| blood-group a and g specific structures in toad (bufo) spawn. comparative studies on three species (bufo bufo, bufo viridis, bufo calamita). | permethylation analyses of the spawn material of three toad (bufo) species allow the conclusion that the serologically determinant group in bufo bufo spawn is identical with that found in human and hog blood-group a substances (i.e. galnac(alpha1,3) [fuc(alpha1,2)] gal -), and the serologically determinant group in bufo viridis and bufo calamita spawn is identical with that found in blood-group h substances (i.e. fuc(alpha1,2) gal -). | 1978 | 569402 |
| comparison of xanthine: nad+ oxidoreductase from liver of toad bufo viridis and other vertebrates. | 1. xanthine oxidoreductase was isolated from toad bufo viridis (a mainly ureotelic amphibian species) and partially purified. the enzyme occurred as a stable xanthine: nad+ oxidoreductase (ec 1.1.1.204), unconvertible to the oxidase form. 2. some properties of the enzyme resembled those of xanthine oxidoreductase from an ammonotelic fish, cyprinus carpio, and the ureotelic rat, but in other aspects it was similar to this enzyme from an uricotelic snake, natrix natrix. 3. inhibition of the toad e ... | 1989 | 2591196 |
| [r-factors of mercury resistance in bacteria isolated in the mercury-antimony deposit region]. | most of bacterial cells in soil samples taken from a mine at the khaidarkan mercury-antimony deposit (kirghiz ssr) proved to contain r-plasmids with determinants of mercury resistance (hgcl2). plasmids had a high molecular mass (approximately 10(8], though some deviated substantially from this size; at least part of them were transmissible. many hgr bacteria also showed an increased resistance to antimony (sbcl3), but no relation could be found between this character and the plasmids. bacteria f ... | 1985 | 3158803 |
| [the action of serotonin and its analogs on the in vitro maturation of amphibian oocytes]. | indolylalkylamines (5-ht, 5-chlorotryptamine, 5-ethyltryptamine) suppress or block the progesterone-induced oocyte maturation in bufo viridis and xenopus laevis and disturb cytoskeletal rearrangements associated with oocytes involved, together with the other transmitter systems, in modulation of progesterone effect. | 1988 | 3211454 |
| [appearance of a factor stimulating oocyte maturation in the karyoplasm of the oocytes of the green toad, the clawed toad and the starred sturgeon]. | the karyoplasm (the contents of germinal vesicle) of the bufo viridis, xenopus laevis, and acipenser stellatus oocytes maturing under the influence of progesterone acquires the ability to induce the maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown) of the full grown oocytes, when injected into them. this ability arises in the karyoplasm earlier than in the cytoplasm and is preserved until the germinal vesicle breakdown. | 1986 | 3523350 |
| the primary immune response of the green toad (bufo viridis) to challenge with crithidia fasciculata. | the primary immune response of the green toad (bufo viridis) following immunization with crithidia fasciculata choanomastigotes was studied. lysins, agglutinins, and antibodies detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were first detected in the sera of immunized animals one week after injection. the antibody titers increased to significant levels (p less than 0.01) and maximum values were reached seven weeks post-immunization. the stimulated immunoglobulins were antigen-specific, ... | 1987 | 3670126 |
| [effect of the venom of the toad bufo viridis laur. on cardiac hemodynamics in dogs]. | the cardiotonic effect of the secretion of the toads bufo viridis laur. skin glands and discharged bufadienolidines has been studied in the experiments on dogs under anaesthesia. it has been shown that the toad poison and bufadienolidines administered intravenously produce a marked cardiotonic and vasotonic effect, increasing the intraventricular and aortal pressure, the rate of pressure growth in the ventricles and the contraction index of the myocardium. the cardiotonic effect of poisons has a ... | 1986 | 3708029 |
| [comparative analysis of the intraspecific nuclear graft in bufo bufo l., bufo calamita laur., bufo viridis laur. (anourous amphibia)]. | | 1974 | 4214244 |
| [significance of the blood protein pattern in the identification of bufo calamita laur., bufo viridis laur. and their hybrids (amphibia, anura, bufonidae)]. | | 1973 | 4708733 |
| [size and dna content of erythrocyte and spermatozoal nuclei in bufo bufo (l.) and bufo viridis (laur.)]. | | 1969 | 5378511 |
| [binding sites of opiates and endogenous opioids in the oocytes of the toad bufo viridis]. | the binding of labelled naloxone, morphine and (d-ala2,d-leu5)enkephalin (dadl) to oocyte membranes of the toad bufo viridis was investigated. the opiate antagonist naloxone binds to the membranes much more effectively than morphine or dadl. the binding of [3h]naloxone is reversible and saturating. the bound [3h]naloxone is readily replaced by unlabelled naloxone or bremazocine (kappa-agonist), far less effectively by morphine (mu-agonist) and skf 10.047 (sigma-agonist) and is not practically re ... | 1984 | 6087934 |
| [tissue basophils of the thyroid gland in developing amphibia and mammals]. | the number of mast cells has been established to increase sharply during the metamorphosis of bufo viridis tadpoles and during the period of postnatal ontogenesis of rats. the data obtained are under discussion to represent mast cell as a system-forming element of thyroid microregion. | 1984 | 6203560 |
| [cardiotropic action of green toad venom (bufo viridis laur.)]. | | 1980 | 6252977 |
| opiate binding sites and endogenous opioids in bufo viridis oocytes. | binding sites with high affinity for [3h]naloxone, but not for [3h]morphine and [3h] (d-ala2, d-leu5) enkephalin, have been found in membranes of bufo viridis oocytes. the binding is reversible and saturable. bound [3h]naloxone is easily displaced both by unlabeled naloxone and bremazocine, much worse by morphine and skf 10,047; (d-ala2, d-leu5) enkephalin and beta-endorphin practically fail to displace [3h]naloxone. scatchard analysis is consistent with the existence of two classes of binding s ... | 1983 | 6320813 |
| mercury-resistant plasmids in bacteria from a mercury and antimony deposit area. | most bacterial cells (pseudomonas, acinetobacter) obtained from the soil at the khaidarkan mercury and antimony mine (kirghiz ussr) contain r plasmids with mercury (hgcl2) resistance determinants. the plasmids have a large molecular mass (about 100 md, though smaller ones also occur), and at least some of them are transmissive. many of the hgr bacteria also display an elevated antimony (sbcl3) resistance, though this trait was not shown to be plasmid-dependent. there are practically no hgr plasm ... | 1984 | 6394954 |
| [the nature of urea transport across the skin of of rana esculenta]. | in several epithelial tissues such as toad bladder, gallbladder and human red cells, it has been established that urea movement implies a phloretin sensitive mediated transport. in the skin of the toad bufo viridis also it has been described an active transport of urea. our data, obtained on the frog skin seem to demonstrate the existence of some specific mechanism for urea transport towards the inside solution. in fact, two molecules having the some molecular diameter, such as urea and thiourea ... | 1982 | 6980654 |
| urea cycle enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase in xenopus laevis and bufo viridis adapted to high salinity. | xenopus laevis was adapted stepwise to 600 m osmolar sodium chloride. after adaptation, the level of argininosuccinate lyase was raised 9-fold, carbamoylphosphate synthetase 6-fold, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase 3-fold. liver glutamate dehydrogenase was also raised 5-fold; kidney glutamate dehydrogenase was unchanged. in bufo viridis similarly adapted, there was a 5-fold increase in argininosuccinate lyase. when xenopus laevis was adapted to 600 m osmolar sucrose, there was onl ... | 1982 | 7097181 |
| [the action of neurotransmitters and their antagonists on oocyte maturation. the action of serotonin antagonists on the in-vitro maturation of amphibian oocytes]. | serotonin antagonists (inmecarb hydrochloride and inmecarb methiodide) stimulate in vitro maturation of bufo viridis and xenopus laevis oocytes or potentiate the action of progesterone. in contrast to that, serotonin inhibits or blocks oocyte maturation stimulated by progesterone or serotonin antagonists. sensitivity of b. viridis oocytes to serotonin, its agonists and antagonists is subject to seasonal changes. a maximum sensitivity of intact oocytes is observed in february-march, and that of d ... | 1993 | 8371904 |
| trypanosoma mega (kinetoplastida) from bufo viridis in siwah oasis, egypt. | a large pleomorphic trypanosome, identified as trypanosoma mega, is described from the toad bufo viridis collected from siwah oasis at the western desert of egypt. the prevalence of the trypanosome is 83.3%. three trypanosome forms are described, small, intermediate and large stumpy form. observations were also made on the lysed (diffused) trypanosomes. this is the first record of t. mega from b. viridis in egypt which represents a new host and new geographical location. the measurements of the ... | 1997 | 9097527 |
| urea and amphibian water economy. | accumulation of urea in the body fluids enables some amphibians to tolerate high ambient salinities (bufo viridis, xenopus laevis, rana cancrivora, ambystoma tigrinum, batrachoseps spp.) or to estivate in soil with low water potentials (scaphiopus spp.). these species are assumed not only to accumulate urea produced in the normal metabolism, but to synthesize urea in response to water shortage. re-examination of the data did not support the view of an osmoregulatory urea synthesis. increased ure ... | 1997 | 9172374 |
| lateralized agonistic responses and hindlimb use in toads. | the recent discovery of forepaw preferences (handedness) in toad species has provided some insight into the evolution of brain lateralization. we tested the prediction that, as in higher vertebrates, visual lateralization and other motor preferences (footedness) also exists in toad species. during feeding periods, south american cane toads, bufo marinus, showed a population bias to strike with the tongue at other toads occupying their left visual field. this is the first demonstration of lateral ... | 1998 | 9790698 |
| [homoplastic transplantation of ++cloacal elements in anura amphibians (bufo bufo, bufo viridis, rana esculenta)]. | | 1999 | 10765671 |
| mitochondria-rich cells in anuran amphibia: chloride conductance and regional distribution over the body surface. | the distribution and density (d(mrc)) of mitochondria-rich cells (mr cells) in skin epithelium, were determined over the whole body surface in nine species of anuran amphibia that live in a variety of habitats. it was found that the more terrestrial species (beginning with hyla arborea) have a higher density of mr cells in their pelvic region. in the skin of aquatic (xenopus laevis) or fossorial (pelobates syriacus) species, d(mrc) is evenly distributed over the whole body surface. in dorsal ski ... | 2000 | 10779739 |
| [dynamics of the intensity of respiration in early embryogenesis of amphibians]. | we studied growth and respiration rate during early ontogenesis of the axolotl ambystoma mexicanum, bosca's newt triturus waltlii, the green toad bufo viridis, and the smooth clawed frog xenopus laevis. the respiration rate in these amphibian species increases during embryonal and larval development, peaks after transition to active feeding, and decreases at later stages of ontogenesis. the patterns of dynamics of this energy metabolism index in tailed and tailless amphibians have some differenc ... | 2000 | 11036669 |
| species-specificity of amphibia carbohydrate chains: the bufo viridis case study. | the jelly coat surrounding the eggs of amphibia is composed of oviducal mucins and plays an important role in the fertilization process. from a structural and chemical point of view, these jellies are very different from one species to another. bufo viridis is the 13th amphibia species studied in term of carbohydrate structural analysis. the oligosaccharides have been released from the oviducal mucins by reductive beta elimination, purified by various chromatography procedures and analyzed by (1 ... | 2002 | 11814443 |
| [the study of cardiotonic action of green frog poison bufo viridis]. | | 2002 | 12070919 |
| frogs and toads in front of a mirror: lateralisation of response to social stimuli in tadpoles of five anuran species. | tadpoles of five anuran species were tested for preferences in the use of the eyes during inspection of their own visual image in a mirror. when tested in a tank with several small mirrors, tadpoles of five different species (bufo bufo, bufo viridis, rana temporaria, rana esculenta, bombina variegata) preferentially approached and positioned themselves with the mirror located on their left side, thus looking at the image with the monocular field of their left eye. similar results were obtained w ... | 2002 | 12191829 |
| [cardiotropic activity of total bufadienolides from the poison of central asian toad bufo viridis]. | the sum of bufadienolides (bacagin) isolated from the poison of bufo viridis toad occurring in central asia produces a selective strophanthin-k-like action upon the heart function, increasing myocardial contractility, retarding cardiac rhythm, and positively influencing the parameters of myocardial metabolism. the mechanism of realization of the positive ionotropic effect of bacagin is probably related to the ability of increasing the basal level of cytosol calcium at the expense of inhibiting t ... | 2002 | 12449070 |
| the relationship between total sialic acid levels and antioxidant status in the tadpoles of bufo viridis and rana ridibunda ridibunda. | total sialic acid levels (tsa), antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and lipid peroxidation (lpo) levels were investigated during the developmental period in tadpoles of the predominantly terrestrial amphibian b. viridis and the predominantly aquatic amphibian r. r. ridibunda. maximum tsa levels were observed in b. viridis and r. r. ridibunda at the fifth and third week of their development, respectively. sod and cat activity variations during develop ... | 2003 | 12910479 |
| [homoplastic transplants of cloacal material in anurous amphibia (bufo bufo, bufo viridis, rana esculenta)]. | | 1960 | 13766112 |
| pawedness and motor asymmetries in toads. | pawedness was investigated in three species of toads, bufo bufo , bufo viridis , and bufo marinus. samples from natural populations were collected in two successive years and tested during attempts to remove a strip of paper stuck onto the snout ( bufo bufo and bufo viridis ) or during attempts to remove an elastic balloon wrapped around the head ( bufo bufo ). a preferential right forelimb use at the population level was observed in bufo bufo in both tests, whereas no clear pawedness was observ ... | 1997 | 15513053 |
| lateralisation of predator avoidance responses in three species of toads. | lateralisation of responses to presentation of a simulated predator was investigated in three species of toads: two european species (the common toad, bufo bufo, and the green toad, bufo viridis) and one species introduced to australia from south america, the cane toad bufo marinus . first a simulated snake was presented moving rapidly towards the toad in the frontal field of vision and the toad's escape responses, including jumps to the right and to the left, were recorded. no significant bias ... | 2002 | 15513195 |
| a metazoan parasitological research of some iraqi amphibians. | the incidence and intensity of metazoan parasites in 3 species of iraqi amphibians were studied. the amphibians were rana ridibunda, bufo viridis and hyla arborea. twenty-four species of helminths were encountered, including 16 trematodes, 1 cestode and 7 nematodes. their respective names are: polystoma integerrimum, prosotocus confusus, p. fuelleborni, pleurogenoides gastroporus, p. medians, sonsinotrema tacapense, opisthioglyphe ranae, haplometra cylindracea, haematoloechus volgensis, h. vitel ... | 2007 | 18224630 |
| [comparative analysis of radioprotective properties of some zootoxins]. | comparative study of radioprotective properties of venoms of the honeybee apis mellifera, salamander salamandra salamandra, and toad bufo viridis was performed on a model of the bone marrow form of radiation disease in rats. it has been revealed that after repeated administrations at low doses, all studied venoms produce radioprotective effect. the state of radioresistance has been established to remain for 4 weeks after the end of the venom administration. it has been shown that the revealed ef ... | 2008 | 18767560 |
| behavior-based scale definitions for determining individual space use: requirements of two amphibians. | understanding individual space use remains a major issue in ecology, and it is complicated by definitions of spatial scale and the interplay of multiple factors. we quantified the effect of habitat and biotic and individual factors on space use by amphibians (bufo bufo spinosus [bb] and bufo viridis [bv]) that were radio-tracked in their terrestrial summer habitat. we analyzed two spatial scales, 50% core areas and 95% home ranges (excluding 50% core areas), thought to represent resting and fora ... | 2009 | 19063672 |
| a vertebrate reproductive system involving three ploidy levels: hybrid origin of triploids in a contact zone of diploid and tetraploid palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup). | the rise and consequences of polyploidy in vertebrates, whose origin was associated with genome duplications, may be best studied in natural diploid and polyploid populations. in a diploid/tetraploid (2n/4n) geographic contact zone of palearctic green toads in northern kyrgyzstan, we examine 4ns and triploids (3n) of unknown genetic composition and origins. using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence, and nuclear microsatellite markers in 84 individuals, we show that 4n (bufo pewzowi) are allopolyp ... | 2010 | 19863582 |
| comparison of toad venoms from different bufo species by hplc and lc-dad-ms/ms. | toad venom, called chansu in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. | 2010 | 20637273 |
| a cryptic heterogametic transition revealed by sex-linked dna markers in palearctic green toads. | in sharp contrast to birds and mammals, most cold-blooded vertebrates have homomorphic (morphologically undifferentiated) sex chromosomes. this might result either from recurrent x-y recombination (occurring e.g. during occasional events of sex reversal) or from frequent turnovers (during which sex-determining genes are overthrown by new autosomal mutations). evidence for turnovers is indeed mounting in fish, but very few have so far been documented in amphibians, possibly because of practical d ... | 2011 | 21338434 |
| distribution of major brain gangliosides in olfactory tract of frogs. | gangliosides are major cell-surface determinants in the central nervous system (cns) of vertebrates, found both in neuronal and glial cell membranes. together with cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) - anchored proteins, gangliosides are involved in organization of plasma membrane microdomains. based on biochemical studies, frog brain was previously described as having low quantities of gangliosides and their distribution pattern in specific brain regions was unknown. using highly ... | 2011 | 21648321 |
| quantitative recommendations for amphibian terrestrial habitat conservation derived from habitat selection behavior. | conservation scientists have noted that conservation managers rarely use scientific information when making decisions. one of the reasons why managers rarely use scientific information may be that conservation scientists rarely provide their knowledge in a way that can directly be used by conservation practitioners. here we show how quantitative recommendations for conservation can be derived. previous research on terrestrial habitat selection behavior of toads (bufo bufo and bufo viridis) showe ... | 2011 | 22073643 |
| the development and fine structure of ultimobranchial glands in larval anurans. ii. bufo viridis, hyla arborea, and rana ridibunda. | a comparative optical microscopic and ultrastructural study on the ultimobranchial (ub) glands of three common species of israeli anurans: bufo viridis, hyla arborea, and rana ridibunda during metamorphosis is presented. the ub glands typically consist of a single follicle with a central lumen, though occasionally secondary follicles are present in hyla and rana. a single ub cell type is found which appears either in a very electron-dense "dark" form or as a less dense "light" form, though the r ... | 2005 | 1201602 |
| the voltage-dependent chloride current conductance of toad skin is localized to mitochondria-rich cells. | the chloride current across the isolated epithelium from saline-acclimated bufo viridis toads was studied using the extracellular vibrating probe technique. local peak current densities varying between 5 and 100 microa/cm2 were recorded over subpopulation of mitochondria-rich cells, but never over granulosum cells. these local transepithelial currents had characteristics similar to the activated chloride current observed in the whole skin (katz, u. and larsen, e.h. (1984) j. exp. biol. 109, 353- ... | 2008 | 3768357 |
| phylogeny of east asian bufonids inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences (anura: amphibia). | we investigated the relationships of asian bufonids using partial sequences of mitochondrial dna genes. twenty-six samples representing 14 species of bufo from china and vietnam and 2 species of torrentophryne from china were examined. three samples of bufo viridis from armenia and georgia were also sequenced to make a comparison to its sibling tetraploid species b. danatensis. bufo americanus, from canada, was used as the outgroup. sequences from the 12s ribosomal rna, 16s ribosomal rna, cytoch ... | 2000 | 10712847 |
| a comparative study of auditory sensitivity in the genus bufo (amphibia). | multi-unit response from the torus semicircularis were recorded to obtain neural audiograms for five different species, subspecies and races of the genus bufo:bufo b.bufo, bufo b. spinosus, two races of bufo viridis, and bufo americanus. all of the audiograms were clearly bimodal, with a low frequency peak and a high frequency peak. a less pronounced but distinguishable intermediate peak seems to be an indication of trimodality. in the low-frequency range, the audiograms of the five groups diffe ... | 1981 | 24925813 |
| [effect of focused ultrasound on the electroreceptor system of skates and certain fish and amphibian tissues]. | the effects of focused ultrasound have been investigated on the structures of electroreceptor system of the black sea skates (raja clavata, dasyatis pastinaca), as well as on the tissues of some other poikilotherms (fishes belone belone and solea lascaris, toad bufo viridis, frog rana temporaria). it was shown that focused ultrasound evokes excitation (onset of impulse activity) when applied to the pore of electroreceptors and inhibition of the activity when applied to the ampulla itself. the da ... | 2008 | 6968488 |
| evolutionary trend for metamery reduction and gonad shortening in anurans revealed by comparison of gonad development. | the gonads develop as the metameric mesodermal structures at the ventral surface of the mesonephroi. to study the evolutionary trends for anuran gonads, we performed comparative analysis of three species from the basal paraphyletic group - archaeobatrachia (bombina bombina, xenopus laevis, pelobates fuscus) and five species from more derived monophyletic neobatrachia group (hyla arborea, bufotes viridis, rana dalmatina, rana arvalis, rana temporaria). light and scanning electron microscopy analy ... | 2014 | 26154333 |
| retinoic acid homeostasis regulates meiotic entry in developing anuran gonads and in bidder's organ through raldh2 and cyp26b1 proteins. | the vitamin a (retinol) and its metabolites such as retinoic acid (ra) affect vertebrate gametogenesis. the level of ra in cells relies on the balance between its synthesis and degradation. the sex-dependent equilibrium is reached in different ways in various species. it is known that ra induces meiosis in developing gonads in mouse, chicken and urodel amphibians, but its role in anuran amphibians has not been studied. here we show in six anuran species (xenopus laevis, bombina bombina, hyla arb ... | 2016 | 24056063 |
| sexual dimorphism of amh, dmrt1 and rspo1 localization in the developing gonads of six anuran species. | in vertebrates, several genes which are differentially expressed in various species, have been implicated in sex determination and gonadal differentiation. we used immunolocalization to study the expression pattern of three proteins amh, dmrt1, rspo1 involved in the sexual differentiation of gonads. the pattern of amh, dmrt1 and rspo1 expression was analyzed in x. laevis and in five other divergent anuran species: bombina bombina, bufo viridis, hyla arborea, rana arvalis and rana temporaria duri ... | 2013 | 24623081 |
| differential effects of testosterone and 17β-estradiol on gonadal development in five anuran species. | sex hormones are essential for sexual differentiation and play a key role in the development of gonads in amphibians. the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous sex steroids, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol (e(2)) on development of gonads in five anuran species differing in their evolutionary positions, sex determination, and mode of gonadogenesis. we found that in two closely related species of fire-bellied toad, bombina bombina and bombina variegata, testosterone and e(2 ... | 2012 | 22641770 |
| preferential limb use in relation to epicoracoid overlap in the shoulder girdle of toads. | we studied left-right asymmetry in forelimb and hindlimb use in green toads (bufo viridis) and fire-bellied toads (bombina bombina) and investigated its possible relationship to the asymmetric structure of the shoulder girdle (epicoracoid overlap) in the latter species. to estimate forelimb use preference we used a modified ''snout-wiping test'' (bisazza et al., 1997) and to estimate hindlimb use preference we used the ''righting response test'' (robins et al., 1998). the position of epicoracoid ... | 2002 | 15513184 |
| a bactericidal protein in bombina variegata pachypus skin venom. | the skin venom of the yellow bellied toad bombina variegata pachypus has an antimicrobial activity which seems to be correlated to the presence of a 6700 mol. wt polypeptide. this polypeptide was purified by electroelution from sds-urea-polyacrylamide gels and characterized for its antimicrobial activity. a bactericidal action was detected at concentrations with little or no cytolytic effect. the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration showed that there was activity against gram po ... | 1991 | 2048146 |
| climate change promotes hybridisation between deeply divergent species. | rare hybridisations between deeply divergent animal species have been reported for decades in a wide range of taxa, but have often remained unexplained, mainly considered chance events and reported as anecdotal. here, we combine field observations with long-term data concerning natural hybridisations, climate, land-use, and field-validated species distribution models for two deeply divergent and naturally sympatric toad species in europe (bufo bufo and bufotes viridis species groups). we show th ... | 2017 | 28348926 |
| neogene amphibians and reptiles (caudata, anura, gekkota, lacertilia, and testudines) from the south of western siberia, russia, and northeastern kazakhstan. | the present-day amphibian and reptile fauna of western siberia are the least diverse of the palaearctic realm, as a consequence of the unfavourable climatic conditions that predominate in this region. the origin and emergence of these herpetofaunal groups are poorly understood. aside from the better-explored european neogene localities yielding amphibian and reptile fossil remains, the neogene herpetofauna of western asia is understudied. the few available data need critical reviews and new inte ... | 2017 | 28348925 |
| acute toxicity of maneb in the tadpoles of common and green toad. | pesticides used in agriculture can have hazardous effects on aquatic organisms, and amphibians are even more threatened than other aquatic vertebrates. maneb is widely used to control fungal diseases on crops, fruits, and vegetables. the aim of this study was to investigate the acute toxic effects of maneb on the common (bufo bufo) and green toad (pseudepidalea viridis) tadpoles. tadpoles at the development stage 21 were exposed to maneb (0-5 mg l(-1)) for 120 h. maneb lc50 values at hour 120 we ... | 2015 | 26444339 |
| alterations in the release calls of six european anura (amphibia) after partial or total extirpation of the vocal cords. | in the interior of the larynx of ranidae there are two sturdy vocal cords. the bufonidae have more delicate vocal cords, and in addition paired cushions of tissue anterior to the cords and paired folds posterior to the cords. in the three ranids rana esculenta, rana ridibunda and rana temporaria, partial or total extirpation of the vocal cords results in loss of voice or atypical release calls. in such remnants of calls as are retained, the frequency composition is little affected, whereas the i ... | 1976 | 24923743 |
| post-messinian evolutionary relationships across the sicilian channel: mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from sicily to african relatives. | little attention has been paid to the consequences of the last landbridge between africa and sicily on mediterranean biogeography. previous paleontological and scarce molecular data suggest possible faunal exchange later than the well-documented landbridge in the messinian (5.3 my); however, a possible african origin of recent terrestrial sicilian fauna has not been thoroughly tested with molecular methods. to gain insight into the phylogeography of the region, we examine two mitochondrial and t ... | 2008 | 18294389 |
| evidence for chromosome and pst i satellite dna family evolutionary stasis in the bufo viridis group (amphibia, anura). | the west palearctic green toads, bufo viridis , represent a species complex. apart from tetraploid populations, which form at least one separate species, evidence exists for relevant differentiation among diploid populations. we present the results of a chromosomal (c-, ag-nor-, replication pattern, dapi and cma3 banding) and molecular study (isolation and characterization of a satellite dna family) carried out on a number of central asian, european and north african populations. for comparative ... | 2004 | 15505402 |
| [two new nematode species found in amphibians and reptiles from the north part of fergana valley]. | two new species of nematodes found, in the north of fergana plain (uzbekistan): raillietnema uzbekistanica sp. n. (cosmocercidae) from the horsfields tortoise testudo horstfieldi (testudinidae), and spironoura govacus sp. n. (kathlaniidae) from the green toad bufo viridis (bufonidae). data on infection of r. uzbekistanica sp. n. with predatory fungi in different seasons are given. | 2007 | 14964852 |
| [genetic structure and origin of the tetraploid toad bufo danatensis pisanetz, 1978 (amphibia, bufonidae) of central asia. differentiation of geographic forms and genetic relationship between diploid and tetraploid species]. | a hierarchical system, consisting of several levels of genetic divergence, is formed by distribution of genetic distances between diploid taxa of the green toad species complex (subspecies bufo viridis viridis--b. v. turanensis and species b. viridis--b. sp.) and taxa representing western (b. viridis s.l.) and eastern (b. raddei) pale-arctic regions. formally, genetic differentiation of the tetraploid toad b. danatensis from the parapatric diploid species reaches the species level. genetic diver ... | 1995 | 7607424 |
| [genetic structure and origin of the tetraploid toad bufo danatensis pisanetz, 1978 (amphibia, bufonidae) from central asia. biochemical polymorphism and comparison of the level of heterozygosity of diploid species with tetraploid species]. | comparison of individual variation at 24 biochemical loci in members of the species complex of palearctic green toads showed that the heterozygosity of the tetraploid species bufo danatensis (hobs + 0.45) was significantly higher than that of the diploid species b. viridis, b. sp., and b. raddei (hobs = 0.009 - 0.103). such difference can be explained only by a hybrid origin of the tetraploid species. individual electrophoretic variability of the polyploid toad species is associated with an alle ... | 1995 | 7896129 |
| differential processing of provasotocin: relative increase of hydrin 2 (vasotocinyl-gly) in amphibians able to adapt to an arid environment. | hydrin 2 (vasotocinyl-gly) is an intermediate in pro-vasotocin processing found, along with vasotocin, only in the neurohypophysis of anuran amphibians. it increases cutaneous water permeability in the frog and is likely involved in neuroendocrine control of osmoregulation. the relative amounts of vasotocin and hydrin 2 stored in neurohypophysis have been measured on the one hand in amphibian species known not to adapt in dry areas, on the other hand in two species, bufo regularis (africa) and b ... | 1993 | 8413858 |
| sublethal effects of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin on oxidative stress parameters in green toad (bufotes viridis l.). | pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides widely used in agriculture, public health, and veterinary medicine. deltamethrin, a type ii pyrethroid insecticide, has attracted particular attention because of its frequent use. the mechanisms of the toxicity of most pesticides (including pyrethroids) in nontarget organisms is linked to the production of free radicals, oxidative stress induction, increased lipid peroxidation, and disruption of the total antioxidant potential. the aim of the present study ... | 2017 | 28475267 |
| a single transcriptome of a green toad (bufo viridis) yields candidate genes for sex determination and -differentiation and non-anonymous population genetic markers. | large genome size, including immense repetitive and non-coding fractions, still present challenges for capacity, bioinformatics and thus affordability of whole genome sequencing in most amphibians. here, we test the performance of a single transcriptome to understand whether it can provide a cost-efficient resource for species with large unknown genomes. using rna from six different tissues from a single palearctic green toad (bufo viridis) specimen and hiseq2000, we obtained 22,5 mio reads and ... | 2016 | 27232626 |
| sex chromosome conservation, dmrt1 phylogeny and gonad morphology in diploid palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup). | due to the prevailing sex chromosome homomorphy and large genome size, the knowledge on sex determination systems, sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes in amphibians remains scarce. using 3 cross-amplifying sex-linked microsatellite markers, we uncover sex determination systems and sex chromosomes in purebred, diploid palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup), which had so far only been characterized in laboratory-bred hybrids. our data support an xy system in b. balearicus, b. viridis ... | 2014 | 25823515 |
| origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in central asia: evidence from microsatellite markers. | polyploidization, which is expected to trigger major genomic reorganizations, occurs much less commonly in animals than in plants, possibly because of constraints imposed by sex-determination systems. we investigated the origins and consequences of allopolyploidization in palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup) from central asia, with three ploidy levels and different modes of genome transmission (sexual versus clonal), to (i) establish a topology for the reticulate phylogeny in a species ... | 2015 | 25370211 |
| inferring the degree of incipient speciation in secondary contact zones of closely related lineages of palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup). | reproductive isolation between lineages is expected to accumulate with divergence time, but the time taken to speciate may strongly vary between different groups of organisms. in anuran amphibians, laboratory crosses can still produce viable hybrid offspring >20 my after separation, but the speed of speciation in closely related anuran lineages under natural conditions is poorly studied. palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup) offer an excellent system to address this question, comprising ... | 2014 | 24713825 |
| low rates of x-y recombination, not turnovers, account for homomorphic sex chromosomes in several diploid species of palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup). | contrasting with birds and mammals, most ectothermic vertebrates present homomorphic sex chromosomes, which might be due either to a high turnover rate or to occasional x-y recombination. we tested these two hypotheses in a group of palearctic green toads that diverged some 3.3 million years ago. using sibship analyses of sex-linked markers, we show that all four species investigated share the same pair of sex chromosomes and a pattern of male heterogamety with drastically reduced x-y recombinat ... | 2013 | 23316809 |
| strong reproductive barriers in a narrow hybrid zone of west-mediterranean green toads (bufo viridis subgroup) with plio-pleistocene divergence. | one key question in evolutionary biology deals with the mode and rate at which reproductive isolation accumulates during allopatric speciation. little is known about secondary contacts of recently diverged anuran species. here we conduct a multi-locus field study to investigate a contact zone between two lineages of green toads with an estimated divergence time of 2.7 my, and report results from preliminary experimental crosses. | 2010 | 20670415 |
| in vitro cardiotoxicity and mechanism of action of the egyptian green toad bufo viridis skin secretions. | amphibian skin secretions are considered a rich source of biologically active compounds and are known to be rich in bufadienolides, peptides and alkaloids. bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids derived from animals and plants as well. the current study was conducted to investigate the influence of skin secretions of the egyptian green toad bufo viridis (ssbv) on the cardiac electrical activity. isolated toad's heart was used to reveal the mechanism of action. application of ssbv (40microg/ml) ... | 2010 | 19825411 |
| new polymorphic microsatellite markers and development of mitotyping primers for west mediterranean green toad species (bufo viridis subgroup). | we report new polymorphic microsatellites for three species of palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup): 10 in b. balearicus and seven each in b. siculus and b. boulengeri. diversity at these loci, measured for 27 b. balearicus, 23 b. siculus and 11 b. boulengeri, ranged from low to high (two to 10 alleles). mitotyping primers, specific to the control region, which allow fast screening of parapatric sicilian endemic b. siculus and italian mainland-origin b. balearicus, were developed. | 2009 | 21564854 |
| a new type of cell in the larval epidermis of the green toad, bufo viridis viridis. | the flank skin of the premetamorphic stage of the green toad, bufo viridis viridis, was studied by transmission electron microscopy. the skin was typically larval amphibian, made up of a highly fibrous and vascular dermis to the inside and a highly cellular epidermis to the outside with a distinct basal lamina separating the two layers. the epidermis is three-cells thick. the epidermal cells, mostly keratinocytes, are closely packed together and are attached to each other through desmosomes and ... | 2005 | 19058540 |
| phylogeography of a widespread terrestrial vertebrate in a barely-studied palearctic region: green toads (bufo viridis subgroup) indicate glacial refugia in eastern central asia. | the phylogeography of western palearctic species is relatively well studied, but data on eastern central asia are scarce. we present one of the first data sets from a widespread terrestrial vertebrate (bufo pewzowi) inhabiting eastern central asian mountains and deserts to gain knowledge on its phylogeography in this region. we applied combined phylogenetic and demographic analyses to understand the evolutionary history using mitochondrial dna d-loop variation of toads from 37 locations. genetic ... | 2008 | 18301990 |
| a note on asymmetric use of the forelimbs during feeding in the european green toad (bufo viridis). | european green toads (bufo viridis) were tested for one-sided forelimb lateralisation during prey ingestion, i.e., when pushing food into the mouth. results showed that toads preferentially used their left forelimb to help themselves in the ingestion of living larvae. it is argued that previous failure to reveal lateralisation in tests in which b. viridis toads wiped a foreign object off their snout was due to prevalent activation of grooming behaviour; in contrast, lateralisation seems clear wh ... | 2007 | 17712715 |
| effect of bromocriptine on the larval skin of the green toad, bufo viridis viridis leurenti. | in the premetamorphic larval green toad, b. viridis viridis, as in other anurans, the skin is made up of a fibrous dermis and an epidermis of stratified epithelium. the effects of bromocriptine, an antiprolactin drug, on the premetamorphic skin of b. viridis viridis was examined. bromocriptine, dissolved in rearing water at four different concentrations, induced a number of changes in the skin of treated tadpoles. in rough sequence of appearance, these changes include: retraction ofthe melanocyt ... | 2007 | 17687933 |
| biosystematic study of anura in the markazy province of central iran. | only recently anuran fauna of iran has been studied systematically. in order to study the biosystematics of anuran in the markazy province, 122 specimens were collected from six stations during spring and summer 2004-2005. samples were transferred alive to the zoology laboratory, identified and were preserved. the samples composed of the marsh frog, rana ridibunda and the green toad, bufo viridis. the phenetic studies between populations of the two species, 14 characteristics in frog and 17 char ... | 2007 | 19069937 |
| evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of palearctic green toads (bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. | taxa involving three bisexually reproducing ploidy levels make green toads a unique amphibian system. we put a cytogenetic dataset from central asia in a molecular framework and apply phylogenetic and demographic methods to data from the entire palearctic range. we study the mitochondrial relationships of diploids to infer their phylogeography and the maternal ancestry of polyploids. control regions (and trnas between nd1 and nd2 in representatives) characterize a deeply branched assemblage of t ... | 2006 | 16919484 |
| [variation of microsatellites bm224 and bcal7 in populations of green toads (bufo viridis complex) with various nuclear dna content and ploidy]. | we studied variation of microsatellites bm224 and bcal7 in three species of the bufo viridis diploid-polyploid complex. we found that locus bcal7 in all examined samples was monomorphic. three alleles of microsatellite bm224 were found. among tetraploid toads, the western species b. oblongus had only one allele variant, whereas the eastern species b. pewzowi had two other alleles. similar distribution of alleles was observed in triploid specimens, collected in the area borders of tetraploid and ... | 2006 | 16841495 |
| [changes in heat resistance of the muscle and glycerinated muscle fibers of green toad (bufo viridis complex)]. | heat resistance of muscles and actomyosin proteins was determined at damaging temperatures of 41, 42, and 43 degrees c in three green toad (bufo viridis complex) populations from different climatic zones of uzbekistan. the highest muscle and model resistance to these temperatures was revealed in toads living in the warmest plain regions of the country, while the lowest resistance was specific for animals from the piedmont and mountain regions. the variability of heat resistance of the muscle and ... | 2016 | 16004272 |
| histochemical investigations on the secretory cells in the oesophagogastric tract of the eurasian green toad, bufo viridis. | the secretory cells of the oesophagogastric tract of the eurasian toad, bufo viridis, were examined using standard histochemical methods and lectin histochemistry. two goblet cell types were found in the oesophageal epithelium, differing in their morphology and the histochemical features of the secretory granules. these contained mainly acidic glycoconjugates, both sulphated and carboxylated, and a small amount of pepsinogen. type i goblet cells contained stable class-iii mucosubstances, which w ... | 2002 | 12945734 |
| karyological and flow cytometric evidence of triploid specimens in bufo viridis (amphibia anura). | karyological and flow cytometric (fcm) analyses were performed on a group of 14 green toads of the bufo viridis species from seven eurasian populations. both approaches gave concordant results concerning the dna ploidy level. all the populations examined were represented exclusively by diploid or tetraploid specimens, except one, where triploids were found. results evidenced an interpopulation variability in dna content against the same ploidy level, as well as an unusually high number of triplo ... | 2002 | 12152793 |
| [differences in muscle thermostability between diploid and tetraploid species of green toads (bufo viridis complex) of middle asia]. | significant differences were found between diploid (bufo viridis) and tetraploid (b. danatensis) toad species in their skeletal muscle thermostability. the lower muscle thermostability in tetraploids may be associated with the adaptation of b. danatensis to colder conditions of arid mountain area in the middle asia. | 2002 | 12094763 |
| a bisexually reproducing all-triploid vertebrate. | green toads are common in the palaearctic region, where they have differentiated into several taxa. the toads exist with variable amounts of ploidy, similar to other anuran species or reptiles. in vertebrate biology, the very rare occurrence of triploidy is coupled with infertility or unisexuality, or requires the coexistence of individuals of different ploidy in a reproductive community. the reproduction of naturally occurring triploids has been reported to occur only through parthenogenesis, g ... | 2002 | 11836500 |
| morphology of the kidney in larvae of bufo viridis (amphibia, anura, bufonidae). | this study deals primarily with the morphology and ultrastructure of the pronephros in the green toad bufo viridis during prometamorphosis when the pronephros and the developing mesonephros function simultaneously. furthermore, the mesonephros was studied during pro- and postmetamorphosis with emphasis on the distal segments of the nephron. the paired kidneys consist of two cranial pronephroi immediately behind the gill region and two more caudal elongated mesonephroi. each pronephros consists o ... | 2000 | 10972968 |
| [a shift in prey color preference in the green toad bufo viridis laur. after food satiation]. | in the behavioural experiments when showing simultaneously coloured stimuli (food targets) and also in choosing between two stimuli, red and blue, it had been shown with a high level of reliability that the hungry bufo viridis which had not been fed for at least a week, in the overwhelming majority of cases chose the red-coloured food targets. within 1-3 days after an abundant feeding, in the same animals the changes occurred in their preferences of the prey colour. the percentage of choosing th ... | 2006 | 10368629 |
| renal response of euryhaline toad (bufo viridis) to acute immersion in tap water, nacl, or urea solutions. | green toads (bufo viridis) were acclimated to either tap water, 230 mosmol nacl kg-1 h2o (saline), 500 mosmol nacl kg-1 h2o (high saline), or 500 mmol l-1 urea. renal functions for each acclimation group were studied on conscious animals that had one ureter chronically catheterized. reciprocal immersion of tap-water- and saline-acclimated toads in the opposite solution did not stress the animals osmotically, and plasma osmolality increased or decreased by no more than 15%. however, urine osmolal ... | 2015 | 10068626 |
| stabilizing and directional female choice for male calls in the european green toad. | we analysed variation in three temporal (pulse rate, call and intercall duration) and one spectral (fundamental frequency) acoustic properties of the green toad's, bufo viridis, advertisement call, at different levels, from the single bout of an individual to between populations. independent of the level, pulse rate and fundamental frequency were less variable than intercall and call durations. the former were classified as static, the latter as dynamic properties of the signal. we analysed the ... | 1998 | 9787018 |
| flow cytometric approach to study genome size variation in eurasiatic green toads of the bufo viridis complex. | | 1997 | 9859836 |
| [serotonin inhibits phorbol ester-induced oocyte maturation in the green toad (bufo viridis)]. | the activator of protein kinase c phorbol-12-myristat-13-acetate (pma) induces maturation of the definitive intact (coated with the follicular envelopes) and defolliculated oocytes of the green toad. this effect is more pronounced in case of defolliculated oocytes. the amount of matured oocytes depends on the pma concentration in solution. serotonin (5-ht) inhibits or blocks maturation of the oocytes induced either by progesterone or by pma. a possible mechanism of this effect is discussed with ... | 2013 | 8725438 |
| [rna and protein content in cells of diploid and tetraploid toads of the bufo viridis group]. | nucleic acids and total protein contents in hepatocytes and erythrocytes of diploid (bufo viridis, 2n = 22) and tetraploid (b. danatensis, 2n = 44) green toads were measured cytophotometrically. the rna (table 1) and protein (table 2) contents in the tetraploid cells are twice as much as that in diploid ones. according to these results tetraploidy in green toads may have a recent origin. the relation between structural and functional polyploidization in tetraploid amphibian species is discussed. | 1988 | 2469241 |
| active urea transport by the skin of bufo viridis: amiloride- and phloretin-sensitive transport sites. | urea is actively transported inwardly (ji) across the skin of the green toad bufo viridis. ji is markedly enhanced in toads adapted to hypertonic saline. we studied urea transport across the skin of bufo viridis under a variety of experimental conditions, including treatment with amiloride and phloretin, agents that inhibit urea permeability in the bladder of bufo marinus. amiloride (10(-4) m) significantly inhibited ji in both adapted and unadapted animals and was unaffected by removal of sodiu ... | 1988 | 3414802 |
| an evaluation of two enzyme-substrate systems used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the estimation of antibody levels in green toad (bufo viridis) sera. | | 1987 | 3595944 |
| urea tolerance and osmoregulation in bufo viridis and rana ridibunda. | 1. the tolerance and adaptation to urea solutions by terrestrial green toads (bufo viridis) and semi-aquatic frogs (rana ridibunda) were studied. 2. the green toad showed tolerance to urea solution of 800 mm and the frogs showed tolerance only to about 400 mm urea solution. 3. the plasma concentrations of both species was hyperosmotic to the external medium in all the different urea solutions. 4. blood osmolality, urea, na+ and cl- concentrations of b. viridis were always higher than in r. ridib ... | 1985 | 14571880 |
| high genetic variability in an ecologically variable vertebrate, bufo viridis. | allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 517 specimens of green toads from 11 populations from israel and one population from vis island in the adriatic sea. genetic variation in this toad is the highest yet reported in any vertebrate. all three genetic parameters, mean number of alleles per locus (a), mean proportion of loci polymorphic per population (p), and mean number of heterozygous loci per individual (h), are very high (a = 1.65, range 1.38-2 ... | 1975 | 1203058 |
| genetic variation as a test of natural selection. | allozymic variation encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 507 specimens representing 12 populations of green toads, bufo viridis, in israel and the vis adriatic island. genetic variation in bufo viridis is higher than in any vertebrate yet studied. mean heterozygosity per locus per individual (h) is 0.133 (range, 0.105 to 0.159). h is higher in central populations as compared with isolates, and varies among four major protein classes, being highest in transferases and hydrolases ... | 1975 | 1056019 |
| [polyploidy and deviations in the gonadal morphology of tetraploid toads, bufo danatensis (amphibia: anura: bufonidae)]. | morphological features of gonads of diploid bufo viridis and tetraploid b. danatensis from 15 localities of ussr (453 spec.) were investigated. females with the rudimentary ovaries were found among polyploid toads from south turkmenia. the toads from tajikistan having the external features of males usually demonstrated a specific kind of lateral gynandromorphism: a single side testes and rudimentary ovaries (with the normal ovarioles). the observed facts are treated either as a result of hybridi ... | 2010 | 1292159 |
| cryopreservation of bufotes viridis embryos by vitrification. | loss of biodiversity among amphibians is a current concern. our hypothesis is that the embryos of amphibian species at risk of extinction could be cryopreserved by vitrification, using methods which have proved successful with fish oocyte. to test this hypothesis, samples of four cryoprotectants - methanol (meoh), dimethyl sulphoxide (me2so), propylene glycol (pg) and polyethylene glycol (peg), some singly, some in combination, were plunged in liquid nitrogen for 5 min to find the best solution ... | 2017 | 28193448 |
| impaired gonadal and somatic development corroborate vulnerability differences to the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol among deeply diverged anuran lineages. | amphibians are undergoing a global decline. one poorly investigated reason could be the pollution of aquatic habitats by endocrine disrupting compounds (edcs). we tested the susceptibility to the synthetically stabilized estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (ee2) in three deeply diverged anuran species, differing in sex determination systems, types of gonadogenesis and larval ecologies. to understand whether data from the amphibian model xenopus laevis (pipidae) are analogous and applicable to only dis ... | 2016 | 27434076 |
| the plasticizer bisphenol a affects somatic and sexual development, but differently in pipid, hylid and bufonid anurans. | due to their terrestrial habitats and aquatic reproduction, many amphibians are both very vulnerable and highly suitable bioindicators. the plasticizer bisphenol a (bpa) is one of the most produced chemical substances worldwide, and knowledge on its impacts on humans and animals is mounting. bpa is used for the industrial production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins and found in a multitude of consumer products. studies on bpa have involved mammals, fish and the fully aquatic anuran mod ... | 2016 | 27285164 |
| sex reversal assessments reveal different vulnerability to endocrine disruption between deeply diverged anuran lineages. | multiple anthropogenic stressors cause worldwide amphibian declines. among several poorly investigated causes is global pollution of aquatic ecosystems with endocrine disrupting compounds (edcs). these substances interfere with the endocrine system and can affect the sexual development of vertebrates including amphibians. we test the susceptibility to an environmentally relevant contraceptive, the artificial estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (ee2), simultaneously in three deeply divergent systematic ... | 2016 | 27029458 |
| density regulation in toad populations (epidalea calamita, bufotes viridis) by differential winter survival of juveniles. | the size of amphibian populations varies considerably between years, so that systematic trends in dynamics are difficult to detect. informed conservation management of presumably declining populations requires the identification of the most sensitive life stage. in temperate-zone anurans there is growing evidence that juveniles hibernating for the first time suffer from substantial winter losses. in two syntopic toads (epidalea calamita, bufotes viridis) we monitored survival of such juveniles d ... | 2016 | 26724194 |