| auditory sensitivity, equal loudness, temporal resolving power, and vocalizations in the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). | absolute thresholds for pure tones were measured in four house finches by use of avoidance conditioning and a modified method of limits. response reaction time to each tone presentation served as a data base for generating a family of "equal loudness" contours. temporal resolving power was measured in two additional birds and compared with similar measures in man. the results are discussed in relation to previous studies of vocalizations in the house finch, and the average power spectra of selec ... | 1978 | 730858 |
| electrically elicited vocalization from the brain of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). | | 1977 | 849229 |
| isolation of a poxvirus from a house finch, carpodacus mexicanus (müller). | | 1986 | 3016351 |
| effects of melatonin implants on structures and behaviors of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) eye. | this study aimed to determine the extraretinal effects of melatonin upon the eyes of an avian species, the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). twelve birds (full-grown, second-year males) each received a silastic tubing intraperitoneal implant, six containing melatonin (average release = 24 micrograms/d/bird; = m birds) and six being empty (= c birds). microscopic study of pupillary and palpebral behaviors during the final week demonstrated lesser pupillary diameters and interpalpebral distances ... | 1986 | 3723327 |
| evolution of the house finch on santa cruz island, california. | | 1971 | 5557903 |
| temperature and the free-running circadian rhythm of the house finch. | | 1966 | 5964737 |
| relationships between photoperiodism and circadian rhythms of activity in the house finch. | | 1967 | 6032171 |
| contrasting histories of avian and mammalian mhc genes revealed by class ii b sequences from songbirds. | to explore the evolutionary dynamics of genes in the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in nonmammalian vertebrates, we have amplified complete sequences of the polymorphic second (beta1) and third (beta2) exons of class ii beta chain genes of songbirds. the pattern of nucleotide substitution in the antigen-binding site of sequences cloned from three behaviorally and phylogenetically divergent songbirds [scrub jays aphelocoma coerulescens), red-winged blackbirds (agelaius phoeniceus), and ho ... | 1995 | 8618869 |
| field investigation of mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) from maryland and georgia. | a field study investigating the occurrence of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) was conducted in maryland and georgia. eighty-eight finches were captured and examined grossly and microscopically for mg-related conjunctivitis. serum samples were obtained for serum plate agglutination (spa) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) testing. swabs from conjunctiva, sinus, and choanal cleft were inoculated into two mycoplasma broth media for culture and polymerase chai ... | 1996 | 8790883 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis. | an epornitic of conjunctivitis in free-flying house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) occurred in several mid-atlantic and eastern states of the usa in 1994. clinical signs and gross lesions ranged from mild to severe unilateral or bilateral conjunctival swelling with serous to mucopurulent drainage and nasal exudate. microscopic lesions consisted of chronic lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis. notably slow-growing mycoplasmas were isolated from conjunctival and/or infraorbita ... | 1996 | 8790904 |
| mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: the spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population. | a new mycoplasmal conjunctivitis was first reported in wild house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in early 1994. the causative agent was identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), a nonzoonotic pathogen of poultry that had not been associated with disease in wild songbirds. since the initial observations of affected house finches in the mid-atlantic region, the disease has become widespread and has been reported throughout the eastern united states and canada. by late 1995, mycoplasmal conjunct ... | 1997 | 9126448 |
| mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in a european starling. | bilateral conjunctivitis and episcleritis were identified in an adult european starling (sturnus vulgaris). a novel mycoplasma species, mycoplasma sturni, was isolated in pure culture from the conjunctiva of both eyes. the clinical presentation was similar to that of conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum. however, the histologic lesions were distinct, by the presence of ulceration and by the absence of epithelial hyperplasia and lymphoplasmacyt ... | 1997 | 9131571 |
| molecular epidemiologic investigations of mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in songbirds by random amplified polymorphic dna analyses. | an ongoing outbreak of conjunctivitis in free-ranging house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) began in 1994 in the eastern united states. bacterial organisms identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were isolated from lesions of infected birds. mg was also isolated from a blue jay (cyanocitta cristata) that contracted conjunctivitis after being housed in a cage previously occupied by house finches with conjunctivitis, and from free-ranging american goldfinches (carduelis tristis) in north caroli ... | 1997 | 9284386 |
| seasonal variation in brain gnrh in free-living breeding and photorefractory house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). | absolute photorefractoriness in captive birds of several species correlates with reduced hypothalamic content of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) relative to photosensitive or photostimulated birds. we used immunocytochemistry to examine gnrh immunostaining in free-living breeding and photorefractory house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). photorefractory birds with regressed gonads in early autumn had lower gnrh immunoreactivity (fewer, smaller, less intensely stained cell bodies and fewer i ... | 1998 | 9473368 |
| increased fiber capillarization in flight muscle of finch at altitude. | we examined fiber capillarization and ultrastructure in the highly aerobic flight muscle of six gray crowned rosy finches (leucosticte arctoa; mass 22.9 +/- 0.5 (se) g) living at altitude (a; white mountains of eastern california; 4000 m) compared to eight sea-level (sl) house finches (carpodacus mexicanus, mass, 19.8 +/- 0.6 g) of the same subfamily, carduelinae. capillary length per fiber volume (a, 10,400 +/- 409 mm(-2); sl, 7513 +/- 423; p < 0.001) and capillary-to-fiber ratio (a, 2.32 +/- 0 ... | 1998 | 9574870 |
| epidemic mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern north america. | in the winter of 1993-94, house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) with severe conjunctivitis (later shown to be caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum) were first observed in sub-urban washington d.c. (usa) and adjacent states. using a large network of volunteer observers in eastern north america, we were able to track the monthly prevalence of the disease between november 1994 and march 1997. using the information on 24,864 monthly data forms, we describe the very rapid spread of the conjunctivitis ep ... | 1998 | 9577773 |
| risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches. | observations from a citizen-based survey were used to identify potential risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (mycoplasma gallisepticum) in eastern house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). between november 1994 and october 1996, 778 volunteers provided 7,224 monthly observations at residential bird feeding sites across an eight state region in the eastern usa. information collected by questionnaires included health status of house finches and four sympatric passerine species, typ ... | 1998 | 9577774 |
| natural mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in a captive flock of house finches. | naturally-occurring mycoplasmal conjunctivitis is described among 104 wild-caught, and initially seronegative, house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) maintained in captivity for 12 wk during november 1995 through january 1996. finches housed in three pens were monitored for clinical signs, and > or = 10 birds were euthanatized for necropsy and mycoplasma testing every 2 wk. within 2 to 4 wk following initial detection of lesions, > 50% of the birds in each of three pens developed a debilitating di ... | 1998 | 9577775 |
| mycoplasma sturni from blue jays and northern mockingbirds with conjunctivitis in florida. | northern mockingbirds (mimus polyglottos) and blue jays (cyanocitta cristata) in a florida (usa) wildlife care facility developed clinical signs and gross lesions suggestive of the ongoing outbreak of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) and american goldfinches (carduelis tristis). mycoplasmal organisms were cultured from conjunctival/corneal swabs of birds with sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and/or epiphora. all of the isolates tested were identified ... | 1998 | 9577796 |
| potential for transmission of the finch strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum between house finches and chickens. | although mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is established in house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) populations in at least 33 states, the potential risk of mg introduction to domestic poultry by infected finches currently is unknown. the objectives of this study were to determine if chickens could be infected with the finch strain of mg via direct, across-wire, and proximity (across-room) contact with naturally infected house finches and to determine if house finches could be infected through direct co ... | 1998 | 9645326 |
| a test of sensory bias for long tails in the house finch. | the sensory bias model of sexual selection proposes that female preferences for certain male traits result from biases in the female sensory system that existed prior to the evolution of the preferred trait. phylogenetic tests of the sensory bias hypothesis have provided evidence for pre-existing bias in several species, but the hypothesis has not been tested relative to elongated tail feathers, a widespread sexually selected trait in birds. elongated tails occur sporadically across avian taxa, ... | 1998 | 9710463 |
| increased capillarity in leg muscle of finches living at altitude. | an increased ratio of muscle capillary to fiber number (capillary/fiber number) at altitude has been found in only a few investigations. the highly aerobic pectoralis muscle of finches living at 4,000-m altitude (leucosticte arctoa; a) was recently shown to have a larger capillary/fiber number and greater contribution of tortuosity and branching to total capillary length than sea-level finches (carpodacus mexicanus; sl) of the same subfamily (o. mathieu-costello, p. j. agey, l. wu, j. m. szewcza ... | 1998 | 9804593 |
| the influence of wind and locomotor activity on surface temperature and energy expenditure of the eastern house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) during cold stress. | we investigated the extent to which exercise-generated heat compensates for regulatory thermogenesis of eastern house finches (carpodacus mexicanus müller) exposed to ambient temperatures (ta) and convective conditions typical of that which birds experience in nature while perched in the open or foraging on the ground. we addressed the hypothesis that resting and active birds exposed to similar net convective conditions will exhibit similar surface temperatures (ts) and metabolic energy expendit ... | 1999 | 10222321 |
| toward an evolutionary genomics of the avian mhc. | we review recent developments in the ongoing study of the evolution of the mhc gene family in birds, with emphasis on class ii b genes and results from songbirds obtained in our laboratory. southern blots suggest a surprising diversity in mhc class ii gene number among various songbird species (passeriformes). we have sequenced approximately 30 kb contigs from mhc bearing cosmid clones from two species, red-winged blackbirds (agelaius phoeniceus) and house finches (carpodacus mexicanus), whose d ... | 1999 | 10319255 |
| feather mites, pectoral muscle condition, wing length and plumage coloration of passerines. | i compared the feather mite (acari, proctophyllodidae) loads of moulting birds with features of the new plumage that they were growing. i examined 21 samples, each sample containing individuals of the same species, sex and age class (juvenile, yearling or adult). i used nine species: wren, troglodytes troglodytes; dunnock, prunella modularis; robin, erithacus rubecula; blue tit, parus caeruleus; great tit, p. major; chaffinch, fringilla coelebs; greenfinch, carduelis chloris; linnet, c. cannabin ... | 1999 | 10479371 |
| field investigation of mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) eggs and nestlings. | we conducted a field study to investigate the occurrence of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in eggs and nestlings from nests of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). forty-three nests were located between the months of april and august 1998 and were followed with one to three sampling efforts. vitelline membrane of fresh eggs, whole embryos, or swabs from the choanal cleft or conjunctiva of nestlings were inoculated into mycoplasma broth for mg isolation and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing ... | 1999 | 10494429 |
| pathogenic effects on domestic poultry of a mycoplasma gallisepticum strain isolated from a wild house finch. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) has been isolated from wild house finches. the pathogenic effects of mg finch strain (k4058) and mg r-strain were compared after exposure of chickens and turkeys. gross and histologic lesions, reisolation of the organism, serology, and clinical disease were evaluated. milder histologic and gross lesions, in addition to lower serologic titers, occurred in birds inoculated with the finch strain. mortality, concurrent with clinical and gross respiratory signs and lesio ... | 1999 | 10611979 |
| role of peridomestic birds in the transmission of st. louis encephalitis virus in southern california. | in response to the 1984 st. louis encephalitis (sle) epidemic in the los angeles basin of southern california (usa), an investigative program was initiated to evaluate the interactive components of the sle virus transmission cycle. from 1987 through 1996 (10 yr), 52,589 birds were bled and their sera tested for sle and western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus antibodies by the hemagglutination inhibition (hai) test. eighty-three percent of the birds tested were house finches (carpodacus mexi ... | 2000 | 10682741 |
| density-dependent decline of host abundance resulting from a new infectious disease. | although many new diseases have emerged within the past 2 decades [cohen, m. l. (1998) brit. med. bull. 54, 523-532], attributing low numbers of animal hosts to the existence of even a new pathogen is problematic. this is because very rarely does one have data on host abundance before and after the epizootic as well as detailed descriptions of pathogen prevalence [dobson, a. p. & hudson, p. j. (1985) in ecology of infectious diseases in natural populations, eds. grenfell, b. t. & dobson, a. p. ( ... | 2000 | 10792031 |
| mhc class ii pseudogene and genomic signature of a 32-kb cosmid in the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). | large-scale sequencing studies in vertebrates have thus far focused primarily on the genomes of a few model organisms. birds are of interest to genomics because of their much smaller and highly streamlined genomes compared to mammals. however, large-scale genetic work has been confined almost exclusively to the chicken; we know little about general aspects of genomes in nongame birds. this study examines the organization of a genomic region containing an mhc class ii b gene in a representative o ... | 2000 | 10810083 |
| mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in songbirds from new york. | a field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of conjunctivitis and mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infections in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) and other songbirds common to bird feeders in tompkins county (new york, usa). eight hundred two individuals of 23 species and nine families of birds were captured and given physical examinations during the 14 mo study beginning in february 1998. clinical conjunctivitis (eyelid or conjunctival swelling, erythema, and discharge) was observe ... | 2000 | 10813607 |
| sexual dimorphism in relation to current selection in the house finch. | sexual dimorphism is thought to have evolved in response to selection pressures that differ between males and females. our aim in this study was to determine the role of current net selection in shaping and maintaining contemporary sexual dimorphism in a recently established population of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) in montana. we found strong differences between sexes in direction of selection on sexually dimorphic traits, significant heritabilities of these traits, and a close congr ... | 2000 | 10937271 |
| the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch. i. population divergence in morphological covariance structure. | patterns of genetic variation and covariation strongly affect the rate and direction of evolutionary change by limiting the amount and form of genetic variation available to natural selection. we studied evolution of morphological variance-covariance structure among seven populations of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) with a known phylogenetic history. we examined the relationship between within- and among-population covariance structure and, in particular, tested the concordance between hi ... | 2000 | 11108605 |
| the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. ii. population divergence in relation to local selection. | recent colonization of ecologically distinct areas in north america by the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) was accompanied by strong population divergence in sexual size dimorphism. here we examined whether this divergence was produced by population differences in local selection pressures acting on each sex. in a long-term study of recently established populations in alabama, michigan, and montana, we examined three selection episodes for each sex: selection for pairing success, overwinter s ... | 2000 | 11209788 |
| the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. iii. developmental basis. | sexual size dimorphism of adults proximately results from a combination of sexually dimorphic growth patterns and selection on growing individuals. yet, most studies of the evolution of dimorphism have focused on correlates of only adult morphologies. here we examined the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in an isolated population of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). sexes differed in growth rates and growth duration; in most traits, females grew faster than males, but males grew for a lo ... | 2001 | 11263737 |
| host range and dynamics of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis among birds in north america. | an epidemic of conjunctivitis among house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) bacterial infections was first described in 1994. the disease exhibits high primary host specificity, but has been isolated from a limited number of secondary avian hosts at various times and locations. we used records from the house finch disease survey, a continent-wide, volunteer monitoring project, to document the host range of conjunctivitis in birds at feeding stations and to in ... | 2001 | 11272507 |
| characterization of the mycoplasmal conjunctivitis epizootic in a house finch population in the southeastern usa. | an epidemiological study of the prevalence of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) was conducted in auburn (alabama, usa) between march 1998 and february 1999. clinical disease was observed in 4% of the 1,214 finches trapped and examined. this rate is comparable to the average annual prevalence observed in this population since 1996, although the prevalence of clinical disease observed in the peak months of september through november was lower than in previous yea ... | 2001 | 11272508 |
| diagnosis and treatment of conjunctivitis in house finches associated with mycoplasmosis in minnesota. | an ongoing outbreak of mycoplasma gallisepticum-associated conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) that began in 1994 in the eastern united states has been spreading westward. house finches presenting with the clinical signs of m. gallisepticum-associated conjunctivitis were first seen at the wildlife rehabilitation center of minnesota (minnesota, usa) in july of 1996, and 42 cases were admitted from 26 december 1996 to 10 august 1997. a nested pcr was designed for sensitive and s ... | 2001 | 11310874 |
| characterization of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in 1998. | since 1995, the epidemic of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in eastern house finches has affected the auburn, al, house finch population. to better characterize the current status of this host-parasite interaction, we established a captive flock of 38 seronegative, healthy finches in fall 1998. after a minimum quarantine period of 4 wk, two mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg)-infected house finches were introduced into this flock. over a 12-wk period, the flock was captured every 2 wk and each bird was obs ... | 2001 | 11332501 |
| mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) and other wild birds associated with poultry production facilities. | since 1994, an epidemic of conjunctivitis caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) has spread throughout the eastern population of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). the adaptation of mg to a free-flying avian species presents potential problems for the control of mycoplasmosis in commercial poultry. to evaluate risks associated with this emerging problem, a field survey was conducted to assess prevalence of mg infection in house finches and other passerine birds associated with poultry farms. ... | 2001 | 11417811 |
| a condition dependent link between testosterone and disease resistance in the house finch. | testosterone has recently been proposed as a link between male quality and health and the expression of sexual traits. we investigated the relationship between testosterone and measures of the individual condition and health of males in a natural population of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). we also conducted a captive experiment in order to test for the effects of testosterone on resistance to coccidia, which is a common parasite of house finches. free-living males in better condition had ... | 2001 | 11747565 |
| mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in quebec. | an outbreak of conjunctivitis affected evening grosbeaks (coccothraustes vespertinus) and pine grosbeaks (pinicola enucleator) in quebec (canada) during the winter 1998-99. one to 30% of the individuals from these two species were sick at 13 feeding stations. sick birds were thin and had unilateral or bilateral catarrhal and lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis and rhinitis, and mucopurulent infra-orbital sinusitis. mycoplasmal organisms were isolated in cultures in an affected evening grosbeak and ... | 2001 | 11763749 |
| sex-biased hatching order and adaptive population divergence in a passerine bird. | most species of birds can lay only one egg per day until a clutch is complete, and the order in which eggs are laid often has strong and sex-specific effects on offspring growth and survival. in two recently established populations of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) in montana and alabama, breeding females simultaneously adjusted the sex and growth of offspring in relation to their position in the laying order, thereby reducing the mortality of sons and daughters by 10 to 20% in both envi ... | 2002 | 11786641 |
| the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. iv. population divergence in ontogeny. | differences among taxa in sexual size dimorphism of adults can be produced by changes in distinct developmental processes and thus may reflect different evolutionary histories. here we examine whether divergence in sexual dimorphism of adults between recently established montana and alabama populations of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) can be attributed to population differences in growth of males and females. in both populations, males and females were similar at hatching, but as a resu ... | 2001 | 11831668 |
| susceptibility of a naïve population of house finches to mycoplasma gallisepticum. | since 1994 an epidemic of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis has spread throughout the eastern house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) population leading to a significant decline in this population. the infection has not yet been reported from house finch populations west of the great plains. we hypothesized that the western population, like the eastern population, is susceptible to infection, and we tested this hypothesis by experimentally infecting house finches from missoula, montana (usa) with the house ... | 2002 | 12038126 |
| varied pathogenicity of a hong kong-origin h5n1 avian influenza virus in four passerine species and budgerigars. | this investigation assessed the ability of the zoonotic a/chicken/hong kong/220/97 (chicken/hong kong) (h5n1) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to infect and cause disease in zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata), house finches (carpodacus mexicanus), house sparrows (passer domesticus), european starlings (sternus vulgaris), and budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) after intranasal administration. zebra finches were the most severely affected of the five species, demonstrating anorexia, dep ... | 2003 | 12627709 |
| experimental infection of north american birds with the new york 1999 strain of west nile virus. | to evaluate transmission dynamics, we exposed 25 bird species to west nile virus (wnv) by infectious mosquito bite. we monitored viremia titers, clinical outcome, wnv shedding (cloacal and oral), seroconversion, virus persistence in organs, and susceptibility to oral and contact transmission. passeriform and charadriiform birds were more reservoir competent (a derivation of viremia data) than other species tested. the five most competent species were passerines: blue jay (cyanocitta cristata), c ... | 2003 | 12643825 |
| the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in the house finch. v. maternal effects. | the phenotype of a mother and the environment that she provides might differentially affect the phenotypes of her sons and daughters, leading to change in sexual size dimorphism. whereas these maternal effects should evolve to accommodate the adaptations of both the maternal and offspring generations, the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are rarely known. in birds, females adjust the onset of incubation (coincident with the first egg or after all eggs are laid) in response to the environ ... | 2003 | 12683534 |
| effects of immunosuppression on encephalitis virus infection in the house finch, carpodacus mexicanus. | immunosuppression of house finches was attempted by blood feeding culex tarsalis coquillett mosquitoes or by injecting birds with the corticosteroid dexamethasone or the immunosuppressant drug cyclophosphamide before and after inoculation with western equine encephalomyelitis or st. louis encephalitis viruses. mosquito bites (8-37 females blood feeding on each bird over a 3-d period) did not enhance the viremia response or increase the frequency of chronic infection. in contrast, dexamethasone a ... | 2003 | 12693850 |
| interaction between maternal effects: onset of incubation and offspring sex in two populations of a passerine bird. | maternal phenotype and maternal environment can profoundly affect the phenotype and fitness of offspring. yet the causes of variation in such maternal effects are rarely known. embryos in avian eggs cannot develop without being incubated and this creates an opportunity for maternal control of duration and onset of offspring development. however, females might adjust the start of incubation (e.g., coincident with the first egg or delayed until after egg-laying) in response to environmental condit ... | 2003 | 12721828 |
| characterization of a naturally occurring infection of a mycoplasma gallisepticum house finch-like strain in turkey breeders. | an outbreak of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in commercial turkeys involving very mild clinical signs was difficult to confirm by routine methods. in the first part of this study (trial a), we conducted a bioassay to increase the likelihood of detecting mg. susceptible turkeys were inoculated with sinus exudates from four different affected commercial turkey flocks. turkeys were evaluated for clinical signs, as well as by serology and culture of tracheal swabs, at 21 and 42 days postchallenge. a ... | 2003 | 14562878 |
| molecular variability of house finch mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates as revealed by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the pvpa gene. | mycoplasma gallisepticum, a major pathogen of chickens and turkeys, has caused significant declines in house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) populations in the eastern united states since it was first observed in this species in 1994. there is evidence that m. gallisepticum infection is now endemic among eastern house finches, although disease prevalence has declined, suggesting an evolving host-parasite relationship. studies based on randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) have documented the pr ... | 2003 | 14562892 |
| context-dependent sexual advertisement: plasticity in development of sexual ornamentation throughout the lifetime of a passerine bird. | male investment into sexual ornamentation is a reproductive decision that depends on the context of breeding and life history state. in turn, selection for state- and context-specific expression of sexual ornamentation should favour the evolution of developmental pathways that enable the flexible allocation of resources into sexual ornamentation. we studied lifelong variation in the expression and condition-dependence of a sexual ornament in relation to age and the context of breeding in male ho ... | 2003 | 14640398 |
| reconciling actual and inferred population histories in the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) by aflp analysis. | the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) is a native songbird of western north america that was introduced to the eastern united states and hawaiian islands in historic times. as such, it provides an unusually good opportunity to test the ability of molecular markers to recover recent details of a known population history. to investigate this prospect, genetic variation in 172 individuals from 16 populations in the western and eastern united states, southeastern canada, hawaiian islands, and mexic ... | 2003 | 14761063 |
| experimental infection of california birds with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | a total of 27 bird species from the san joaquin and coachella valleys of california were inoculated subcutaneously with sympatric strains of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses. overall, 133 of 164 birds inoculated with wee virus developed a viremia detected by plaque assay; significantly greater than 72 of 163 birds inoculated with sle virus. host competence was calculated as the average number of days that each avian species had a viremia > or = 2 lo ... | 2003 | 14765678 |
| health survey of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) from wisconsin. | we conducted a health survey of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) without evidence of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in order to establish baseline population health measures and estimate prevalence of potential pathogens likely to influence host susceptibility to mycoplasmosis. seasonal changes in several physiologic parameters were observed. weights were greater in winter compared with the breeding season (p < 0.01), fat scores were greater in winter than during fall migration (p < 0.01 ... | 2004 | 15077801 |
| safety and efficacy of the avirulent mycoplasma gallisepticum strain k5054 as a live vaccine in poultry. | a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) isolate from an atypically mild outbreak in turkey breeders was found to be similar to house finch isolates by dna analyses. a preliminary study in turkeys showed that this isolate (k5054) caused very mild lesions and protected turkeys against subsequent challenge with a virulent mg strain. in this study, k5054 was further evaluated as a potential vaccine strain in commercial layer-type chickens and turkeys. the safety of k5054 was evaluated by aerosol challenge f ... | 2004 | 15077802 |
| effects of early song experience on song preferences and song control and auditory brain regions in female house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). | we examined the effects of song tutoring on adult song preferences, volume of song-control brain regions, and activity of auditory brain regions in female house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). hand-reared females were tutored with local songs, foreign songs, or no song. we then examined adult song preferences, determined the nissl-defined volume of the song-control nuclei hvc, area x, and ra, and compared the number of cells immunoreactive for zenk protein in the auditory regions ncm and cmhv, f ... | 2004 | 15085541 |
| experimental infection of house finches with mycoplasma gallisepticum. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) has caused an endemic upper respiratory and ocular infection in the eastern house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) after the epidemic first described in 1994. the disease has been studied by a number of investigators at a population level and reports describe experimental infection in group-housed mg-free house finches. because detailed observation and evaluation of individual birds in group-housed passerines is problematic, we studied individually housed house finches ... | 2004 | 15137491 |
| the effect of mycoplasmosis on carotenoid plumage coloration in male house finches. | parasites are widely assumed to cause reduced expression of ornamental plumage coloration, but few experimental studies have tested this hypothesis. we captured young male house finches carpodacus mexicanus in alabama before fall molt and randomly divided them into two groups. one group was infected with the bacterial pathogen mycoplasma gallicepticum (mg) and the other group was maintained free of mg infection. all birds were maintained through molt on a diet of seeds with tangerine juice added ... | 2004 | 15143143 |
| complexity and integration in sexual ornamentation: an example with carotenoid and melanin plumage pigmentation. | sexual ornaments often consist of several components produced by distinct developmental processes. the complexity of sexual ornaments might be favoured by mate choice of individual components in different environments which ultimately results in weak interrelationships (integration) among the developmental processes that produce these components. at the same time, sexual selection for greater exaggeration of individual components favours their stronger co-dependence on organismal resources. this ... | 2004 | 15525416 |
| evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds: i. sex-specific resource allocation among simultaneously growing oocytes. | females in species that produce broods of multiple offspring need to partition resources among simultaneously growing ova, embryos or neonates. in birds, the duration of growth of a single egg exceeds the ovulation interval, and when maternal resources are limited, a temporal overlap among several developing follicles in the ovary might result in a trade-off of resources among them. we studied growth of oocytes in relation to their future ovulation order, sex, and overlap with other oocytes in a ... | 2004 | 15525420 |
| effect of dose on house finch infection with western equine encephalomyelitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, were experimentally infected with high and standard doses of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (weev) or st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) to determine whether high doses would produce an elevated viremia response and a high frequency of chronic infections. finches inoculated with approximately100,000 plaque forming units (pfu) of weev or slev produced viremia and antibody responses similar to those in finches inoculated with approximately 100 pfu of w ... | 2004 | 15535631 |
| carotenoid-based plumage coloration predicts resistance to a novel parasite in the house finch. | the hamilton-zuk hypothesis proposes that the bright colours displayed by many species of birds serve as signals of individual resistance to parasites. despite the popularity of this hypothesis, only one previous study has tested whether plumage coloration predicts how individuals respond to a disease challenge. we inoculated 24 male house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) of variable plumage hue with a novel bacterial pathogen, mycoplasma gallicepticum (mg). we found no relationship between plumag ... | 2005 | 15558224 |
| seasonality and wildlife disease: how seasonal birth, aggregation and variation in immunity affect the dynamics of mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches. | we examine the role of host seasonal breeding, host seasonal social aggregation and partial immunity in affecting wildlife disease dynamics, focusing on the dynamics of house finch conjunctivitis (mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in carpodacus mexicanus). this case study of an unmanaged emerging infectious disease provides useful insight into the important role of seasonal factors in driving ongoing disease dynamics. seasonal breeding can force recurrent epidemics through the input of fresh suscept ... | 2004 | 15615682 |
| vectest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for west nile virus in dead birds. | the vectest antigen-capture assay for west nile virus was performed on oral and tissue swabs from dead birds in new york state from april 2003 through july 2004. results were compared with those from real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of kidney or brain. oral vectest sensitivity is adequate for surveillance in american crows (corvus brachyrhynchos) (87%), blue jays (cyanocitta cristata) (80%), and house sparrows (passer domesticus) (76%). oral vectest performed well for sm ... | 2004 | 15663856 |
| dynamics of a novel pathogen in an avian host: mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches. | in early 1994, a novel strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg)--a poultry pathogen with a world-wide distribution--emerged in wild house finches and within 3 years had reached epidemic proportions across their eastern north american range. the ensuing epizootic resulted in a rapid decline of the host population coupled with considerable seasonal fluctuations in prevalence. to understand the dynamics of this disease system, a multi-disciplinary team composed of biologists, veterinarians, microbio ... | 2005 | 15777638 |
| androgen control of immunocompetence in the male house finch, carpodacus mexicanus müller. | the immunocompetence handicap (ich) hypothesis predicts that elevated levels of the gonadal androgen testosterone (t) entail obligatory costs, such as immunosuppression, but evidence supporting this immunosuppressive influence is equivocal. to investigate this question, adult males house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, were exposed to short days and chronically treated with t-filled (t males; n=10) or empty (c males; n=10) silastic capsules. testosterone administration increased plasma t levels a ... | 2005 | 15781889 |
| stress responses and disease in three wintering house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) populations along a latitudinal gradient. | in laboratory studies, stress hormones have been shown to impair immune functions, and increase susceptibility to diseases. however, the interactions between stress hormones and disease have rarely been studied in free-ranging populations. in this study, we measured concentrations of the avian stress hormone corticosterone across four winter months (december-march) over two years in three eastern north american house finch populations (carpodacus mexicanus) along a latitudinal gradient. because ... | 2005 | 15922346 |
| avian host and mosquito (diptera: culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of west nile and st. louis encephalitis virus transmission. | the ability of the invading ny99 strain of west nile virus (wnv) to elicit an elevated viremia response in california passerine birds was critical for the effective infection of culex mosquitoes. of the bird species tested, western scrub jays, aphelocoma coerulescens, produced the highest viremia response, followed by house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, and house sparrows, passer domesticus. most likely, few mourning, zenaidura macroura, or common ground, columbina passerine, doves and no calif ... | 2005 | 15962789 |
| susceptibility of wild songbirds to the house finch strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus), caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), was first reported in 1994 and, since this time, has become endemic in house finch populations throughout eastern north america. although the house finch is most commonly associated with mg-related conjunctivitis, mg has been reported from other wild bird species, and conjunctivitis (not confirmed as mg related) has been reported in over 30 species. to help define the host range of the house finch st ... | 2005 | 16107666 |
| interspecific variation in dietary carotenoid assimilation in birds: links to phylogeny and color ornamentation. | many birds use carotenoid pigments to acquire rich red, orange, and yellow coloration in feathers and bare parts that is used as a signal of mate quality. because carotenoids are derived from foods, much attention has been paid to the role of diet in generating color variation both within and among avian species. less consideration has been given to physiological underpinnings of color variability, especially among species. here, i surveyed published literature (e.g. captive feeding studies) on ... | 2005 | 16129640 |
| adaptive sex differences in growth of pre-ovulation oocytes in a passerine bird. | maternal modification of offspring sex in birds has strong fitness consequences, however the mechanisms by which female birds can bias sex of their progeny in close concordance with the environment of breeding are not known. in recently established populations of house finches (carpodacus mexicanus), breeding females lay a sex-biased sequence of eggs when ambient temperature causes early onset of incubation. we studied the mechanisms behind close association of incubation and sex-determination s ... | 2005 | 16188605 |
| maternal inheritance and rapid evolution of sexual size dimorphism: passive effects or active strategies? | adaptive evolution is often strongly influenced by maternal inheritance that transfers the parental strategies across generations. the consequences of maternal effects for the offspring generation depend on the between-generation similarity in environments and on the evolved sensitivity of the offspring's ontogeny to maternal effects. when these factors differ between sons and daughters, maternal effects can influence the evolution of sexual dimorphism. the establishment of house finch populatio ... | 2005 | 16224709 |
| experimentally increased social competition compromises humoral immune responses in house finches. | although social behavior can substantially influence an individual's physiology, few studies have examined whether intraspecific competition compromises individual immunocompetence. we experimentally manipulated the intensity of social competition in captive non-breeding house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) by supplying few (high competition) or many (low competition) feeding sites. we tested whether elevated levels of social competition caused individual changes in aggression rates, humoral imm ... | 2006 | 16256991 |
| molecular evidence for a founder effect in invasive house finch (carpodacus mexicanus) populations experiencing an emergent disease epidemic. | the impact of founder events on levels of genetic variation in natural populations remains a topic of significant interest. well-documented introductions provide a valuable opportunity to examine how founder events influence genetic diversity in invasive species. house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) are passerine birds native to western north america, with the large eastern north american population derived from a small number of captive individuals released in the 1940s. previous comparisons us ... | 2006 | 16367845 |
| phylogenetic analysis of avian poxviruses among free-ranging birds of virginia. | polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a portion of the avian poxvirus core 4b gene of infected free-ranging birds that presented at the wildlife center of virginia during the 2003 and early 2004 years. the species of bird infected were a great blue heron (ardea herodias), two american crows (corvus brachyrhyncos), two american robins (turdus migratorius), two mourning doves (zenaida macroura), a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis), a blue-gray gnatcatcher (polioptila caerulea), a norther ... | 2005 | 16405007 |
| testosterone induces testicular development but reduces gnrh-i fiber density in the brain of the house finch, carpodacus mexicanus. | testosterone (t) in male birds generally inhibits the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, but the androgen can also be gonadostimulatory. the mechanisms responsible for this stimulation are unknown. to address this question, adult male house finches, carpodacus mexicanus, held on short day length to inhibit reproductive function, received 20-mm long t-filled silastic capsules either for 74 days (t+; n=5; day 1-74) or for 66 days followed by eight days without capsules (t-; n=5), ... | 2006 | 16549066 |
| characterization of experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in captive house finch flocks. | the use of controlled, horizontal-transmission experiments provides detailed information on the spread of disease within fixed social groups, which informs our understanding of disease dynamics both in an empirical and theoretical context. for that reason, we characterized in 2002, horizontal transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in two flocks of 11 wild-caught house finches housed in outdoor aviaries over a 6-mo period. all birds were initially free of mg by a polymerase chain reaction ... | 2006 | 16617979 |
| a cdna macroarray approach to parasite-induced gene expression changes in a songbird host: genetic response of house finches to experimental infection by mycoplasma gallisepticum. | in 1994, the bacterial parasite mycoplasma gallisepticum expanded its host range and swept through populations of a novel host--eastern us populations of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). this epizootic caused a dramatic decline in finch population numbers, has been shown to have caused strong selection on house finch morphology, and presumably caused evolutionary change at the molecular level as finches evolved enhanced resistance. as a first step toward identifying finch genes that respo ... | 2006 | 16626453 |
| yolk testosterone stimulates growth and immunity in house finch chicks. | female birds deposit variable amounts of androgens, such as testosterone, into the yolks of their eggs. evidence suggests that yolk androgens play an important role in the determination of offspring phenotype. while androgens are generally regarded as anabolic and immunosuppressive, studies of the behavioral and physiological effects of yolk androgens on offspring of several avian species have been conflicting, leaving the adaptive significance associated with deposition patterns of yolk androge ... | 2006 | 16691520 |
| evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds: iii. adjustment of ovulation order can enable sex-specific allocation of hormones, carotenoids, and vitamins. | overlap in growth of offspring should constrain the opportunity for sex-biased maternal effects, yet sex-specific allocation of maternal resources among simultaneously growing ova is often observed in vertebrates. in birds, such allocation can be accomplished either by temporal clustering of ova that become the same sex, resulting in sex-biased egg-laying order, or by follicle-specific delivery of maternal resources. two house finch populations at the northern and southern boundaries of the spec ... | 2006 | 16780506 |
| distribution of orexin/hypocretin immunoreactivity in the brain of a male songbird, the house finch, carpodacus mexicanus. | previous research has shown orexin/hypocretin immunoreactive (orexin-ir) neurons in domesticated galliformes. however, these findings may not be representative of other birds and these studies did not include a distribution of orexin-ir projections throughout the brain. the present study was carried out in a wild-caught passerine, the house finch, carpodacus mexicanus, and includes a detailed description of orexin-ir neurons and their projections. orexin a and b-ir neurons were located in a sing ... | 2006 | 16806811 |
| genotypic analyses of mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from songbirds by random amplification of polymorphic dna and amplified-fragment length polymorphism. | mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) conjunctivitis emerged in 1994 as a disease of free-ranging house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in north america and has also been isolated from other songbirds with conjunctivitis. random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) of house finch and other songbird isolates has suggested that a single 'strain' initiated this outbreak. to explore the possibility of genomic variability among house finch isolates of mg and to evaluate the utility of a second technique fo ... | 2006 | 16870869 |
| further western spread of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection of house finches. | mycoplasma gallisepticum, an important pathogen of poultry, especially chickens and turkeys, emerged in 1994 as the cause of conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in their eastern range of north america. the resulting epidemic of m. gallisepticum conjunctivitis severely decreased house finch abundance and the continuing endemic disease in the eastern range has been associated with repeating seasonal peaks of conjunctivitis and limitation of host populations. mycoplasma gallisept ... | 2006 | 16870870 |
| sex-biased maternal effects reduce ectoparasite-induced mortality in a passerine bird. | duration of developmental stages in animals evolves under contrasting selection pressures of age-specific mortality and growth requirements. when relative importance of these effects varies across environments, evolution of developmental periods is expected to be slow. in birds, maternal effects on egg-laying order and offspring growth, two proximate determinants of nestling period, should enable rapid adjustment of developmental periods to even widely fluctuating mortality rates. we test this h ... | 2006 | 16983088 |
| yolk antioxidants vary with male attractiveness and female condition in the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). | the manipulation of egg content is one of the few ways by which female birds can alter offspring quality before hatch. lipid-soluble vitamins and carotenoids are potent antioxidants. female birds deposit these antioxidants into eggs in variable amounts according to environmental and social conditions, and the quantities deposited into eggs can have effects on offspring health and immunological condition. allocation theory posits that females will alter the distribution of resources according to ... | 2006 | 17041875 |
| evolutionary genetics of carpodacus mexicanus, a recently colonized host of a bacterial pathogen, mycoplasma gallisepticum. | we present molecular data documenting how introduction to the eastern united states and an epizootic involving a bacterial pathogen has affected the genetic diversity of house finches, a cardueline songbird. population bottlenecks during introduction can cause loss of genetic variation and may negatively affect a population's ability to adapt to novel stressors such as disease. although a genome-wide survey using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers suggests little loss of genet ... | 2007 | 17103248 |
| genetic diversity predicts pathogen resistance and cell-mediated immunocompetence in house finches. | evidence is accumulating that genetic variation within individual hosts can influence their susceptibility to pathogens. however, there have been few opportunities to experimentally test this relationship, particularly within outbred populations of non-domestic vertebrates. we performed a standardized pathogen challenge in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) to test whether multilocus heterozygosity across 12 microsatellite loci predicts resistance to a recently emerged strain of the bacterial ... | 2005 | 17148199 |
| phylogeographic structuring of plasmodium lineages across the north american range of the house finch (carpodacus mexicanus). | the determinants of the geographic distribution of avian hematozoa are poorly understood. sampling parasites from one avian host species across a wide geographic range is an accepted approach to separate the potential influence of host species distribution from geographic effects not directly related to host species biology. we used polymerase chain reaction to screen samples for hematozoan infection from 490 house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) collected at 8 sites spanning continental north am ... | 2006 | 17152948 |
| spatial spread of an emerging infectious disease: conjunctivitis in house finches. | in this paper we quantify the rate of spread of the newly emerged pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum of the house finch, carpodacus mexicanus, in its introduced range. we compare and contrast the rapid, yet decelerating, rate of spread of the pathogen with the slower, yet accelerating rate of spread of the introduced host. comparing the rate of spread of this pathogen to pathogens in terrestrial mammalian hosts, we see that elevation and factors relating to host abundance restrict disease spread, ... | 2006 | 17249229 |
| avian mortality surveillance for west nile virus in colorado. | we tested 1,549 avian carcasses of 104 species to identify targets for west nile virus (wnv) surveillance in colorado, determine species affected by wnv, compare virus isolation versus rna detection applied to hearts and oral swabs from carcasses, and compare the vectest wnv antigen assay (vectest) to standard assays. forty-two species tested positive. from june to september 2003, 86% of corvids, 34% of non-corvid passerines, and 37% of raptors tested positive. we developed the target species in ... | 2007 | 17360863 |
| hormonal and environmental control of song control region growth and new neuron addition in adult male house finches, carpodacus mexicanus. | in songbirds, testosterone (t) mediates seasonal changes in the sizes and neuroanatomical characteristics of brain regions that control singing (song control regions; scrs). one model explaining the mechanisms of the growth of one scr, the hvc, postulates that in the spring increasing photoperiod and circulating t concentrations enhance new neuron survival, thus increasing total neuron number. however, most research investigating the effects of t on new neuron survival has been done in autumn. t ... | 2007 | 17443828 |
| state-specific detection probabilities and disease prevalence. | investigations of disease dynamics in wild animal populations often use estimated prevalence or incidence as a measure of true disease frequency. such indices, almost always based solely on raw counts of infected and uninfected individuals, are often used as the basis for analysis of temporal and spatial dynamics of diseases. generally, such studies do not account for potential differences in observer detection probabilities of host individuals stratified by biotic and/or abiotic factors. we dem ... | 2007 | 17479842 |
| experimental evidence for transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches by fomites. | ever since mycoplasma gallisepticum emerged among house finches in north america, it has been suggested that bird aggregations at feeders are an important cause of the epidemic of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis because diseased birds could deposit droplets of pathogen onto the feeders and thereby promote indirect transmission by fomites. in this paper we bring the first experimental evidence that such transmission (bird-to-feeder-to-bird) does actually take place. house finches infected via this rou ... | 2007 | 17497332 |
| contrasting natural experiments confirm competition between house finches and house sparrows. | after house finches were introduced from the western to the eastern united states and rapidly increased in numbers, house sparrows declined, leading to suggestions that the decline was caused by interspecific competition. however, other potential causes were not excluded. the rapid decline in house finches following the emergence of a new disease (mycoplasmal conjunctivitis) caused by a novel strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in 1994 has provided a natural experiment and an opportunity to ... | 2007 | 17536703 |
| context-dependent development of sexual ornamentation: implications for a trade-off between current and future breeding efforts. | allocation of resources into the development of sexual displays is determined by a trade-off between the competing demands of current reproduction and self-maintenance. when reproduction overlaps with acquisition of sexual ornamentation, such as in birds with a yearly post-breeding moult, such a trade-off can be expressed in elaboration of sexual traits used in subsequent matings. in turn, selection for elaboration of sexual ornaments should favour resolution of this trade-off through a modifica ... | 2007 | 17584223 |
| host feeding pattern of culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) and its role in transmission of west nile virus in harris county, texas. | the vertebrate hosts of 672 blood-engorged culex quinquefasciatus say, collected in harris county, texas, during 2005, were identified by nucleotide sequencing pcr products of the cytochrome b gene. analysis revealed that 39.1% had acquired blood from birds, 52.5% from mammals, and 8.3% were mixed avian and mammalian blood meals. most frequent vertebrate hosts were dog (41.0%), mourning dove (18.3%), domestic cat (8.8%), white-winged dove (4.3%), house sparrow (3.2%), house finch (3.0%), gray ca ... | 2007 | 17620633 |
| diurnal rhythm and photoperiodism in testicular recrudescence of the house finch. | a circadian rhythm in house finches appears to control the timing of the photoperiodic response of testicular recrudescence. a 6-hour light period coupled with dark periods of varying duration does not stimulate spermatogenesis in cycle lengths of 24, 48, and 72 hours, but initiates spermatogenesis in cycles of 12, 36, and 60 hours. | 1963 | 17752408 |
| mosquito landing rates on nesting american robins (turdus migratorius). | we measured mosquito landing rates on adult and nestling american robins at nests with infrared cameras in washington, d.c., and maryland, united states. mosquitoes landed on nesting robins almost exclusively between dusk and dawn. the mean number of mosquito landings per night was higher for adults (123.3 +/- se 32.8) than nestlings (37.26 +/- 14.8). the fraction of mosquitoes landing at a nest on nestlings increased with decreases in adult brooding. oral swabs from nestlings at these and 13 ot ... | 2007 | 17767414 |