| occurrence of caerulein in extracts of the skin of hyla caerulea and other australian hylids. | | 1968 | 5660165 |
| isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivity of a novel neuromedin u analog from the defensive skin secretion of the australasian tree frog, litoria caerulea. | we report the isolation of a novel bioactive peptide, neuromedin u-23 (nmu-23), from the defensive skin secretion of the australasian tree frog, litoria caerulea. the primary structure of the peptide was established by a combination of microsequencing, mass spectroscopy and site-directed antiserum immunoreactivity as sdeevqvpggvisngyflfrprn-amide (m(r) 2580.6). a synthetic replicate of frog nmu-23 displaced monoradioiodinated rat nmu-23 from uterine membranes in a dose-dependent fashion indistin ... | 2000 | 10671478 |
| virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytium dendrobatidis varies with the strain. | although mortality in 3 groups of 15 green tree frogs litoria caerulea exposed to 3 isolates of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was 100%, time to death varied with isolate, highlighting the importance of strain and/or passage history in pathogenicity studies and possibly in the epidemiology of chytridiomycosis. a standard naming scheme for isolates of b. dendrobatidis is proposed. | 2005 | 16465833 |
| distribution of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and pathology in the skin of green tree frogs litoria caerulea with severe chytridiomycosis. | although histopathology is used routinely for diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in live and dead amphibians, there are no quantitative data on the distribution of the causative fungus, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in the skin. we performed quantitative histological examinations on 6 sites on the body and 4 toes of 10 free-ranging adult green tree frogs litoria caerulea found recently dead or dying from chytridiomycosis. large numbers of sporangia occurred in all areas of ventral skin and toes; on ... | 2005 | 16465835 |
| mosquito repellents in frog skin. | the search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl-m-toluamide (deet). given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. we investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical appl ... | 2006 | 17148373 |
| a zoospore inhibition technique to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds against batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and unsuccessful treatment of experimentally infected green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) by fluconazole and benzalkonium chloride. | effective and safe treatments of chytridiomycosis in amphibians, caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, are needed to help prevent mortality in captive programs for threatened species, to reduce the risk of spread, and to better manage the disease in threatened populations. we describe a simple method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antifungal agents that involves adding zoospores to various drug concentrations in 96 well plates and microscopic observation after four ... | 2009 | 19117582 |
| severe sparganosis in australian tree frogs. | spargana of spirometra erinacei infect many vertebrate species, but severe disease from sparganosis has been reported from few host species. information on the effects of this common, introduced tapeworm of cats on australian frogs is lacking. our survey to detect significant diseases in free-ranging amphibians in eastern australia between 1993 and 2000 revealed that infection with spargana (plerocercoids) of s. erinacei occurred in 12/243 (4.9%) sick frogs. infections occurred in skeletal muscl ... | 2009 | 19901368 |
| electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. | mounting evidence implicates the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in global amphibian declines and extinctions. while the virulence of this disease has been clearly demonstrated, there is, as yet, no mechanistic explanation for how b. dendrobatidis kills amphibians. to investigate the pathology of chytridiomycosis, blood samples were collected from uninfected, aclinically infected and clinically diseased amphibians and analyzed for a wide range of bi ... | 2007 | 17972752 |
| chemical and olfactory characterization of odorous compounds and their precursors in the parotoid gland secretion of the green tree frog, litoria caerulea. | when stressed or challenged by a predator, the australian green tree frog, litoria caerulea, emits a characteristic nutty odor from its parotoid glands. this study identifies the source of the odor as the cyclic amide 2-pyrrolidone (2-pyro). in addition, we demonstrate the presence of 2-pyro's straight chain form, gamma-aminobutyric acid or gaba, in the frog's glandular secretion and propose an odorant-precursor relationship. what role both compounds play in the frog's defensive strategy remains ... | 2003 | 14584677 |
| experimental challenge and clinical cases of bohle iridovirus (biv) in native australian anurans. | ranaviruses have been observed with increasing frequency amongst poikilothermic vertebrate hosts. the impact of ranaviruses upon amphibian populations has remained largely unknown. a gene probe for bohle iridovirus (biv) based upon primers designed to detect epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv) was constructed. a pcr and dot-blot system was used successfully in screening for the presence of biv nucleic acid in digested formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded amphibian tissues. juvenile frogs ... | 2002 | 12078986 |
| single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis reveals genetic variation within spirometra erinacei (cestoda: pseudophyllidea) from australia. | this study examined genetic variability within spirometra erinacei (cestoda: pseudophyllidea) from different host species and geographical origins in australia using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based mutation detection approach, followed by dna sequencing. part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (p cox 1) was amplified by pcr, scanned for sequence variation by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp), and representative samples from different host species were selected for dn ... | 2002 | 12030766 |
| hepatitis in the green tree frog (litoria caerulea) associated with infection by a species of myxidium. | | 1997 | 9469229 |
| mucormycosis in a free-ranging green tree frog from australia. | mucor amphibiorum is reported for the first time from a free-ranging native amphibian, a green tree frog (litoria caerulea) from queensland, australia. the nasal cavity was largely replaced by granulomatous inflammatory tissue, and most internal organs had nodular granulomas. typical mother and daughter sphaerules of m. amphibiorum occurred in these nodules which were due to granulomatous inflammation as well as areas of more active mixed inflammation with necrosis. tissue homogenate from the sp ... | 1997 | 9391982 |
| ceruletide acts in the abdomen, not in the brain, to produce satiety. | ceruletide (caerulein), a decapeptide extracted from the skin of the frog, hyla caerulea, is very similar in structure to the c-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (cck-8). although ceruletide and cck-8 act through similar or identical receptors to produce the same visceral effects, previous studies in the rat suggested that peripherally administered ceruletide acted directly on the ventromedial hypothalamic (vmh) area to decrease food intake, but peripherally administered cck-8 acted at a v ... | 1984 | 6099563 |
| laboratory evaluation of two native fishes from tropical north queensland as biological control agents of subterranean aedes aegypti. | the ability of 2 freshwater fishes, eastern rainbow fish melanotaenia splendida splendida and fly-specked hardyhead craterocephalus stercusmuscarum stercusmuscarum, native to north queensland to prey on immature aedes aegypti was evaluated under laboratory conditions. the predation efficiency of the 2 species was compared to the exotic guppy, poecilia reticulata, which is commonly used as a biological control agent of mosquito larvae. of the 3 fish species tested, m. s. splendida was shown to be ... | 2001 | 11480819 |
| isolation and amino acid sequence of caerulein, the active decapeptide of the skin of hyla caerulea. | | 1968 | 5649531 |
| presence of caerulein in extracts of the skin of leptodactylus pentadactylus labyrinthicus and of xenopus laevis. | 1. the south american amphibian leptodactylus pentadactylus labyrinthicus and the south african amphibian xenopus laevis contain in their skin a polypeptide indistinguishable from caerulein prepared from the australian amphibian hyla caerulea.2. the caerulein content of different batches of leptodactylus pentadactylus labyrinthicus skins varies from 10 to 500-600 mug/g tissue. drying of the skin causes either a moderate decrease or a slight increase in the caerulein content. methanol extraction ... | 1970 | 5413288 |
| caerulein and its analogues: neuropharmacological properties. | the decapeptide from the frog hyla caerulea, caerulein (caerulein diethylammonium hydrate, ceruletide, cer) is chemically closely related to the c-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (cck-8). like cck-8, cer and some of its analogues produce many behavioural effects in mammals: inhibition of intake of food and water; antinociception; sedation; catalepsy; ptosis, antistereotypic, anticonvulsive and tremorolytic effects; inhibition of self-stimulation. effects of cer in man comprise sedation, ... | 1985 | 3913910 |
| [effect of caerulein on pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion from the perfused rat pancreas (author's transl)]. | several investigations in vivo and in vitro have shown that gastro-intestinal hormones stimulate insulin secretion. however, the reports on the insulinotropic activity of pancreozymin are contradictory. the conflicting results are probably due to the fact that pure native preparation of this hormone has not been obtained in "physiologic" doses. in the present study this problem has been investigated by exposing rat pancreas to caerulein in vitro. caerulein, an active decapeptide isolated from th ... | 1978 | 344078 |
| clinical trials with itraconazole as a treatment for chytrid fungal infections in amphibians. | due in large part to recent global declines and extinctions, amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate group. captive assurance colonies may be the only lifeline for some rapidly disappearing species. maintaining these colonies free of disease represents a challenge to effective amphibian conservation. the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), is one of the major contributors to global amphibian declines and also poses a serious threat to ... | 2012 | 23135136 |
| host stress response is important for the pathogenesis of the deadly amphibian disease, chytridiomycosis, in litoria caerulea. | chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has contributed to worldwide amphibian population declines; however, the pathogenesis of this disease is still somewhat unclear. previous studies suggest that infection disrupts cutaneous sodium transport, which leads to hyponatremia and cardiac failure. however, infection is also correlated with unexplained effects on appetite, skin shedding, and white blood cell profiles. glucocorticoid hormones may be the biochemical connec ... | 2013 | 23630628 |
| first line of defence: the role of sloughing in the regulation of cutaneous microbes in frogs. | amphibian populations worldwide are currently experiencing unprecedented declines due to the combined effects of emerging infectious disease and climate change. the skin is the first line of defence in preventing establishment of pathogens and associated infections. although amphibians undergo regular sloughing of the outer layer of the skin, the potential for regular sloughing to play a role in influencing cutaneous microbial populations and pathogens has been largely overlooked. in the present ... | 2014 | 27293633 |
| defects in host immune function in tree frogs with chronic chytridiomycosis. | the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) has caused mass mortality leading to population declines and extinctions in many frog species worldwide. the lack of host resistance may be due to fungal immunosuppressive effects that have been observed when bd is incubated with cultured lymphocytes, but whether in vivo host immunosuppression occurs is unknown. we used a broad range of hematologic and protein electrophoresis biomarkers, along with various functional tests, to asse ... | 2014 | 25211333 |
| experimental evolution alters the rate and temporal pattern of population growth in batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a lethal fungal pathogen of amphibians. | virulence of infectious pathogens can be unstable and evolve rapidly depending on the evolutionary dynamics of the organism. experimental evolution can be used to characterize pathogen evolution, often with the underlying objective of understanding evolution of virulence. we used experimental evolution techniques (serial transfer experiments) to investigate differential growth and virulence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), a fungal pathogen that causes amphibian chytridiomycosis. we teste ... | 2014 | 25478154 |
| using combined morphological, allometric and molecular approaches to identify species of the genus raillietiella (pentastomida). | taxonomic studies of parasites can be severely compromised if the host species affects parasite morphology; an uncritical analysis might recognize multiple taxa simply because of phenotypically plastic responses of parasite morphology to host physiology. pentastomids of the genus raillietiella are endoparasitic crustaceans primarily infecting the respiratory system of carnivorous reptiles, but also recorded from bufonid anurans. the delineation of pentastomids at the generic level is clear, but ... | 2011 | 21949796 |
| the effects of experimentally infecting australian tree frogs with lungworms (rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) from invasive cane toads. | invasive species may transmit novel pathogens to native taxa, and lacking a history of coevolutionary interactions with the pathogen, the new hosts may be severely affected. cane toads (bufo marinus) were introduced to australia in 1935, bringing with them a lungworm (rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) not found in australian frogs. previous studies suggest that most frog species are unaffected by this parasite, but one tree-frog (litoria caerulea) can harbour high numbers of lungworm. more detailed ... | 2011 | 21624371 |
| three potential sources of microfungi in a treated municipal water supply system in sub-tropical australia. | some microfungi are known to be opportunistic human pathogens, and there is a body of scientific opinion that one of their routes of infection may be water aerosols. others have been implicated as causative agents of odours and off-tastes in drinking water. this study was undertaken to investigate three potential sources of microfungi in a treated, oligotrophic municipal water supply system in sub-tropical australia. formation of the microfungal component of developing biofilm on hard surfaces i ... | 2011 | 21556175 |
| microfungi in drinking water: the role of the frog litoria caerulea. | microfungi were recovered from all parts of a municipal water distribution system in sub-tropical australia even though virtually no colony-forming units were recovered from the treated water as it left the treatment plant. a study was then undertaken to determine the potential sources of the microfungal population in the distribution system. observation of frogs (litoria caerulea) using the internal infrastructure of a reservoir as diurnal sleeping places, together with observation of visible m ... | 2010 | 20948957 |
| cutaneus myxosporidiasis in the australian green tree frog (litoria caerulea). | this case is reported with the intention of highlighting the presentation of cutaneous myxosporidiasis in australian tree frog (litoria caerulea) caused by genus myxobolus. the morphology and morphometric characteristic of the spores were determined using light microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. spores were pyriform in shape in frontal view and oval in lateral view, and the average size was respectively 11.4 × 6.0 × 4.5 μm (12.1 - 9.5 × 6.3 - 5.4 × 5.0 - 4.1 μm). to th ... | 2010 | 20922417 |
| morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization of a novel lankesterella protozoan in two white's tree frogs (litoria caerulea). | two white's tree frogs (litoria caerulea) housed at a zoological park died after a short period of lethargy, weight loss, and edema. detailed postmortem examinations were performed on both frogs, including bacterial cultures and complete histologic examinations. intracytoplasmatic as well as free protozoan parasites were identified in multiple organs from both frogs. the parasites were identified within erythrocytes, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. immunohistochemistry demonstrat ... | 2010 | 20597215 |
| museum material reveals a frog parasite emergence after the invasion of the cane toad in australia. | abstract: | 2010 | 20537137 |
| genotypic analysis of mucor from the platypus in australia. | mucor amphibiorum is the only pathogen known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the free-living platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in tasmania. infection has also been reported in free-ranging cane toads (bufo marinus) and green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) from mainland australia but has not been confirmed in platypuses from the mainland. to date, there has been little genotyping specifically conducted on m. amphibiorum. a collection of 21 mucor isolates representing isolates fro ... | 2010 | 20090018 |
| pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. | the pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), which causes the skin disease chytridiomycosis, is one of the few highly virulent fungi in vertebrates and has been implicated in worldwide amphibian declines. however, the mechanism by which bd causes death has not been determined. we show that bd infection is associated with pathophysiological changes that lead to mortality in green tree frogs (litoria caerulea). in diseased individuals, electrolyte transport across the epidermis was inhibited ... | 2009 | 19900897 |
| germ tube mediated invasion of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibian skin is host dependent. | batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis, a fungal skin disease in amphibians and driver of worldwide amphibian declines.we focussed on the early stages of infection by bd in 3 amphibian species with a differential susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. skin explants of alytes muletensis, litoria caerulea and xenopus leavis were exposed to bd in an ussing chamber for 3 to 5 days. early interactions of bd with amphibian skin were observed using light microscopy ... | 2012 | 22911798 |
| treatment of chytridiomycosis with reduced-dose itraconazole. | effective treatment methods to eliminate infection with batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) are required for development of sustainable captive survival assurance populations of amphibians and to reduce the risk of introducing bd to new locations as part of amphibian trade or reintroduction programs. treatment with itraconazole baths at 100 mg l-1 is commonly used in captive amphibians, but side effects are observed in some amphibian species and life stages. naturally occurring outbreaks of chyt ... | 2012 | 22832723 |
| chloramphenicol with fluid and electrolyte therapy cures terminally ill green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) with chytridiomycosis. | terminal changes in frogs infected with the amphibian fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) include epidermal degeneration leading to inhibited epidermal electrolyte transport, systemic electrolyte disturbances, and asystolic cardiac arrest. there are few reports of successful treatment of chytridiomycosis and none that include curing amphibians with severe disease. three terminally ill green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) with heavy bd infections were cured using a combination of c ... | 2012 | 22779237 |
| pathology of a bohle-like virus infection in two australian frog species (litoria splendida and litoria caerulea). | gross and histopathological examination was performed on seven captive magnificent tree frogs (litoria splendida) and one green tree frog (litoria caerulea) that had died or been humanely destroyed while naturally infected with mahaffey road virus, a bohle iridovirus-like ranavirus. necropsy examination revealed skin lesions consisting of multiple small pale or haemorrhagic papules and ulcers in most frogs. other common gross findings were perineural haemorrhage affecting the spinal nerves, hydr ... | 2015 | 25678427 |
| first detection of circovirus-like sequences in amphibians and novel putative circoviruses in fishes. | the negative samples of a collection, established originally for seeking new adeno- and herpesviruses in lower vertebrates, were screened for the pres-ence of circoviruses by a consensus nested pcr targeting the gene coding for the replication-associated protein. six fish samples representing five species, namely asp (aspius aspius), roach (rutilus rutilus), common bream (abramis brama), round goby (neogobius melanostomus) and monkey goby (neogobius fluviatilis), as well as three frog samples we ... | 2014 | 24334078 |
| quantifying anuran microhabitat use to infer the potential for parasite transmission between invasive cane toads and two species of australian native frogs. | parasites that are carried by invasive species can infect native taxa, with devastating consequences. in australia, invading cane toads (rhinella marina) carry lungworm parasites (rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) that (based on previous laboratory studies) can infect native treefrogs (litoria caerulea and l. splendida). to assess the potential of parasite transmission from the invader to the native species (and from one infected native frog to another), we used surveys and radiotelemetry to quanti ... | 2014 | 25188421 |
| frogs host faecal bacteria typically associated with humans. | tree frogs commonly access drinking water tanks; this may have human health implications. although amphibians might not be expected to host mammalian faecal indicator bacteria (fib), it is possible that they may have human fib on their skin after exposure to human waste. we collected faeces and skin wash from green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) from a natural environment, a suburban site, and a suburban site near a creek occasionally contaminated with sewage effluent. we used molecular technique ... | 2017 | 28414918 |
| non-invasive measurement of frog skin reflectivity in high spatial resolution using a dual hyperspectral approach. | most spectral data for the amphibian integument are limited to the visible spectrum of light and have been collected using point measurements with low spatial resolution. in the present study a dual camera setup consisting of two push broom hyperspectral imaging systems was employed, which produces reflectance images between 400 and 2500 nm with high spectral and spatial resolution and a high dynamic range. | 2013 | 24058464 |
| removing the rubbish: frogs eliminate foreign objects from the body cavity through the bladder. | during the course of a telemetry study on three species of australian frogs (litoria caerulea, litoria dahlii and cyclorana australis), we found that many of the surgically implanted transmitters had migrated into the bladder. we subsequently implanted small beads into l. caerulea and they were expelled from the body in 10-23 days. beads implanted into cane toads (rhinella marina) to document the process were either expelled or were enveloped into the bladder. this appears to be a unique pathway ... | 2011 | 21147830 |
| [the effect of caerulein on gastric mucosal blood-flow and gastric secretion (author's transl)]. | the effect of caerulein, a decapeptide produced from the skin of the australian frog hyla caerulea, on the mucosal blood-flow and the gastric acid secretion as well as the pepsin secretion has been investigated in 15 patients. caerulein administered at a dose rate of 0.1 mug/kg-h significantly inhibited the gastric mucosal blood-flow (p greater than 0.005) and the acid secretion (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01), which had been stimulated by pentagastrin at a dose rate of 1.5 mug/kg-h. the ... | 1975 | 1097807 |
| optical diffraction studies on stimulated single fibres of frog muscle (hyla caerulea). | | 1974 | 4837620 |
| isolation and structure of caerulein, an active decapeptide from the skin of hyla caerulea. | | 1967 | 6062875 |
| measuring intraocular pressure in white's tree frogs (litoria caerulea) by rebound tonometry: comparing device, time of day, and manual versus chemical restraint methods. | ocular diseases reported in frogs include uveitis and glaucoma, which are associated with changes in intraocular pressure (iop). the objectives of this study were to characterize the normal iop for white's tree frogs ( litoria caerulea ) using two types of rebound tonometers, and to assess whether time of day or method of restraint affected iop. eighteen conscious, unrestrained, ophthalmologically normal frogs were used to measure iop using tonovet® and tonolab® tonometers, at three time points ... | 2017 | 28749263 |
| isolation of brucella inopinata-like bacteria from white's and denny's tree frogs. | brucella inopinata strain bo1 and b. sp. strain bo2 isolated from human patients, respectively, are genetically different from classical brucella species. we isolated bacteria of the genus brucella from two species of wild-caught tropical frogs kept in the facilities in japan: white's tree frog, which inhabits oceania, and denny's tree frog, which inhabits southeast asia. phylogenetic analyses based on 16s rrna and reca gene sequences and multilocus sequence analysis showed that two isolates of ... | 2017 | 28437181 |
| when the going gets rough - studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs. | tree frogs need to adhere to surfaces of various roughnesses in their natural habitats; these include bark, leaves and rocks. rough surfaces can alter the effectiveness of their toe pads, due to factors such as a change of real contact area and abrasion of the pad epithelium. here, we tested the effect of surface roughness on the attachment abilities of the tree frog litoria caerulea. this was done by testing shear and adhesive forces on artificial surfaces with controlled roughness, both on sin ... | 2016 | 28144558 |
| light and electron microscopic analyses of the high deformability of adhesive toe pads in white's tree frog, litoria caerulea. | white's tree frog (litoria caerulea) has large, adhesive toe pads that are among the softest of all known biological structures. to explore the morphological basis for the physical properties of the toe pads, the internal microstructure of the toe pads in l. caerulea was examined using both light and transmission electron microscopy. three design elements that are distinct from other areas of skin were observed. first, the keratinocytes comprising the adhesive surface of the toe pad all containe ... | 2016 | 27553505 |
| nanoscale friction and adhesion of tree frog toe pads. | tree frogs have become an object of interest in biomimetics due to their ability to cling to wet and slippery surfaces. in this study, we have investigated the adhesion and friction behavior of toe pads of white's tree frog (litoria caerulea) using atomic force microscopy (afm) in an aqueous medium. facilitating special types of afm probes with radii of ∼400 nm and ∼13 μm, we were able to sense the frictional response without damaging the delicate nanopillar structures of the epithelial cells. w ... | 2016 | 27165465 |
| reproductive and immune effects of chronic corticosterone treatment in male white's treefrogs, litoria caerulea. | amphibian populations are declining globally. the potential contribution of glucocorticoid hormones to these declines has received little attention, but chronic elevation of glucocorticoids has been linked to a suite of negative outcomes across vertebrate taxa. recently, chronic environmental stress has been associated with precipitous declines in sperm count and sperm viability in white's treefrogs (litoria caerulea), but the mechanism remains unknown. in order to determine whether corticostero ... | 2015 | 27293707 |
| effects of anthropogenic noise on endocrine and reproductive function in white's treefrog, litoria caerulea. | urbanization is a major driver of ecological change and comes with a suite of habitat modifications, including alterations to the local temperature, precipitation, light and noise regimes. although many recent studies have investigated the behavioural and ecological ramifications of urbanization, physiological work in this area has lagged. we tested the hypothesis that anthropogenic noise is a stressor for amphibians and that chronic exposure to such noise leads to reproductive suppression. in t ... | 2015 | 27293682 |
| comparative cryo-sem and afm studies of hylid and rhacophorid tree frog toe pads. | cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-sem) and atomic force microscopy (afm) offer new avenues for the study of the morphology of tree frog adhesive toe pads. using these techniques, we compare toe pad microstructure in two distantly related species of tree frog, litoria caerulea, white (hylidae) and rhacophorus prominanus, smith (rhacophoridae), in which the toe pads are considered to be convergent. afm demonstrates the extraordinary similarity of both surface microstructures (largely hexagon ... | 2013 | 23999965 |
| sticking like sticky tape: tree frogs use friction forces to enhance attachment on overhanging surfaces. | to live and clamber about in an arboreal habitat, tree frogs have evolved adhesive pads on their toes. in addition, they often have long and slender legs to facilitate not only long jumps, but also to bridge gaps between leaves when climbing. both adhesive pads and long limbs are used in conjunction, as we will show in this study. previous research has shown that tree frogs change from a crouched posture (where the limbs are close to the body) to a sprawled posture with extended limbs when cling ... | 2013 | 23325755 |
| body size influences energetic and osmoregulatory costs in frogs infected with batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. | sloughing maintains the skins integrity and critical functionality in amphibians. given the behavioural, morphological and osmoregulatory changes that accompany sloughing, this process is likely to be physiologically costly. chytridiomycosis, a cutaneous disease of amphibians caused by the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), disrupts skin function and increases sloughing rates. moreover, mortality rates from chytridiomycosis are significantly higher in juveniles and so we hypothesised th ... | 2018 | 29487313 |
| self-cleaning in tree frog toe pads; a mechanism for recovering from contamination without the need for grooming. | tree frogs use adhesive toe pads for climbing on a variety of surfaces. they rely on wet adhesion, which is aided by the secretion of mucus. in nature, the pads will undoubtedly get contaminated regularly through usage, but appear to maintain their stickiness over time. here, we show in two experiments that the toe pads of white's tree frogs (litoria caerulea) quickly recover from contamination through a self-cleaning mechanism. we compared adhesive forces prior to and after contamination of (1) ... | 2012 | 23100487 |
| hematologic and plasma biochemical reference intervals for health monitoring of wild australian tree frogs. | few hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for wild amphibians have been established. reference values would aid in early detection of emerging infectious diseases, which are a significant problem for amphibian conservation efforts. | 2012 | 23003118 |
| hepatic carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (cps) i and urea contents in the hylid tree frog, litoria caerulea: transition from cps iii to cps i. | the complete cdna sequence of cps i obtained from the liver of the hylid tree frog, litoria caerulea, consisted of 4,485 bp which coded for 1,495 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 163.7 kda. the deduced cps i consisted of a mitochondrial targeting sequence of 33 amino acid residues, a glutaminase amidotransferase component spanning from tyrosine 95 to leucine 425, and a methylglyoxal synthetase-like component spanning from valine 441 to lysine 1566. it also comprised two cysteine r ... | 2012 | 22736308 |
| elastic modulus of tree frog adhesive toe pads. | previous work using an atomic force microscope in nanoindenter mode indicated that the outer, 10- to 15-μm thick, keratinised layer of tree frog toe pads has a modulus of elasticity equivalent to silicone rubber (5-15 mpa) (scholz et al. 2009), but gave no information on the physical properties of deeper structures. in this study, micro-indentation is used to measure the stiffness of whole toe pads of the tree frog, litoria caerulea. we show here that tree frog toe pads are amongst the softest o ... | 2011 | 21667266 |
| ultrastructure and physical properties of an adhesive surface, the toe pad epithelium of the tree frog, litoria caerulea white. | knowledge of both surface structure and physical properties such as stiffness and elasticity are essential to understanding any adhesive system. in this study of an adhesion surface in the tree frog, litoria caerulea white, a variety of techniques including atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the microstructure and properties of an epithelium that adheres through wet adhesion. litoria toe pads consist of a hexagonal array of flat-topped epithelial cells, separated by mucus-filled ch ... | 2009 | 19112133 |
| morphology and function of the forelimb in arboreal frogs: specializations for grasping ability? | frogs are characterized by a unique morphology associated with their saltatory lifestyle. although variation in the form and function of the pelvic girdle and associated appendicular system related to specialized locomotor modes such as swimming or burrowing has been documented, the forelimbs have typically been viewed as relatively unspecialized. yet, previous authors have noted versatility in forelimb function among arboreal frogs associated with feeding. here we study the morphology and funct ... | 2008 | 18565111 |
| hindlimb muscle fiber types in two frogs (rana catesbeiana and litoria caerulea) with different locomotor behaviors: histochemical and enzymatic comparison. | to test how differences in locomotor behaviors may be reflected in muscle fiber-type diversity within anurans, a comparison of hindlimb muscles between the powerful terrestrial hopper, rana catesbeiana, and the tree frog, litoria caerulea, was done. one postural muscle (tibialis posticus, tp) and one primary hopping muscle (plantaris longus, pl), were characterized to identify muscle fiber types using standard histochemical methods. in addition, spectophotometric analysis of activity levels of t ... | 2008 | 17960758 |
| wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads. | tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. the adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. the pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. here, we present evidence from single-t ... | 2006 | 16971337 |
| host-defence peptide profiles of the skin secretions of interspecific hybrid tree frogs and their parents, female litoria splendida and male litoria caerulea. | five healthy adult female first-generation hybrid tree frogs were produced by interspecific breeding of closely related tree frogs litoria splendida and l. caerulea in a cage containing large numbers of males and females of both species. phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences established the female parent to be l. splendida. the peptide profile of the hybrid frogs included the neuropeptide caerulein, four antibiotics of the caerin 1 family and several neuronal nitric oxide synthase ... | 2006 | 16824041 |
| water harvest via dewing. | harvesting water from humid air via dewing can provide a viable solution to a water shortage problem where liquid-phase water is not available. here we experimentally quantify the effects of wettability and geometry of the condensation substrate on the water harvest efficiency. uniformly hydrophilic surfaces are found to exhibit higher rates of water condensation and collection than surfaces with lower wettability. this is in contrast to a fog basking method where the most efficient surface cons ... | 2012 | 22731870 |
| condensation onto the skin as a means for water gain by tree frogs in tropical australia. | green tree frogs, litoria caerulea, in the wet-dry tropics of northern australia remain active during the dry season with apparently no available water and temperatures that approach their lower critical temperature. we hypothesized that this surprising activity might be because frogs that are cooled during nighttime activity gain water from condensation by returning to a warm, humid tree hollow. we measured the mass gained when a cool frog moved into either a natural or an artificial hollow. in ... | 2011 | 21956032 |
| [subcutaneous sparganosis in an australian green tree frog (litoria caerulea)]. | | 2010 | 22215301 |
| cutaneous chytridiomycosis in poison dart frogs (dendrobates spp.) and white's tree frogs (litoria caerulea). | | 1999 | 10098698 |
| ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts. | many amphibian species around the world, except in asia, suffer morbidity and mortality when infected by the emerging infectious pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). a lineage of the amphibian chytrid fungus isolated from south korean amphibians (bdasia-1) is evolutionarily basal to recombinant global pandemic lineages (bdgpl) associated with worldwide amphibian population declines. in asia, the bd pathogen and its amphibian hosts have coevolved over 100 years or more. thus, resilience ... | 2019 | 31161901 |
| in vitro modeling of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection of the amphibian skin. | the largest current disease-induced loss of vertebrate biodiversity is due to chytridiomycosis and despite the increasing understanding of the pathogenesis, knowledge unravelling the early host-pathogen interactions remains limited. batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) zoospores attach to and invade the amphibian epidermis, with subsequent invasive growth in the host skin. availability of an in vitro assay would facilitate in depth study of this interaction while reducing the number of experiment ... | 2019 | 31725762 |
| a pathogenic skin fungus and sloughing exacerbate cutaneous water loss in amphibians. | batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is a pathogenic fungus that causes the cutaneous, infectious disease chytridiomycosis and has been implicated in population declines of numerous anuran species worldwide. proximate cause of death by chytridiomycosis is asystolic cardiac arrest as a consequence of severe disruption to electrolyte balance. animals heavily infected with bd also experience a disruption to their skin sloughing regime, indicating that core functions of the skin, such as water retent ... | 2018 | 29752415 |
| percutaneous absorption between frog species: variability in skin may influence delivery of therapeutics. | frogs have permeable skin, so transdermal delivery provides a practical alternative to traditional dosing routes. however, little is known about how frog skin permeability differs interspecifically, and there are different reported clinical outcomes following topical application of the same chemical in different frog species. this study collated in vitro absorption kinetic data previously reported for two frog species: the green tree frog (litoria caerulea) and the cane toad (rhinella marina), a ... | 2020 | 31769075 |
| atypical brucella sp in captive australian green tree frogs (litoria caerulea): clinical features, pathology, culture and molecular characterization. | brucella spp. are globally important zoonotic bacteria, which have historically been considered pathogens of warm-blooded species. more recently, new strains of brucella have been cultured from a broader range of animals including terrestrial and marine mammals and amphibians. these new isolates are classified as 'atypical' brucellae and differ from the classical stains by host tropism, phenotypic traits or phylogenetic distance. atypical brucella have previously been described as the cause of l ... | 2020 | 32153019 |
| mechanistic basis for loss of water balance in green tree frogs infected with a fungal pathogen. | chytridiomycosis, a lethal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), disrupts skin function of amphibians, interfering with ionic and osmotic regulation. to regulate fungal loads, amphibians increase their rate of skin sloughing. however, sloughing also causes a temporary loss of ionic and osmotic homeostasis due to disruption of the skin, a key osmoregulatory organ. the combined effects of increased sloughing frequency and chytridiomycosis contribute to the ... | 2019 | 31141416 |
| estimating the maximum attachment performance of tree frogs on rough substrates. | tree frogs can attach to smooth and rough substrates using their adhesive toe pads. we present the results of an experimental investigation of tree frog attachment to rough substrates, and of the role of mechanical interlocking between superficial toe pad structures and substrate asperities in the tree frog species litoria caerulea and hyla cinerea. using a rotation platform setup, we quantified the adhesive and frictional attachment performance of whole frogs clinging to smooth, micro-, and mac ... | 2019 | 30706849 |
| a lethal fungal pathogen directly alters tight junction proteins in the skin of a susceptible amphibian. | bacterial and viral pathogens can weaken epithelial barriers by targeting and disrupting tight junction (tj) proteins. however, comparatively little is known about the direct effects of fungal pathogens on tj proteins and their expression. the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), is threatening amphibian populations worldwide. bd is known to infect amphibian skin and disrupt cutaneous osmoregulation. however, exactly how this occurs is poor ... | 2019 | 30559297 |
| neuromastoma of the hard palate mucosa in an australian green tree frog (litoria caerulea). | a hard palate mass was surgically removed from an australian green tree frog (litoria caerulea) and examined pathologically. the tumor consisted of sheets of small cells arranged in a tubular structure and cords or rosettes with fibrovascular stroma. immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for cytokeratin and neuron-specific enolase and partially positive for s-100 and doublecortin. these findings indicate that the tumor originated from the neuroectodermal tissue. based o ... | 2018 | 30111671 |
| design of new truncated derivatives based on direct and reverse mirror repeats of first six residues of caerin 4 antimicrobial peptide and evaluation of their activity and cytotoxicity. | caerin 4 is a family of amps isolated from the frog called litoria caerulea. in silico drug designing methods and using machine learning algorithms for amps design can reduce their usage restrictions such as production costs and the time required for investigation of their activity and toxicity. in this study, two short peptides were designed based on direct and reverse mirror repeats of glwqki conserved sequence from caerin 4 family that called dcar12 and rcar12. also, caerin 4.1 was synthesize ... | 2020 | 32259385 |
| tree frog attachment: mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives. | tree frogs have the remarkable ability to attach to smooth, rough, dry, and wet surfaces using their versatile toe pads. tree frog attachment involves the secretion of mucus into the pad-substrate gap, requiring adaptations towards mucus drainage and pad lubrication. here, we present an overview of tree frog attachment, with focus on (i) the morphology and material of the toe pad; (ii) the functional demands on the toe pad arising from ecology, lifestyle, and phylogenetics; (iii) experimental da ... | 2018 | 30154908 |
| discovery of novel caeridins from the skin secretion of the australian white's tree frog, litoria caerulea. | abundant biologically active peptides have been discovered from frog skin secretions, a rich natural source of bioactive compounds with great potential in drug discovery. in this study, three caeridin peptides, namely, caeridin-1, s5-caeridin-1, and caeridin-a1, were discovered from the skin secretion of the australian white's tree frog, litoria caerulea, for the first time, by means of combining transcriptomic and peptidomic analyses. it also represents the first report on bioactive caeridins s ... | 2018 | 30116731 |
| regional variation in percutaneous absorption in the tree frog litoria caerulea. | frog skin structure and physiology differs between skin regions, however little is known about how these differences affect transdermal absorption of chemicals. further, no information is available regarding how the relative lipophilicity of a chemical influences its transdermal pharmacokinetics in frog skin. this study investigated the in vitro percutaneous absorption of three model chemicals - benzoic acid, caffeine, and ibuprofen - through dorsal and ventral skin of the tree frog litoria caer ... | 2018 | 29631153 |
| the biomechanics of tree frogs climbing curved surfaces: a gripping problem. | the adhesive mechanisms of climbing animals have become an important research topic because of their biomimetic implications. we examined the climbing abilities of hylid tree frogs on vertical cylinders of differing diameter and surface roughness to investigate the relative roles of adduction forces (gripping) and adhesion. tree frogs adhere using their toe pads and subarticular tubercles, the adhesive joint being fluid-filled. our hypothesis was that on an effectively flat surface (adduction fo ... | 2018 | 29361584 |
| cutaneous glands in the australian hylid litoria caerulea (amphibia, hylidae). | ultrastructure of cutaneous glands is described in the australian hylid litoria caerulea. three main types of glands could be distinguished in both ventral and dorsal skin: mucous, serous or granular, and lipid glands. both mucous, and to some extent, serous glands show a pas-positive reaction. some of the granular-serous glands react to lipid staining. in addition, a very large gland confined to the dorsal skin of the head reacts to lipid staining. apparently more than one type of dermal gland ... | 2000 | 10839630 |
| comparison of isometric contractile properties of the tongue muscles in three species of frogs, litoria caerulea, dyscophus guinetti, and bufo marinus. | previous studies show that anurans feed in at least three different ways. basal frogs have a broad tongue that shortens during protraction and emerges only a short distance from the mouth. some frogs have long, narrow tongues that elongate dramatically due primarily to inertia from mouth opening, which is transferred to the tongue. a few species have a hydrostatic mechanism that produces tongue elongation during protraction. this functional diversity occurs among frogs that share the same two pa ... | 1999 | 10521872 |