| electron microscopic studies on the pineal organ of the antarctic penguin, (pygoscelis papua). | the pineal organ of the migratory antarctic penguin, pygoscelis papua, has a lobular structure. clusters formed by different types of parenchymal cells are separated by connective tissue septa containing blood vessels. the predominant cell type displays a well-developed golgi complex, free ribosomes, clear and granular vesicles (secretory granules), and lysosomes. other cell types found in the gland are supporting and ependymal-like cells. the former contain dense bodies and filament bundles, th ... | 1975 | 1203967 |
| aspergillosis in gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) at edinburgh zoo, 1964 to 1988. | aspergillosis was the commonest cause of death in gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) at edinburgh zoo from 1964 to 1988. chicks were the most susceptible group and 14 per cent of hatched birds died of the disease (47 per cent of post mortem diagnoses) although in two years no cases were recorded and in two other years there were outbreaks which killed more than 50 per cent of the birds hatched. there was no correlation between the size of the colony and the prevalence of the disease but the clim ... | 1990 | 2309389 |
| [morphologico-functional study of the locomotor system of penguins as a principle of the general motor model of "underwater flight." ii]. | based on the statements in part i according to the evolution of the underwater flight, its biophysical consequences and summarizing our knowledge on swimming performances of penguins, the active and passive apparatus of movement was studied by dissection of 26 individuals of pygoscelis papua, p. antarctica, p. adeliae, eudyptes chrysolophus, and aptenodytes forsteri. besides the functional explanation of the articulatio sternocoracoidea (diverging considerably from the usual type in birds), a ne ... | 1986 | 3569810 |
| differential leucocyte cell counts from the pygoscelid penguins of antarctica. | differential leucocyte counts were obtained for three cogeneric species of wild antarctic penguins, pygoscelis adelie (adelie), pygoscelis papua (gentoo), and pygoscelis antarctica (chinstrap). significant differences between the differential leucocyte counts of the three species were not observed. | 1987 | 3625920 |
| [morphologic-functional study of the locomotor system of penguins as a general model of movement in under-water flight. i]. | regarding several theories of the evolution of the sphenisciformes the specific morpho-physiological alterations for the changeover from aerial to underwater life are discussed. the peculiarities in the penguin's "construction" become comprehensible as strong adjustments to the subaquatic locomotion. surely they took their origin from the equipment of flying birds. the present data of the kinematics of the underwater locomotion show, that propulsion is produced in the same principal way by the f ... | 1986 | 3803859 |
| serotonin content in the pineal gland of the antarctic penguin (pygoscelis papua). | | 1973 | 4762863 |
| mercury and major essential elements in seals, penguins, and other representative fauna of the antarctic. | concentrations of total hg and major essential elements, ca, mg, na, and k, were measured in the muscle, liver, and kidney of three species of seals, crabeater seal (lobodon carcinophagus), leopard seal (hydrurga leptonyx), and weddell seal (leptonychotes weddelli) collected in the antarctic. the muscle and liver of three species of penguins, i.e., gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), adelie penguin (p. adeliae), chinstrap penguin (p. antarctica), and other representative fauna were also analyzed ... | 1993 | 8239712 |
| plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3 (calcifediol) as an indicator of ultraviolet radiation. | vitamin d3 is produced in the skin of animals and humans by the sun's ultraviolet rays (uvb region, 290-315 nm). the main metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3 has a seasonal variation, depending on the ultraviolet radiation. in the antarctic preliminary investigations on penguins (pygoscelis papua), female sea elephants (mirounga leonina), and humans showed that there was an increase in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin-d3 concentrations during uv-exposure in all three species. this metabolite can therefore b ... | 1993 | 8305094 |
| the use of data loggers to determine the energetics and physiology of aquatic birds and mammals. | by deploying a data logger specifically designed for the purpose, it was possible to record heart rate, fh (beats/min), from free-ranging gentoo penguins, pygoscelis papua, and antarctic fur seals, arctocephalus gazella, at the british antarctic survey base at bird island. the heart rate data were then converted into oxygen consumption (vo2, mlo2 min-1 kg-1) and/or energy expenditure (w/kg) using equations that had been derived from calibration experiments. in these experiments the relationships ... | 1995 | 8728860 |
| energetic costs of surface swimming and diving of birds. | the energetic costs of swimming at the surface (swimming) and swimming underwater (diving) are compared in tufted ducks (aythya fuligula) and three species of penguins, the gentoo (pygoscelis papua), the king (aptenodytes patagonicus), and the emperor (aythya forsteri). ducks swim on the surface and use their webbed feet as paddles, whereas penguins tend to swim just below the surface and use their flippers as hydrofoils, the latter being much more efficient. penguins are more streamlined in sha ... | 2000 | 11121344 |
| the penguin feathers as bioindicator of antarctica environmental state. | concentrations of biogenic and toxic elements (na, k, mg, ca, p, s, fe, cu, zn, co, mn, se, ni, sr, al, cd, pb, as) were determined for the first time in feathers of gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap penguin (pygoscelis antarctica) from antarctica. a comparison of element levels was performed among these species in years 2002-2003. penguins molt annually and this fact allows defining precisely the concentrations of accumulated toxic elements and heavy metals in plumage every year. ... | 2006 | 15967486 |
| genetic diversity in populations of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua). | rapd analysis was used to examine the extent of genetic polymorphism in two populations of gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) from antarctic islands (petermann and livingston). the chosen two of three 10 mer oligonucleotide primers accordingly to preliminary results showed different levels of polymorphism in gentoo penguins at petermann island (from 23.53 to 42.86%) and livingston island (from 52.94 to 57.14%). nei's similarity coefficients were in range from 0.5606 (when gentoo genome profiles w ... | 2006 | 16865990 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, -furans, and -biphenyls in three species of antarctic penguins. | fish-eating seabirds are recognized to be at risk of accumulating toxic contaminants due to their high position in the trophic web and to their low ability to metabolize xenobiotic compounds. penguins are widely distributed in antarctica and represent an important fraction of the antarctic biomass. they feed mainly on krill and, depending on krill availability, also on fish. it has been reported that predators may be a sink for volatile and toxic chemicals and this may pose a serious environment ... | 2007 | 17993226 |
| west nile virus seroconversion in penguins after vaccination with a killed virus vaccine or a dna vaccine. | to investigate the serologic response of penguins to west nile virus (wnv) vaccines, four species of exclusively indoor-housed penguins, negative for wnv by serology, were evaluated: humboldt (spheniscus humboldti), magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus), gentoo (pygoscelis papua), and rockhopper (eudyptes chrysoscome) penguins. birds were inoculated with either a killed virus vaccine or a plasmid-mediated dna wnv vaccine, and postinoculation serology was evaluated. both vaccines induced seroconve ... | 2008 | 19110700 |
| vision of the humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) in air and water. | refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that the eyes of the humboldt penguin, spheniscus humboldti, are approximately emmetropic in air and water. extensive myopia in air, as predicted by earlier authors and by a recent anatomical study, is non-existent. photorefractive measurements of the refractive state, in water, of the humboldt penguin indicate that it can accommodate sufficiently to make up the loss of the refractive power of the cornea. the cornea of the hu ... | 2010 | 2881308 |
| isolation of campylobacter spp. from three species of antarctic penguins in different geographic locations. | the presence of campylobacter species was studied in three antarctic penguin species, adélie (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua). a total of 390 penguins were captured in 12 different rookeries along the antarctic peninsula with differences in the amount of human visitation: six colonies were highly visited [stranger point, king george island (p. papua and p. adeliae); hannah point, livingston island (p. papua and p. antarctica); deception island ... | 2017 | 28091764 |
| genetic and molecular epidemiological characterization of a novel adenovirus in antarctic penguins collected between 2008 and 2013. | antarctica is considered a relatively uncontaminated region with regard to the infectious diseases because of its extreme environment, and isolated geography. for the genetic characterization and molecular epidemiology of the newly found penguin adenovirus in antarctica, entire genome sequencing and annual survey of penguin adenovirus were conducted. the entire genome sequences of penguin adenoviruses were completed for two chinstrap penguins (pygoscelis antarctica) and two gentoo penguins (pygo ... | 2016 | 27309961 |
| feather mercury concentrations in southern ocean seabirds: variation by species, site and time. | we studied mercury contamination in 25 seabird species breeding along a latitudinal gradient across the southern ocean, from gough island (40°s) through marion island (47°s) to byers peninsula (63°s). total mercury concentrations in body feather samples of adults caught at breeding colonies from 2008 to 2011 were determined. krill (euphausia spp.) and other zooplankton consumers had low mercury concentrations (gentoo penguin pygoscelis papua, chinstrap penguin pseudomonas antarctica, common divi ... | 2016 | 27267741 |
| voriconazole toxicity in multiple penguin species. | aspergillosis is a common respiratory fungal disease in penguins managed under human care. triazole antifungal drugs, including itraconazole, are most commonly used for treatment; however, itraconazole treatment failures from drug resistance are becoming more common, requiring newer treatment options. voriconazole, a newer triazole, is being used more often. until recently, no voriconazole pharmacokinetic studies had been performed in penguins, leading to empiric dosing based on other avian stud ... | 2015 | 26667545 |
| high-throughput gender identification of penguin species using melting curve analysis. | most species of penguins are sexual monomorphic and therefore it is difficult to visually identify their genders for monitoring population stability in terms of sex ratio analysis. in this study, we evaluated the suitability using melting curve analysis (mca) for high-throughput gender identification of penguins. preliminary test indicated that the griffiths's p2/p8 primers were not suitable for mca analysis. based on sequence alignment of chromo-helicase-dna binding protein (chd)-w and chd-z ge ... | 2014 | 24555797 |
| blood oxygen- and carbon dioxide-carrying properties in captive penguins: effects of moulting and inter-specific comparison. | venous blood gas-carrying properties were compared in the three captive species of penguins (king, gentoo and rockhopper) at océanopolis (france). captivity permitted to control environmental influences. given their different ecology and diving behaviour in the wild, it was wondered whether milder conditions and dive privation have repercussions on parameters determining oxygen storage and acid-base status of these birds. in addition, this work provided the opportunity to study the effects of mo ... | 2014 | 24231467 |
| sex identification of four penguin species using locus-specific pcr. | traditional methods for sex identification are not applicable to sexually monomorphic species, leading to difficulties in the management of their breeding programs. to identify sex in sexually monomorphic birds, molecular methods have been established. two established primer pairs (2550f/2718r and p8/p2) amplify the chd1 gene region from both the z and w chromosomes. here, we evaluated the use of these primers for sex identification in four sexually monomorphic penguin species: king penguins (ap ... | 2013 | 22383375 |
| gastrointestinal obstruction in penguin chicks. | a 7-day-old gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) was found dead and postmortem examination revealed impaction of the ventriculus with feathers. a review of mortality in gentoo penguin chicks from 1997 to 2007 at that institution revealed another case of feather impaction of the ventriculus in a 4-week-old chick, a sibling of the previous chick. a third case of gastrointestinal impaction occurred in a 24-day-old king penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus) with omphallitis and enteritis. in this chick, a ... | 2009 | 20235460 |
| isolation and characterization of macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus) microsatellite loci and their utility in other penguin species (spheniscidae, aves). | we report the characterization of 25 microsatellite loci isolated from the macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus). thirteen loci were arranged into four multiplex sets for future genetic studies of macaroni penguin populations. all 25 loci were tested separately in each of four other penguin species [adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap penguin (pygoscelis antarctica), gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) and king penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus)]. between eight and 12 loci were polymo ... | 2009 | 21564950 |
| isotopic discrimination between food and blood and feathers of captive penguins: implications for dietary studies in the wild. | using measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes to reconstruct diets or source of feeding requires quantifying isotopic discrimination factors or the relationships between isotope ratios in food and in consumer tissues. diet-tissue discrimination factors of carbon ((13)c/(12)c, or delta (13)c) and nitrogen ((15)n/(14)n, or delta (15)n) isotopes in whole blood and feathers, representing noninvasive sampling techniques, were examined using three species of captive penguins (king aptenody ... | 2015 | 15702469 |
| health evaluation of penguins (sphenisciformes) following mortality in the falklands (south atlantic). | in the falklands, heavy mortality of rock-hopper penguins eudyptes chrysocome occurred during the 1985-86 breeding season. starvation was diagnosed as the primary cause of death, possibly caused by a shortage of euphausiid crustaceans (krill) due to unusual meterological conditions. 'puffinosis' may possibly have been a contributory factor; otherwise no conclusive evidence of infectious disease or toxicosis was found and also no evidence of radioactive contamination. in the 1986-87 breeding seas ... | 2001 | 11558725 |
| plasma prolactin during the breeding season in adult and immature macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins. | plasma prolactin levels were measured in free-living breeding adult and immature (pre-breeding) macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins at bird island, south georgia (54 degrees s, 38 degrees w). macaroni and gentoo penguins first breed at 5-6 and 2 years of age, respectively. in adult birds, of both species, prolactin was low (< 1.0 microgram. liter-1) during the courtship period and then increased during early (gentoo) to mid (macaroni) incubation (to 3.9-4.7 an ... | 1993 | 8138101 |
| reproductive endocrinology of macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins. ii. plasma levels of gonadal steroids and lh in immature birds in relation to deferred sexual maturity. | plasma levels of lh, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone were measured, during the breeding season, in adult and immature macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins, at bird island, south georgia (54 degrees s, 38 degrees w), in relation to deferred sexual maturity. macaroni penguins do not breed until 6-8 years of age whereas gentoo penguins first breed at 2 years of age. plasma lh was elevated in 3- to 5-year-old macaroni penguins, but not in 1- to 2-year-old ... | 1992 | 1601256 |
| reproductive endocrinology of macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins. i. seasonal changes in plasma levels of gonadal steroids and lh in breeding adults. | changes in plasma luteinizing hormone (lh), testosterone, oestradiol, and progesterone were measured throughout the breeding and molt cycle in free-living male and female macaroni (eudyptes chrysolophus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins, at bird island, south georgia (54 degrees s, 38 degrees w). these two species are sympatric but have a markedly different breeding cycle. in macaroni penguins plasma levels of all hormones, except lh in males, were significantly elevated at the time of arr ... | 1992 | 1601255 |
| first record of babesia sp. in antarctic penguins. | this is the first reported case of babesia sp. in antarctic penguins, specifically a population of chinstrap penguins (pygoscelis antarctica) in the vapour col penguin rookery in deception island, south shetlands, antarctica. we collected peripheral blood from 50 adult and 30 chick chinstrap penguins. examination of the samples by microscopy showed intraerythrocytic forms morphologically similar to other avian babesia species in 12 chinstrap penguin adults and seven chicks. the estimated parasit ... | 2016 | 26874670 |
| sexual and individual foraging segregation in gentoo penguins pygoscelis papua from the southern ocean during an abnormal winter. | knowledge about sexual segregation and gender-specific, or indeed individual specialization, in marine organisms has improved considerably in the past decade. in this context, we tested the "intersexual competition hypothesis" for penguins by investigating the feeding ecology of gentoo penguins during their austral winter non-breeding season. we considered this during unusual environmental conditions (i.e. the year 2009 had observations of high sea surface and air temperatures) in comparison wit ... | 2017 | 28362847 |
| persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in penguins of the genus pygoscelis in admiralty bay - an antarctic specially managed area. | persistent organic pollutants were assessed in fat samples of the gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) and adélie (pygoscelis adeliae) penguins collected during the austral summers of 2005/06 and 2006/07 in admiralty bay, king george island, antarctica. the predominant organic pollutants were pcb (114 to 1115), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) (60.1 to 238.7), hcb (<0.3 to 132.2) and bde-47 (<1.0 to 10.7) in ng g(-1) wet weight. the mean concentrations of the majo ... | 2016 | 26952994 |
| gastrointestinal helminths of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) from stranger point, 25 de mayo/king george island, antarctica. | the aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of gastrointestinal parasites of the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) from 25 de mayo/king george island (south shetlands, antarctica). gastrointestinal tracts of 37 fresh dead individuals (21 chicks, 10 juveniles, and 6 adults) were collected from december 2006 to february 2012 and examined for macroparasites. four adult parasite species were found: one cestoda species (parorchites zederi), two nematoda species (stegophorus macronectes and ... | 2013 | 23435921 |
| penguin vision in air and water. | refractive states measured by retinoscopy and photorefraction indicate that rockhopper (eudyptes crestatus), magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins are approximately emmetropic in air and water. extensive myopia in air, as predicted by early authors, is nonexistent. photorefractive measurements of refractive state in water indicate that rockhopper, gentoo, magellanic and king (aptenodytes patagonica) penguins can accommodate sufficiently to make up for the lo ... | 1984 | 6534014 |
| haematology of wild penguins (spenisciformes) in the falkland islands. | haematological values were determined in 50 rockhopper (eudyptes crestatus), 19 gentoo (pygoscelis papua) and 12 magellanic (spheniscus magellanicus) penguins from various sites on the falkland islands. adult magellanic penguins had significantly lower haemoglobin (hb) levels, packed cell volumes (pcv) and red cell counts (rbc) than adults of the other two species. hb, pcv and rbc values were also lower in juvenile birds than in adults and lower in post-moult than in pre-moult adults. comparison ... | 1989 | 18679879 |
| plasma alpha-tocopherol, total lipids and total cholesterol in wild rockhopper, magellanic and gentoo penguins before and after moulting. | post moult rockhopper penguins (eudyptes crestatus) had significantly higher plasma alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e), total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations than their pre-moult counterparts. in the magellanic penguins (spheniscus magellanicus) there were post moult increases in total lipid, cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations, but only the increase in alpha-tocopherol was significant. plasma alpha-tocopherol, total lipid and total cholesterol concentrations in post moult gento ... | 1989 | 2773196 |
| population size and decadal trends of three penguin species nesting at signy island, south orkney islands. | we report long-term changes in population size of three species of sympatrically breeding pygoscelid penguins: adélie (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) over a 38 year period at signy island, south orkney islands, based on annual counts from selected colonies and decadal all-island systematic counts of occupied nests. comparing total numbers of breeding pairs over the whole island from 1978/79 to 2015/16 revealed varying fortunes: ge ... | 2016 | 27783668 |
| persistent organic pollutants and porphyrins biomarkers in penguin faeces from kopaitic island and antarctic peninsula. | polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) levels were determined in the faeces of three antarctic peninsula penguin species to assess viability as a non-invasive approach for sampling pcbs in antarctic biota. these determinations were complemented with stable isotope and porphyrins assessments, and together this methodology determined the role of diet and metabolic disruption in penguins. up to 60% of the collected faecal samples evidenced low molecular weight pcbs, of which, the more volatile compounds we ... | 2016 | 27450255 |
| mode of attachment and pathology caused by parorchites zederi in three species of penguins: pygoscelis papua, pygoscelis adeliae, and pygoscelis antarctica in antarctica. | we identified and compared gross and microscopic lesions associated with the cestode, parorchites zederi, in the digestive tracts of three species of penguins (spheniscidae): the chinstrap ( pygoscelis antarctica ), gentoo ( pygoscelis papua ), and adélie penguins ( pygoscelis adeliae ). the gastrointestinal tracts of 79 recently dead individuals (71 chicks and eight adults) were collected in locations throughout the antarctic peninsula during summer field trips in 2006-09. parorchites zederi wa ... | 2016 | 27195682 |
| occurrence of legacy and new persistent organic pollutants in avian tissues from king george island, antarctica. | legacy and new persistent organic pollutants (pops), including polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns), dechlorane plus (dps) and related compounds (dechloranes), hexabromocyclododecanes (hbcds), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and organochlorine pesticides (ocps), were analyzed in avian tissue samples from king george island, antarctica. the avian species consisted of the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae), the south polar skua (stercorarius maccormicki), a ... | 2015 | 26502059 |
| have historical climate changes affected gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) populations in antarctica? | the west antarctic peninsula (wap) has been suffering an increase in its atmospheric temperature during the last 50 years, mainly associated with global warming. this increment of temperature trend associated with changes in sea-ice dynamics has an impact on organisms, affecting their phenology, physiology and distribution range. for instance, rapid demographic changes in pygoscelis penguins have been reported over the last 50 years in wap, resulting in population expansion of sub-antarctic gent ... | 2014 | 24759777 |
| integrating oxidative ecology into conservation physiology. | ecologists have recently shown great interest in using physiological markers as indicators of the health of animal populations. in this context, the measurement of markers of oxidative balance, such as antioxidant defences and oxidative damage, may be a valuable tool. indeed, at the individual level, antioxidant defences are positively associated with fertility and survival probability, while elevated oxidative damage during reproduction or growth may negatively affect recruitment and survival. ... | 2013 | 27293588 |
| uropygial gland squamous cell carcinoma in chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins at the wildlife conservation society's central park zoo. | uropygial, or preen, glands are found in a variety of avian species including penguins. these glands have a multitude of functions and can develop a variety of conditions including impaction, rupture, adenitis, squamous metaplasia, and neoplasia of various types, with squamous cell carcinoma the most commonly reported. a case series of uropygial gland squamous cell carcinoma in five penguins at the wildlife conservation society's central park zoo is described. most birds were aged (>10 yr) with ... | 2015 | 25831583 |
| mercury accumulation in sediments and seabird feathers from the antarctic peninsula. | in an effort to assess the impact of mercury in the antarctic peninsula, we conducted ecotoxicological research in this region during the summer of 2012 and 2013. the objectives were to assess: (a) mercury levels in sediment samples; (b) mercury accumulation in antarctic seabird feathers: catharacta lonnbergi (brown skua), pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin) and pygoscelis antarctica (chinstrap penguin); and (c) biomagnification (bmf predator/prey) and biota sediment accumulation (bsaf skuas/sedim ... | 2015 | 25455813 |
| a reversal of fortunes: climate change 'winners' and 'losers' in antarctic peninsula penguins. | climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. antarctic ecosystems are no exception. investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. climate change produces 'winners', species that benefit from these events and 'losers', species that decline or become extinct. using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of pygoscelis penguins in the scotia arc related to climate warming after the las ... | 2014 | 24865774 |
| group association and vocal behaviour during foraging trips in gentoo penguins. | in contrast to their terrestrial call, the offshore call of penguins during their foraging trips has been poorly studied due to the inaccessibility of the foraging site-the open ocean-to researchers. here, we present the first description of the vocal behaviour of penguins in the open ocean and discuss the function of their vocal communication. we deployed an animal-borne camera on gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) and recorded their foraging behaviour during chick guarding. from the video reco ... | 2017 | 28819102 |
| how animals distribute themselves in space: variable energy landscapes. | foraging efficiency determines whether animals will be able to raise healthy broods, maintain their own condition, avoid predators and ultimately increase their fitness. using accelerometers and gps loggers, features of the habitat and the way animals deal with variable conditions can be translated into energetic costs of movement, which, in turn, can be translated to energy landscapes.we investigated energy landscapes in gentoo penguins pygoscelis papua from two colonies at new island, falkland ... | 2017 | 28694838 |
| plasma protein electrophoresis as a prognostic indicator in aspergillus species-infected gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua papua). | avian aspergillosis presents a significant threat to captive penguin populations. currently, a lack of objective prognostic factors limits disease staging, objective reassessment throughout treatment, comparative evaluation of treatment regimes, and appropriate timing of euthanasia. | 2017 | 28692132 |
| three igh isotypes, igm, iga and igy are expressed in gentoo penguin and zebra finch. | previous studies on a limited number of birds suggested that the igd-encoding gene was absent in birds. however, one of our recent studies showed that the gene was definitely expressed in the ostrich and emu. interestingly, we also identified subclass diversification of igm and igy in these two birds. to better understand immunoglobulin genes in birds, in this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata) and gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), b ... | 2017 | 28403146 |
| marked phylogeographic structure of gentoo penguin reveals an ongoing diversification process along the southern ocean. | two main hypotheses have been debated about the biogeography of the southern ocean: (1) the antarctic polar front (apf), acting as a barrier between antarctic and sub-antarctic provinces, and (2) the antarctic circumpolar current (acc), promoting gene flow among sub-antarctic areas. the gentoo penguin is distributed throughout these two provinces, separated by the apf. we analyzed mtdna (hvr1) and 12 microsatellite loci of 264 gentoo penguins, pygoscelis papua, from 12 colonies spanning from the ... | 2017 | 27940333 |
| population structure and phylogeography of the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) across the scotia arc. | climate change, fisheries' pressure on penguin prey, and direct human disturbance of wildlife have all been implicated in causing large shifts in the abundance and distribution of penguins in the southern ocean. without mark-recapture studies, understanding how colonies form and, by extension, how ranges shift is challenging. genetic studies, particularly focused on newly established colonies, provide a snapshot of colonization and can reveal the extent to which shifts in abundance and occupancy ... | 2016 | 26933489 |
| why huddle? ecological drivers of chick aggregations in gentoo penguins, pygoscelis papua, across latitudes. | aggregations of young animals are common in a range of endothermic and ectothermic species, yet the adaptive behavior may depend on social circumstance and local conditions. in penguins, many species form aggregations (aka. crèches) for a variety of purposes, whilst others have never been observed exhibiting this behavior. those that do form aggregations do so for three known benefits: 1) reduced thermoregulatory requirements, 2) avoidance of unrelated-adult aggression, and 3) lower predation ri ... | 2016 | 26840252 |
| feathers as a tool to assess mercury contamination in gentoo penguins: variations at the individual level. | feathers have been widely used to assess mercury contamination in birds as they reflect metal concentrations accumulated between successive moult periods: they are also easy to sample and have minimum impact on the study birds. moult is considered the major pathway for mercury excretion in seabirds. penguins are widely believed to undergo a complete, annual moult during which they do not feed. as penguins lose all their feathers, they are expected to have a low individual-variability in feather ... | 2015 | 26352664 |
| structural basis for the ligand-binding specificity of fatty acid-binding proteins (pfabp4 and pfabp5) in gentoo penguin. | fatty acid-binding proteins (fabps) are involved in transporting hydrophobic fatty acids between various aqueous compartments of the cell by directly binding ligands inside their β-barrel cavities. here, we report the crystal structures of ligand-unbound pfabp4, linoleate-bound pfabp4, and palmitate-bound pfabp5, obtained from gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), at a resolution of 2.1 å, 2.2 å, and 2.3 å, respectively. the pfabp4 and pfabp5 proteins have a canonical β-barrel structure with two sh ... | 2015 | 26206084 |
| novel flame retardants (n-frs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcbs) in fish, penguin, and skua from king george island, antarctica. | persistent organic pollutants (pops), including polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), are frequently detected in biota from antarctica, whereas no data are available for their replacements, such as novel flame retardants (n-frs). this study presented the occurrence of several n-frs, pbdes, and pcbs in tissue samples of an antarctic rock cod (trematomus bernacchii), a young gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), and a brown skua (stercorarius antarcticus) collec ... | 2015 | 25912262 |
| carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation of amino acids in an avian marine predator, the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua). | compound-specific stable isotope analysis (csia) of amino acids (aa) has rapidly become a powerful tool in studies of food web architecture, resource use, and biogeochemical cycling. however, applications to avian ecology have been limited because no controlled studies have examined the patterns in aa isotope fractionation in birds. we conducted a controlled csia feeding experiment on an avian species, the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), to examine patterns in individual aa carbon and nitroge ... | 2015 | 25859333 |
| relationships between isotopic values and oxidative status: insights from populations of gentoo penguins. | feeding strategies can affect the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defences (i.e. oxidative status). this is ecologically relevant, as variation in oxidative status can in turn strongly affect fitness. however, how animals regulate their oxidative status through their feeding behaviour under natural conditions remains poorly understood. thus, relating the isotopic values of free-ranging animals to their oxidative status may prove useful. here, we consider ... | 2015 | 25698143 |
| pulmonary dystrophic oxalosis and its possible relation to fibrosis in an aged gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua). | a 20-year-old gentoo penguin was found dead with a clinical history of inappetence and dyspnoea. at necropsy, the lungs showed severe congestion/hemorrhage and atelectasis. histopathologically, fibrosis was observed exclusively around parabronchi with severe collagen deposition. in fibrotic lesions, there were numerous depositions of crystalline structures accompanied by epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells (foreign body type). in addition to irregularly lamellar structures as the mo ... | 2013 | 23075923 |
| physiological constraints and the influence of diet on fatty acids in the yolk of gentoo penguins, pygoscelis papua. | avian yolk fatty acids (fa) composition is influenced by two main factors: maternal diet and genetic factors that regulate fa metabolism. however, due to embryonic developmental requirements, yolk fa are thought to be physiologically constrained and less useful for dietary and trophic studies. we assessed the relative contributions of diet and physiological constraints in determining the yolk fa composition of a marine bird, the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) by comparing fa signatures of yol ... | 2012 | 22327194 |
| pattern of mercury allocation into egg components is independent of dietary exposure in gentoo penguins. | avian eggs have become one of the most common means of evaluating mercury contamination in aquatic and marine environments and can serve as reliable indicators of dietary mercury exposure. we investigated patterns of mercury deposition into the major components of penguin eggs (shell, membrane, albumen, and yolk) using the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) as a model species. eggs were collected from both wild and captive populations of gentoo penguins to compare the allocation of mercury into i ... | 2012 | 22002784 |
| biogenic and toxic elements in feathers, eggs, and excreta of gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) in the antarctic. | feathers, eggs, and excreta of gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua ellsworthii), adults, from livingston island (south shetlands), chosen as bioindicators, were used to test the quality of the antarctic environment. sex was not examined. the bioaccumulations of toxic trace elements (cd, pb, al, and as), essential trace elements (fe, cu, zn, mn, cr, v, ni, and sr), and major essential elements (na, k, mg, ca, p, and s) were established. for the first time data about the element contents in gentoo eg ... | 2011 | 21340549 |
| radiative heat loss in gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) adults and chicks and the importance of warm feet. | adult penguins and their chicks differ considerably in their apparent body insulation. the chicks are covered in down, whereas the adults have the short, hard body feathers characteristic of the family, so mechanisms of heat loss may vary considerably between the two groups. we examined radiative heat loss by measuring body surface temperatures of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) in antarctica. at the time the birds were considered to be in their thermoneutral zone, and there was little or no ... | 2008 | 9754529 |
| artificial eggs: measuring heart rate and effects of disturbance in nesting penguins. | a technique for the noninvasive measurement of heart rate in incubating penguins is described and evaluated. the technique uses an artificial egg fitted with an infrared sensor. placing the egg in the nest causes minimal disturbance to the resident penguin; this penguin is then paint-marked so that subsequent measurements may be taken from the unmarked, naive partner once it assumes incubation. heart rate changes are useful indicators of nesting penguins' reactions to events in their environment ... | 1996 | 8873285 |
| endocrine basis of the reproductive pattern of the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua): winter breeding and extended laying period in northern populations. | changes in plasma lh, prolactin, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone were investigated throughout moult and reproduction in free-living male and female gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) at crozet island (46 degrees s, 51 degrees e), where this species is able to relay after a reproductive failure. in both sexes, lh, prolactin, and steroid hormones, remained at basal levels during the moult. lh level was highest at the time of arrival at the colony for breeding and, although it decreased a ... | 1995 | 7635271 |
| dual core and shell temperature regulation during sea acclimatization in gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua). | penguins are able to maintain a high and constant body temperature despite a thermally constraining environment. evidence for progressive adaptation to cold and marine life was sought by comparing body and peripheral skin temperatures, metabolic rate, and thermal insulation in juvenile and adult gentoo penguins exposed to various ambient temperatures in air (from -30 to +30 degrees c) and water (3-35 degrees c). juvenile penguins in air showed metabolic and insulative capacities comparable with ... | 1994 | 8184978 |
| haematological findings in captive gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) with bumblefoot. | full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations were carried out on 14 healthy adult gentoo penguins and on 14 birds with bumblefoot. compared with healthy birds, individuals with severe bumblefoot showed heterophilia and hyperfibrinogenaemia. these changes probably typify the response of the blood to inflammatory and infectious agents in the species. | 1985 | 18766917 |
| in vitro insulin secretion from the penguin (pygoscelis papua) pancreas. | | 1975 | 172402 |
| occurrence of adrenaline and noradrenaline cells in the adrenal gland of the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua). | | 1970 | 5439621 |
| pathogenic potential of environmental resident fungi from ornithogenic soils of antarctica. | we assessed the diversity of cultivable fungi in the ornithogenic soil nests of bird species like phalacrocorax atriceps, macronectes giganteus, pygoscelis antarcticus, and pygoscelis papua in the antarctic islands. from 481 fungi isolated at 15 °c, only 50 displayed growth at 37 °c, and were identified as 14 species of 15 genera. aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium chrysogenum, and rhodotorula mucilaginosa were the most abundant species obtained. fifty taxa grew at 40 °c; displayed haemolytic an ... | 2017 | 29122179 |
| anthropogenic radionuclides in antarctic biota - dosimetrical considerations. | the article presents results of the research on artificial radionuclides (137cs, 90sr, 241am) in the antarctic environment. samples of 12 species from the marine environment: pygoscelis adeliae, pygoscelis papua, macronectes giganteus, pagodroma nivea, catharacta antarctica, leptonychotes weddellii, mirounga leonina, harpagifer antarcticus, chaenocephalus aceratus, nacella concinna, himantothallus grandifolius, iridaea cordata (bones, feathers, soft tissues, eggs' shells of birds, bones, skin, f ... | 2020 | 31983449 |
| compound-specific stable isotope analyses in falkland islands seabirds reveal seasonal changes in trophic positions. | while nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values can reflect ecological segregation, prey choice and spatial distribution in seabirds, the interpretation of bulk stable isotope values is frequently hampered by a lack of isotopic baseline data. in this study, we used compound-specific isotope analyses of amino acids (csia-aa) to overcome this constraint and to study interspecific differences, seasonal and historical changes in trophic positions of five seabird species, three penguins and two petre ... | 2020 | 32293412 |
| temporal and interspecific variation in feather mercury in four penguin species from macquarie island, australia. | we measured mercury (hg) concentrations in feathers from four penguin species collected on macquarie island, southern ocean, to 1) establish baseline hg concentrations; and 2) compare hg from samples collected in 2002 ("modern") and from museum specimens collected between 1937 and 1976 ("historic"). inter-specific differences in feather hg reflected known differences in habitats and diversity of diets: benthic-foraging gentoo penguins and rockhopper penguins that foraged both inshore and offshor ... | 2019 | 31232305 |
| comparative personality traits assessment of three species of communally housed captive penguins. | understanding animal personalities has notable implications in the ecology and evolution of animal behavior, but personality studies can also be useful in optimizing animal management, with the aim of improving health and well-being, and optimizing reproductive success, a fundamental factor in the species threatened with extinction. modern zoos are increasingly being structured with enclosures that host different species, which permanently share spaces. this condition has undeniable positive asp ... | 2019 | 31226801 |
| pingu virus: a new picornavirus in penguins from antarctica. | picornaviridae family comprises single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses distributed into forty-seven genera. picornaviruses have a broad host range and geographic distribution in all continents. in this study, we applied a high-throughput sequencing approach to examine the presence of picornaviruses in penguins from king george island, antarctica. we discovered and characterized a novel picornavirus from cloacal swab samples of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua), which we tentatively named p ... | 2019 | 31850147 |
| blood transcriptome resources of chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins from the south shetland islands, antarctica. | the chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo (p. papua) penguins are distributed throughout antarctica and the sub-antarctic islands. in this study, high-quality de novo assemblies of blood transcriptomes from these penguins were generated using the illumina miseq platform. a total of 22.2 and 21.8 raw reads were obtained from chinstrap and gentoo penguins, respectively. these reads were assembled using the oases assembly platform and resulted in 26,036 and 21,854 contigs with n50 values of ... | 2019 | 30929406 |
| identification and distribution of novel cressdnaviruses and circular molecules in four penguin species in south georgia and the antarctic peninsula. | there is growing interest in uncovering the viral diversity present in wild animal species. the remote antarctic region is home to a wealth of uncovered microbial diversity, some of which is associated with its megafauna, including penguin species, the dominant avian biota. penguins interface with a number of other biota in their roles as marine mesopredators and several species overlap in their ranges and habitats. to characterize the circular single-stranded viruses related to those in the phy ... | 2020 | 32947826 |
| characteristic imaging findings of the respiratory system in penguins with suspected aspergillosis in an aquarium. | twenty penguins, including the king penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus), gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), and african penguin (spheniscus demersus), housed at an aquarium in hokkaido, japan, underwent regular health screening via blood test, and five penguins with suspected aspergillosis were extracted. in cases 1 and 2, a thickened membrane and/or fluid level and/or calcification in the air sac were observed on both radiography and computed tomography (ct). these two penguins died after 19 and ... | 2020 | 32655097 |
| biological factors affecting total mercury and methylmercury levels in antarctic penguins. | penguins in antarctica occupy high trophic levels, thus accumulating high amounts of mercury (hg) through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. blood reflects the current levels of contaminants circulating in the body, while feathers are known as the main route of hg elimination in birds. studies sampling chicks and adults can provide a comprehensive picture of bioaccumulation and local contamination. three pygoscelid species (pygoscelis adeliae, pygoscelis antarcticus and pygoscelis papua) have ... | 2020 | 32738710 |
| novel penguin avian avulaviruses 17, 18 and 19 are widely distributed in the antarctic peninsula. | three novel avian avulavirus species were discovered and isolated during 2017 from gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) at kopaitic island in the northwestern region of the antarctic peninsula. the viruses were officially named as avian avulavirus 17 (aav17), avian avulavirus 18 (aav18) and avian avulavirus 19 (aav19), collectively referred to as penguin avulaviruses (pavs). to determine whether these viruses are capable of infecting the three species of pygoscelis spp. penguins (gentoo, adelie an ... | 2019 | 31355981 |
| nonbreeder birds at colonies display qualitatively similar seasonal mass change patterns as breeders. | the difficulty in studying nonbreeding birds means that little is known about them or their resource requirements, despite forming a large and significant component of a population. one way to assess food requirements is to examine changes in body mass, because it indicates the amount of food acquired. in terms of body mass changes, our expectation is that nonbreeders will either (a) be in poorer condition than the breeders which potentially explains why they do not breed or (b) remain at a stab ... | 2019 | 31031932 |
| spatial niche partitioning may promote coexistence of pygoscelis penguins as climate-induced sympatry occurs. | climate-induced range overlap can result in novel interactions between similar species and potentially lead to competitive exclusion. the west antarctic peninsula (wap) is one of the most rapidly warming regions on earth and is experiencing a poleward climate migration from a polar to subpolar environment. this has resulted in a range expansion of the ice-intolerant gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) and a coincident decrease in ice-obligate adélie penguins (p. adeliae) near palmer station, anve ... | 2018 | 30386573 |
| circumpolar diversification of the ixodes uriae tick virome. | ticks (order: ixodida) are a highly diverse and ecologically important group of ectoparasitic blood-feeding organisms. one such species, the seabird tick (ixodes uriae), is widely distributed around the circumpolar regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. it has been suggested that ix. uriae spread from the southern to the northern circumpolar region millions of years ago and has remained isolated in these regions ever since. such a profound biographic subdivision provides a unique oppo ... | 2020 | 32745135 |
| gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) react to underwater sounds. | marine mammals and diving birds face several physiological challenges under water, affecting their thermoregulation and locomotion as well as their sensory systems. therefore, marine mammals have modified ears for improved underwater hearing. underwater hearing in birds has been studied in a few species, but for the record-holding divers, such as penguins, there are no detailed data. we played underwater noise bursts to gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) in a large tank at received sound pressur ... | 2020 | 32257350 |
| evidence of pathogen-induced immunogenetic selection across the large geographic range of a wild seabird. | over evolutionary time, pathogen challenge shapes the immune phenotype of the host to better respond to an incipient threat. the extent and direction of this selection pressure depend on the local pathogen composition, which is in turn determined by biotic and abiotic features of the environment. however, little is known about adaptation to local pathogen threats in wild animals. the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) is a species complex that lends itself to the study of immune adaptation becaus ... | 2020 | 32096861 |
| divergent trophic responses of sympatric penguin species to historic anthropogenic exploitation and recent climate change. | the southern ocean is in an era of significant change. historic overharvesting of marine mammals and recent climatic warming have cascading impacts on resource availability and, in turn, ecosystem structure and function. we examined trophic responses of sympatric chinstrap (pygoscelis antarctica) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins to nearly 100 y of shared environmental change in the antarctic peninsula region using compound-specific stable isotope analyses of museum specimens. a century ago ... | 2019 | 31792174 |
| psychrobacter pygoscelis sp. nov. isolated from the penguin pygoscelis papua. | one slightly beige-white pigmented, gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, strain i-stpp5bt, was isolated from the trachea of a gentoo penguin chick individual (pygoscelin papua) investigated in fildes bay, chilean antarctic (62° 12' s, 58° 57' w). i-stpp5bt consists of a 3.4 mb chromosome with a dna g+c content of 44.4 mol%. of the 3056 predicted genes, 1206 were annotated as hypothetical proteins and 51 were trnas. phylogenetic analysis based on nearly full-length 16s rrna gene sequences s ... | 2020 | 31617840 |
| microplastics in gentoo penguins from the antarctic region. | there is growing evidence that microplastic pollution (<5 mm in size) is now present in virtually all marine ecosystems, even in remote areas, such as the arctic and the antarctic. microplastics have been found in water and sediments of the antarctic but little is known of their ingestion by higher predators and mechanisms of their entry into antarctic marine food webs. the goal of this study was to assess the occurrence of microplastics in a top predator, the gentoo penguin pygoscelis papua fro ... | 2019 | 31578393 |
| faecal microbiota changes associated with the moult fast in chinstrap and gentoo penguins. | in many seabirds, individuals abstain from eating during the moult period. penguins have an intense moult that lasts for weeks, during which they are confined to land. despite the importance for survival, it is still unclear how the faecal microbiota of antarctic penguins changes in response to the moult fast. here, we investigated the faecal microbiota of chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus) and gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) on king george island, antarctica. the bacterial community composit ... | 2019 | 31067284 |
| semen cryopreservation in black-footed (spheniscus demersus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguins: effects of thawing temperature on semen characteristics. | in this study, there was an examination of the effect on the characteristics of cryopreserved black-footed (spheniscus demersus) and gentoo (pygoscelis papua) penguin semen, of thawing at 37 and 5 °c. for two consecutive years, semen was collected and frozen during the april-june period from six gentoo penguins, and during the october-november period from 13 black-footed penguins. after thawing, sperm motility variables were examined by computer-assisted sperm analysis. propidium iodide and sybr ... | 2019 | 30503661 |
| time-lapse cameras reveal latitude and season influence breeding phenology durations in penguins. | variation in the phenology of avian taxa has long been studied to understand how a species reacts to environmental changes over both space and time. penguins (sphenicidae) serve as an important example of how biotic and abiotic factors influence certain stages of seabird phenology because of their large ranges and the extreme, dynamic conditions present in their southern ocean habitats. here, we examined the phenology of gentoo (pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap penguins (pygoscelis antarctica) at ... | 2018 | 30250703 |
| behaviourally mediated predation avoidance in penguin prey: in situ evidence from animal-borne camera loggers. | predator dietary studies often assume that diet is reflective of the diversity and relative abundance of their prey. this interpretation ignores species-specific behavioural adaptations in prey that could influence prey capture. here, we develop and describe a scalable biologging protocol, using animal-borne camera loggers, to elucidate the factors influencing prey capture by a seabird, the gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua). from the video evidence, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, ... | 2018 | 30224976 |
| uv-light and dietary vitamin d and their effects on ionized calcium and 25-oh-d plasma concentrations in captive gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua). | in this study, the effect of ultraviolet (uv) light and dietary vitamin d on calcium metabolism in permanently indoor-housed gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) was investigated. the study consisted of three periods, each completed with blood samples to analyse plasma concentrations of 25-oh-d, 1,25-(oh)2 -d, ionized (ica) and total calcium (tca). during the first study period (d), animals were housed under routine conditions without uv-light and fed a diet of different fish species, supplemented ... | 2018 | 29971838 |
| health surveillance of penguins in the barton peninsula on king george island, antarctica. | samples from 29 adult gentoo (pygoscelis papua), chinstrap (pygoscelis antarcticus), and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at the king sejong station on nar̢ ebski point, king george island, antarctica, were investigated to detect antibodies to avian influenza, newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, mycoplasma, and salmonella. antibodies were identified from one gentoo penguin and one chinstrap penguin against infectious bronchitis virus; from o ... | 2021 | 33872350 |