| temperature regulation in the alpaca (lama pacos): thermoregulatory consequences and inconsequences of injections of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, carbamyl choline and prostaglandin e1 into a lateral cerebral ventricle. | | 1975 | 240611 |
| differential luteolytic effects of right and left uterine horns in the alpaca. | | 1979 | 572239 |
| o2 transport in the alpaca (lama pacos) at sea level and at 3,300 m. | five male alpacas native to high altitude, of approximately 40 kg, were studied first at 3,300 m and again after a 3-month sojourn at sea level. measurements were made with the animals standing, unsedated and breathing air. cardiac output was measured by the dye dilution technique. blood gas tensions and contents were measured in arterial and mixed venous blood. blood samples were also equilibrated with different oxygen tensions to construct o2-hb dissociation curves. the p50 was 17.8 and 19.7 t ... | 1976 | 785566 |
| [morphology of the cerebellum of alpaca (lama pacos)]. | | 1976 | 961216 |
| oxygen transport of hemoglobin in high-altitude animals (camelidae). | to clarify the mechanisms by which high-altitude camelidae can adapt to hypoxia, the study of some blood characteristics were carried out in apacas and llamas. the results show that there is a peculiar dissociation curve of hemoglobin in alpacas which permits great affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at lung level and the release of oxygen at the tissue level with a facility similar to that in man. fetal hemoglobin was found high in adult alpacas (55 percent). electrophoretic studies of hemoglobin ... | 1975 | 1126888 |
| fascioliasis of livestock and snail host for fasciola in the altiplano region of bolivia. | fascioliasis caused by fasciola hepatica was a serious problem for sheep and alpacas in the altiplano region of bolivia. in some provinces close to lake titicaca, the raising of sheep was forced to discontinue, because infection with the fluke made it unprofitable and almost impossible. it was proved that in the altiplano region, two species of freshwater snails, lymnaea viatrix and l. cubensis var., served as intermediate hosts for f. hepatica. in some subtropical areas of bolivia, these snails ... | 1975 | 1182037 |
| effects of parasitic infestation on the productivity of alpacas (lama pacos). | a trial was carried out in alpacas (lama pacos) to determine the economic benefit of controlling both external and internal parasites using ivermectin (ivomec, merck, sharpe and dohme). after four months the treated male alpacas had gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. treated females gained 1.9 kg more than the controls but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. this resulted in a net financial benefit to the farmer of us$3.54 for each male a ... | 1992 | 1306920 |
| [the feeding of new world camelids. practical information for the feeding of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos)]. | | 1992 | 1329266 |
| gram-negative bacterial infection in neonatal new world camelids: six cases (1985-1991). | gram-negative bacterial infections were documented in 6 neonatal new world camelids (5 ilamas and 1 alpaca). the organisms isolated from blood before death or from multiple organs after death were escherichia coli (n = 3), actinobacillus sp (n = 1), and klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1). only 2 crias survived, and 1 became blind secondary to retinal detachment and ocular inflammation, which developed after treatment for bacterial infection. abnormal events during the perinatal period (prematurity, d ... | 1992 | 1429194 |
| ataxia and head tremor in an alpaca (lama pacos) | an 18-month-old alpaca developed nervous signs, including swaying of the head and neck, a wide-based stance and hind-limb ataxia. no certain diagnosis was made but the animal recovered after successive treatment with amoxycillin, vitamin b1, ivermectin and copper oxide, followed by vitamin e and selenium. the differential diagnosis rationale of treatment is described. | 1992 | 1441107 |
| economic benefits of controlling internal and external parasites in south american camelids. | a trial was carried out in alpacas (lama pacos) and llamas (lama glama) to determine the economic benefits of controlling both external and internal parasites by the use of ivermectin ("ivomec," merck sharp & dohme). after four months the treated male alpacas gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males, and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. the treated female alpacas gained 1.9 kg more than the controls, but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. this treatment gave a net financial benef ... | 1992 | 1626890 |
| experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (lama glama). | three llamas (lama glama) were experimentally infected intranasally with an isolate of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) from the brain of an alpaca that had experienced severe neurologic signs. two of the 3 llamas developed severe neurologic disorders following inoculation; 1 died, and 1 was euthanized in a moribund state. the third llama showed only mild neurologic signs. the euthanized llama had preexisting antibodies to ehv-1, and the remaining 2 llamas were seronegative (virus neutralization tit ... | 1991 | 1654133 |
| the presence of glycoproteins in the cell membrane complex of a variety of keratin fibres. | cell membrane complex preparations have been extracted using formic acid from human hair and nail, and from the hair of sheep, alpaca, rabbit, rat, cat, and dog. on analysis they were found to have similar amino acid compositions and they all contained carbohydrate. the sugars were typical of those found in membrane glycoproteins and all preparations reacted with peroxidase-conjugated lectins. | 1991 | 1712234 |
| primary structure of alpaca growth hormone. | reduced and carbamidomethylated alpaca growth hormone was submitted to tryptic digestion. peptides in the mixture were purified by reverse phase hplc and n-terminal determination and an amino acid analysis of each was performed. data obtained and the already known primary structure of the equine growth hormone allowed the assembly-by homology-of a definite sequence of amino acids for the polypeptide chain of the protein. present data provide further information about the relationship between gro ... | 1991 | 1761365 |
| detection of antibodies to mycoplasmas in south american camelids. | indirect haemagglutination tests on sera from 757 south american camelids (alpacas, llamas and vicunas) carried out in the andean region of peru, revealed evidence of exposure mainly to mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides lc. the incidence of detectable antibodies to this mycoplasma in 554 alpacas was 5.0 per cent and in 141 llamas 15.6 per cent. antibody to mycoplasma capricolum and the f38 biotype was detected in 0.9 per cent and 0.2 per cent of alpacas, respectively. in a group of 62 vicu ... | 1991 | 1780576 |
| [tuberculosis in alpacas; a zoonosis as an imported disease]. | in the netherlands, in 1988, a micro-epidemic of tuberculosis in alpacas recently imported from peru prompted health authorities to initiate investigation of human and animal contacts. although the animal trainer and his assistant suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, they turned out to be infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the animals later proved to be infected by m. bovis. the alpacas' caretaker and a laboratory technician present at the autopsy, were probably infected by animal co ... | 1991 | 1857439 |
| bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac. | healthy conjunctival sacs of 88 animals of 3 species of captive camelids (lama glama, lama guanicoe, lama pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids were sampled for bacterial and mycoplasmal flora. mycoplasmas were not isolated from any animal. eleven genera of bacteria were isolated. the most frequent isolates were staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas spp. nine varieties of pseudomonas were found, which represented at least 3 pseudomonas species. many of the bacterial isolates (especially the pseu ... | 1991 | 1892259 |
| [tuberculosis in alpacas?]. | | 1991 | 1957298 |
| [tuberculosis in imported alpacas--a zoonosis--now what?]. | an outbreak of tuberculosis caused by m. bovis in imported alpaca's in the netherlands is reported. a review of the outbreak of the disease is followed by a more detailed discussion of the symptoms, diagnostic testing with the tuberculin skin test and the elisa test, the gross lesions, the bacteriological examinations, the control measures and the legal aspects. as tuberculosis is not referred to in the live-stock act, the control measures had to be based on the humane control of infectious dise ... | 1991 | 2042226 |
| nucleotide sequence of satellite i and ii dna from alpaca (lama pacos) genome. | agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a total alpaca (lama pacos) dna, digested with several restriction enzymes, revealed the presence of two tandemly organized repetitive dna sequences, named satellite i and satellite ii. three xhol-monomers from satellite i dna and two bspri-monomers from satellite ii dna were sequenced. as determined by dot hybridization analysis, the total alpaca dna consists of 3.4% and 1.3% satellites i and ii, respectively. computer search revealed no homolog ... | 1990 | 2072986 |
| conformational comparison in the growth hormone family. | 1. the method of kubota et al. [biochim. biophys. acta 701, 242-252 (1982)] was applied to several members of the growth hormone family in order to examine their conformational homology. 2. the method neither detects differences between rat, cow, sheep, horse and alpaca hormones, nor between monkey and human hormones. 3. lack of homology between primate and non-primate growth hormones was found in segments 42-49 and 184-191. the first fragment could be linked to species-specificity. | 1990 | 2109667 |
| primary structure and oxygen-binding properties of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda). | the primary structure of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda) is presented. it could be separated into the chains by cm-cellulose chromatography. the sequences have been determined by automatic edman degradation with the film technique or gas phase method, using the native chains and the tryptic peptides of the oxidized chains as well as a fragment obtained by acid hydrolysis. guanaco hemoglobin has identical alpha-chains with alpaca and identical beta-chains with all lama speci ... | 1990 | 2222863 |
| fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (lama glama). | the placenta of llamas is epitheliochorial, with patchy areas of dense folded papillation serving as the placentome. the amnion of the full-term placenta is closely adhered to either the allantois or the chorion and remains with these structures at the time of parturition. llamas and alpacas, like dromedaries, have an extra fetal membrane that is derived from the epidermis of the fetus. in association with the watery amniotic fluid of llamas, the epidermal membrane is slippery, facilitating deli ... | 1990 | 2396800 |
| polymorphic plasma postalbumin (po) of llamas and alpacas identified as gc protein. | immunoblotting with antiserum specific to human gc protein was used to identify gc protein as the previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin (po) of llamas and alpacas. this is the first report of gc polymorphism in camelid species. one gc variant appeared to be identical in llamas, alpacas, dromedaries and bactrian camels. | 1989 | 2474262 |
| ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. | the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ... | 1989 | 2482825 |
| evaluation of production and reproduction of sheep, goat and alpaca genotypes in the small ruminant collaborative research support program. | research has been conducted as part of the small ruminant collaborative research support program (sr-crsp) on evaluation of genetic resources and methods of effecting genetic improvement of small ruminants in the participating countries. in kenya, the focus has been on development of a dual-purpose goat for milk and meat production in farming areas, utilizing two locally adapted breeds, galla and east african, and two imported dairy breeds, anglo-nubian and toggenburg, into a single stock. that ... | 1989 | 2592287 |
| two-dimensional electrophoresis of the plasma proteins of alpacas and llamas: genetic polymorphism of alpha 1b-glycoprotein and three other proteins. | plasma samples of alpacas and llamas were analysed by a simple method of two-dimensional (2-d) agarose gel (ph 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (ph 9.0) electrophoresis, followed by general protein staining of gels. genetic polymorphism in both species is described for alpha 1b-glycoprotein (alpha 1b) and three other unidentified proteins designated prealbumin (pr), postalbumin 1 and 2 (pa1 and pa2). alpha 1b was identified by cross-reactivity with antisera for human and pig alpha 1b. altogeth ... | 1989 | 2619106 |
| infectious diseases of new-world camelids (nwc). | although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing clinical disease in the nwc, overall, these species are quite healthy. of the bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens types c and d would be deemed the most significant in north america, while type a also would be regarded as important in south america. other important bacterial infections of potential concern are tuberculosis, johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema, actinomycosis, tetan ... | 1989 | 2647231 |
| llama medicine. conformation and soundness. | conformational problems tend to be common in llamas and alpacas. without setting a standard, basic conformation can still be evaluated by comparing with equine conformation, especially in terms of straightness of limbs. good conformation should evoke a sense of balance in the observer. conformation faults predispose to unsoundness. | 1989 | 2647234 |
| animal health research in the small ruminant collaborative research support program. | disease is a major constraint in small ruminant production systems in lesser-developed countries throughout the world. animal health projects have been an integral part of the small ruminant collaborative research support program (sr-crsp) from its inception. at the onset, these projects were oriented toward herd health care and veterinary extension activities. later, all the projects developed a sharper focus in that they were directed to more basic studies of infectious disease. diseases curre ... | 1989 | 2687219 |
| [charles ledger and the cinchona]. | reading "the life of charles ledger", the book written by gabriele grammiccia, one notices immediately, what an extraordinary personality ledger was. he was typically british and belonged to that generation for which, as he wrote himself, "the fact of being a british subject is in itself a reason of pride, including as such a definite obligation to serve the country." this blinding patriotism of even modest british people all over the world, gave the city, as well as the british empire, a remark ... | 1989 | 2699686 |
| invasive aspergillosis in an alpaca (lama pacos). | an invasive form of aspergillosis in an alpaca (lama pacos) is described, with dissemination causing small abscesses and multifocal areas of necrosis in the lung, heart, spleen and kidneys. histological sections showed hyphae morphologically compatible with an aspergillus species. direct immunofluorescent testing confirmed the diagnosis of aspergillosis. | 1989 | 2778579 |
| an epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus i in a herd of alpacas and llamas. | blindness characterized by dilated unresponsive pupils and funduscopic evidence of varying degrees of vitritis, retinal vasculitis, retinitis, chorioretinitis, and optic neuritis developed in 21 alpacas and 1 llama within a 30-day period. the animals were part of a group of approximately 100 animals imported from chile one year earlier. the animals had spent 6 months in quarantine and then, for the 6 months preceding the epizootic, were housed at an exotic animal import-export farm, where the di ... | 1988 | 2835346 |
| isolation and characterization of high-molecular mass dna from hair shafts. | experiments to identify species by dna analysis of their hair failed so far because no dna could be isolated from hair shafts. in this work the preparation of dna from human--as well as from animal hair shafts (alpaca, angora-rabbit, cashmere, cashgora, mohair, merino and yak) is described for the first time. in general the isolated dna shows a length of more than 20 kbp. the species of the hair shaft samples could be exactly identified by dna hybridization experiments. the isolated dna from hai ... | 1988 | 3166747 |
| removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama. | | 1988 | 3202070 |
| genetic variation in the blood of llamas, llama glama, and alpacas, llama pacos. | blood samples of llamas and alpacas were typed using haemolytic, electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing procedures to assay polymorphism at 13 loci. blood group variation was assessed using six antibody specificities produced by allo- and heteroimmunizations. two red cell factors (a and b) behave as autosomal, codominant alleles at a closed a locus. the other four factors (c, d, e and f) behave as autosomal, dominant traits. biochemical variation was found for red cell enzymes catalase, phosph ... | 1988 | 3207220 |
| oxygen binding properties, capillary densities and heart weights in high altitude camelids. | the oxygen binding properties of the blood of the camelid species vicuna, llama, alpaca and dromedary camel were measured and evaluated with respect to interspecific differences. the highest blood oxygen affinity, not only among camelids but of all mammals investigated so far, was found in the vicuna (p50 = 17.6 torr compared to 20.3-21.6 torr in the other species). low hematocrits (23-34%) and small red blood cells (21-30 microns 3) are common features of all camelids, but the lowest values are ... | 1988 | 3220989 |
| dependence of o2 transfer conductance of red blood cells on cellular dimensions. | to estimate the significance of the dimensions of rbc on o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 release from rbc into medium containing dithionite (40 mmol/l) was measured, by a stopped-flow technique, for nine different species with varying rbc size (man, llama, vicuna, alpaca, dromedary camel, pygmy goat, domestic hen, muscovy duck and turtle). the observed o2 transfer kinetics were found to be size-dependent, i.e. the o2 transfer conductance of the single rbc, gst, was lower, whereas the specific o2 ... | 1988 | 3364283 |
| factors affecting survival in young alpacas (lama pacos). | factors affecting survival of young from birth to weaning (7 mo) in alpacas (lama pacos) were evaluated in data collected at the estacion experimental de camelidos sudamericanos la raya in the altiplano region of peru. age of dam effects on survival rate were curvilinear; survival rate increased from approximately 78% for offspring of 3-yr-old dams to about 91% for those from 9- to 11-yr-old dams, then declined to about 85% for 15-yr-old dams. weight of dam measured 2 mo prior to parturition was ... | 1988 | 3397341 |
| dna composition in south american camelids. i. characterization and in situ hybridization of satellite dna fractions. | the dna composition and the in situ hybridization of satellite fractions were analysed in the new world camelids llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicuña. in the four camelid forms, it was possible to identify a similar main band dna and five satellite fractions (i-v) with g + c base contents ranging from 32% to 66%. satellites ii-v from llama were in situ reannealed on chromosomes from the four camelid forms. the results obtained were: (a) the four satellites hybridized with regions of c-banding (cent ... | 1987 | 3505882 |
| oxygen transfer properties and dimensions of red blood cells in high-altitude camelids, dromedary camel and goat. | to estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (rbc) of high-altitude camelids for o2 transfer, the kinetics of o2 uptake into and release from the rbc obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37 degrees c with a stopped-flow technique. o2 transfer conductance of rbc (g) was estimated from the rate of o2 saturation change and the corresponding o2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. for comparison, o2 kinetics for the rbc of a low-altitude camelid (dromed ... | 1987 | 3571563 |
| mechanism and isotypes involved in passive immunoglobulin transfer to the newborn alpaca (lama pacos). | crias, newborn alpacas (lama pacos), that were almost agammaglobulinemic at birth had a 70% increase in total serum proteins within 24 hours largely because of absorption of gamma globulins from colostrum. immunoglobulin g was the isotype in highest concentration in colostrum and in serum from 24-hour-old crias. the serum igg concentration of 10 crias increased linearly (r = 0.97) from a mean of 0.3 mg/ml (+/- 0.1 sd) for serum collected before crias suckled to a maximal mean of 30.1 mg/ml (+/- ... | 1987 | 3674555 |
| failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer: a major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (lama pacos). | failure of passive transfer (fpt) of immunoglobulin from colostrum was demonstrated as a major determinant of mortality in newborn alpacas (lama pacos; crias). serum igg concentrations of dying crias were significantly (p less than 0.0001) lower than were serum igg concentrations of crias that lived. of 82 crias, 10 (12%) died within 1 month of age, and 7 of these had 0 to 9 mg of igg/ml of serum at 48 hours after birth; 5 of the 7 had evidence of infectious diseases. the serum igg concentration ... | 1987 | 3674556 |
| serologic survey of viral antibodies in the peruvian alpaca (lama pacos). | sera from more than 100 alpacas (lama pacos) from the peruvian southern sierra were examined for antibodies to 8 viruses known to infect other domestic animals. on the basis of these serologic findings and previously published serologic or clinical data, it is now known that the alpaca can be infected with the following viruses: parainfluenza-3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus-1, bluetongue virus, border disease virus, influenza a virus, rotavirus, rabies virus, vesicular ... | 1987 | 3826854 |
| comparative pathology of the enlarged carotid body. | a histological study was made of the carotid bodies of man and various animal species from low and high altitudes. the animals studied were the alpaca, llama, cattle, guinea-pig, rabbit, dog, rat and man. as well as a qualitative microscopic study, a differential cell count was carried out to determine the percentage of the light and dark variants of chief cells and of sustentacular cells present. the investigation showed that the carotid bodies enlarge in cattle, guinea-pigs and rabbits living ... | 1985 | 3837795 |
| interaction of allosteric effectors with alpha-globin chains and high altitude respiration of mammals. the primary structure of two tylopoda hemoglobins with high oxygen affinity: vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). | polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography revealed one hemoglobin component for vicuna (lama vicugna) and alpaca (lama pacos). following chain separation by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the amino-acid sequences were elucidated for the alpha- and beta-chains of both hemoglobins using automatic edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. vicuna and alpaca have identical beta-chains showing no substitutions to llama (lama glama) either. in the al ... | 1986 | 3964445 |
| chorioptes bovis (acarina: psoroptidae) in some camelids from dutch zoos. | the feet of three two-humped camels (camelus bactrianus), one lama (lama glama) and four alpacas (lama pacos) from zoos and a circus in the netherlands were examined for the mange-mite choroptes bovis. mites were found on two of the camels, the lama, and three of the alpacas. on one camel and one alpaca small mange lesions on the feet were present. this is the first report of chorioptes bovis and chorioptic mange in the two-humped camel. | 1985 | 4049716 |
| bilateral chorioretinitis secondary to disseminated aspergillosis in an alpaca. | | 1985 | 4077653 |
| the parotid saliva of the alpaca (lama pacos). | | 1974 | 4819992 |
| [dna of the alpaca: composition of its bases]. | | 1971 | 5162452 |
| effect of different mating stimuli on induction of ovulation in the alpaca. | | 1970 | 5464117 |
| embryonic mortality in the alpaca. | | 1970 | 5522856 |
| corpus luteum function in the alpaca. | | 1970 | 5522857 |
| eimeria macusaniensis n. sp. (protozoa: eimeriidae) of the alpaca lama pacos. | | 1971 | 5547070 |
| [helminths transmitted for the first time in alpacas (lama pacos), with a description of spiculopteragia peruvianus n. sp]. | | 1967 | 5628882 |
| coccidia (protozoa: eimeriidae) of the alpaca lama pacos. | | 1967 | 5629075 |
| erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña). | | 1968 | 5635776 |
| aspects of reproduction in the alpaca. | | 1968 | 5673739 |
| amino acid sequences around the cystine residues in alpaca growth hormone. | half-cystine peptides were isolated from the enzymatic digest of reduced and carbamidomethylated alpaca growth hormone. from their amino acid composition and determination of the end terminal residues we propose the amino acid sequence around the two disulphide bridges, partially based on homology with other mammalian growth hormones. the proposed sequence is identical to that of equine growth hormone and very similar to those of rat, bovine and ovine hormones. | 1984 | 6240911 |
| metabolic meaning of elevated levels of oxidative enzymes in high altitude adapted animals: an interpretive hypothesis. | it is commonly observed that during acclimatization to altitude oxidative enzyme activities increase per g wet weight of tissue. to examine this problem in long-term adapted animals we measured citrate synthase (cs), hydroxyacylcoa dehydrogenase (hoad), pyruvate kinase (pk), and lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activities/g of myocardium in two domestic species (llama and alpaca) and a high altitude deer, the taruca. in all these species, we found an upward scaling of oxidative capacity (indicated by ... | 1983 | 6612104 |
| [on the genus nematodirus ransom 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea)]. | n. roscidus railliet, 1911, from dama dama (italy); n. abnormalis may, 1920, from ovis aries, capra hircus and rupicapra rupicapra (france, italy, australia); n. lanceolatus ault, 1944, from ovis aries (iran); n. europaeus jansen, 1972, from capreolus caperolus and ovis musimon (first record) (france); n. davtiani alpinus biocca, balbo & costantini, 1974, from rupicapra rupicapra (italy); n. rupicaprae biocca, balbo & costantini, 1983, from rupicapra rupicapra (france); n. ibicis biocca, balbo & ... | 1983 | 6673643 |
| pulmonary circulation of the llama at high and low altitudes. | we have studied the pulmonary circulation of three closely related animals, the llama, alpaca, and guanaco. the mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 12 llamas and one alpaca indigenous to high altitude in the andes was found to be slightly but significantly higher than that of three llamas and three guanacos born and bred at low altitude in england. on the other hand, the medial thickness of the muscular pulmonary arteries and the relative weights of the two ventricles were the same in three llam ... | 1982 | 7071792 |
| isolation and characterization of alpaca growth hormone. | a simple and mild procedure is described for the isolation of pituitary growth hormone from alpaca glands. it involves extractions in buffer at ph 8.7 and gel filtration in sephadex g-75. an average yield of 1 mg purified product may be obtained from 1 g fresh alpaca pituitary glands. the alpaca hormone was examined for homogeneity by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel electro-focusing and end-group analyses. it is a protein composed of a single polypeptide chain with phenylalanine at b ... | 1981 | 7287306 |
| ultrastructural observations on the placenta of the alpaca (lama pacos). | the alpaca is one of the four south american species of the family camelidae. its placenta, like that of other camelids, is diffuse and epitheliochorial in type. the chorionic epithelium is thrown into unbranched villi or folds which are closely apposed to corresponding undulations of the uterine epithelium, and the fetal-maternal interface consists of an intricate interdigitation of fetal and maternal microvilli. in late gestation both chorionic and uterine epithelia are deeply indented by plac ... | 1980 | 7443634 |
| [biodiversity and similarity between the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants]. | the analysis of the bibliografical information concerning to the nematode parasite communities of domestic and wild ruminants, permitted to obtein the following values of maximum diversity index, bovidae: 4.88 bits; cervidae: 4.33 bits and cameliae: 3.69 bits. the highest values of this index within each family of host wee 5.75 bits. 5.49 bits and 4.32 bits for ovis aries (bovidae), capreolus capreolus (cervidae), lama pacos and camelus dromedarius (camelidae), respectively. the families of para ... | 1993 | 7483967 |
| jejunal microvasculature of the llama and alpaca. | the vasculature of the jejunum was studied in 6 llamas and 1 alpaca, using a combination of microangiography, standard light microscopy, and vascular cast imaging. the casts were examined by use of scanning electron microscopy and low-power dissecting microscopy. after administration of 40,000 iu of heparin, all animals were euthanatized by administration of an overdose of sodium pentobarbital. three sections of jejunum and their respective arcuate vessels were isolated from each animal. one sec ... | 1995 | 7486388 |
| heterologous radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca luteinizing hormone with a monoclonal antibody, an equine standard and a human tracer. | a radioimmunoassay for llama and alpaca lh was developed using a human i125lh tracer from a commercial kit, equine lh diluted in human lh free serum as standard, and a monoclonal antibody (518b7) specific for lh but with low species specificity. a 60-min delay in the addition of the tracer and overnight incubation gave a sensitivity of 0.8 microgram l-1. the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 37% at 1 microgram l-1, declined to 15% at 4 micrograms l-1 and was below 6% for concentrations up ... | 1995 | 7502953 |
| elemental status of grazing animals located adjacent to the london orbital (m25) motorway. | the elemental (br, cd, cr, cu, mn, ni, pb, se, v, and zn) content of blood and wool or hair from animals (sheep, horses and alpacas) exposed to motor vehicle emissions alongside the london orbital (m25) motorway is reported. elemental values were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) quality control assessment using flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (for pb, correlation coefficients of whole blood r = +0.87, and hair r = +0.82), and replicate (n = 10) analysi ... | 1994 | 7517068 |
| johne's disease in alpacas (lama pacos) in australia. | johne's disease was diagnosed in 10 alpacas (lama pacos) in australia between february 1993 and may 1994. eight of the animals were between 12 and 24 months of age, one was a 6-year-old female, and one was a 4-year-old male. five, including the 6-year-old and the 4-year-old alpacas, showed weight loss and diarrhoea before death or slaughter. the other cases showed no clinical signs of johne's disease but 4 gave a positive result on faecal culture and one gave a positive result on testing with th ... | 1995 | 7646382 |
| [a view of associations ... alzheimer-provence-alps-cote d'azur: alpaca]. | | 1995 | 7652277 |
| an assessment of the relationships among species of camelidae by satellite dna comparisons. | tandem satellite arrays and interspersed repetitive dna components of the new world camelids guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuña and the old world bactrian camel have been identified and compared. southern hybridizations, using camel restriction fragments as probes, indicated that satellite dnas in all camelids examined have been conserved since the last common ancestor about 5-10 my ago. the hybridization profiles, however, varied from totally identical (mspi-sat) to highly differentiated (psti- ... | 1994 | 7737889 |
| results of ophthalmic examinations of 29 alpacas. | analysis of the results of ophthalmic examinations of 29 alpacas (lama pacos) revealed a direct relationship among coat color, iris color, and ocular fundus pigmentation. alpacas with light-pigmented coats had iris color that included combinations of gray, blue, and brown, and had reduced pigmentation of the ocular fundi. alpacas with dark coats had brown irides and pigmented ocular fundi. eleven alpacas had evidence of ophthalmic conditions, including bilateral conjunctivitis (1); formation of ... | 1995 | 7768745 |
| suspected traumatic rupture of the urinary bladder in an alpaca. | | 1995 | 7779043 |
| hepatic necrosis associated with halothane anesthesia in an alpaca. | | 1995 | 7859213 |
| third compartment ulcers in the llama. | the diagnosis of third compartment ulcers in the llama and alpaca is largely one of exclusion. clinical signs may include mild to severe colic, inappetence, decreased fecal output, bruxism, and depression. abdominocentesis results are usually unremarkable if c3 perforation has not occurred but reflective of a generalized peritonitis if full thickness ulceration has occurred. the h-2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine do not suppress c3 acid production for a significant period of time ... | 1994 | 7953964 |
| update on llama medicine. viral diseases. | expanding interest in new world camelids presents a unique challenge to veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of these species. little basic research has been conducted in this area. much of our information is incomplete and based on serologic surveys and personal communication with virologists in diagnostic laboratories. this review is a summary of our current knowledge of the common viral diseases of llamas and alpacas. it is hoped that it will serve as a catalyst for a more ... | 1994 | 7953966 |
| update on llama medicine. ophthalmology. | review of the limited literature on camelid eyes suggests they are anatomically similar to those of domestic livestock species, except they lack meibomian glands and have iridial folds (rather than corpora nigra). the microbial flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac also appears to be similar to those of domestic livestock and pets, except that no mycoplasma have been isolated from camelids. ocular diseases for which camelids are presented to veterinarians are numerous and varied. the mos ... | 1994 | 7953968 |
| health care of the geriatric llama and alpaca. | older llamas and alpacas are likely to be retained in a herd, rather than being culled as would be done in other livestock operations. aging takes its toll on all organ systems, but dental and skeletal problems tend to be accentuated. preventative practices may slow the development of problems. | 1994 | 7953970 |
| molecular evolution of the family camelidae: a mitochondrial dna study. | we report the first molecular evolutionary analysis of the family camelidae by analysing the full dna sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. estimates for the time of divergence of the old world (camelini) and new world (lamini) tribes obtained from sequence data are in agreement with those derived from the fossil record. the dna sequence data were also used to test current hypotheses concerning the ancestors of the domesticated llama and alpaca. the results show that hybridization has ... | 1994 | 8008753 |
| hyperlipemia and ketonuria in an alpaca and a llama. | an alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dl, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dl, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. the alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepa ... | 1994 | 8064656 |
| orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation in llamas. | orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation was performed in 304 llamas and 6 alpacas during general anesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures. the mouth not opening wide and the presence of a prominent torus linguae make orotracheal intubation difficult, but it can be accomplished with the aid of a laryngoscope, using a technique similar to that used in small domestic ruminants. the presence of a pharyngeal diverticulum necessitates modification of nasotracheal intubation techniques to make ... | 1994 | 8175475 |
| major infectious and non-infectious diseases of the llama and alpaca. | | 1993 | 8236765 |
| a case of atresia ani with rectovestibular fistulae in an alpaca (l. pacos). | this communication reviews the generally accepted embryological development of rectovestibular fistulae and describes in detail, the diagnostic procedures and clinical findings of this condition in an alpaca (l. pacos). specific modalities are detailed which facilitate this diagnosis in an animal with atresia ani. comments are also directed to the incidence, reporting, and documentation of this and related conditions in south american camelids. | 1993 | 8306870 |
| band 3 mobility in camelid elliptocytes: implications for erythrocyte shape. | measurements of time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy were used to monitor the rotational diffusion of eosin-labeled band 3 in membranes of the elliptocytic erythrocytes of alpacas and camels. the rotational freedom of camelid band 3 was more restricted than for human band 3. removal of the peripheral membrane proteins from human erythrocyte membranes, by high-ph treatment, increased the band 3 rotational freedom. the same high-ph treatment of alpaca and camel erythrocyte membranes failed to ... | 1993 | 8329396 |
| clinical biochemical reference ranges for female alpacas (lama pacos). | 1. serum samples were collected from 352 healthy female alpacas and tested for 17 clinical biochemical analytes. 2. from the total population of alpacas tested, 205 were pregnant, 68 were not pregnant and 79 had an unknown pregnancy status. 3. reference ranges for the female alpacas were determined for all the biochemical analytes, and compared to ranges reported for llamas, cattle, sheep and goats. 4. the mean values for pregnant and non-pregnant females were compared and any statistically sign ... | 1993 | 8365115 |
| [cause of diseases and death in new world camelids]. | over a period of 25 years post mortem examination and in selected cases microbiological and/or parasitological investigations were carried out in 79 south american camelids (llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuña). the principal findings (frequently identical with the cause of death) are retrospectively commented with regard to available anamnestic data and the literature. besides infectious and noninfectious diseases occurring in all mammalian species findings of lesser importance, but peculiar to came ... | 1995 | 8585067 |
| forestomach acidosis in six new world camelids. | forestomach acidosis was diagnosed in 2 llamas and 4 alpacas. all were young, group-housed, sexually intact males. clinical signs included forestomach atony, lethargy, ataxia, diarrhea, and tachycardia. forestomach distention was observed in only 1 llama. clinicopathologic abnormalities included low forestomach fluid ph, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. although camelids differ from domestic ruminants in typical management practices and behavioral, anatomic, and physiologic c ... | 1996 | 8617651 |
| hormonal indicators of pregnancy in llamas and alpacas. | to determine concentrations of estrone sulfate in serum, estrone sulfate in urine, relaxin in serum, and progesterone in serum in pregnant llamas and alpacas and to assess the potential of these hormones as pregnancy indicators. | 1996 | 8707678 |
| antibody responses of grazing alpacas (lama pacos) in new zealand to intestinal nematodes. | alpaca (lama pacos) were grazed for 10 months (october 1992-june 1993) on pasture with sheep or on pasture which had been recently grazed by sheep. the alpaca, of various age groups, totalled 94 at the beginning of the experiment and during the course of the experiment 32 progeny (cria) were born, 10 in spring 1992 and 22 in autumn 1993. serum levels of specific antibodies to excretory/secretory antigens of the third larval stage (l3) of cooperia curticei, ostertagia circumcincta or trichostrong ... | 1996 | 8773531 |
| evaluation of vitamin d status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. | to evaluate vitamin d concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. | 1996 | 8800263 |
| surgical correction of anorectal atresia and rectovaginal fistula in an alpaca cria. | | 1996 | 8941413 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in an alpaca. | | 1996 | 9006855 |
| meningoencephalitis and brain abscessation due to escherichia coli in a 2 week old alpaca cria. | an alpaca cria which received insufficient colostrum, presented with lethargy, anorexia, no passage of faeces and neurological signs. differential diagnosis included neonatal septicaemia, meningitis and gastrointestinal obstruction. the cria died despite treatment. necropsy revealed brain abscesses with escherichia coli in pure culture. the importance of the amount and timing of colostrum intake is discussed. | 1996 | 9006859 |
| hypertrophic osteopathy in an alpaca. | | 1997 | 9034503 |
| sporodesmin toxicosis in an alpaca. | | 1997 | 9066972 |
| acute and subacute fasciolosis of alpacas (lama pacos) and treatment with triclabendazole. | | 1997 | 9090014 |
| [pregnancy in new world camelids]. | there is a growing number of llama- and alpacabreeders in europe. therefore veterinarians are often asked to intervene in clinical management of different problems, especially reproductive problems. in this review the authors attempt to summarize the different possibilities of pregnancy diagnosis and to give an short overview of reproduction in female llamas and alpacas. south american camelids are induced ovulators and ovulation will occur within 12 to 24 hours following a single breeding. llam ... | 1997 | 9091279 |
| seasonal effects on gestation length and birth weight in alpacas. | gestation lengths and birth weights were measured in 162 pregnancies in alpacas (lama pacos) farmed in the high country of the south island of new zealand. a comparison of pregnancies from spring (mid-october to mid-december) and autumn (mid-february to late april) matings showed that gestation lengths were 12.5 days longer in spring (348.9 +/- 1.4 days vs. 336.4 +/- 1.2 days; p < 0.0001). for each day later in spring that a female was mated there was an increase in gestation length of 0.11 days ... | 1997 | 9231268 |
| fertility of the male alpaca: effect of daily consecutive breeding. | the fertility of the male alpaca under different frequencies of daily consecutive matings was evaluated. fifteen adult male huacaya alpacas were divided randomly into three groups of five each to breed lactating female alpacas. the schedule of daily matings was two, four and six consecutive breeding per group and for nine consecutive days. ovulation was determined by progesterone at seven days after breeding. pregnancy was determined by ultrasonography at 15 and 30 days after breeding. two hundr ... | 1997 | 9231269 |
| early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (lama pacos) and llama (lama glama) by ultrasound. | an ultrasonography study of early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 19 alpacas and 12 llamas, after controlled matings. the aim was to determine the earliest gestational age at which pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography could be achieved, and to generate an empirical formula for gestational sac diameter (gsd) growth as a function of gestational age (ga), allowing an estimate of ga during the first month of pregnancy. we found that pregnancy diagnosis may be carried out as earl ... | 1997 | 9233511 |