| california arbovirus (la crosse) infections. iii. epidemiology of california encephalitis in minnesota. | mosquitoes (eggs, larvae, and adults), small woodland animals, and residents of an area where california encephalitis is endemic were studied to elucidate the host-vector cycle of la crosse virus. elementary schoolchildren from surrounding communities and gray squirrels from another area were tested to compare the prevelence of serum antibodies to la crosse virus in areas where the disease is endemic with the prevalence of these antibodies in areas where the disease is not endemic. from 1971 to ... | 1976 | 3613 |
| rocky mountain spotted fever in connecticut: human cases, spotted-fever group rickettsiae in ticks, and antibodies in mammals. | three parameters were used in 1976 and 1977 to assess the status of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in connecticut--compilation and review of clinical data on suspected human cases for the 13-year period 1965--1977, examination of tick tissues for spotted fever-group rickettsiae by the hemolymph test and direct immunofluorescence, and analyses of mammalian sera for antibodies against rickettsia rickettsii. there were six presumptive rmsf cases which probably originated in connecticut. four o ... | 1979 | 111543 |
| experimental infection of vertebrates of the pocomoke cypress swamp, maryland with keystone and jamestown canyon viruses. | experimental studies were conducted to assess the susceptibility of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), and cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) to jamestown canyon (jc) and/or keystone (key) virus infection. viremia occurred in 5 of 6 deer inoculated with jc virus; however, all deer developed key virus neutralizing antibody. based on the observation that antibody elicited by primary infection of deer with either key or jc virus exhibited part ... | 1979 | 453437 |
| the prevalence of serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in ontario mammals. | the prevalence of seropositive reactions to toxoplasma gondii was studied in farm animals, companion animals, wild rodents and birds. of the animals tested, 17% of cattle, 65% of sheep, 45% of pigs, 9% of horses, 33% of dogs and 20% of cats were seropositive by the sabin-feldman dye test. in addition 11% of mice (mus musculus), 5% of deer mice (peromyscus), 3% of rats (rattus norvegicus) and less than 2% of sparrows (passer domestcus) were seropositive. all samples from short-tailed field mice ( ... | 1978 | 667705 |
| hepatozoon griseisciuri infection in gray squirrels of the southeastern united states. | blood films and selected tissue sections from 270 gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) from 18 sites in 11 southeastern states were examined for hepatozoan griseisciuri. this parasite was found in 110 (41%) squirrels from 17 of the 18 sites. data suggested transmission of the parasite apparently occurs throughout the year and increases from spring to late summer. the infection was more prevalent in subadults and adults than in juveniles. schizogonic stages were found only in the lungs, suggesti ... | 1976 | 815571 |
| viremia and antibody response to la crosse virus in sentinel gray squirrels (sciuris carolinensis) and chipmunks tamias striatus). | six isolates of la crosse (lac) virus were obtained from sentinel gray squirrels (sciuris carolinensis) and four from sentinel chipmunks (tamias striatus) in an endemic area. viremia titers were measured by plaquing on vero cells. antibody responses of the animals were measured by a microneutralization test employing four california group viruses: lac, snowshoe hare (ssh), trivittatus, and jamestown canyon. in both species lac antibody titers peaked at approximately 21 days and were still detect ... | 1977 | 889022 |
| preliminary studies on the characterization and distribution of staphylococcus and micrococcus species on animal skin. | a total of 221 strains of staphylococci and 98 strains of micrococci isolated from the skins of eastern gray squirrels, southern flying squirrels, raccoons, opossums, squirrel monkeys, swine, sheep, horses, cattle, and dogs were characterized in a preliminary attempt to resolve their natural relationships and distribution in nature. staphylococci demonstrating the widest host range included staphylococcus xylosus and unnamed staphylococcus sp. 3. unnamed staphylococcus sp. 2 was isolated only fr ... | 1976 | 942208 |
| electrophoretic separation of serum proteins from gray squirrels. | serum proteins of gray squirrels were electrophoretically separated into 7 fractions as compared with the 5 fractions obtained from human serum. the mobility of the albumin fraction was approximately the same for both human and squirrel serums. the prealbumin fraction did not vary significantly in the percentage for squirrels bled at different times of the year. immunoelectrophoresis patterns showed squirrel serum had a small number of fractions with the same antigenic characteristics as human s ... | 1976 | 984553 |
| anatomical evidence for cone and rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel, and prairie dog retinas. | in the gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), the prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus), and the mexican and 13-line ground squirrels (citellus mexicanus and c. tridecemlineatus) there exist two distinct classes of photo-receptors that have cone-like and rod-like anatomical features respectively. these two receptor classes were previously known to exist in the gray squirrel, but only the cone-like (c) receptor had been observed in the other species. we have now found small numbers of rod-like (r) re ... | 1975 | 1127139 |
| electrophysiological evidence for rod-like receptors in the gray squirrel, ground squirrel and prairie dog retinas. | spectral sensitivities of the gray squirrel, mexican and 13-line ground squirrel and prairie dog were determined by electroretinography under both dark- and light-adapted conditions. the dark-adapted spectral sensitivity function obtained from intact eyes of these species peaks between 515-525 nm; however, when corrected for lens absorption or recorded from the lensless eye, it peaks near 500 nm and closely matches in shape a rhodopsin nomogram curve (lambda max equals 502 nm). upon light adapta ... | 1975 | 1127140 |
| leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the florida panhandle and southwestern georgia. | a group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. serotypes isolated were leptospira interrogans ... | 1975 | 1176352 |
| a microbiologic study of the urban gray squirrel. | bacteriologic, virologic, and serologic examinations were conducted on 180 urban gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) during a 1-year period in a metropolitan area. evidence was not found of infections with leptospires, enteric or other bacteria, rickettsial agents, francisella tularensis, or arthropod-borne viruses. the squirrels were remarkably free of evidence of bacterial or viral infections of importance to man and lower animals. | 1975 | 1176356 |
| public health and the urban gray squirrel: mycology. | from 180 gray squirrels (sciurus c. carolinesis), 942 isolates of fungi representing 19 genera were recovered upon culture of hair-skin scrapings and toenails. of the isolates, 170 represented known human pathogens and 142, squirrel pathogens. a human infection of trichophyton mentagrophytes was derived from handling the squirrels. skin lesions of seven squirrels were attributable to t. mentagrophytes and mucor sp. | 1975 | 1195491 |
| ectoparasites of a population of urban gray squirrels in northern florida. | ectoparasites infesting a population of urban gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis gmelin) in northern florida were collected monthly during 1974. eleven species were identified: one flea (orchopeas howardi (baker], three suckling lice (enderleinellus longiceps kellogg & ferris, hoplopleura sciuricola ferris, and neohaematopinus sciuri jancke), one tick (dermacentor variabilis say), two mesostigmatid (gamasid) mites (androlaelaps casalis (berlese) and a. fahrenholzi (berlese], and four chiggers ... | 1991 | 1875375 |
| effect of chronic near-ultraviolet radiation on the gray squirrel lens in vivo. | the effects of ambient exposure to near-ultraviolet (near-uv) radiation (300-400 nm) on the ocular lens of the diurnal squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) are reported. gray squirrels lived in cages illuminated for 12 hr a day with near-uv light (6 mw/cm2, 365 nm) for 1 yr. the non-uv-exposed controls were housed separately. in the lenses of uv-exposed animals, anterior pole changes occurred. central epithelial cells swelled, disappeared, or underwent proliferation. a band of disoriented degeneratin ... | 1991 | 2032795 |
| the parabigeminogeniculate projection: connectional studies in eight mammals. | anterograde and retrograde tracing methods have been used to analyze the origin and distribution of parabigeminogeniculate axons in the gray squirrel, the gopher, the rat, the opossum, the cat, the greater bushbaby, the squirrel monkey and the macaque monkey. our findings reveal that parabigeminogeniculate axons most heavily innervate regions of the lateral geniculate that are also targeted by axons arising from the superior colliculus (tectogeniculate). these geniculate layers and zones of para ... | 1991 | 2045536 |
| comparative study of lens proteins of gray squirrel and human. | 1. the four crystallins of the gray squirrel lens have been characterized using gel filtration chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. alpha, beta-heavy, beta-light, and gamma crystallins of squirrel lenses have been identified immunologically, and they cross-react strongly with rabbit polyclonal antibodies. the gamma-24 crystallin of the squirrel lens also reacts strongly with monoclonal anti-human lens gamma-24, as shown by its inhibition of the elisa reaction b ... | 1990 | 2225772 |
| susceptibility of wild mammals to infection with naegleria fowleri. | animals of 4 families of small wild mammals were live-trapped and inoculated intranasally with naegleria fowleri to determine patterns of susceptibility. of the 7 species of animals examined, only rodents were susceptible to n. fowleri. susceptible animals were eastern gray squirrel, hispid cotton rat, muskrat, and house mouse. mammals that were not susceptible at a dose of 10(6) were opossum, raccoon, and eastern cottontail rabbit. perhaps rodents and humans share a common anatomical or physiol ... | 1990 | 2254821 |
| thalamic connections of three representations of the body surface in somatosensory cortex of gray squirrels. | the anatomical tracer, wheat germ agglutinin, was used to determine the connections of electrophysiologically identified locations in three architectonically distinct representations of the body surface in the somatosensory cortex of gray squirrels. injections in the first somatosensory area, s-i, revealed reciprocal connections with the ventroposterior nucleus (vp), a portion of the thalamus just dorsomedial to vp, the posterior medial nucleus, pom, and sometimes the ventroposterior inferior nu ... | 1987 | 2448348 |
| thalamic and extrathalamic connections of the dysgranular unresponsive zone in the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). | the connections of the cortical dysgranular "unresponsive zone" (uz) (sur et al.: j. comp. neurol. 179:425-450, '78) in the grey squirrel were studied with horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic techniques. the results of these experiments show that the major subcortical connections of the unresponsive zone are in large part reciprocal. connections are distributed within the thalamus in a poorly defined region including restricted portions of several nuclei that lie along the rostral, dorsa ... | 1989 | 2477399 |
| host associations of ticks (acari: ixodidae) parasitizing medium-sized mammals in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york. | ticks of eight medium-sized mammal species were studied in an area of endemic lyme disease in westchester county, n.y., from 1 april 1984 to 31 march 1985. most (81%) of the 266 total mammal captures were raccoon, procyon lotor (l.) (47%), opossum, didelphis virginiana (kerr) (19%), and striped skunk, mephitis mephitis schreber (15%); these host species accounted for 91% of the 1,519 ticks collected. although the total number of ticks was rather evenly distributed among these mammals, species co ... | 1989 | 2724317 |
| distribution of opiate receptor subtypes and enkephalin and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of squirrel, guinea pig, rat, and hamster. | the distribution of enkephalin and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of four rodent species (gray squirrel, guinea pig, rat, and hamster) is compared with the pattern of opiate receptor subtypes (mu, delta, and kappa). the distribution of opioid peptides is fairly consistent in the anterior hippocampus of these four species. intense immunoreactivity for dynorphin and enkephalin is found in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the mossy fiber system. occasional immunoreactive process ... | 1987 | 2880880 |
| maintenance and transmission of keystone virus by aedes atlanticus (diptera: culicidae) and the gray squirrel in the pocomoke cypress swamp, maryland. | | 1988 | 3144600 |
| lyme disease ecology in wisconsin: distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini, and prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in small mammals. | lyme disease recently has been recognized in wisconsin. trapping studies were conducted at four geographically separate and ecologically distinct regions in wisconsin to elucidate the distribution and host preferences of ixodes dammini on small and medium sized mammals, and the occurrence of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in these wild mammals. peak i. dammini larval activity occurred from june-september. nymphs were most active from may-august. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and ch ... | 1987 | 3605501 |
| influence of defensive behavior of eastern chipmunks and gray squirrels (rodentia: sciuridae) on feeding success of aedes triseriatus (diptera: culicidae). | | 1986 | 3950920 |
| biochemical features of the grey squirrel lens. | the ocular lens of the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) is an excellent model for studies of eye-light interactions that apply to the human system. in this diurnal animal, lens size, shape, yellow pigmentation, and light absorption properties have important similarities to those of young children. this article describes the observations of soluble to insoluble protein conversion with chronological aging, and the loss of heavier lens crystallins in the internal as compared to the external lay ... | 1985 | 4019099 |
| transmission of proteins from mother to conceptus in the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). | | 1971 | 4138023 |
| role of haemogamasus reidi (acari: mesostigmata) in the life cycle of the gray squirrel protozoan, hepatozoon griseisciuri (sporozoa: haemogregarinidae). | | 1972 | 4623381 |
| erythropoietic porphyria of the fox squirrel sciurus niger. | uroporphyrin i is found in high concentration in the bones, teeth, blood, soft tissues, and urine of the fox squirrel, sciurus niger. the concentration of uroporphyrin in fox squirrel spleen is much higher than in liver, kidney or bone marrow, probably because of accumulation from phagocytosed red cells. bleeding causes a marked increase in the uroporphyrin concentration of red cells and spleen, and a 3-8-fold increase in uroporphyrin excretion. urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid and ... | 1973 | 4682390 |
| hymenolepis diminuta in a gray squirrel from indiana. | | 1974 | 4826120 |
| notes on gongylonema pulchrum molin, 1857 (nematoda: spiruridae) in the gray squirrel in southwestern virginia. | | 1971 | 5090971 |
| occurrence of neohaematopinus sciuri jancke, 1933 on a west virginia gray squirrel. | | 1971 | 5105974 |
| uroporphyrinogen 3 cosynthetase activity in the fox squirrel (sciurus niger). | the activity of uroporphyrinogen iii cosynthetase in hemolyzates and tissue extracts from fox squirrels is much less than in similar preparations from gray squirrels. low activity of this enzyme explains the production of large amounts of uroporphyrin i by the fox squirrel. members of this species thus provide a small-animal model for studies of congenital erythropoietic porphyria, a hereditary disease of man and cattle which is associated with a similar partial deficiency of uroporphyrinogen ii ... | 1971 | 5120867 |
| the yellow colour of the lens of the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis leucotis). | 1. the absorption spectrum of the lens of the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis leucotis) has been measured, revealing an absorption maximum at 370 nm. peak densities in the intact lens ranged from 12 to 20.2. this peak is not present in the lenses of horse, cow, pig, dog, cat, ferret (mustelo furo), or guinea-pig (cavia porcellus).3. the pigment responsible for this absorption is water-soluble and aqueous extracts have been examined. protein-free aqueous extracts show an additional maximum at ... | 1969 | 5796470 |
| the geniculostriate projection in the grey squirrel: preliminary autoradiographic data. | anterograde autoradiographic experiments reveal connectional specificity between the dorsal lateral geniculate (lgn) laminae and striate cortical layers in a rodent, the gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). our data indicate that although the geniculostriate projection does not segregate right and left eye information within layer iv, geniculate projections to this layer are tightly organized such that particular cortical substrata receive input from specific lgn layer(s). preliminary data sugg ... | 1983 | 6616208 |
| ultrastructural changes in the prostate gland of a seasonally breeding mammal, the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis gmelin). | grey squirrels were obtained from the wild every month for two calendar years. the prostate gland was found to be a single lobed structure, subdivided into many lobules each of which was composed of numerous secretory acini with central lumina. secretion was active throughout the breeding season (january to june), but the gland became atrophic from july to september, and recovered between october and december. two 'types' of secretory cells were observed in the secretory epithelium throughout th ... | 1984 | 6706834 |
| survey for evidence of colorado tick fever virus outside of the known endemic area in california. | a virus very similar or identical to colorado tick fever (ctf) virus was recovered from the blood clot of one of 104 black-tailed jack rabbits (lepus californicus) examined during a survey for various zoonotic agents in mammals and ticks from the university of california, hopland field station, mendocino county, california, 1974--79. this is the first reported isolation of a ctf-like virus from l. californicus, and only the second time such a virus has been found in northwestern california. mend ... | 1982 | 7102919 |
| serologic evidence of jamestown canyon and keystone virus infection in vertebrates of the delmarva peninsula. | serological data accumulated during the past decade indicated that a variety of feral and domestic animals of the delaware-maryland-virginia (delmarva) peninsula were infected with jamestown canyon (jc) and/or keystone (key) viruses (bunyaviridae, california serogroup). neutralizing (n) antibody to jc virus was most prevalent in white-tailed deer, sika deer, cottontail rabbits and horses. key virus n antibody was detected most frequently in gray squirrels and domestic goats. n antibody indicativ ... | 1982 | 7149110 |
| prevalence of cuterebra emasculator in squirrels in mississippi. | between 1977 and 1979, 1,997 gray squirrels (scriurus carolinensis) and 290 fox squirrels (s. niger) were examined for cuterebra emasculator myiasis. approximately 19% of the gray and 5% of the fox squirrels were infested with 1.9 and 2.5 larvae per host, respectively. myiasis was seen between 14 august and 29 october. peak infestations occurred in the second week of september. adult and subadult squirrels had higher infestations than juveniles. multiple infestations occurred in 51% of the hosts ... | 1981 | 7253103 |
| acute fatal toxoplasmosis in squirrels. | two dead gray squirrels submitted to the northeastern research center for wildlife diseases ahd nonsuppurative encephalitis and interstitial pneumonitis, with toxoplasma gondii cysts and tachyzoites in many tissues. these infections have rarely been reported from gray squirrels but could mimic clinical rabies. | 1981 | 7327992 |
| human enteroviruses and wildlife: isolation from gray squirrels. | five isolates of human echovirus 1/8 complex were recovered from the feces of free-ranging gray squirrels. the source of infection and the significance of the isolates remain unknown. | 1980 | 7373721 |
| prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals of missouri and east central kansas: biologic and ecologic considerations of transmission. | sera from 273 wild mammals from missouri and kansas (usa), collected between december 1974 and december 1987, were tested for the presence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using the sabin-feldman dye test. sixty-five (24%) had antibodies at titers of > or = 1:8, including 38 (66%) of 58 carnivores, 14 (15%) of 94 omnivores, 13 (11%) of 117 herbivores, and none of four insectivores. the prevalence of antibodies in mice (mus musculus and peromyscus spp.) and rats (rattus norvegicus and sigmodon ... | 1995 | 7563419 |
| near-uv radiation disrupts filamentous actin in lens epithelial cells. | ultraviolet radiation in the near range (uva) causes lens opacification and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in rabbit and gray squirrel lenses. changes were noted using transmission electron microscopy of tangential sections and rhodaminephalloidin fluorescence microscopy of epithelial whole mounts of irradiated and unirradiated lenses, and corresponded with gross cataract formation. irradiated lenses lacked microfilament polygonal arrays at the inner surface of the apical plasma membrane (i.e., ... | 1993 | 8221906 |
| tissue "cysts" of hepatozoon griseisciuri in the grey squirrel, sciurus carolinensis: the significance of these cysts in species of hepatozoon. | the lungs of a grey squirrel infected with hepatozoon griseisciuri contained, in addition to typical haemogregarine schizonts, small cysts, each of which contained a single cystozoite. the presence of these cysts, which resemble those recorded in hepatozoon species in reptiles, suggests that they may be a common feature in all hepatozoon species and that these parasites may be transmitted by predation as well as by ingestion of infected arthropod vectors. | 1990 | 2319428 |
| immunocontraception in rodents: a review of the development of a sperm-based immunocontraceptive vaccine for the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). | the strategy for developing contraceptive vaccines for wild rodents will depend on the species. in rats and mice, high all-year birth rates, high levels of dispersal and promiscous mating systems suggest that, if immunocontraception was used alone, > 90% of the population would have to sterilized to achieve the desired control. in britain, the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) may be a better candidate to investigate the feasibility of a contraceptive vaccine in rodents. this introduced speci ... | 1997 | 9109202 |
| vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein: safety and efficacy trials in canadian wildlife. | twenty-six meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), ten woodchucks (marmota monax), thirteen grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), thirteen ring-billed gulls (larus delawarensis), six red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and eight great horned owls (bubo virginianus) received vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (v-rg) by direct instillation into the oral cavity. each of ten coyotes (canis latrans) received the virus in two vaccine-laden baits. several voles and mo ... | 1990 | 2249183 |
| ecology of keystone virus, a transovarially maintained arbovirus. | our studies in the pocomoke cypress swamp of maryland have shown that key strain of ce is endemic and is carried by the floodwater mosquito a. atlanticus. the virus is transmitted transstadially in nature, as evidenced by our recovery of virus from larvae and males of this species. serologic evidence, both here and elsewhere, indicates that vertebrates are infected with key, but their role in the transmission cycle remains unknown. we have found several animals, for example, the gray squirrel, t ... | 1975 | 20017 |
| lack of seroreactivity to ehrlichia chaffeensis among rodent populations. | a retrospective serosurvey for antibodies to ehrlichia chaffeensis was conducted on eight species of wild rodents (mus musculus, oryzomys palustris, peromyscus leucopus, rattus norvegicus, reithrodontomys humulis, sciurus carolinensis, sciurus niger, and sigmodon hispidus) from the southeastern united states. serum samples (n = 281) collected between 1973 and 1993 were evaluated using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. all samples, screened at a dilution of 1:32, were negative for antibodies ... | 1998 | 9577793 |
| isolation of jamestown canyon and snowshoe hare viruses (california serogroup) from aedes mosquitoes in western massachusetts. | three isolates of jamestown canyon virus and one isolate of snowshoe hare virus (california serogroup) were obtained from adult aedes females collected in western massachusetts in 1982. jamestown canyon virus was isolated from aedes abserratus/punctor once, and from aedes intrudens twice. snowshoe hare virus was isolated from aedes stimulans group mosquitoes. la crosse encephalitis (lac) virus was not isolated from 1,552 adult aedes triseriatus, nor from 22,557 aedes triseriatus larvae. however, ... | 1993 | 8350066 |
| evidence for rodent-common and species-typical limb and digit use in eating, derived from a comparative analysis of ten rodent species. | order rodentia comprises a vast portion of mammalian species (1814 species), which occupy extremely diverse habitats requiring very distinct motor specializations (e.g. burrowing, hopping, climbing, flying and swimming). although early classification of paw use ability suggests rodents are impoverished relative to primates and make little use of their paws, there have been no systematic investigations of paw use in rodents. the present study was undertaken to describe limb/paw movements in a var ... | 1998 | 9821545 |
| study of diseases of the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) in italy. first isolation of the dermatophyte microsporum cookei. | the ecological risks connected with the introduction of the north american grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) in italy are many. of particular importance is the conservation of the native red squirrel (s. vulgaris) population, since the experience from the british isles showed that where the grey squirrel was introduced, the autochthonous red squirrel became extinct. to determine the health status of grey squirrels trapped and euthanasized during an eradication campaign in the piedmont region, ... | 1999 | 10200938 |
| implications of raccoon latrines in the epizootiology of baylisascariasis. | raccoons (procyon lotor) frequently establish defecation sites, termed latrines, on large logs, stumps, rocks, and other horizontally oriented structures/surfaces. these latrines are important foci of infective eggs of baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode parasite of raccoons which is pathogenic to numerous species of mammals and birds. to examine the role of raccoon latrines in this animal-parasite interaction, we documented animal visitations to raccoon latrines in two large forested tracts and ... | 1999 | 10479081 |
| effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification activity in gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis). | acorn tannins may affect food preferences and foraging strategies of squirrels through effects on acorn palatability and digestibility and squirrel physiology. captive eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) were fed 100% red oak (quercus rubra) or white oak (quercus alba) acorn diets to determine effects on intake, digestion, and detoxification activity. red oak acorns had higher phenol and tannin levels, which may explain the lower dry matter intakes and apparent protein digestibilities ... | 1997 | 9231400 |
| role of grey squirrels and pheasants in the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme disease spirochaete, in the u.k. | in britain, grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis gmelin) and pheasants (phasianus colchicus linnaeus) are important hosts of larvae and nymphs of ixodes ricinus l., the principal european vector of the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. to test whether squirrels are competent hosts of b. burgdorferi s.l., three females were trapped in the wild and then held in captivity. following treatment, each animal was exposed to uninfected xenodiagnostic i. ricinus ticks. squirrel a ... | 1997 | 9269722 |
| host association and seasonal activity of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) in missouri. | from june 1993 through june 1996, 2,260 adult, 4,426 nymphal, and 2,178 larval lone star ticks amblyomma americanum (l.) were collected in missouri from vertebrate hosts and by dragging a cloth over vegetation. prevalence, mean intensity, and relative abundance of each stage varied among hosts. the relative abundance of adult lone star ticks was highest on white-tailed deer, but this stage was also collected from raccoons, opossum, red fox, coyotes, and wild turkey. nymphs were collected from gr ... | 2000 | 11128501 |
| a newly identified hepatitis b type virus in tree squirrels. | virus-associated particles have been isolated from the livers of three common gray tree squirrels (sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus) that have histological evidence of hepatitis. two of these livers were also positive by orcein staining, suggesting the presence of surface antigen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. fractionation of these particles by cscl density equilibrium gradient centrifugation and assay of the fractions for surface antigen, core antigen, and dna polymerase activities demons ... | 1986 | 3457384 |
| rodent ectoparasites from two locations in northwestern florida. | from feb.-apr. 1999, 19 species of ectoparasitic arthropods (2 sucking lice, 4 fleas, 4 ticks, 2 mesostigmatid mites, 5 chiggers, 2 fur mites) were recovered from 106 rodents belonging to 5 species (cotton mouse, peromyscus gossypinus, n = 64; cotton rat, sigmodon hispidus, n = 23; eastern woodrat, neotoma floridana, n = 9; golden mouse, ochrotomys nuttalli, n = 9; eastern gray squirrel, sciurus carolinensis, n = 1) at tall timbers research station, leon county, florida. during the same period, ... | 2000 | 11217221 |
| variation of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of sciurus aureogaster in relation to age: an increment of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes after the administration of colchicine. | in some species, in which the human is included, the influence of age in the variation in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) is known. in the present work we show how the process of aging influences the number of spontaneous mne in the gray squirrel (sciurus aureogaster). because of the difficulty of knowing the age of each animal, 69 animals were weighed at their arrival to the laboratory and at the start of sample taking, with the supposition that the heaviest animals were the old ... | 2001 | 11246224 |
| the molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals. | to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cdnas of cat (felis catus), horse (equus caballus), gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (cavia porcellus). these opsins were expressed in cos1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. the purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531 ... | 1999 | 10511567 |
| the molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. | to better understand the evolution of red-green color vision in vertebrates, we inferred the amino acid sequences of the ancestral pigments of 11 selected visual pigments: the lws pigments of cave fish (astyanax fasciatus), frog (xenopus laevis), chicken (gallus gallus), chameleon (anolis carolinensis), goat (capra hircus), and human (homo sapiens);and the mws pigments of cave fish, gecko (gekko gekko), mouse (mus musculus), squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), and human. we constructed these ancest ... | 2001 | 11545071 |
| serological evidence of murine pathogens in wild grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) in north wales. | wild grey squirrels in north wales were examined for their serological response to a range of laboratory mouse pathogens. nineteen squirrels were tested against 14 organisms and a high seroprevalence was found to several, including murine cytomegalovirus, mouse adenovirus, reovirus 3, rotavirus and sendai virus. four of the squirrels were seropositive for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, a zoonotic pathogen. none of the infections has previously been reported in squirrels. | 2002 | 12019534 |
| new world origins for haemoparasites infecting united kingdom grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), as revealed by phylogenetic analysis of bartonella infecting squirrel populations in england and the united states. | phylogenetic analyses of bartonella have suggested divergence between bartonellae that infect mammals native to the old and new worlds. we characterized bartonella isolated from eastern grey squirrels (sciurius carolinensis) in the united states and from grey and red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom by nucleotide sequence comparison (glta and groel). isolates from grey squirrels in the united states and the united kingdom were identical, and most similar to bartonella vinsonii, ... | 2002 | 12558350 |
| host associations and seasonal occurrence of haemaphysalis leporispalustris, ixodes brunneus, i. cookei, i. dentatus, and i. texanus (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern missouri. | hemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), ixodes brunneus koch, ixodes cookei packard, ixodes dentatus marx, and ixodes texanus banks were collected during a 3-yr study of pathogen-tick-host interactions in southeastern missouri. h. leporispalustris was collected from the eastern cottontail rabbit, northern bobwhite, and carolina wren, and it was active all year. i. brunneus was collected by drag and from passerine birds during december, march, and april. i. cookei was collected from raccoons and ... | 2003 | 12597662 |
| comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and peromyscus leucopus for anaplasma phagocytophilum in connecticut. | in the northeastern united states, anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), is transmitted by the tick vector ixodes scapularis. the white-footed mouse peromyscus leucopus is a competent reservoir for this agent, but the reservoir competence of non-peromyscus hosts of i. scapularis has not been studied. here, we report data confirming reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals for a. phagocytophilum. raccoons, virginia opossums, gray squirrels, and striped ... | 2002 | 12737542 |
| hepatozoon griseisciuri in grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis): changes of blood leucocyte numbers resulting from infection. | numbers of leucocytes in squirrels with gametocytes of hepatozoon in their blood (infected) were compared with animals without gametocytes (uninfected). typical values for leucocytes/mm3 blood in uninfected squirrels were: leucocytes 5.7 x 10(3), granulocytes 3.4 x 10(3), lymphocytes 2.0 x 10(3) and monocytes 0.3 x 10(3) cells. infection caused an increase in monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes, and there was a significant positive association between parasitaemia level and numbers of both t ... | 2003 | 12954012 |
| hepatozoon griseisciuri n. sp.; a new species of hepatozoon from the grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis gmelin, 1788), with studies on the life cycle. | | 1958 | 13526069 |
| occurrence of enterococci in animals in a wild environment. | enterococci were obtained from the feces of 71% of 216 mammals, 86% of 70 reptiles, and 32% of 22 birds sampled in a truly wild environment, the great smoky mountains national park. patterns of food dependence and also of species dependence were observed. among the lower classes of the primarily herbivorous mammals, the enterococci occurred sporadically; however, of the six species of sciuridae, the gray squirrel, and of four species of cricetidae, the red-backed mouse, the enterococci appear to ... | 1963 | 13936610 |
| a serosurvey of leptospirosis in connecticut peridomestic wildlife. | recently, leptospirosis has gained attention as a re-emerging infection in domestic dogs in the northeastern united states. in order to gain insight into the epizootiology of leptospirosis in this region, 109 small wild mammals (31 raccoons (procyon lotor), 30 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 28 opossums (didelphis virginiana), and 20 gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis)) collected between february 27 and september 17, 2001 were tested for serologic evidence of exposure to five common leptospira ser ... | 2003 | 14733671 |
| west nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in illinois. | west nile virus (wnv) infection was diagnosed in 13 gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) and 3 fox squirrels (sciurus niger) that were observed with neurologic signs before death or found dead. all 16 had gliosis throughout all sections of the brain. most had lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, many with admixed neutrophils. neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were also prominent features. west nile virus antigen was demonstrated in the brain, spleen, heart or kidney in 10 of ... | 2004 | 15152831 |
| evolution of genome organizations of squirrels (sciuridae) revealed by cross-species chromosome painting. | with complete sets of chromosome-specific painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of human and grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), the whole genome homologies between human and representatives of tree squirrels (sciurus carolinensis, callosciurus erythraeus), flying squirrels (petaurista albiventer) and chipmunks (tamias sibiricus) have been defined by cross-species chromosome painting. the results show that, unlike the highly rearranged karyotypes of mouse and rat, the karyotypes ... | 2004 | 15241012 |
| ectoparasites of gray squirrels in two different habitats and screening of selected ectoparasites for bartonellae. | gray squirrels, sciurus carolinensis, were livetrapped in 2 different habitat types, woodland (67 squirrels) and parkland (53 squirrels), in southeastern georgia. ectoparasites were recovered from anesthetized squirrels and compared between hosts from the 2 habitats. because of the absence of low vegetation in parkland habitats, it was hypothesized that the ectoparasite fauna, especially ticks and chiggers, would be more diverse on woodland squirrels. the results were generally in agreement with ... | 2004 | 15270090 |
| bone assessment of free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) from the united kingdom. | metabolic bone disease has been reported in free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom but the prevalence of this disease is unknown. in this study the bone quality of free-living red squirrels in the uk was assessed by radiology and bone densitometry. the study comprised 20 red squirrels found dead and submitted to the zoological society of london (uk) between 1997 and 1998, 10 were from the isle of wight (iow), where gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) are absent, and ... | 2004 | 15465719 |
| orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal. | in mammalian neocortex, the orderly arrangement of columns of neurons is thought to be a fundamental organizing principle. in primary visual cortex (v1), neurons respond preferentially to bars of a particular orientation, and, in many mammals, these orientation-selective cells are arranged in a semiregular, smoothly varying map across the cortical surface. curiously, orientation maps have not been found in rodents or lagomorphs. to explore whether this lack of organization in previously studied ... | 2005 | 15634763 |
| the roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus. | we compared the infestation by ixodid ticks of lizards, rodents, and birds collected simultaneously within areas representing common habitat types in mendocino county, ca. lizards were infested only by ixodes pacificus cooley and kohls, birds by i. pacificus and haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), and rodents by i. pacificus, i. spinipalpis hadwen and nuttall, i. woodi bishopp, dermacentor occidentalis marx, and d. variabilis (say). infestation by i. pacificus larvae and nymphs of lizards ... | 2004 | 15709249 |
| serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to flaviviruses in the central and eastern united states. | serosurveys were conducted to obtain flavivirus and west nile virus (wnv) seroprevalence data from mammals. sera from 513 small- and medium-sized mammals collected during late summer and fall 2003 from colorado, louisiana, new york, ohio, and pennsylvania were screened for flavivirus-specific antibodies. sera samples containing antibody to flaviviruses were screened for wnv-specific antibodies by epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and confirmed with plaque reduction neutralizati ... | 2005 | 15891139 |
| western gray squirrel (rodentia: sciuridae): a primary reservoir host of borrelia burgdorferi in californian oak woodlands? | in california, dense woodlands have been recognized as important biotopes where humans are exposed to the nymphal stage of the western blacklegged tick, ixodes pacificus cooley & kohls, the primary vector of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in the far-western united states. to identify the principal reservoir host(s) of this spirochete, and of closely related spirochetes in the b. burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex, in dense woodlands in mendocino county, ... | 2005 | 15962792 |
| serologic evidence of west nile virus infection in free-ranging mammals, slidell, louisiana, 2002. | after an outbreak of west nile virus (wnv) infections in slidell, louisiana, in 2002, we detected neutralizing antibodies to wnv in 13 of 120 mammals, representing five of six species sampled. seroprevalence was measured in opossum, didelphis virginiana (75%, n = 8), raccoons, procyon lotor (60%, n = 5), black rats, rattus rattus (6%, n = 36), hispid cotton rats, sigmodon hispidus (4%, n = 24), and eastern gray squirrels, sciurus carolinensis (2%, n = 43). | 2005 | 16187899 |
| functional cell classes and functional architecture in the early visual system of a highly visual rodent. | over the last 50 years, studies of receptive field properties in mammalian visual brain structures such as lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) and primary visual cortex (v1) have suggested the existence of cell classes with unique functional response properties, and in visual cortex of many mammals these functional response properties show considerable spatial organization termed functional architecture. in recent years, there has been considerable interest in understanding the cellular mechanisms ... | 2005 | 16226581 |
| karyotypic evolution of the family sciuridae: inferences from the genome organizations of ground squirrels. | cross-species chromosome painting has made a great contribution to our understanding of the evolution of karyotypes and genome organizations of mammals. several recent papers of comparative painting between tree and flying squirrels have shed some light on the evolution of the family sciuridae and the order rodentia. in the present study we have extended the comparative painting to the himalayan marmot (marmotahimalayana) and the african ground squirrel (xerus cf. erythropus), i.e. representativ ... | 2006 | 16484783 |
| heavy metal concentrations in kidneys of urban gray squirrels. | concentrations of lead and zinc in the kidneys of 180 urban gray squirrels were determined by spectrophotometry and found similar for all age groups; however, concentrations of cadmium increased up to two years of age. values for 12 rural squirrels were significantly lower than those of the urban animals. there were no differences in mean concentrations of the metals when urban squirrels were grouped by the land usage pattern of the sites in which they were captured. grouping squirrels by human ... | 1976 | 16498879 |
| the seasonal pattern of cell proliferation and neuron number in the dentate gyrus of wild adult eastern grey squirrels. | the dentate gyrus is one of two areas in the mammalian brain that produces neurons in adulthood. neurogenesis (proliferation, survival, and differentiation of new neurons) is regulated by experience, and increased neurogenesis appears to be correlated with improved spatial learning in mammals and birds. we tested the hypothesis that in long-lived mammals that scatter-hoard food, seasonal variations in spatial memory processing (i.e. increased processing during caching season in the autumn) might ... | 2000 | 10712644 |
| cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of vancouver island, british columbia, canada. | although cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important pathogen of humans and domestic animals on vancouver island, canada since 1999; its distribution in regional wildlife species is largely unknown. opportunistic sampling methods were employed to obtain nasal swabs for fungal culture from wild mammal species residing within the coastal douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone on the southeast coast of the island. samples were collected from 91 animals representing 14 species. cryptococcus gattii was ... | 2006 | 16699162 |
| acute fatal toxoplasmosis in squirrels (sciurus carolensis) with bradyzoites in visceral tissues. | acute toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 3 gray squirrels (sciurus carolensis) from louisiana and pennsylvania. the predominant lesion was multifocal necrosis in several organs, especially of the lymph nodes. numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were seen in lesions, and the diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically by reaction with polyclonal t. gondii-specific antibodies. tissue cysts were seen in several organs, including lung alveoli. the presence of tissue cysts in alveoli of pet squirrel ... | 2006 | 16884019 |
| sylvatic maintenance of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales) in northern california: untangling the web of transmission. | lyme borreliosis is associated with several genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) (spirochaetales), but human disease has been associated only with borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in the western united states. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of rrf-rrl amplicons from 124 tick and mammalian isolates from various habitats yielded 13 rflp patterns. of these patterns, six were patterns previously associat ... | 2006 | 16892634 |
| the "five-sites" rule and the evolution of red and green color vision in mammals. | amino acid changes s180a (s-->a at site 180), h197y, y277f, t285a, and a308s are known to shift the maximum wavelength of absorption (lambda max) of red and green visual pigments toward blue, essentially in an additive fashion. to test the generality of this "five-sites" rule, we have determined the partial amino acid sequences of red and green pigments from five mammalian orders (artiodactyla, carnivora, lagomorpha, perissodactyla, and rodentia). the result suggests that cat (felis catus), dog ... | 1998 | 9580985 |
| the role of feral mammals on wildlife infectious disease prevalence in two nature reserves within mexico city limits. | wild and feral medium-sized mammals were live trapped at two natural protected areas within the mexico city limits to determine antibody prevalence for the most common infectious diseases (rabies, toxoplasmosis, and canine parvovirus) in dogs and cats. mammals were trapped during the dry (march-april) and rainy seasons (july-august) of 1996 and 1997. a total of 68 individuals were captured, representing 8 species: opossums (didelphis virginiana), ringtails (bassariscus astutus), spotted skunks ( ... | 2005 | 17312768 |
| bartonella and rickettsia in fleas and lice from mammals in south carolina, u.s.a. | species in the genera bartonella and rickettsia are vector-borne pathogens of humans and domestic animals. the natural reservoirs and enzootic transmission cycles of these bacteria are poorly known in south carolina. thirteen species of lice and fleas were collected from urban animals and screened for the presence of bartonella and rickettsia by pcr amplification using genus-specific primers. bartonella henselae was present in cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis) from virginia opossums (didelphis v ... | 2005 | 16599169 |
| importance of fragmentation-tolerant species as seed dispersers in disturbed landscapes. | forest fragmentation can negatively affect plants if animal seed-dispersers become locally extinct in fragments. we conducted a 2-year experiment to evaluate the importance of tree squirrels (sciurus) as seed dispersers for quercus, carya, and juglans, and to assess dispersal consequences in patches where fragmentation-sensitive eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) are absent. we accounted for fates of approximately 15,700 seeds from five tree species in four exclosure treatments at 18 ... | 2007 | 17180374 |
| salmonella enterica isolated from wildlife at two ohio rehabilitation centers. | between may and september 2004, fecal samples from various wildlife species admitted to two rehabilitation centers in ohio were cultured for salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7. eight of 71 (11%) samples, including specimens from three opossums (didelphis virginiana), two gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), a woodchuck (marmota monax), a harris hawk (parabuteo unicinctus), and a screech owl (otus asio) tested positive for salmonella serovars braenderup, senftenberg, oranienburg, ... | 2007 | 17939349 |
| differential exposure to anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent species in northern california. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoonotic tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga) in humans, horses, and dogs. in california, dusky-footed woodrats (neotoma fuscipes) are a putative reservoir host, and ixodes pacificus is a vector for transmission from rodents to humans, dogs, and horses. cases are clustered in coastal and sierra nevada foothill regions, but not necessarily in proximity to infected woodrats. this study was designed to compare exposures and active ... | 2008 | 18047398 |
| improving interactions between animal rights groups and conservation biologists. | invasive species are often considered to be a major threat to biodiversity, leading conservation biologists to often recommend their complete eradication. animal rights groups typically categorically oppose killing animals, and their opposition has brought eradication attempts of gray squirrels in northern italy (europe) and mute swans in vermont to a halt. as a result native red squirrels may disappear from europe and ecosystem-wide impacts are expected to be caused by the swan. in contrast, co ... | 2008 | 18254850 |
| evaluation of squirrels (rodentia: sciuridae) as ecologically significant hosts for anaplasma phagocytophilum in california. | granulocytic anaplasmosis (ga), caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, is a potentially fatal, emerging rickettsial disease of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. the purpose of this study was to determine whether sciurids from multiple areas of northern california were infested with ticks or exposed to or infected with a. phagocytophilum using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect-fluorescent antibody (ifa) serology. sciurids of nine different tree- and ground-dwelling species were ass ... | 2008 | 18714881 |
| architectonic subdivisions of neocortex in the gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). | squirrels are highly visual mammals with an expanded cortical visual system and a number of well-differentiated architectonic fields. to describe and delimit cortical fields, subdivisions of cortex were reconstructed from serial brain sections cut in the coronal, sagittal, or horizontal planes. architectonic characteristics of cortical areas were visualized after brain sections were processed with immunohistochemical and histochemical procedures for revealing parvalbumin, calbindin, neurofilamen ... | 2008 | 18780299 |
| experimental infection of eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) with west nile virus. | eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) have shown high west nile virus (wnv) seroprevalence, and wnv infection has been suggested as a cause of morbidity and mortality in this species. we experimentally infected nine eastern gray squirrels with wnv to determine the clinical effects of infection and to assess their potential role as amplifying hosts. we observed no morbidity or mortality attributable to wnv infection, but lesions were apparent in several organs. we detected mean viremias o ... | 2008 | 18784241 |
| identifying the reservoir hosts of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in california: the role of the western gray squirrel (sciurus griseus). | we investigated the role of the western gray squirrel (sciurus griseus) as a reservoir host of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. a survey of 222 western gray squirrels in california showed an overall prevalence of b. burgdorferi infection of 30%, although at a county level, prevalence of infection ranged from 0% to 50% by polymerase chain reaction. laboratory trials with wild-caught western gray squirrels indicated that squirrels were competent reservoir hosts of the lyme disease ... | 2008 | 18840740 |
| poxviral disease in red squirrels sciurus vulgaris in the uk: spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat. | the squirrel poxvirus (sqpv) is the probable mediator of apparent competition between the introduced invading gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) and the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in the uk, and modeling studies have shown that this viral disease has had a significant impact on the decline of the red squirrel in the uk. however, given our limited understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, and more generally the effects of invasive species on parasite ecology, there is a need to inv ... | 2008 | 18923872 |
| cutaneous and systemic poxviral disease in red (tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and gray (sciurus carolinensis) squirrels. | from september 2005 through october 2006, fibromatosis was diagnosed in 2 red squirrels (tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and 1 gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis). all 3 squirrels had multifocal to coalescing, tan, firm alopecic cutaneous nodules. two squirrels also had pulmonary nodules. histologically, the cutaneous nodules had marked epidermal hyperplasia, with ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes, spongiosis, and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. the dermis was expanded by proliferation of ... | 2009 | 19276066 |
| population structure of the lyme borreliosis spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in the western black-legged tick (ixodes pacificus) in northern california. | factors potentially contributing to the lower incidence of lyme borreliosis (lb) in the far-western than in the northeastern united states include tick host-seeking behavior resulting in fewer human tick encounters, lower densities of borrelia burgdorferi-infected vector ticks in peridomestic environments, and genetic variation among b. burgdorferi spirochetes to which humans are exposed. we determined the population structure of b. burgdorferi in over 200 infected nymphs of the primary bridging ... | 2009 | 19783741 |
| differences in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes among young and adult animals including humans. spontaneous micronuclei in 43 species. | in our previous report we speculated about the possibility that some species had high levels of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (mne) just in a juvenile stage, this is, that the mne diminish as the reticuloendothelial system matures. here we show this effect in species including rat, rabbit, pig, dog, cat, gray squirrel, lion, giraffe, white-tailed deer, opossum and even human. the number of spontaneous mne that we found in 43 species is shown, and the proportions of polychromatic and no ... | 2001 | 11423355 |
| a comparative analysis of the categorization of multidimensional stimuli: i. unidimensional classification does not necessarily imply analytic processing; evidence from pigeons (columba livia), squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), and humans (homo sapiens). | pigeons (columba livia), gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), and undergraduates (homo sapiens) learned discrimination tasks involving multiple mutually redundant dimensions. first, pigeons and undergraduates learned conditional discriminations between stimuli composed of three spatially separated dimensions, after first learning to discriminate the individual elements of the stimuli. when subsequently tested with stimuli in which one of the dimensions took an anomalous value, the majority of ... | 2009 | 19929108 |