| chemical constituents of vietnamese toad venom collected from bufo melanostictus schneider. part i. the sterols. | | 1979 | 542013 |
| effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the testicular delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase and spermatogenesis in hibernating toad (bufo melanostictus). | a histochemical study of testicular delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-ohd) and a quantitative study of seminiferous tubules in hibernating toad following the administration of hcg revealed stimulation in the activity of the enzyme delta 5-3 beta-ohd and the spermatogenesis by increasing spermiation, meiotic division and the maturation of secondary spermatogonia. | 1976 | 954688 |
| histochemical observations on the mucins of the gastrointestinal tract in the toad (bufo melanostictus). | the pattern of mucin secretion of the gastrointestinal tract of the toad (b. melanostictus) was investigated by histochemical methods. the goblet cells of the oesophagus secreted mainly acid mucins which were sialomucins, while the cells lining the surface of the stomach produced neutral mucins only. goblet cells of the small intestine and cloaca secreted acid mucins, which were predominently sulphated mucins. | 1975 | 1136708 |
| thyroid hormone effects upon na+k+ dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of microsomal fraction of liver, muscle and brain of toad bufo melanostictus. | na+k(+)-atpase activity in the liver and muscle microsomal membranes have been determined by different doses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 micrograms/gm of body weight) of l-triiodothyronine and l-thyroxine in the toad, bufo melanostictus. the minimum effective dose of t3 was 0.5 microgram/g in case of both liver and muscle to stimulate the enzyme activity and there was dose dependent rise between t3 at the doses of 0.5 and 1 microgram/g. t3 at the doses of 1 and 2 micrograms/g produced more or less ... | 1990 | 1966031 |
| induction of thyroid hormone in changing na+k(+)-atpase activity in different organs of toad, bufo melanostictus. | single injection of t3, at the doses of 0.5 and 1 micrograms/g body weight, stimulated na+k(+)-atpase activity of crude liver homogenate of toad in a dose dependent fashion. lowering the dose of t3 to 0.25 micrograms/g had no effect on the enzyme activity. t3 at the dose of 2 micrograms/g showed the same level of enzyme activity at par with that of 1 microgram/g. na+k(+)-atpase activity of muscle increased with t3 at the doses of 1 and 2 micrograms/g, but without any dose dependent manner while ... | 1990 | 2173671 |
| effect of triiodothyronine and thyroxine on mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial protein content of liver, muscle and brain of toad, bufo melanostictus. | the responsiveness of the adult toad to triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) was studied by measuring the mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial protein content of liver, muscle and brain of toad. both t3 and t4 increased the alpha-gpd activity and mitochondrial protein content of liver and muscle of toad. the extent of increase in the alpha-gpd activity and mitochondrial protein content were more pronounced with t3 than with t4. further that the muscle ... | 1990 | 2227800 |
| effect of thyroxine on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glycogen content of toad (bufo melanostictus) and lata fish (ophicephalus punctatus) at different stages of life. | the effects of thyroxine (t4) on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glycogen content in toad (bufo melanostictus) and lata fish (ophicephalus punctatus) were studied in order to show the difference, if any in the enzyme activity and glycogen metabolism in their liver. thyroxine injections (1 microgram/g) for five consecutive days caused a reduction in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and glycogen content in toads of immature, juvenile and adult stages. in contrast, lata fish of dif ... | 1985 | 2990159 |
| cytodifferentiation and immunocharacteristics of adenohypophysial cells in the toad, bufo melanostictus. | employing the unlabelled antibody enzyme technique cytodifferentiation, immunocharacteristics and topographical distribution of melanotropic (msh), adrenocorticotropic (acth), thyrotropic (tsh), prolactin (prl), gonadotropic (gth) and growth hormone (gh) secreting cells in the embryonic/larval as well as adult pituitary gland of the common indian toad, bufo melanostictus, have been studied by using antisera raised in rabbit against mammalian hypophysial hormones. immunoreactive msh and acth cell ... | 1986 | 3026204 |
| the effect of bovine parathormone on ultimobranchial body, parathyroid gland and paravertebral lime sacs as correlated with serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels in bufo melanostictus schneider. | | 1988 | 3234570 |
| ontogeny of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in the toad, bufo melanostictus: an immunohistochemical study. | employing unlabeled antibody enzyme technique, the development of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the common indian toad, bufo melanostictus, has been studied by using antiserum raised in rabbit against bovine neurophysin. immunoreactivity to the antiserum is first observed at stage 22 (gosner, 1960) in the presumptive preoptic nucleus and at stage 23 in the presumptive median eminence and pars nervosa. as development proceeds, progressive increase in the immunoreactivity in all the c ... | 1987 | 3817441 |
| water uptake by the crab-eating frog rana cancrivora, as affected by osmotic gradients and by neurohypophysial hormones. | 1. the rate of water uptake across the skin was investigated in live rana cancrivora, an euryhaline frog which has been reported to tolerate sea water. when they were exposed to distilled water at 29 degrees c, the rate of water uptake was 8.4 +/- 0.4 mul./cm(2).hr; when bathed in solutions ranging from 30 to 570 m-osmole/l., irrespective of whether the solute was sucrose, urea or nacl, the rate of fluid uptake during the first day was inversely related to the osmolarity of the solution. no appr ... | 1970 | 5503862 |
| fungal disease of malayan toads (bufo melanostictus). | | 1964 | 5874144 |
| body fluid and hematologic changes in the toad exposed to 48 h of simulated high altitude. | body fluid and hematologic changes were found in three groups of adult male toads that had been exposed to 48 h of continuous simulated altitudes of 12,000, 18,000, and 24,000 ft, respectively. erythrocyte counts and hematocrit ratios were increased significantly in all the high-altitude-exposed animals compared with the control group of animals kept at sea level, whereas the hemoglobin concentrations were significantly increased only in the 18,000- and 24,000-ft-exposed animals. exposure to hig ... | 1981 | 7298419 |
| isolation, purification and partial characterization of a haemolytic protein from bidder's organ of toad bufo melanostictus (schneider). | a haemolytic protein toxin (bo-ht) from bidder's organ of toad, b. melanostictus, purified by deae-cellulose column chromatography was electrophoretically homogeneous and was glycoprotein in nature (pas-positive). the molecular weight was estimated to be 14.4 kda by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the sensitivity of the haemolysin of different rbc ghost cell preparation was in the order: buffalo > goat > ox > guinea pig > mice > human > chick > rabbit > rat. the haemolytic activity was i ... | 1994 | 8045611 |
| in vivo and in vitro effects of metabolic hormones on tissue respiration in toad, bufo melanostictus during hibernation and active phase. | in vivo and in vitro effects of l-t3, l-t4, estradiol, corticosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine were studied on the rate of liver and muscle tissue respiration in b. melanostictus during hibernation and active phase under natural climatic conditions. thyroid hormones were found to be calorigenic only during the active phase. estradiol stimulated the respiratory rate directly during hibernation and indirectly during the active phase. adrenal hormones invariably increased the respiratory rat ... | 1995 | 8543328 |
| a lethal cardiotoxic protein isolated from bidder's organ of common indian toad, bufo melanostictus schneider. | a lethal cardiotoxic (bo-ct; bidder's organ cardiotoxin) protein was purified from the bidder's organ of the common indian toad b. melanostictus by gel filtration on sephadex g-200. the homogeneity of cardiotoxin was tested by gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight of lethal bo-ct was 62 kda and was devoid of glycoprotein. ld50 of the bo-ct was 50 micrograms/20 g (i.v.) in male albino mice. on isolated heart and auricle bo-ct initially increased the rate and amplitude of contraction and final ... | 1996 | 8781032 |
| a sleep inducing factor from common indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract. | bufo melanostictus (common indian toad) acquire different bioactive substances in their skin during their life-time in wide ecological habitat. earlier investigation from this laboratory revealed that toad (b. melanostictus) skin extract (tse) posses different bioactive compounds of different diversity (das, m., auddy, b. and gomes, a., 1996. pharmacological study of the toad skin extract on experimental animals. indian j. pharmacol. 28, 72-76). among these sleep induction and sleep potentiation ... | 2000 | 10736480 |
| bidder's organ extract induced anaphylaxis in experimental animals. | bidder's organ (bo, a vestigeal organ), present in toad bufo melanostictus (schenider), is a characteristic feature of all male bufo. its possible anaphylactic properties are investigated on experimental animals. bo extract produced both in vivo and in vitro anaphylactic reaction in guineapig. dyspnoea and bronchoconstriction was a major cause of anaphylactic death. blood histamine level was significantly increased in the anaphylactic animals. bo extract significantly released histamine from cho ... | 2000 | 11218835 |
| isolation, purification and partial chemical characterization of a lethal factor from common indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract. | indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract (tse) is pharmacologically potent and probably contains several bioactive compounds [das et. al., indian j pharmacol, 28 (1996) 72]. a lethal factor was isolated and purified by neutral alumina column chromatography followed by hplc. spectroscopic (uv, ir, fab-mass) study indicated that the lethal factor (tse-lf) was a 254 da long chain compound with carbonyl, hydroxyl and ester as functional groups. ld50 of tse-lf was found to be 3.5 mg/k ... | 2001 | 12018580 |
| a new method of assay of human chorionic gonadotrophin utilising male toad, bufo melanostictus schnied. | | 1951 | 14814621 |
| putative l-triiodothyronine receptors in the liver nuclei of mature tropical toad, bufo melanostictus. | thyroid hormones exert a major role in growth and differentiation of almost all types of tissues in animals, particularly in amphibian metamorphosis, through its specific nuclear receptor activation followed by gene expression. however, its function in mature tropical amphibians is less studied. the present study revealed the existence of a single class of specific nuclear receptor(s) in the liver nuclei of mature tropical toad, bufo melanostictus, with a dissociation constant of (3.7 +/- 0.9) x ... | 2004 | 15018064 |
| quality evaluation of traditional chinese drug toad venom from different origins through a simultaneous determination of bufogenins and indole alkaloids by hplc. | a simple and efficient hplc method has been developed to evaluate the quality of traditional chinese medicine toad venoms. the major bioactive ingredients, including 10 bufogenins and 4 indole alkaloids in the drug, were separated and quantified on a phenyl-hexyl column with a uv detector. a total of 27 toad venom samples from two species, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider, from the different drug production regions of china, were analyzed. the chromatograms showed si ... | 2005 | 16327195 |
| antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity of indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract on u937 and k562 cells. | the antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities of bufo melanostictus (indian common toad) skin extract (tse) on u937 and k562 leukemic cell line has been investigated. tse significantly (p<0.001) reduced the time-dependent cell proliferation and decreased mtt values in u937 and k562 cells. tse (ic50 doses) suppressed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in both the cells. it was demonstrated that, tse (ic50 doses) primarily arrested the u937 and k562 cells at g1 phase o ... | 2006 | 16889807 |
| a crystalline compound (bm-anf1) from the indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract, induced antiproliferation and apoptosis in leukemic and hepatoma cell line involving cell cycle proteins. | in our earlier communication, it was reported that indian toad (bufo melanostictus) skin extract (tse) possesses antiproliferative and apoptogenic activity in u937 and k562 cells [giri et al., 2006. antiproliferative, cytotoxic and apoptogenic activity of indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract in u937 and k562 cells. toxicon 48 (4), 388-400]. in the present study, a compound (bm-anf1) has been isolated from the tse by alumina gel column chromatography, crystallized and evaluate ... | 2007 | 17692879 |
| cryptosporidia: epicellular parasites embraced by the host cell membrane. | the ultrastructure of two gastric cryptosporidia, cryptosporidium muris from experimentally infected rodents (mastomys natalensis) and cryptosporidium sp. 'toad' from naturally infected toads (duttaphrynus melanostictus), was studied using electron microscopy. observations presented herein allowed us to map ultrastructural aspects of the cryptosporidian invasion process and the origin of a parasitophorous sac. invading parasites attach to the host cell, followed by gradual envelopment, with the ... | 2008 | 18158154 |
| new and already known acanthocephalans from amphibians and reptiles in vietnam, with keys to species of pseudoacanthocephalus petrochenko, 1956 (echinorhynchidae) and sphaerechinorhynchus johnston and deland, 1929 (plagiorhynchidae). | adults of 2 new species in 2 orders of acanthocephalans obtained from the intestines of terrestrial amphibians and reptiles collected between 1998 and 2004 in vietnam are described here. pseudoacanthocephalus nguyenthileae n. sp. (palaeacnthocephala: echinorhynchidae) was collected from 5 species of terrestrial amphibians: (1) the common sunda toad bufo melanostictus schneider (bufonidae); (2) paa verucospinosa (bourret); (3) gunther's amoy frog rana guentheri boulenger; (4) taipei frog r. taipe ... | 2008 | 18372639 |
| effects of diazinon on larvae of the asian common toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider 1799). | continuous subchronic exposure experiments were conducted to assess the effects of diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, on the survival, growth and activity of larvae of the asian common toad bufo melanostictus. two larval stages, the gill stage (gosner stages 21 and 22) and gill-atrophy stage (gosner stages 24 and 25), were continuously exposed to 4 microg/l, 400 mirog/l, and 10 mg/l of commercial-grade diazinon for 30 d. treatments and untreated controls were maintained in triplicate with w ... | 2008 | 18611080 |
| new species of cryptosporidium tyzzer, 1907 (apicomplexa) from amphibian host: morphology, biology and phylogeny. | cryptosporidium fragile sp. n. (apicomplexa) is described from black-spined toads, duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider) (amphibia, anura, bufonidae) from the malay peninsula. the parasitized animals were directly imported from malaysia and harboured c. fragile at the time of arrival. oocysts were subspherical to elliptical with irregular contour in optical section, measuring 6.2 (5.5-7.0) x 5.5 (5.0-6.5) microm. oocyst wall was smooth and colourless in light microscopy. the endogenous developm ... | 2008 | 18666410 |
| a survey on the faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh. | a survey was conducted during january to december 2006 to assess the status of faunal diversity of savar upazila, dhaka, bangladesh. a total of 30 species of birds, 24 species of winter birds, 7 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 15 species of mammalians and 32 species of fishes were recorded. relative abundance of those species were determined. of the birds, house sparrow (passer domesticus) was abundant while blyth's kingfisher (alcedo hercules), rock eagle owl (bubo bengalensis), h ... | 2008 | 18817158 |
| on the parasitic fauna of two species of anurans collected from sungai pinang, penang island, malaysia. | a total of fifty anurans, comprising of rana limnocharis and bufo melanostictus were collected from sungai pinang, balik pulau, penang. the prevalence, mean intensity and distribution of parasite species along the digestive tract were reported. seven species of parasites were recorded. blood parasites recovered were trypansomes and microfilariae. | 2008 | 18948888 |
| curcumin synergizes the growth inhibitory properties of indian toad (bufo melanostictus schneider) skin-derived factor (bm-anf1) in hct-116 colon cancer cells. | curcumin, an active ingredient of turmeric with no discernable toxicity, inhibits the growth of transformed cells and the development and progression of colon carcinogenesis in experimental animals. recent data from one of our laboratories demonstrated that a crude skin extract or a purified crystalline compound (bufo melanostictus-antineoplastic factor 1, bm-anf1) from indian common toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin inhibits the growth of human leukemic cells. the present investigation ... | 2009 | 19331178 |
| rapid structural identification of cytotoxic bufadienolide sulfates in toad venom from bufo melanosticus by lc-dad-ms(n) and lc-spe-nmr. | toad venom, namely, "chansu" in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers. upon lc-ms analysis of the venom from bufo melanosticus collected in indonesia, new bufadienolide sulfates were identified. for a complete characterization, the meoh extract of the toad venom from b. melanosticus was fractionated by preparative hplc, and the structures of five new buadienolide sulfates (1-5) along with one new bufogenin (6) were rapidly elucidated on ... | 2010 | 20361780 |
| comparison of toad venoms from different bufo species by hplc and lc-dad-ms/ms. | toad venom, called chansu in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. | 2010 | 20637273 |
| chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider 1799) larvae. | this study investigates the effects of continuous exposure to a widely used organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos, on survival, growth, development, and activity of larvae of the asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus schneider 1799. larvae were continuously exposed to six different concentrations (1-1,500 mug l(-1)) of commercial-grade chlorpyrifos for 14 days and monitored for 1 additional week. chlorpyrifos at >/=1,000 mug l(-1) caused significantly high and dose-dependent mortality, ... | 2010 | 20669016 |
| apoptogenic activity and toxicity studies of a cytotoxic protein (bmp1) from the aqueous extract of common indian toad (bufo melanostictus schneider) skin. | a protein (bmp1) was purified from common indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin through deae cellulose ion exchange chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. the molecular weight of the bmp1 was found to be 79 kda. bmp1 (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) significantly decreased the number of viable ehrlich ascites carcinoma (eac) cells, thereby increased the lifespan of eac bearing mice (p<0.001). mtt values reduced significantly with the treatment of bmp1 (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg ... | 2010 | 21144856 |
| anticancer activity of a low immunogenic protein toxin (bmp1) from indian toad (bufo melanostictus, schneider) skin extract. | earlier, a protein (bmp1, mw-79kda) had been isolated from indian toad (bufo melanostictus) skin aqueous extract possessed anticancer activity against eac bearing mice (bhattacharjee et al., 2011). in the present study, the anti-proliferative and apoptogenic activities of bmp1 have been evaluated in leukemic (u937 and k562) and hepatoma (hepg2) cells. bmp1 dose dependently inhibited u937 and k562 cell growth having ic(50) values of 49 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml respectively. the anti-proliferative activ ... | 2011 | 21635912 |
| the herpetofauna of timor-leste: a first report. | fieldwork conducted throughout timor-leste in september 2004 and july 2009 resulted in a collection or recording of 263 herpetological specimens (100 amphibians, 163 reptiles), comprising at least seven species of frogs and toads, 20 species of lizards, seven species of snakes, two species of turtles, and one species of crocodile. among the amphibians, the most frequently encountered species were toads (duttaphrynus melanostictus), rice paddy frogs (genus fejervarya), and rhacophorid treefrogs ( ... | 2011 | 21852932 |
| purification and characterization of albumin from frog skin of duttaphrynus melanostictus. | following determination of trypsin inhibitory activity, a serine protease inhibitor was purified and characterized from frog duttaphrynus melanostictus serum. it was identified as serum albumin, with molecular weight of 67 kda (dma-serum). different from bovine serum albumin, dma-serum potently inhibited trypsin with similar k(i) values around 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ m. no inhibitory effect on thrombin, chymotrypsin, elastase and subtilisin was observed under the assay conditions. the n-terminal amino acid i ... | 2011 | 21858423 |
| helminth parasite communities in anuran amphibians of kalesar wildlife sanctuary (haryana), india. | helminth parasite fauna in anuran amphibia were investigated during the general faunistic surveys of kalesar wildlife sanctuary, situated in haryana state. three species of amphibian hosts were found to harbour 12 genera of helminth parasites. the prevalence, intensity and abundance were studied. euphlyctis cyanophlyctis harboured maximum parasite species followed by fejervarya limnocharis and duttaphrynus melanostictus. in e. cyanophlyctis, among nematode parasites, the genus camallanus was mos ... | 2010 | 21966125 |
| cholinesterase localization in the developing foregut of the toad (bufo melanostictus). | | 2015 | 4653285 |
| effect of testosterone propionate on testicular compensatory hypertrophy in the toad, bufo melanostictus (schn). | | 2015 | 4537217 |
| sensitivity of toad tadpoles, bufo melanostictus (schneider), to heavy metals. | | 2013 | 3814877 |
| relaxant effect of prostaglandin e 1 on the isolated intestine of the toad (bufo melanostictus). | | 2016 | 4999919 |
| histochemical studies on the effect of thyroid hormone on alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in liver of fish and amphibia. | the lata fishes (ophicephalus punctatus) showed increased alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in liver after immersion for 15-30 days in thyroxine-containing medium (0.025 mug/ml). a single injection of thyroxine (1-2 mug/g of body weight) caused increased acid phosphatase activity in liver of lata fish in comparison to the controls on the 5th day after experiment but the alkaline phosphatase activity remained unchanged. both alkaline and acid phosphatases showed increased activities in liv ... | 1983 | 1001271 |
| adrenal cortex in stress and hibernation--a histochemical study in toad (bufo melanostictus). | | 2014 | 4186700 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor, from bufo melanostictus. | cystatins are efficient inhibitors of papain-like cysteine proteinases, and they serve various important physiological functions. in this study, a novel cystatin, cystatin-x, was cloned from a cdna library of the skin of bufo melanostictus. the single nonglycosylated polypeptide chain of cystatin-x consisted of 102 amino acid residues, including seven cysteines. evolutionary analysis indicated that cystatin-x can be grouped with family 1 cystatins. it contains cystatin-conserved motifs known to ... | 2013 | 24096668 |
| on the novel action of melanolysis by a leaf extract of aloe vera and its active ingredient aloin, potent skin depigmenting agents. | the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of an aloe vera leaf extract, along with its standard active ingredient aloin, on the isolated tail melanophores of bufo melanostictus tadpoles, which are a type of disguised smooth muscle cells offering excellent in vitro opportunities for studying the effects of pharmacological and pharmaceutical agents. it was found that the leaf extract of a. vera and its active ingredient aloin induced powerful, dose-dependent, physiologically sig ... | 2012 | 22495441 |
| lethal and sub-lethal effects on the asian common toad duttaphrynus melanostictus from exposure to hexavalent chromium. | chromium discharged in industrial effluents frequently occurs as an environmental pollutant, but the lethal and sub-lethal effects the heavy metal might cause in animals exposed to it have been insufficiently investigated. selecting the amphibian duttaphrynus melanostictus, we carried out laboratory tests to investigate the effects of short and long term exposure to hexavalent chromium (cr(vi)) in both tadpoles and adult toads. the concentrations used were 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0mg/l, the ... | 2016 | 27262939 |
| intramuscular single-dose toxicity test of bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture in sprague-dawley rats. | bufonis venonum (bv) is the dried white secretions of the auricular and skin glands of the toads bufo bufo gargarizans or bufo melanosticus schneider. this study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of intramuscularly- administered bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture (bvp) and to calculate its approximate lethality through a single-dose test with sprague-dawley (sd) rats. | 2015 | 26998390 |
| deep genetic structure and ecological divergence in a widespread human commensal toad. | the asian common toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a human commensal species that occupies a wide variety of habitats across tropical southeast asia. we test the hypothesis that genetic variation in d. melanostictus is weakly associated with geography owing to natural and human-mediated dispersal facilitated by its commensal nature. phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence variation, and predictive species distribution modelling, unexpectedly reco ... | 2016 | 26763213 |
| temperature-dependent acute toxicity of methomyl pesticide on larvae of 3 asian amphibian species. | relative to other animal taxa, ecotoxicological studies on amphibians are scarce, even though amphibians are experiencing global declines and pollution has been identified as an important threat. agricultural lands provide important habitats for many amphibians, but often these lands are contaminated with pesticides. the authors determined the acute toxicity, in terms of 96-h median lethal concentrations, of the carbamate pesticide methomyl on larvae of 3 asian amphibian species, the asian commo ... | 2015 | 25959379 |
| consequences of physical disturbance by tadpoles and snails on chironomid larvae. | indirect interactions among community members impact on organisms. the effects of two snails, banded pond snail, bellamya bengalensis (lamarck), and red-rimmed melania, melanoides tuberculata (müller), and tadpoles of asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider), on nonbiting midge larvae, chironomus striatipennis kieffer, were observed in experimental microcosm. decrease in tube number and tube length of midge larvae was observed compared to control condition due to introduction of ... | 2014 | 24672384 |
| efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. | huachansu, a chinese medicine that comes from dried toad venom from the skin glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, has been used in treatment of cancers. we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. | 2013 | 23692970 |
| malformations and mortality in the asian common toad induced by exposure to pleurolophocercous cercariae (trematoda: cryptogonimidae). | malformations and increased mortality due to infection by the digenetic trematode, riberioa ondatrae have been reported for many species of amphibians. severe malformations have also been reported in the common hourglass tree frog, polypedates cruciger induced by pleurolophocercous cercariae in sri lanka in addition to the changes in the behaviour, development and survival of the host. we exposed pre-limb bud stage tadpoles (gosner stages 25-26) of the asian common toad, duttaphrynus melanostict ... | 2013 | 23353759 |
| prospective randomised evaluation of traditional chinese medicine combined with chemotherapy: a randomised phase ii study of wild toad extract plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinomas. | an intravenous formulated extract of the venom of the wild toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, huachansu, is currently used in china for the treatment of lung, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. we performed a randomised, single-blinded, phase ii clinical study of huachansu plus gemcitabine versus placebo plus gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinomas. | 2012 | 22782343 |
| checklist and simple identification key for frogs and toads from district iv of the mada scheme, kedah, malaysia. | a survey was conducted to catalogue the diversity of anurans in district iv of the muda agriculture development authority scheme (mada) in kedah darul aman, malaysia, from july 1996 to january 1997. eight species of anurans from three families were present in the study area. of these, the common grass frog (fejevarya limnocharis) was the most abundant, followed by mangrove frog (fejevarya cancrivora), long-legged frog (hylarana macrodactyla), and common toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus). puddle ... | 2009 | 24575178 |
| acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin to some freshwater organisms. | ninety-six hours static bioassays were made in the laboratory to determine acute toxicity of cypermethrin to five non-target freshwater organisms belonging to different taxa and niche. susceptibility of the organisms to cypermethrin was in the order: the crustacean diaptomus forbesi > the aquatic insect ranatra filiformis > the freshwater carp cyprinus carpio > the tadpole larva of the toad bufo melanostictus > the oligochaet worm branchiura sowerbyi. ninety-six hours lc50 values of aqueous cype ... | 2008 | 18058051 |
| ecotoxicological assessment of cobalt used as supplement in the diet of common carp cyprinus carpio. | experiments were performed in the laboratory to determine if excess levels of co used as dietary supplement (0.0, 0.05, 0.10 and 1.0%) to enhance growth of the fish cyprinus carpio was safe for aquatic organisms. lethal concentrations of co for tadpole of toad bufo melanostictus (96 h lc(50), 17.2 mg/l), oligochaet worm branchiura sowerbyi (96 h lc(50), 179 mg/l) and crustacean zooplankton diaptomus forbesi (96 h lc(50), 1.5 mg/l) were compared with the concentration of co in the medium leached ... | 2011 | 21858707 |
| effect and mechanism of action of resveratrol: a novel melanolytic compound from the peanut skin of arachis hypogaea. | the present work was carried out to determine the effects of ethanolic extracts of arachis hypogaea and its active ingredient resveratrol on the isolated tail melanophores of the bufo melanostictus to find the mechanism of skin lightening at the cellular level. | 2011 | 21929291 |
| a comparative study of hepatic mitochondrial oxygen consumption in four vertebrates by using clark-type electrode. | the present study was undertaken to establish a comparative account on hepatic mitochondrial oxygen consumption of clarias gariepinus (fish), bufo melanostictus (amphibian), gallus gallus (bird) and rattus norvegicus (mammal) and to correlate it with their specific metabolic rate (smr). mitochondrial oxygen consumption was measured with a clarke-type electrode with succinate and pyruvate/malate as substrates. adp was used to start state-iii respiration. the results show that rats and chickens ha ... | 2013 | 23739884 |
| tadpoles of three common anuran species from thailand do not prey on mosquito larvae. | tadpoles are often considered to be predators of mosquito larvae and are therefore beneficial for the control of certain disease vectors. nevertheless, only a few species have actually been recorded to prey on mosquito larvae. the mosquito larvae predation rates of tadpoles of three common thai anuran species (bufo melanostictus, kaloula pulchra and hylarana raniceps) were experimentally tested. tadpoles in varying developmental stages were used to assess a size/age effect on the predation rate. ... | 2015 | 26611955 |
| phosphoglucose isomerases of hagfish, zebrafish, gray mullet, toad, and snake, with reference to the evolution of the genes in vertebrates. | phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) is a protein with multiple functions. to infer its structure changes and evolution in vertebrates, we cloned cdnas encoding pgi genes from hagfish (paramyxine yangi), gray mullet (mugil cephalus), zebrafish (danio rerio), toad (bufo melanosticus), and snake (boiga kraepelini). only one pgi gene was cloned in each of hagfish, toad, and snake, but two pgi genes were found in zebrafish and gray mullet, respectively. the pgi of hagfish encodes 554 amino acids, in contr ... | 2002 | 11919278 |
| first report of seuratascaris numidica seurat, 1917 (nematoda: ascarididae) and other helminths from amphibians of west bengal, india. | studies on nematode parasites from anuran hosts from eastern india, particularly west bengal, are rare. to our knowledge, there is a report of larvae of monhysterides sp. (a fish parasite) from cysts within the body cavity and musculature of duttaphrynus melanostictus, hoplobatrachus tigerinus and euphlyctis hexadactylus as well as descriptions of aplectana duttaphryni from d. melanostictus, aplectana dubrajpuri from h. tigerinus, cosmocerca microhylae from microhyla rubra and rhabdias bulbicaud ... | 2017 | 28316428 |
| nematodes of amphibians from java, indonesia, with a description of <br />new species, meteterakis wonosoboensis n. sp. (nematoda : heterakoidea). | during a survey on the parasites of amphibians of indonesia, toads (30 bufo melanostictus) and 246 frogs (213 fejervarya cancrivora, 11 f. limnocharis, 22 rana macrodon from west java and 68 f. cancrivora from central java) were examined for parasitic nematodes. three species of nematodes were found and described, i.e. meteterakis wonosoboensis n. sp. from fejervaria cancrivora; meteterakis japonica from bufo melanostictus, f. cancrivora and f. limnocharis; and chabaudus sp. from f. cancrivora, ... | 2015 | 26249921 |
| on a new species of aplectana (nematoda, cosmocercidae) from kulti, burdwan, west bengal, india. | during routine survey for amphibian nematodes from coalfield areas of west bengal, india 7 male and 12 female nematodes were recovered from the rectum of one out of three duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider, 1899) examined for helminth infection from kulti, burdwan. on examination the recovered nematodes were found to belong to a new species of the genus aplectana (nematoda: cosmocercidae) and the name aplectana duttaphryni sp. nov. is proposed for them. this species is most similar to those s ... | 2014 | 25236282 |
| protozoan parasites of four species of wild anurans from a local zoo in malaysia. | the parasitic protozoan fauna in sixty-six anurans comprising of duttaphrynus melanostictus, phrynoidis juxtaspera, hylarana erythraea and polypedates leucomystax collected from zoo negara malaysia was investigated. the distribution and prevalence rate of parasitic species in the digestive tract and blood were examined. seven species of intestinal protozoa (opalina ranarum, cepedea dimidiata, nycthetorus cordiformis, entamoeba ranarum, iodamoeba butschlii, endamoeba blattae, and tritrichomonas s ... | 2013 | 24522131 |
| temperature and humidity alter prolactin receptor expression in the skin of toad (bufo bankorensis and bufo melanostictus). | bufo bankorensis and bufo melanostictus, the only two species of bufonidae genus in taiwan, live in habitats that differ in altitude and humidity. this study tested the hypothesis that prolactin receptor (prlr) expression responds to environmental change. western blot analysis showed that the prlr protein was widely distributed in brain, lung, liver, kidney, dorsal skin and ventral skin of toads. the level prlr protein was elevated in the dorsal skin of the two toad species treated with dry or w ... | 2006 | 17049288 |
| phylogeographic and population insights of the asian common toad (bufo gargarizans) in korea and china: population isolation and expansions as response to the ice ages. | the effects of ice ages on speciation have been well documented for many european and north american taxa. in contrast, very few studies have addressed the consequences of such environmental and topographical changes in north east asian species. more precisely, the korean peninsula offers a unique model to assess patterns and processes of speciation as it hosts the northern- and eastern-most distribution limit of some widespread asian taxa. despite this, studies addressing phylogeographic patter ... | 2017 | 29201561 |
| study on anti-osteosarcoma activity of ethanol extract of venenum bufonis in vitro. | venenum bufonis is the dried white secretion of the auricular and skin glands of bufo gargarizans cantor, or bufo melanostictus schneider, bufonidae. it is used in the treatment of deep-rooted carbuncle, boils and swelling; pain in the throat, heart stroke, coma, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. the objective of this paper is to preliminarily observe the effects of ethanol extract of venenum bufonis on growth, and proliferation of human osteosarcoma u2os cell lines, and to provide a theore ... | 2014 | 24653556 |
| bufalin inhibits migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma sk-hep1 cells through the inhibitions of nf-kb and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9-signaling pathways. | metastasis plays an important role in mortality of cancer patients. migration and invasion are the major characteristics of tumor metastasis. the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) such as mmp-2 and -9 are particularly important for the invasiveness of various cancer cells. bufalin, a class of toxic steroids, was purified from the skin glands of bufo gargarizans or bufo melanostictus; it is known to inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. in this study, we investigated the antiin ... | 2015 | 23949904 |
| cellular composition of the islets of langerhans in the himalayan toad, bufo melanostictus (schneider): a light microscopical study. | the pancreatic islet tissue of bufo melanostictus, investigated by differential staining techniques, is generally condensed in the anterior and middle regions, and contains distinguishable islets of various size, shape and or irregular configuration. histologically, 3 distinct cell types have been identified: b, a1 and a2. various tinctorial characteristics of b cells reveal that they correspond to the insulin producing b-cells of other vertebrates. the a cells are a few in number, some of which ... | 1975 | 53955 |
| toxic toad invasion of wallacea: a biodiversity hotspot characterized by extraordinary endemism. | (a) a map of wallacea showing islands invaded by duttaphrynus melanostictus in red, islands inhabited by varanus komodoensis in blue, and localities of genetic samples in yellow points. (b) a d. melanostictus from lombok island. (c) environmental niche model for the sunda islands clade of d. melanostictus projected into wallacea. green color indicates very high suitability, yellow color indicates high suitability, and orange color indicates moderate suitability. | 2017 | 28833907 |
| effects of seasonal variation on oxidative stress physiology in natural population of toad bufo melanostictus; clues for analysis of environmental pollution. | natural population of bufo melanostictus in response to environmental cues shows several physiologic changes such as reproductive activity, hibernation, aestivation and metabolic depression in different seasons. we investigated the effects of seasonal fluctuations on oxidative stress (os) physiology biomarkers, such as endogenous (elpx) and induced (ilpx) lipid peroxidation, front-line redox regulatory enzymes (superoxide dismutase: sod and catalase) and two non-enzyme antioxidant metabolites (a ... | 2016 | 27568195 |
| sexual dimorphism in baseline urinary corticosterone metabolites and their association with body-condition indices in a peri-urban population of the common asian toad (duttaphrynus melanostictus). | field endocrinology research through the quantification of glucocorticoids or stress hormones in free-living wildlife is crucial for assessing their physiological responses towards pervasive environmental changes. urinary corticosterone metabolite (ucm) enzyme-immunoassay (eia) has been validated for numerous amphibian species as a non-invasive measure of physiological stress. body-condition indices (bcis) have also been widely used in amphibians as an indirect measure of animal health. field en ... | 2016 | 26478192 |
| detection of antidiabetic activity by crude paratoid gland secretions from common indian toad (bufomelano stictus). | amphibians have provided a remarkable array of biological active compounds, which are secreted from socalled granular skin glands which serve to protect the amphibians from predators due to its noxious effects on buccal tissue and at least in the case of some peptides, to protect from bacterial (or) protozoan infections. given the respiratory and antimicrobial functions of amphibian skin, it is likely that some of the novel molecules found in amphibian granular gland secretions might be of use i ... | 2017 | 26283844 |
| [comparison of the chemical composition between fresh and dried venenum bufonis by uplc-orbitrap ms]. | to identify the active components in bufo melanostictus schneider and clarify the difference between fresh and dried venenum bufonis, a uplc-orbitrap ms method has been established. the separation was performed with gradient elution of acetonitrile and water (with 0.1% formic acid) as mobile phase. by comparing their retention time and high resolution mass data of venenum bufonis extracts, 39 effective components were primarily identified by ms/ms analysis in positive ion mode. twenty-six of the ... | 2014 | 25577877 |
| berberine-induced pigment dispersion in bufo melanostictus melanophores by stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. | reduced production of melanin by decreased or the absence of melanocytes leads to various hypopigmentation disorders, and the development of melanogenetic agents for photoprotection and hypopigmentation disorders is one of the top priority areas of research. hence, the present study was carried out to elucidate the ability of berberine, a principal active ingredient present in the roots of the herb berberis vulgaris to stimulate pigment dispersion in the isolated skin melanophores of the toad bu ... | 2014 | 24099619 |
| quality assessment of serially ultradiluted and agitated drug digitalis purpurea by emission spectroscopy and clinical analysis of its effect on the heart rate of indian bufo melanostictus. | the investigation of ultradiluted (homeopathic) drugs is extremely interesting and challenging, and from that point of view this study shows novelty. a study of in vivo changes in heart rate of the indian bufo melanostictus caused by commercially available serially ultra-diluted and agitated extract of digitalis purpurea has been tried in order to understand their pharmacological role. rr interval (of ecg) was compared after intraperitoneal administration of serially diluted and agitated digital ... | 2013 | 26555986 |
| a new species of duttaphrynus (anura:bufonidae) from northeast india. | a new species of montane toad duttaphrynus is described from nagaland state of northeast india. the new species is diagnosable based on following combination of characters: absence of preorbital, postorbital and orbitotympanic ridges, elongated and broad parotid gland, first finger longer than second and presence of a mid-dorsal line. the tympanum is hidden under a skin fold (in male) or absent (in female). the species is compared with its congers from india and indo-china. we propose to conside ... | 2013 | 26213769 |
| deriving freshwater quality criteria for iron, lead, nickel, and zinc for protection of aquatic life in malaysia. | freshwater quality criteria for iron (fe), lead (pb), nickel (ni), and zinc (zn) were developed with particular reference to aquatic biota in malaysia, and based on usepa's guidelines. acute toxicity tests were performed on eight different freshwater domestic species in malaysia which were macrobrachium lanchesteri (prawn), two fish: poecilia reticulata and rasbora sumatrana, melanoides tuberculata (snail), stenocypris major (ostracod), chironomus javanus (midge larvae), nais elinguis (annelid), ... | 2012 | 22919358 |
| cadmium-induced toxicity on larvae of the common asian toad duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider 1799): evidence from empirical trials. | this paper investigates the toxicity of cadmium (cd) on young stages of the common asian toad duttaphrynus melanostictus (schneider 1799). signs of acute toxicity were evident in tadpoles repeatedly exposed to five concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 2 mg l(-1)of cd which included environmentally relevant levels. mortality at concentrations of 0.02 mg l(-1) and above was enhanced from 2 % at 0.02 mg l(-1) to 100 % at 1 mg l(-1), in a dose-dependent manner. significant growth impairment was evid ... | 2012 | 22526988 |
| immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin d and a possible role of melanocytes during tail resorption in tadpoles of a tropical toad. | programmed cell death during anuran tail resorption is primarily brought about by apoptosis. cathepsin d, a lysosomal aspartyl protease, is involved in the death of tail tissues. thus, anuran tail resorption presents an ideal model to study cathepsin-mediated cell death during vertebrate development. present study describes the trend of specific activity of cathepsin d in the tail of different developmental stages and immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin d in the tail tissues of the com ... | 2012 | 22505219 |
| effect of an increase in environmental temperature on testicular androgenesis and spermatogenesis in toad (bufo melanostictus) during hibernating season. | activities of key testicular androgenic enzymes [δ(5), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (δ(5), 3β-hsd) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-hsd)], plasma levels of testosterone, and testicular gametogenic activities were studied in heat-exposed adult male toads during hibernating season for two consecutive years. exposure of toads to an elevated environmental temperature for 14 and 21 days resulted in significant elevation of testicular δ(5), 3β-hsd and 17β-hsd activities, along with plasma ... | 2011 | 22147595 |
| psoralea corylifolia extracts stimulate cholinergic-like psoralen receptors of tadpole-tail melanophores, leading to skin darkening. | the present work was carried out to determine the effects of lyophilized seed extracts of psoralea corylifolia along with pure psoralen, its active ingredient on the isolated tail-piece melanophores of bufo melanostictus, a type of disguised smooth muscle cells, which offer excellent in vitro opportunities for studying the effects of pharmacological and pharmaceutical agents. in the present study, it was found that lyophilized extract of p. corylifolia and its active ingredient psoralen induced ... | 2011 | 20863173 |
| developmental disruptions induced by insect growth regulator (novaluron) in bufo melanostictus tadpoles. | novaluron is an insect growth regulator (igr) used against fruit-borers and domestic pests. in this study, effects of different concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 microg l(-1)) of novaluron on the tail regeneration, limb development and metamorphosis were examined in bufo melanostictus. thyroxine (1.0, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 microg l(-1)), which promotes amphibian development/metamorphosis, and vitamin a (5, 20, 40, 60 iu l(-1)), which disrupts development and induce polymelia, were used for comparison. ... | 2010 | 20186694 |
| association preference and mechanism of kin recognition in tadpoles of the toad bufo melanostictus. | in experiments with specially designed choice tanks, tadpoles of bufo melanostictus spend significantly greater amounts of time near kin than near non-kin. however, in the absence of kin members, they prefer to spend more time near non-kin rather than stay away in isolation in the opposite blank zone with no company. this implies that association of toad tadpoles with their kin is due to attraction rather than repulsion from non-kin. experiments designed to elucidate the sensory basis of kin rec ... | 2009 | 19805905 |
| toad poisoning in laos. | we describe two patients who developed severe illness after eating the skin and eggs of a toad, probably bufo melanostictus schneider, in southeastern laos. one boy died, and one developed a digoxin toxicity-like syndrome with bradycardia and heart failure but survived. a telephone survey of 16 lao provincial hospitals suggested that toad poisoning occurs in at least six provinces. that 93% of villagers in three villages in southeastern laos were aware that toads are poisonous but that 51% had e ... | 2007 | 17984341 |
| ubiquitous lens alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins accumulate in anuran cornea as corneal crystallins. | corneal epithelium is known to have high levels of some metabolic enzymes such as aldehyde dehydrogenase in mammals, gelsolin in zebrafish, and alpha-enolase in several species. analogous to lens crystallins, these enzymes and proteins are referred to as corneal crystallins, although their precise function is not established in any species. although it is known that after lentectomy, the outer cornea undergoes transdifferentiation to regenerate a lens only in anuran amphibians, major proteins ex ... | 2007 | 17452334 |
| composition, diversity, and spatial relationships of anurans following wetland restoration in a managed tropical forest. | we investigated the composition, diversity, and patterns of spatial use of an anuran community following a wetland restoration project in a managed tropical monsoon forest in southern taiwan. anurans comprising eight species in seven genera and four families reached a mean density of 0.025+/-0.004 anurans m(-2) within a year. the three most important species in terms of frequency of occurrence and relative abundance all had an early appearance; only the most abundant fejervarya limnocharis (62.2 ... | 2006 | 17116991 |
| the "third eye"-- a new concept of trans-differentiation of pineal gland into median eye in amphibian tadpoles of bufo melanostictus. | median third eye was found to develop from transplanted pineal gland of external gill stage tadpoles in the recipient 5 toe stage tadpoles of bufo melanostictus. pineal gland along with a bit part of brain tissue of the donor external gill stage tadpole was cut out and transplanted into a pit made between two lateral eyes of 5 toe stage recipient tadpoles. half of the operated tadpoles were treated with vitamin a (15 iu/ml.) for 15 days. median "third eye" was found to develop in the both untrea ... | 2005 | 16121707 |
| haematological characteristics and bone fluoride content in bufo melanostictus from an aluminium industrial site. | fluoride concentration in bones and differential haemotological characteristics (rbc, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpusclar haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume) were measured in amphibians, bufo melanostictus, collected from fluoride-contaminated and -uncontaminated areas. the average haemoglobin content, total rbc count and haematocrit (%) in blood samples were found to be significantly reduced, while mean corpuscular concentration and volume were significantly elevated in individuals f ... | 1998 | 15093307 |
| effect of whole body gamma radiation on hepatic ldh activity, lactate, pyruvate concentration and rate of oxygen consumption in bufo melanostictus. | whole body co60 gamma radiation induced changes in lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) activity, pyruvate, lactate content and rate of oxygen (o2) consumption in a tropical hibernating anuran (bufo melanostictus). in 3.5 and 7 gy treated groups, a significant increase in ldh activity and lactate/pyruvate ratio was observed, whereas a significant decrease in o2 consumption rate was observed in treated animals on post-irradiation day (pid) 1, 5 and 10. increase in ldh activity was observed on pid-1 in both ... | 2002 | 13677637 |
| an appraisal of post-irradiation metabolic changes in toad liver (bufo melanostictus). | whole body 60co gamma irradiation of b . melanostictus with two sublethal doses of 3.5 and 7 gy resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.001) in total lipid (hyperlipidemia), cholesterol content (hypercholesterolemia) and total free amino acid content, and significant decrease (p < 0.001) in total protein content in the liver tissues on post-irradiation day (pid) 1, 5 and 10 as compared to controls. the ratio of total lipid to cholesterol showed a gradual declining trend by pid-10 in the treate ... | 2002 | 12693706 |
| effect of thyroxine on some digestive enzymes of the adult male toad, bufo melanostictus. | thyroxine is known to play an important role during the developmental process of amphibians. the present work is designed on the hypothesis that a functional relationship exists between the thyroid gland and digestive physiology in the adult toad. three doses of thyroxine (25 microg/100 g; 50 microg/100 g; 100 microg/100 microg body weight) were orally administered daily to the adult male toad, bufo melanostictus and changes in -amylase, pepsin, trypsin, and esterase activities of the different ... | 2002 | 12597539 |
| homeotic regeneration of eye in amphibian tadpoles and its enhancement by vitamin a. | after removal of both the lateral eyes of external gill stage tadpoles of the toad bufo melanostictus, the pineal organ gets transformed into a median eye. this type of transformation occurs in tadpoles of both control and vitamin a treated groups. however, vitamin a increases the likelihood of homeotic regeneration (57% in the control group and 71% in the vitamin a treated group). histological studies showed that the newly transformed median eye developed from the pineal organ. the pineal eye s ... | 2001 | 11807288 |
| nux vomica 30 prepared with and without succession shows antialcoholic effect on toads and distinctive molecular association. | adult toads, bufo melanostictus, were administered nux vomica (nux v) 30 prepared with and without succussion on the tongue. the drug was mixed with sterile distilled water at the rate 0.05ml/ml water and given orally 0.05ml/individual. the control consisted of blank ethanol solution. seeds of strychnos nuxvomica were ground and extracted with 90% ethanol in the laboratory. nux v 30 was prepared by successive dilution and succussion in 30 steps, nux v 30 u was prepared by successive dilution onl ... | 2001 | 11341461 |
| direct effects of lithium chloride on the activities of delta 5-3 beta and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testis and bidder's organ of the adult toad (bufo melanostictus)--in vitro study. | steroidogenic key enzymes, i.e. delta 5-3 beta and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta and 17 beta-hsd) activities, in the testis and bidder's organ of the toad were inhibited and ascorbic acid synthesis in these organs was decreased by a wide range of lithium concentration in in vitro study. a significant inhibition was noted at a concentration of 2.0 mm, which is easily achieved in the blood during the treatment of manic patients by lithium chloride. this experiment reflected ... | 1999 | 10754790 |
| the ontogeny of kin recognition in tadpoles of the toad bufo melanostictus (anura; bufonidae). | the ontogeny of kin recognition and influence of social environment on the development of kin recognition behaviour was experimentally investigated in tadpoles of bufo melanostictus that lived in aggregations and showed low larval dispersion. embryos and tadpoles of the toad were reared as (i) kin only, (ii) with kin and non-kin (separated by a mesh screen), and (iii) in isolation. they were tested for the ability to discriminate between (i) familiar siblings and unfamiliar non-siblings, (ii) fa ... | 2000 | 11022229 |
| the use of tadpoles of bufo melanostictus (schneider), rhacophorus leucomystax maculatus (gray) and uperodon sp. in the bioassay of aflatoxins. | | 1969 | 5797383 |
| [prey selection by tiger frog larvae (hoplobatrachus chinensis) of two sympatric anuran species' tadpoles]. | we examined the prey selection and behavioral responses of tiger frog hoplobatrachus chinensis larvae exposed to unpalatable and palatable sympatric prey tadpoles, bufo melanostictus and pelophylax nigromaculatus. we found that after a short exposure to the toxic toad tadpoles b. melanostictus, predators may learn to decrease going after unpalatable prey, subsequently it seems they may express short-term behavioral memory in order to avoid the toxic prey. in general, h. chinensis showed no prefe ... | 2013 | 23775997 |