific herring clupea pallasi populations in prince william sound, alaska, usa, declined from an estimated 9.8 x 10(7) kg in 1992 to 1.5 x 10(7) kg in 1994. to determine the role of disease in population decline, 233 pacific herring from prince william sound were subjected to complete necropsy during april 1994. the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was isolated from 11 of 233 fish (4.7%). vhsv was significantly related to myocardial mineralization, hepatocellul ... | 1998 | 9676259 |
| pathogenicity of ichthyophonus hoferi for laboratory-reared pacific herring clupea pallasi and its early appearance in wild puget sound herring. | laboratory-reared pathogen-free pacific herring were exposed to pure cultures of ichthyophonus hoferi, and reproduced the disease seen in naturally infected fish--thus fulfilling koch's postulates. pathogen-free herring used in this study were reared from artificially spawned eggs incubated in filtered, uv-sterilized seawater, eliminating the variables associated with multiple infections, which are common in wild herring. wild free-ranging herring were captured monthly from june through october ... | 1999 | 10073312 |
| epizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in prince william sound, alaska, usa. | both the prevalence and tissue titer of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) increased in pacific herring clupea pallasi following their introduction into net pens (pounds) used in the closed pound spawn-on-kelp (sok) fishery in prince william sound, alaska. vhsv was also found in water samples from inside and outside the sok pounds after herring had been confined for several days; however, water samples taken near wild free-ranging, spawning herring either failed to test positive or tested ... | 1999 | 10439900 |
| purification and characterization of prolyl endopeptidase from the pacific herring, clupea pallasi, and its role in the activation of sperm motility. | protease activities with specificity toward synthetic substrates, suc-gly-pro-leu-gly-pro-mca for prolyl endopeptidase or collagenase-like peptidase, and suc-ala-ala-pro-phe-mca for chymotrypsin were identified in the detergent-soluble fraction of herring spermatozoa. the enzyme activities increased in the presence of herring sperm-activating protein (hsap). among them a prolyl endopeptidase [ec. 3. 4. 21. 26] was purified to near homogeneity from herring testis. the molecular mass of the enzyme ... | 1999 | 10223718 |
| field applications of the piscine anaphase aberration test: lessons from the exxon valdez oil spill. | several large-scale genotoxicity assessments have been performed in coastal marine areas that have demonstrated either localized or widespread genetic effects resulting from human activity. one common assessment method is the anaphase aberration test, a measurement of abnormal chromosome division, using embryolarval fishes. it can be used to detect the presence of mutagens within a poorly characterized complex mixture or monitor specific genotoxins and is easily adapted for laboratory screening. ... | 1998 | 9672658 |
| transmission of loma salmonae (microsporea) to chinook salmon in sea water. | transmission studies were conducted to determine if loma salmonae was transmissible in sea water. transmission of l. salmonae to chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) held in sea water was achieved by exposing fish to macerated, infected gill tissue. fish were exposed in seawater in a flow-through aquarium, and the infection was detected as soon as 5 wk after exposure. heavily infected fish exhibited numerous xenomas in the branchial arteries, central venous sinusoids, and within the blood c ... | 1995 | 7728735 |
| characteristics of the energy metabolism of the white sea herring clupea pallasii marisalbi berg (clupeiformes, clupeidae) of onega bay, dvina bay, and kandalaksha bay of the white sea. | the activity of the enzymes of the energy and carbohydrate metabolisms (cytochrome-c oxidase, l-lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase) have been studied in white sea herring (the 1+, 2+, and 3+ age groups) sampled in onega bay, dvina bay, and kandalaksha bay of the white sea. the bays differ in the hydrological regime, ecological and feeding conditions. the individual variability of the enzyme activity was the largest in the herring of the age 1+. the flexibilit ... | 2016 | 27595825 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to igm of pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | pacific herring (clupea pallasii) have a central role in the north pacific ecosystem as a forage fish species and are natural reservoirs of several important finfish pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). here, we report the identification of the gene encoding the immunoglobulin mu (igm) heavy chain, as well as the development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically react with pacific herring igm. pacific herring immunoglobulin was purified ... | 2012 | 22771742 |
| susceptibility of pacific herring to viral hemorrhagic septicemia is influenced by diet. | groups of specific-pathogen-free pacific herring clupea pallasii were highly susceptible to infection by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv); however, the level of mortality was influenced by diet during the 40-71 d before, during, and after the first exposure to the virus. cumulative mortality was highest among the herring maintained on an experimental soy-based pellet, intermediate among those maintained on a commercially available fish-meal-based pellet, and lowest among those maintaine ... | 2012 | 22779213 |
| molecular epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in british columbia, canada, reveals transmission from wild to farmed fish. | viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) is a fish pathogen found throughout the northern hemisphere and is capable of infecting and causing mortality in numerous marine and freshwater hosts. in the coastal waters of british columbia, canada, the virus has been detected for 20 yr with many occurrences of mass mortalities among populations of pacific herring clupea pallasii (valenciennes) and sardine sardinops sagax as well as detections among cultured atlantic salmo salar and chinook oncorhyn ... | 2013 | 23709462 |
| experimental infection studies demonstrating atlantic salmon as a host and reservoir of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type iva with insights into pathology and host immunity. | in british columbia, canada (bc), aquaculture of finfish in ocean netpens has the potential for pathogen transmission between wild and farmed species due to the sharing of an aquatic environment. viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) is enzootic in bc and causes serious disease in wild pacific herring, clupea pallasii, which often enter and remain in atlantic salmon, salmo salar, netpens. isolation of vhsv from farmed atlantic salmon has been previously documented, but the effects on the hea ... | 2013 | 23838146 |
| virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genotypes ia, iva, ivb, and ivc in five fish species. | the susceptibility of yellow perch perca flavescens, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, chinook salmon o. tshawytscha, koi cyprinus carpio koi, and pacific herring clupea pallasii to 4 strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was assessed. fish were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with high (1 × 106 plaque-forming units, pfu) and low (1 × 103 pfu) doses of a european strain (genotype ia), and north american strains from the west coast (genotype iva), great lakes (genotype iv ... | 2013 | 24334352 |
| [comparative parasitological analysis of white sea herring fry (clupea pallasi n. maris-albi) raised experimentally and caught at sea]. | dynamics of the infection with pathogen trematodes of brachyphallus crenatus (rud., 1802) and lecithaster gibbosus (rud., 1802) in larvae and juvenile herring reared in experimental conditions and in those which were caught in the sea has been observed. simultaneous infection of juvenile herring in natural environments and in experimental conditions has been noted. the parasitological examination of the material suggests the degree of natural mortality of larvae in the sea. the total rate of the ... | 2007 | 4047716 |
| optimization of a plaque neutralization test (pnt) to identify the exposure history of pacific herring to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv). | methods for a plaque neutralization test (pnt) were optimized for the detection and quantification of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) neutralizing activity in the plasma of pacific herring clupea pallasii. the pnt was complement dependent, as neutralizing activity was attenuated by heat inactivation; further, neutralizing activity was mostly restored by the addition of exogenous complement from specific-pathogen-free pacific herring. optimal methods included the overnight incubation of ... | 2017 | 28375717 |
| passive immunization of pacific herring against viral hemorrhagic septicemia. | the plasma of pacific herring clupea pallasii that survived laboratory-induced viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs) epizootics contained humoral substances that, when injected into naive animals, conferred passive immunity against the disease. among groups exposed to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), injection of donor plasma from vhs survivors resulted in significantly greater survival (50%) and significantly lower tissue titers (1.5 x 10(5) plaque-forming units [pfu]/g) than the injecti ... | 2011 | 22216713 |
| Factors controlling the early stages of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia epizootics: low exposure levels, virus amplification and fish-to-fish transmission. | Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Genogroup IVa (VHSV), was highly infectious to Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes), even at exposure doses occurring below the threshold of sensitivity for a standard viral plaque assay; however, further progression of the disease to a population-level epizootic required viral amplification and effective fish-to-fish transmission. Among groups of herring injected with VHSV, the prevalence of infection was dose-dependent, ranging from 100%, 75% an ... | 2011 | 21995680 |
| induction of anti-viral genes during acute infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genogroup iva in pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | infection with the aquatic rhabdovirus viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genogroup iva results in high mortality in pacific herring (clupea pallasii) and is hypothesized to be a potential limiting factor for herring recovery. to investigate anti-viral immunity in the pacific herring, four immune response genes were identified: the myxovirus resistance (clpa-mx), a major histocompatibility complex ib (named clpa-uaa.001), the inducible immunoproteosome subunit 9 (clpa-psmb9) and the neutr ... | 2012 | 22155011 |
| larval and juvenile pacific herring clupea pallasii are not susceptible to infectious hematopoietic necrosis under laboratory conditions. | infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) leads to periodic epidemics among certain wild and farmed fish species of the northeast (ne) pacific. the source of the ihn virus (ihnv) that initiates these outbreaks remains unknown; however, a leading hypothesis involves viral persistence in marine host species such as pacific herring clupea pallasii. under laboratory conditions we exposed specific pathogen-free (spf) larval and juvenile pacific herring to 10(3) to 10(4) plaque-forming units (pfu) of ih ... | 2011 | 21381516 |
| chronic and persistent viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infections in pacific herring. | chronic viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) infections were established in a laboratory stock of pacific herring clupea pallasii held in a large-volume tank supplied with pathogen-free seawater at temperatures ranging from 6.8 to 11.6 degrees c. the infections were characterized by viral persistence for extended periods and near-background levels of host mortality. infectious virus was recovered from mortalities occurring up to 167 d post-exposure and was detected in normal-appearing herri ... | 2010 | 21290895 |
| viral replication in excised fin tissues (vreft) corresponds with prior exposure of pacific herring, clupea pallasii (valenciennes), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv). | procedures for a viral replication in excised fin tissue (vreft) assay were adapted to pacific herring, clupea pallasii, and optimized both to reduce processing time and to provide the greatest resolution between naïve herring and those previously exposed to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), genogroup iva. the optimized procedures included removal of the left pectoral fin from a euthanized fish, inoculation of the fin with >10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) ml(-1) vhsv for 1 h, rinsing ... | 2010 | 21118270 |
| failure of population recovery in relation to disease in pacific herring. | following an estimated 60% decline in population abundance in early 1993, recovery of the pacific herring clupea pallasii population of prince william sound, alaska, usa, has been impaired by disease. comprehensive epidemiological study from 1994 through 2002 validated an age-structured assessment (asa) model of disease and population abundance; from 2003 to 2006, the impact of disease was modeled by analyzing only 2 lesions: ulcers and white foci in the heart. the asa model identified increased ... | 2010 | 20597425 |
| trophodynamics of some pfcs and bfrs in a western canadian arctic marine food web. | the trophodynamics of per- and polyfluorinated compounds and bromine-based flame retardants were examined in components of a marine food web from the western canadian arctic. the animals studied and their relative trophic status in the food web, established using stable isotopes of nitrogen (delta15n), were beluga (delphinapterus leucas) > ringed seal (phoca hispida) > arctic cod (boreogadus saida) > pacific herring (clupea pallasi) approximately equal to arctic cisco (coregonus autumnalis) > pe ... | 2009 | 19569333 |
| immunological alterations in juvenile pacific herring, clupea pallasi, exposed to aqueous hydrocarbons derived from crude oil. | the effects of acute and subchronic aqueous hydrocarbon exposures in the ppb range (0.2-127microg/l total pah) on the immune system in pacific herring (clupea pallasi) were examined through specific immunocompetency assays and a host resistance model using listonella anguillarum. short-term hydrocarbon exposure at the highest concentration significantly enhanced respiratory burst activity (rba) in macrophages and decreased plasma lysozyme concentrations, however, subchronic exposure (4-57d) redu ... | 2008 | 18023514 |
| larval pacific herring, clupea pallasii (valenciennes), are highly susceptible to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia and survivors are partially protected after their metamorphosis to juveniles. | pacific herring were susceptible to waterborne challenge with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) throughout their early life history stages, with significantly greater cumulative mortalities occurring among vhsv-exposed groups of 9-, 44-, 54- and 76-day-old larvae than among respective control groups. similarly, among 89-day-1-year-old and 1+year old post-metamorphosed juveniles, cumulative mortality was significantly greater in vhsv-challenged groups than in respective control groups. ... | 2007 | 17640248 |
| pacific and atlantic herring produce burst pulse sounds. | the commercial importance of pacific and atlantic herring (clupea pallasii and clupea harengus) has ensured that much of their biology has received attention. however, their sound production remains poorly studied. we describe the sounds made by captive wild-caught herring. pacific herring produce distinctive bursts of pulses, termed fast repetitive tick (frt) sounds. these trains of broadband pulses (1.7-22 khz) lasted between 0.6 s and 7.6 s. most were produced at night; feeding regime did not ... | 2004 | 15101430 |
| possible effects of pollock and herring on the growth and reproductive success of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus): insights from feeding experiments using an alternative animal model, rattus norvegicus. | the decline of steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) in the gulf of alaska appears to have been associated with a switch of diet from one dominated by fatty forage fishes (such as herring; clupea pallasi) to one dominated by low-fat fish (such as pollock; theragra chalcogramma). observations made during the decline include reduced body size of sea lions, low pregnancy rates, and high mortality. we used the general mammalian model, the laboratory rat (rattus norvegicus), to test whether changing ... | 2003 | 12568666 |
| association of plasma igm with body size, histopathologic changes, and plasma chemistries in adult pacific herring clupea pallasi. | pacific herring clupea pallasi immunoglobulin is an igm-like molecule comprised of heavy and light chains with molecular weights of 79 and 25 to 27 kd, respectively. purified immunoglobulin was used to generate highly specific polyclonal antibodies for development of a sandwich elisa. the elisa was used to quantify total plasma igm in 602 pacific herring captured in prince william sound and sitka sound, alaska, usa. plasma igm concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 5.32 mg ml-1. using multiple stepw ... | 1999 | 10598283 |
| isolation of the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) associated with epizootic mortality in two new host species of alaskan marine fish. | thousands of dead pacific herring clupea pallasi, pacific hake merluccius productus and walleye pollock theragra chalcogramma were reported in lisianski inlet near pelican, alaska, usa, on august 1, 1998. the pacific hake and pollock continued to die through the end of september. virological examinations of dead fish identified the north american strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) from all 3 species of fish as well as associated high virus titers and possible histopathological l ... | 1999 | 10598280 |
| lipid status of larvae and adults of the white sea herring clupea pallasii marisalbi berg (clupeiformes, clupeidae). | | 2015 | 25772988 |
| bayesian stock assessment of pacific herring in prince william sound, alaska. | the pacific herring (clupea pallasii) population in prince william sound, alaska crashed in 1993 and has yet to recover, affecting food web dynamics in the sound and impacting alaskan communities. to help researchers design and implement the most effective monitoring, management, and recovery programs, a bayesian assessment of prince william sound herring was developed by reformulating the current model used by the alaska department of fish and game. the bayesian model estimated pre-fishery spaw ... | 2017 | 28222151 |
| kinetics of viral load and erythrocytic inclusion body formation in pacific herring artificially infected with erythrocytic necrosis virus. | viral erythrocytic necrosis (ven) is a condition that affects marine and anadromous fish species, including herrings and salmonids, in the atlantic and pacific oceans. infection is frequently associated with severe anemia and causes episodic mortality among wild and hatchery fish when accompanied by additional stressors; ven can be presumptively diagnosed by (1) light microscopic identification of a single characteristic-a round, magenta-colored, 0.8-μm-diameter inclusion body (ib) within the cy ... | 2012 | 22897154 |
| efficacy of a glycoprotein dna vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) in pacific herring, clupea pallasii valenciennes. | | 2012 | 22804506 |
| individual-based energetic model suggests bottom up mechanisms for the impact of coastal hypoxia on pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii) foraging behavior. | wind-driven coastal hypoxia represents an environmental stressor that has the potential to drive redistribution of gilled marine organisms, and thereby indirectly affect the foraging characteristics of air-breathing upper trophic-level predators. we used a conceptual individual-based model to simulate effects of coastal hypoxia on the spatial foraging behavior and efficiency of a marine mammal, the pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardii) on the oregon coast. habitat compression of fish wa ... | 2017 | 28082128 |
| the toxicity of creosote-treated wood to pacific herring embryos and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near creosoted pilings in juneau, alaska. | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) from creosote exposure in the laboratory resulted in deleterious effects in developing pacific herring (clupea pallasi) embryos, and potentially toxic concentrations of pahs were measured using passive water samplers at 1 of 3 harbor field sites in juneau, alaska, usa. aqueous total pah concentrations of 4.6 μg/l and 8.4 μg/l from creosote exposure resulted in skeletal defects and ineffective swimming in hatched larvae in the laboratory (10% effective conc ... | 2016 | 27739099 |
| identification of the major capsid protein of erythrocytic necrosis virus (env) and development of quantitative real-time pcr assays for quantification of env dna. | viral erythrocytic necrosis (ven) is a disease of marine and anadromous fish that is caused by the erythrocytic necrosis virus (env), which was recently identified as a novel member of family iridoviridae by next-generation sequencing. phylogenetic analysis of the env dna polymerase grouped env with other erythrocytic iridoviruses from snakes and lizards. in the present study, we identified the gene encoding the env major capsid protein (mcp) and developed a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) ass ... | 2016 | 27154315 |
| clupeiformes' egg envelope proteins characterization: the case of engraulis encrasicolus as a proxy for stock assessment through a novel molecular tool. | zona radiata proteins are essential for ensuring bactericidal resistance, oocyte nutrients uptake and functional buoyancy, sperm binding and guidance to the micropyle, and protection to the growing oocyte or embryo from the physical environment. such glycoproteins have been characterized in terms of molecular structure, protein composition and phylogenetics in several chordate models. nevertheless, research on teleost has not been extensive. in clupeiformes, one of the most biologically relevant ... | 2016 | 27060425 |
| infecting pacific herring with ichthyophonus sp. in the laboratory. | the protistan parasite ichthyophonus sp. occurs in coastal populations of pacific herring clupea pallasii throughout the northeast pacific region, but the route(s) by which these planktivorous fish become infected is unknown. several methods for establishing ichthyophonus infections in laboratory challenges were examined. infections were most effectively established after intraperitoneal (ip) injections with suspended parasite isolates from culture or after repeated feedings with infected fish t ... | 2015 | 26651222 |
| population diversity in pacific herring of the puget sound, usa. | demographic, functional, or habitat diversity can confer stability on populations via portfolio effects (pes) that integrate across multiple ecological responses and buffer against environmental impacts. the prevalence of these pes in aquatic organisms is as yet unknown, and can be difficult to quantify; however, understanding mechanisms that stabilize populations in the face of environmental change is a key concern in ecology. here, we examine pes in pacific herring (clupea pallasii) in puget s ... | 2016 | 26427990 |
| evaluating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mrna expression in a pelagic fish, pacific herring clupea pallasii, as a biomarker for hypoxia exposure. | hypoxia [dissolved oxygen (do)<2 mg l(-1)] is a major environmental perturbation for many aquatic ecosystems, particularly highly productive estuaries. most research attention and understanding about the impacts of hypoxia on estuarine species has focused on the benthos, where hypoxia is most common. although the pelagic zone is also susceptible to the effects of hypoxia, the biological interactions and consequences are not as well understood in marine environments because documenting exposure o ... | 2015 | 26241022 |
| novel species interactions: american black bears respond to pacific herring spawn. | in addition to the decline and extinction of the world's species, the decline and eventual loss of species interactions is one of the major consequences of the biodiversity crisis. on the pacific coast of north america, diminished runs of salmon (oncorhynchus spp.) drive numerous marine-terrestrial interactions, many of which have been intensively studied, but marine-terrestrial interactions driven by other species remain relatively unknown. bears (ursus spp.) are major vectors of salmon into te ... | 2015 | 26013706 |
| genetic distances and variations of three clupeid species determined by pcr technique. | in this study, seven oligonucleotides primers were shown to generate the shared loci, specific loci, unique shared loci to each species and shared loci by the three species which could be obviously calculated. euclidean genetic distances within- and between-species were also calculated by complete linkage method with the sustenance of the hierarchical dendevrepogram program systat version 13. the genomic dna isolated from herring (clupea pallasii), korean anchovy (coilia nasus) and large-eyed he ... | 2014 | 25949199 |
| persistence of external signs in pacific herring clupea pallasii valenciennes with ichthyophoniasis. | the progression of external signs of ichthyophonus infection in pacific herring clupea pallasii valenciennes was highly variable and asynchronous after intraperitoneal injection with pure parasite preparations; however, external signs generally persisted through the end of the study (429 days post-exposure). observed signs included papules, erosions and ulcers. the prevalence of external signs plateaued 35 days post-exposure and persisted in 73-79% of exposed individuals through the end of the f ... | 2016 | 25865489 |
| the parasite ichthyophonus sp. in pacific herring from the coastal ne pacific. | the protistan parasite ichthyophonus occurred in populations of pacific herring clupea pallasii valenciennes throughout coastal areas of the ne pacific, ranging from puget sound, wa north to the gulf of alaska, ak. infection prevalence in local pacific herring stocks varied seasonally and annually, and a general pattern of increasing prevalence with host size and/or age persisted throughout the ne pacific. an exception to this zoographic pattern occurred among a group of juvenile, age 1+ year pa ... | 2016 | 25828232 |
| [genetic variations in clupea pallasii herring from okhotsk sea based on microsatellite markers]. | the genetic variations among spawning groups of herrings from different spawning grounds of the northwestern part of the okhotsk sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. all loci were polymorphic with the ex- pected heterozygosity estimates varying at different loci in the range of 0.7-95.0% (with a mean of 68.5%). the degree of genetic differentiation displayed by the herrings from the okhotsk sea was not statistically sig nificant (0 = 0.74%). the level of pairwise genetic differentiati ... | 2014 | 25711028 |
| molecular identification of erythrocytic necrosis virus (env) from the blood of pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | viral erythrocytic necrosis (ven) is a condition affecting the red blood cells of more than 20 species of marine and anadromous fishes in the north atlantic and north pacific oceans. among populations of pacific herring (clupea pallasii) on the west coast of north america the disease causes anemia and elevated mortality in periodic epizootics. presently, ven is diagnosed by observation of typical cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in stained blood smears from infected fish. the causative agent, erythr ... | 2014 | 25263493 |
| an evaluation of background levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in naturally spawned embryos of pacific herring (clupea pallasii) from puget sound, washington, usa. | pacific herring embryos spawned in nearshore habitats may be exposed to toxic contaminants as they develop, from exogenous sources in spawning habitats and from maternal transfer. determining baseline concentrations of these toxic contaminants is important for evaluating the health of this species, especially during this sensitive life stage. in this study we compared concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or pahs, in naturally spawned herring embryos from five spawning areas across ... | 2014 | 25181043 |
| impacts of suspended sediments on fertilization, embryonic development, and early larval life stages of the pacific herring, clupea pallasi. | pacific herring reproduce in the san francisco bay estuary during times of the year when suspended sediment loads are highest due to freshwater input, yet little is known about the effects of sediment on herring early life stages. during the first 2 h after eggs contacted water, embryos were adhesive and susceptible to having sediment particles attach permanently to the chorion. treatment with suspended san francisco bay dredged sediments at ecologically relevant concentrations of 250 or 500 mg/ ... | 2009 | 19366928 |
| viability and infectivity of ichthyophonus sp. in post-mortem pacific herring, clupea pallasii. | ichthyophonus-infected pacific herring, clupea pallasii , were allowed to decompose in ambient seawater then serially sampled for 29 days to evaluate parasite viability and infectivity for pacific staghorn sculpin, leptocottus armatus . ichthyophonus sp. was viable in decomposing herring tissues for at least 29 days post-mortem and could be transmitted via ingestion to sculpin for up to 5 days. the parasite underwent morphologic changes during the first 48 hr following death of the host that wer ... | 2014 | 25105242 |
| archaeological data provide alternative hypotheses on pacific herring (clupea pallasii) distribution, abundance, and variability. | pacific herring (clupea pallasii), a foundation of coastal social-ecological systems, is in decline throughout much of its range. we assembled data on fish bones from 171 archaeological sites from alaska, british columbia, and washington to provide proxy measures of past herring distribution and abundance. the dataset represents 435,777 fish bones, dating throughout the holocene, but primarily to the last 2,500 y. herring is the single-most ubiquitous fish taxon (99% ubiquity) and among the two ... | 2014 | 24550468 |
| [analysis of microsatellite loci variations in herring (clupea pallasii marisalbi) from the white sea]. | the genetic diversity among spawning groups of herring from different parts of the white sea was assessed using ten microsatellite loci. all loci were polymorphic with the expected heterozygosity estimates varying in the range of 12.7-94.1% (mean was 59.5%). the degree of genetic differentiation displayed by white sea herring was statistically significant (theta = 2.03%). the level of pairwise genetic differentiation f(st) was 0-0.085, and it was statistically significant in most of the comparis ... | 2013 | 24450198 |
| latitudinal gradient in otolith shape among local populations of atlantic herring (clupea harengus l.) in norway. | otolith shape analysis of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) in norwegian waters shows significant differentiation among fjords and a latitudinal gradient along the coast where neighbouring populations are more similar to each other than to those sampled at larger distances. the otolith shape was obtained using quantitative shape analysis, the outlines were transformed with wavelet and analysed with multivariate methods. the observed morphological differences are likely to reflect environmental ... | 2015 | 26101885 |
| the importance of both potency and mechanism in dose-response analysis: an example from exposure of pacific herring (clupea pallasi) embryos to low concentrations of weathered crude oil. | this paper reanalyzes data from an earlier study that used effluents from oiled-gravel columns to assess the toxicity of aqueous fractions of weathered crude oil to pacific herring embryos and larvae. this reanalysis has implications for future similar investigations, including the observance of two distinct dose-response curves for lethal and sublethal endpoints for different exposures in the same experiment, and the need to consider both potency and slope of dose-response curves for components ... | 2013 | 23321595 |
| high potential for using dna from ancient herring bones to inform modern fisheries management and conservation. | pacific herring (clupea pallasi) are an abundant and important component of the coastal ecosystems for the west coast of north america. current canadian federal herring management assumes five regional herring populations in british columbia with a high degree of exchange between units, and few distinct local populations within them. indigenous traditional knowledge and historic sources, however, suggest that locally adapted, distinct regional herring populations may have been more prevalent in ... | 2012 | 23226474 |
| expression of vasa and nanos3 during primordial germ cell formation and migration in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.). | primordial germ cells (pgcs), progenitors of gametes, are specified very early in embryonic development and undergo an active migration to the site where the future gonads will form. while the developmental pattern of pgcs during embryogenesis has been documented in few model teleost fishes, there is currently no information available for any representative of superorder paracanthopterygii. this includes atlantic cod (gadus morhua), which is a historically important food fish in both fisheries a ... | 2012 | 22898013 |
| inability to demonstrate fish-to-fish transmission of ichthyophonus from laboratory infected pacific herring clupea pallasii to naïve conspecifics. | the parasite ichthyophonus is enzootic in many marine fish populations of the northern atlantic and pacific oceans. forage fishes are a likely source of infection for higher trophic level predators; however, the processes that maintain ichthyophonus in forage fish populations (primarily clupeids) are not well understood. lack of an identified intermediate host has led to the convenient hypothesis that the parasite can be maintained within populations of schooling fishes by waterborne fish-to-fis ... | 2012 | 22691982 |
| [preliminary data on variation of four microsatellite loci in pacific herring clupea pallasii]. | variation of microsatellite loci cpa 10, cpa 113, cpa4, and cpa7 was for the first time examined in pacific-type herring clupea pallasii from the white sea (ci. pallasii marisalbi), the kara sea (ci. pallasii suworowi), the sea of okhotsk, and lake nerpich'e, kamchatka bay, northwestern pacific (ci. pallasiipallasii). all loci exhibitedhigh genetic diversity. the estimates of expected heterozygosity varied from 41.5 to 95.6% (mean, 82%). the level of pairwise genetic differentiation fst at all m ... | 2012 | 22567859 |
| development of genomic resources for pacific herring through targeted transcriptome pyrosequencing. | pacific herring (clupea pallasii) support commercially and culturally important fisheries but have experienced significant additional pressure from a variety of anthropogenic and environmental sources. in order to provide genomic resources to facilitate organismal and population level research, high-throughput pyrosequencing (roche 454) was carried out on transcriptome libraries from liver and testes samples taken in prince william sound, the bering sea, and the gulf of alaska. over 40,000 conti ... | 2012 | 22383979 |
| potent phototoxicity of marine bunker oil to translucent herring embryos after prolonged weathering. | pacific herring embryos (clupea pallasi) spawned three months following the cosco busan bunker oil spill in san francisco bay showed high rates of late embryonic mortality in the intertidal zone at oiled sites. dead embryos developed to the hatching stage (e.g. fully pigmented eyes) before suffering extensive tissue deterioration. in contrast, embryos incubated subtidally at oiled sites showed evidence of sublethal oil exposure (petroleum-induced cardiac toxicity) with very low rates of mortalit ... | 2012 | 22312421 |
| effects of pleistocene climatic fluctuations on the phylogeographic and demographic histories of pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | we gathered mitochondrial dna sequences (557 bp from the control region in 935 specimens and 668 bp of the cytochrome b gene in 139 specimens) of pacific herring collected from 20 nearshore localities spanning the species' extensive range along the north pacific coastlines of asia and north america. haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were high, and three major phylogeographic lineages (sequence divergences ca. 1.5%) were detected. using a variety of phylogenetic methods, coalescent rea ... | 2011 | 21824211 |
| effects of environmental temperature on the dynamics of ichthyophoniasis in juvenile pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | the effects of temperature and infection by ichthyophonus were examined in juvenile pacific herring (clupea pallasii) maintained under simulated overwinter fasting conditions. in addition to defining parameters for a herring bioenergetics model (discussed in vollenweider et al. this issue), these experiments provided new insights into factors influencing the infectivity and virulence of the parasite ichthyophonus. in groups of fish with established disease, temperature variation had little effec ... | 2011 | 21603200 |
| energetic cost of ichthyophonus infection in juvenile pacific herring (clupea pallasii). | the energetic costs of fasting and ichthyophonus infection were measured in juvenile pacific herring (clupea pallasii) in a lab setting at three temperatures. infected herring incurred significant energetic costs, the magnitude of which depended on fish condition at the time of infection (fat versus lean). herring that were fed continually and were in relatively good condition at the time of infection (fat) never stored lipid despite ad libitum feeding. in feeding herring, the energetic cost of ... | 2011 | 21584240 |
| methods for conducting bioassays using embryos and larvae of pacific herring, clupea pallasi. | the rapid decrease of several stocks of pacific herring, clupea pallasi, in puget sound, washington, has led to concerns about the effects of industrial and nonpoint source contamination on the embryo and larval stages of this and related forage fish species. to address these concerns, the state of washington and several industries have funded efforts to develop embryo and larval bioassay protocols that can be used by commercial laboratories for routine effluent testing. this article presents th ... | 2011 | 20922521 |
| evaluating signals of oil spill impacts, climate, and species interactions in pacific herring and pacific salmon populations in prince william sound and copper river, alaska. | the exxon valdez oil spill occurred in march 1989 in prince william sound, alaska, and was one of the worst environmental disasters on record in the united states. despite long-term data collection over the nearly three decades since the spill, tremendous uncertainty remains as to how significantly the spill affected fishery resources. pacific herring (clupea pallasii) and some wild pacific salmon populations (oncorhynchus spp.) in prince william sound declined in the early 1990s, and have not r ... | 2017 | 28296895 |
| [phylogeography of pacific herring clupea pallasii from eurasian seas]. | eleven samples of pacific herring from the four seas of eurasia (sea of japan, sea of okhotsk, bering sea, and white sea), and one sample of atlantic herring were analyzed. complete and partial sequences of the mtdna control region with the sizes up to 1071 bp were used. to verify the haplogroups identified, additional sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase i gene was performed. it was demonstrated that pacific herring from the seas of eurasia belonged to one mitochondrial haplogroup. the gene flo ... | 2012 | 23113337 |
| detection of allergenic parvalbumin of atlantic and pacific herrings in fish products by pcr. | the conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect the major allergenic protein parvalbumin beta 2 of atlantic herring (clupea harengus) and pacific herring (clupea pallasii) was developed. the specific set of primers for the amplification of the partial genomic sequence of the pvalb 2 gene encoding the main fish allergen of both herrings was designed and applied to the investigation of 24 commercial fish products. the targeted amplicon size was 189 bp of pvalb 2 gene of atlantic ... | 2013 | 23886376 |
| body mass and composition responses to short-term low energy intake are seasonally dependent in steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus). | steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus) were fed restricted iso-caloric amounts of pacific herring (clupea pallasi) or walleye pollock (theragra chalcogramma) for 8-9 days, four times over the course of a year to investigate effects of season and prey composition on sea lion physiology. at these levels, the sea lions lost body mass at a significantly higher rate during winter (1.6 +/- 0.14 kg day(-1)), and at a lower rate during summer (1.2 +/- 0.32 kg day(-1)). decreases in body fat mass and sta ... | 2006 | 16625362 |
| molecular cloning and localization of the luteinizing hormone beta subunit and glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit from japanese anchovy engraulis japonicus. | although clupeiformes contain many economically important species, there is limited information on their reproductive physiology. to obtain more insight into reproductive mechanisms in clupeiform fishes, molecular cloning of the japanese anchovy engraulis japonicus luteinizing hormone beta (lhbeta) and glycoprotein hormone alpha (gphalpha) subunits, and immunocytochemistry of gonadotrophs in the pituitary using antisera raised against the synthetic peptides for both subunits were carried out. th ... | 2010 | 20646162 |
| susceptibility of three stocks of pacific herring to viral hemorrhagic septicemia. | laboratory challenges using specific-pathogen-free pacific herring clupea pallasii from three distinct populations indicated that stock origin had no effect on susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs). all of the populations were highly susceptible to the disease upon initial exposure, with significantly greater cumulative mortalities occurring in the exposed treatment groups (56.3-64.3%) than in the unexposed control groups (0.8-9.0%). interstock differences in cumulative mortality ... | 2010 | 20575359 |
| release of infectious cells from epidermal ulcers in ichthyophonus sp.-infected pacific herring (clupea pallasii): evidence for multiple mechanisms of transmission. | a common clinical sign of ichthyophoniasis in herring and trout is "sandpaper" skin, a roughening of the epidermis characterized by the appearance of small papules, followed by ulceration and sloughing of the epithelium; early investigators hypothesized that these ulcers might be a means of transmitting the parasite, ichthyophonus sp., without the necessity of ingesting an infected host. we examined the cells associated with the epidermal lesions and confirmed that they were viable ichthyophonus ... | 2010 | 19954257 |
| using weight of evidence characterization and modeling to investigate the cause of the changes in pacific herring (clupea pallasi) population dynamics in puget sound and at cherry point, washington. | the decline of the cherry point pacific herring stock (cpphs) has been a puzzle of the upper puget sound. in this study, age-structured population modeling was used to examine the timing and scale of the dynamics of pacific herring stocks throughout the puget sound region. the intrinsic rate of increase and equilibrium age structure was calculated and forecast models were created for the stocks found in puget sound. we demonstrate that the causative agent for the decline of the cpphs and the col ... | 2010 | 19765250 |
| prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis in pacific herring and epizootics in skagit bay, puget sound, washington. | epizootics of viral erythrocytic necrosis (ven) occurred among juvenile pacific herring clupea pallasii in skagit bay, puget sound, washington, during 2005-2007 and were characterized by high prevalences and intensities of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within circulating erythrocytes. the prevalence of ven peaked at 67% during the first epizootic in october 2005 and waned to 0% by august 2006. a second ven epizootic occurred throughout the summer of 2007; this was characterized by disease initiat ... | 2009 | 19485119 |
| passive acoustic detection of schools of herring. | herring (clupea pallasii and c. harengus) have been observed to release gas from their bladders during vertical migration likely to adjust buoyancy and also when under strong predation pressure. based on recently measured and modeled sound for individual fish, spectral levels are estimated for entire herring schools in the ocean for both scenarios, and the feasibility of passive detection is explored. for a typical school of migrating herring near-surface spectral levels of about 50 db rel., 1 m ... | 2009 | 19425633 |
| cardiac arrhythmia is the primary response of embryonic pacific herring (clupea pallasi) exposed to crude oil during weathering. | teleost embryos develop a syndrome characterized by edema when exposed to water that weathers substrates contaminated with crude oil. previous studies using zebrafish demonstrated that crude oil exposure causes cardiogenic edema, and that the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in weathered crude oils (tricyclic fluorenes, dibenzothiophenes, and phenanthrenes) are cardiotoxic, causing arrhythmia through a pathway that does not require activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ... | 2009 | 19209607 |
| hatch-period-dependent early growth and survival of pacific herring clupea pallasii in miyako bay, japan. | considerable interannual variation in the abundance of larval and juvenile pacific herring clupea pallasii was detected in miyako bay, on the pacific coast of northern japan; abundances were high in 2001 and 2003 and low in 2000 and 2002. hatch dates and growth rates for larval and juvenile survivors were estimated through otolith analysis. water temperature and food availability were monitored on the spawning and nursery grounds in the inner part of the bay. the number of spawning females caugh ... | 2009 | 20735582 |
| reassessing regime shifts in the north pacific: incremental climate change and commercial fishing are necessary for explaining decadal-scale biological variability. | in areas of the north pacific that are largely free of overfishing, climate regime shifts - abrupt changes in modes of low-frequency climate variability - are seen as the dominant drivers of decadal-scale ecological variability. we assessed the ability of leading modes of climate variability [pacific decadal oscillation (pdo), north pacific gyre oscillation (npgo), arctic oscillation (ao), pacific-north american pattern (pna), north pacific index (npi), el niño-southern oscillation (enso)] to ex ... | 2014 | 23996901 |
| quantitative risk model for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon photoinduced toxicity in pacific herring following the exxon valdez oil spill. | phototoxicity occurs when exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases the toxicity of certain contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs). this study aimed to (1) develop a quantitative model to predict the risk of pah phototoxicity to fish, (2) assess the predictive value of the model, and (3) estimate the risk of pah phototoxicity to larval and young of year pacific herring (clupea pallasi) following the exxon valdez oil spill (evos) in prince william sound, alaska. the mod ... | 2013 | 23600964 |
| phylogeography of amphi-boreal fish: tracing the history of the pacific herring clupea pallasii in north-east european seas. | the relationships between north atlantic and north pacific faunas through times have been controlled by the variation of hydrographic circumstances in the intervening arctic ocean and bering strait. we address the history of trans-arctic connections in a clade of amphi-boreal pelagic fishes using genealogical information from mitochondrial dna sequence data. the pacific and atlantic herrings (clupea pallasii and c. harengus) have basically vicarious distributions in the two oceans since pre-plei ... | 2013 | 23510113 |
| differential survival of ichthyophonus isolates indicates parasite adaptation to its host environment. | in vitro viability of ichthyophonus spp. spores in seawater and freshwater corresponded with the water type of the host from which the spores were isolated. among ichthyophonus spp. spores from both marine and freshwater fish hosts (pacific herring, clupea pallasii, and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, respectively), viability was significantly greater (p < 0.05) after incubation in seawater than in freshwater at all time points from 1 to 60 min after immersion; however, magnitude of the spor ... | 2008 | 18576846 |
| a risk-informed decision framework for setting environmental windows for dredging projects. | sediment dredging is necessary to sustain navigation infrastructure in ports and harbor areas. in the united states alone between 250 and 300 million cubic yards of sediment are dredged annually. dredging activities may cause stress on aquatic biota by locally increasing turbidity and suspended sediment concentrations, physically disturbing habitat by elevated sedimentation rates, interfering in migratory behaviors, and hydraulically entraining bottom dwelling organisms. environmental windows ar ... | 2008 | 18571217 |
| spatial extent, magnitude, and patterns of persistent organochlorine pollutants in pacific herring (clupea pallasi) populations in the puget sound (usa) and strait of georgia (canada). | we examined the geographic distribution and magnitude of three persistent organic pollutants (pops) in pacific herring, representing three populations from puget sound, washington state, usa and three from the strait of georgia (british columbia, canada and washington state). we measured pcbs, ddts and ddt isomers, and hexachlorobenzene in whole herring using high performance liquid chromatography, which provided a relatively inexpensive estimation of total pcbs, including the most commonly enco ... | 2008 | 18314160 |
| sperm contamination in archived and contemporary herring samples. | studies using archived scales and otoliths to examine ancient fish populations have become increasingly common, despite many methodological challenges in ancient dna research. here, we describe a case of dna contamination in both modern and historical samples of pacific herring (clupea pallasii), where the source of the contamination is likely from milt spillage during collection. we describe a series of experiments to remove contamination using pre-extraction wash treatments. though contaminati ... | 2008 | 21585717 |
| heat increment of feeding in double-crested cormorants (phalacrocorax auritus) and its potential for thermal substitution. | diving endotherms inhabiting polar regions face potentially high thermoregulatory costs. unless properly insulated, these animals will lose vast amounts of heat when diving in cold water, which has to be balanced by heat production. heat generated as a by-product of digestion (heat increment of feeding, hif) or from exercising muscles might be important in maintaining thermal balance under such conditions, as it would reduce the need for shivering thermogenesis. recording the rate of oxygen cons ... | 2008 | 18083732 |
| a biological framework for evaluating whether a species is threatened or endangered in a significant portion of its range. | under the u.s. endangered species act (esa), a species can be listed if it is at risk "in all or a significant portion of its range," but the esa provides no guidance on how to interpret this key phrase. we propose a simple test to determine whether the areas of a species' range in which it is currently at risk amount to a significant portion: if the species were to become extirpated from these areas, at that point would the entire species be at risk? if so, then these areas represent a signific ... | 2007 | 17650247 |
| pacific herring hearing does not include ultrasound. | recent studies have shown that some clupeid fishes, including shad and menhaden, can detect ultrasound (sound with frequencies higher than 20 khz) and actively avoid it. however, other clupeids, including sardines and anchovies, do not detect ultrasound. the hearing abilities of herring are of particular interest because of their commercial importance, our reliance on acoustics to monitor their populations and behavioural evidence of responses to high-frequency sound by some clupeid species. we ... | 2005 | 17148154 |
| effects of exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil on the swimming performance and the metabolic and ionic recovery postexercise in pacific herring (clupea pallasi). | the swimming performance and recovery from exercise were determined in juvenile pacific herring (clupea pallasi) following exposure to the water-soluble fraction (wsf) of north slope crude oil for more than eight weeks. total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations (mean +/- standard error) at the beginning of exposures were as follows: control, 0.2 +/- 0.1 microg/l; low, 9.6 +/- 2.5 microg/l; medium, 40.7 +/- 6.9 microg/l; and high, 120.2 +/- 11.4 microg/l. biological availability of hyd ... | 2006 | 17022413 |
| metabolic adjustments to varying protein intake in harbor seals (phoca vitulina): evidence from serum free amino acids. | effects of varying dietary protein intake on serum free amino acid (faa) concentrations were studied in harbor seals (phoca vitulina) fed two different prey fish diets: either exclusively low-fat, high-protein walleye pollock (theragra chalcogramma) or high-fat, relatively high-energy-density pacific herring (clupea pallasi). significant differences in faa concentrations and patterns were observed between the two diets. all essential amino acids (eaa), except methionine and phenylalanine, and tw ... | 2006 | 16927243 |
| dynamics of viral hemorrhagic septicemia, viral erythrocytic necrosis and ichthyophoniasis in confined juvenile pacific herring clupea pallasii. | capture of wild, juvenile herring clupea pallasii from puget sound (washington, usa) and confinement in laboratory tanks resulted in outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs), viral erythrocytic necrosis (ven) and ichthyophoniasis; however, the timing and progression of the 3 diseases differed. the vhs epidemic occurred first, characterized by an initially low infection prevalence that increased quickly with confinement time, peaking at 93 to 98% after confinement for 6 d, then decreasing ... | 2006 | 16903231 |
| photoenhanced toxicity of aqueous phase and chemically dispersed weathered alaska north slope crude oil to pacific herring eggs and larvae. | the photoenhanced toxicity of weathered alaska north slope crude oil (ans) was investigated in the eggs and larvae of pacific herring (clupea pallasi) with and without the chemical dispersant corexit 9527. oil alone was acutely toxic to larvae at aqueous concentrations below 50 microg/l total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (tpah), and median lethal (lc50s) and effective concentrations (ec50s) decreased with time after initial oil exposure. brief exposure to sunlight (approximately 2.5 h/d for ... | 2003 | 12627655 |
| motility initiation in herring sperm is regulated by reverse sodium-calcium exchange. | sperm of the pacific herring, clupea pallasi, are unique in that they are immotile upon spawning in the environment. herring sperm have evolved to remain motionless for up to several days after spawning, yet are still capable of fertilizing eggs. an egg chorion ligand termed "sperm motility initiation factor" (smif) induces motility in herring sperm and is required for fertilization. in this study, we show that smif induces calcium influx, sodium efflux, and a membrane depolarization in herring ... | 2002 | 11842223 |
| the effects of diffusible creosote-derived compounds on development in pacific herring (clupea pallasi). | the effects of diffusible creosote-derived compounds from weathered creosote-treated pilings on embryonic development in the pacific herring were investigated. parameters used to evaluate toxicity included embryonic development, cardiac function, embryo/larval activity (movement of developing embryos), hatching success, and larval morphology at hatch. for acute exposures, embryos were incubated in seawater containing either creosote-treated wood (creosote) or untreated wood (wood control), or se ... | 2000 | 11064126 |
| sperm-activating proteins obtained from the herring eggs are homologous to trypsin inhibitors and synthesized in follicle cells. | the activation of sperm motility by the egg is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the animal kingdom, but the molecules by which the egg activates sperm motility have been clarified in only a few invertebrate species. in the pacific herring, clupea pallasii, mature unfertilized eggs release the sperm-activating proteins which are prerequisite to successful fertilization. complementary dna clones encoding herring sperm-activating proteins were isolated from a herring ovarian complementary dna library an ... | 1998 | 9851842 |
| preliminary observations on responses of embryonic and larval pacific herring, clupea pallasi, to neutral fraction biodegradation products of weathered alaska north slope oil. | weathered alaska north slope crude oil (ans 521) was subjected to biodegradation in vigorously stirred incubations for 14 days at 15 +/- 1 degrees c in 20/1000 salinity sterilized seawater, amended with nutrients and inoculated with a hydrocarbon-degrading microorganism (ei2v) isolated from an oil-contaminated beach in prince william sound, alaska. a total of 13.7 mg/l water-soluble neutral fraction (wsf) was recovered from the incubation of weathered ans 521. toxicity/ teratogenicity tests were ... | 1998 | 9469861 |
| alarm reaction of the top smelt, atherinops affinis (ayres). | the "alarm" substance of the top smelt, atherinops affinis (ayres), has been isolated by extraction with methanol or ether from suffocated top smelt. these concentrated extracts, when introduced into an aquarium containing top smelt, induce a strong alarm reaction in the fish, characterized by rapid swimming, jumping, and often severe seizures. the fact that extracts from white surfperch, phanerodon furcatus (girard); surf smelt, hypomesus pretiosus (girard); northern anchovy, engraulis mordox ( ... | 1962 | 13977910 |
| the physiology of the respiration of fishes in relation to the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. | 1. the ability of marine fishes to absorb oxygen at low tension from the sea water is more or less dependent upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the water. 2. the ability of fishes to withstand wide variations in the range of hydrogen ion concentration of the sea water can be correlated with their habitats. the fishes that are most resistant to a wide variation in the hydrogen ion concentration are most cosmopolitan in their habitat. those that are least resistant to a variation in the hydrog ... | 1922 | 19871935 |
| modeling the sound levels produced by bubble release of individual herring. | herring (clupea pallasii and c. harengus) are known to release gas from their swim bladder to assist a number of complex behaviors, such as buoyancy adjustments and predator avoidance. the noise associated with the release has recently been reported in the literature and related to oscillating bubbles. average source levels (sls) of 73 db with regard to micropa rms reference 1 m have been reported for bubbles produced by herring in the laboratory. a model is provided for predicting the sl in ter ... | 2008 | 19045675 |
| different hatching strategies in embryos of two species, pacific herring clupea pallasii and japanese anchovy engraulis japonicus, that belong to the same order clupeiformes, and their environmental adaptation. | pacific herring clupea pallasii and japanese anchovy engraulis japonicus, which belong to the same order clupeiformes, spawn different types of eggs: demersal adherent eggs and pelagic eggs, respectively. we cloned three cdnas for pacific herring hatching enzyme and five for japanese anchovy. each of them was divided into two groups (group a and b) by phylogenetic analysis. they were expressed specifically in hatching gland cells (hgcs), which differentiated from the pillow and migrated to the e ... | 2009 | 19025965 |
| two egg-derived molecules in sperm motility initiation and fertilization in the pacific herring (clupea pallasi). | sperm of the pacific herring are immotile at spawning. two egg-derived molecules are capable of initiating sperm motility. one is herring sperm activating protein(s) (hsaps) and the other is sperm motility initiation factor (smif). these two motility initiators differ in their location and association with the chorion, and in their isoelectric points and molecular weights. in this study we have investigated the roles of these two inducers with respect to motility and fertilization. using compute ... | 2008 | 18649286 |