| [experimental analysis of membrane potential changes during maturation of bufo bufo gargarizans oocytes]. | the full-grown oocytes obtained from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) submitted in hibernation state or reared at 25-30 degrees c for several months, named hibernation oocyte or high temperature oocyte, had a membrane potential of -41.51 +/- 0.77 mv and -43.83 +/- 1.39 mv in ringer's solution respectively. the hibernation oocytes underwent gvbd (germinal vesicle breakdown) and membrane depolarization at 19 +/- 1 degree c after progesterone stimulation. the membrane potential was about -20 mv at the ... | 1989 | 2511712 |
| [cytoplasmic membranes are involved in the regulation of bufo bufo gargarizans resuming meiotic division]. | | 1987 | 2834899 |
| [effect of endogenous camp changes on the oocyte maturation of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | | 1987 | 2834900 |
| [a preliminary study on the hormonal causes of seasonal change in miniature endplate potentials at the neuromuscular junctions of the toad]. | the hormonal causes of seasonal change in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials (mepp) in the adult toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) were studied with intracellular recordings of mepp at the neuromuscular junction of sartorius muscle fiber in vitro by adding l-thyroxine sodium and estrone to the bath medium during spring and autumn respectively. the results showed that l-thyroxine sodium (50 mumol/ l) could not change the amplitude of mepp, regardless of spring or autumn, but estrone (100 mumo ... | 1996 | 9389005 |
| [blocking effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine on delayed rectified k+ currents expressed in xenopus oocytes and in toad oocytes]. | the effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine (bthp) on delayed rectified k+ currents (ik) expressed in xenopus oocytes and ik of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes were studied. the ik expressed in xenopus oocytes was measured after microinjection of mrna isolated from carp fish (c anratus l.) brains with double -microelectrode voltage clamp technique. the maximum and mean value of ik expressed in xenopus oocytes were 600 na and 360 +/- 104 na, respectively. bthp reduced the current amplitude of i ... | 1996 | 9863258 |
| a novel antimicrobial peptide from bufo bufo gargarizans. | a potent and structurally novel antimicrobial peptide was isolated and characterized from the stomach tissue of bufo bufo gargarizans, an asian toad. the 39-amino acid peptide, named buforin i, was purified to homogeneity by heparin-affinity column and reverse-phase hplc. the amino acid sequence of buforin i was identical in 37 of 39 amino-terminal residues of xenopus histone h2a. the buforin i showed strong antimicrobial activities in vitro against a broad-spectrum of microorganisms and was fou ... | 1996 | 8573171 |
| blood parasites of amphibians from sichuan province, people's republic of china. | two hundred forty-six amphibians from sichuan province, people's republic of china, were examined for blood parasites between april and june 1990. six trypanosome species were found, 2 of which were not identified because of poor material. trypanosoma rotatorium (sensu mayer, 1843) was found in rana limnocharis and rana nigromaculata. trypanosoma chattoni and a t. rotatorium-like species were found in bufo gargarizans. a sphaeromastigote similar to trypanosoma tsunezomiyatai was seen in r. limno ... | 1993 | 8501591 |
| the contralaterally projecting neurons of the isthmic nucleus in five anuran species: a retrograde tracing study with hrp and cobalt. | the morphology of projection neurons of the isthmic nucleus was studied in rana esculenta, r. nigromaculata, bufo marinus, b. bufo gargarizans, and xenopus laevis from a comparative anatomical point of view. the main point of this work was to provide an anatomical basis for electrophysiological studies. neurons projecting to the ipsilateral optic tectum were labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and cobaltous lysine complex injected into the optic tectum. contralaterally proj ... | 1994 | 7962721 |
| excitatory and inhibitory transmission from the optic tectum to nucleus isthmi and its vicinity in amphibians. | intracellular recordings were made from nucleus isthmi (ni) and its vicinity in toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) in response to electrical stimulation of the bilateral optic tract. the results suggest that ni mainly receives its excitatory input from the ipsilateral tectum and its inhibitory input from the contralateral tectum. tegmental cells in a region medioventral to ni were usually characterized by strong spontaneous activity and an excitatory-inhibitory sequence of postsynaptic potentials in ... | 1995 | 7552220 |
| nucleus isthmus of toad is secondary visual center. | visual responses of 148 units have been recorded with micropipettes from the left nucleus isthmus areas of toads (bufo bufo gargarizans), their auditory and tactile responses also examined, and 122 recording sites marked with cobalt sulphide. this study indicates that: (i) 118 units responding solely to visual stimuli are found within the nucleus, and 4 multisensory units outside, (ii) there exist a visual field map and binocular units in the nucleus, and (iii) response latencies of the isthmic ... | 1982 | 6820188 |
| the effect of acetylcholine on neurones of the amphibian nucleus isthmi. | in the bird, histochemical and biochemical data suggest that the tectal input into nucleus isthmi is of a cholinergic nature. in the present study the response of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) isthmic neurones to acetylcholine was investigated using conventional extracellular recording techniques and ionophoresis. the results show isthmic cells to be strongly excited by acetylcholine (ach), whereas neurones in the neighbouring areas show minimal sensitivity. atropine sulphate completely blocked t ... | 1985 | 3918767 |
| [induced ovulation and maturation of the oocytes with human chorionic gonadotrophin and steroid hormones in the toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | | 1963 | 14110608 |
| [the developmental capacity of endoderm nuclei of bufo bufo gargarizans, as revealed by nuclear transplantation]. | | 1964 | 14234442 |
| [distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine immunostaining cells in various tissues of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | the distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) immunostaining cells in the digestive tracts (hibernation and nonhibernation), the brain and other various tissues of bufo bufo gargarizans was studied by peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical method. in the brain, 5-ht immunostaining cells were localized in the raphen nuclear area of brain stem and in the ependyma cell area of the ventriclus tertius of diencephalon. these immunostaining cells were round or oval. the cells usually possess pr ... | 1990 | 2128674 |
| [studies on the distribution of atpase in the neurula of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | | 1965 | 14317865 |
| [the expression of kainate and gaba receptors in oocytes of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | oocytes of bufo bufo gargarizans were used as an expression system for analyzing structure of exogenous membrane protein and their functions. poly (a)+ mrna isolated from rat brain was injected into toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes (50 ng/oocyte). rat brain kainic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid(gaba) receptors expressed by the injected mrna were integrated in the oocyte membrane 48 h after the injection at 19 degrees c. membrane currents induced by kainic acid (5 x 10(-5) mol/l) and gaba ( ... | 1992 | 1338132 |
| [studies on the chemical constituents from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor]. | four bufotoxins were isolated by means of preparative reversed phase hplc from the water soluble fraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. on the basis of their spectral data (uv, ir, 1hnmr, 13cnmr, eims and fdms), amino acid analyses and chemical properties, they were identified as bufotalin 3-succinoylarginine ester(i), bufalin 3-succinoylarginine ester(ii), cinobufagin 3-succinoylarginine ester(iii), and resibufogenin 3-succinoylarginine ester(iv). compound i is a new bufotoxin. | 1992 | 1293940 |
| [a voltage-dependent potassium channel of outward rectifier type in plasma membrane of oocyte from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | membrane properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using voltage-clamp technique. it was found that a sustained outward current was elicited by membrane depolarization to -30 mv or more positive value. the increase of the current was nearly proportional to the degree of depolarization. the peak value of the current ranged 2-5 microa at a membrane potential of 20 mv in oocytes from different toads. the current was inhibited by antagonists of potassium ... | 1992 | 1293763 |
| deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in china. | freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in china, and based on usepa's guidelines. acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to china to determine 48-h lc50 and 96-h lc50 values for 2,4-dcp. in addition, 21 day survival-reproduction tests with daphnia magna, 30-day embryo-larval tests with carassius auratus, 60 day fry-juvenile test with ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early ... | 2003 | 12531309 |
| a novel ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase is involved in toad oocyte maturation. | p28, a 28kd protein from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes, was identified by using p13(suc1)-agarose affinity chromatography. sequence homology analysis of the full-length cdna of p28 (gene bank accession number: af 314091) indicated that it encodes a protein containing 224 amino-acids with about 55% identities and more than 70% positives to human, rat or mouse uch-l1, and contains homological functional domains of uch family. anti-p28 monoclonal antibody, on injecting into the oocytes, coul ... | 2002 | 12296378 |
| pepsin-mediated processing of the cytoplasmic histone h2a to strong antimicrobial peptide buforin i. | the intestinal epithelium forms a first line of innate host defense by secretion of proteins with antimicrobial activity against microbial infection. despite the extensive studies on the antimicrobial host defense in many gastrointestinal tracts, little is known about the antimicrobial defense system of the stomach. the potent antimicrobial peptide buforin i, consisting of 39 aa, was isolated recently from the stomach tissue of an asian toad, bufo bufo gargarizans. in this study we examined the ... | 2000 | 10975843 |
| interactions of the novel antimicrobial peptide buforin 2 with lipid bilayers: proline as a translocation promoting factor. | buforin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide discovered in the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. the 21-residue peptide with +6 net charge shows antimicrobial activity an order of magnitude higher than that of magainin 2, a membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptide from xenopus laevis [park, c. b., kim, m. s., and kim, s. c. (1996) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 218, 408-413]. in this study, we investigated the interactions of buforin 2 with phospholipid bilayers in comparison ... | 2000 | 10913273 |
| [effects of estrone on transmission at neuromuscular junction of the toad]. | the effects of estrone on neuromuscular transmission were studied intracellularly at the muscle fiber endplate in isolated sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparations of the toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) in vitro. the results showed that estrone (10(-4) mol/l), added to bath medium, caused an increase in amplitudes of endplate potentials (epp) both in 10 micrograms tubocurarine treated and 10 mmol/l mgcl2 treated preparations, but the increase was more prominent in the former, and that estrone, 3 ... | 1997 | 10684057 |
| [the effects of tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium on neuromuscular junctions of adult toad]. | the effects of tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (twp) on the transmission at the neuromuscular junctions (nmj) of sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparations of 20 adult toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) in vitro were studied by means of intracellular microelectrode recording of endplate potentials (epp). the results revealed that twp could cause changes of epp amplitude so as to influence the transmission at nmj, and the effects apparently depended on the concentration of the drug. a proper c ... | 1997 | 10683922 |
| efficacy of digoxin specific fab fragments (digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. | chan su, a traditional chinese medication, and love stone, a topical aphrodisiac, are both made from dried venom of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans and contain bufalin, cinobufotalin, cinobufagin, and other cardioactive steroids of the bufadienolide class. deaths have occurred following ingestion of these products and the clinical course resembles digoxin toxicity. the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of digoxin specific fab fragments in treating chan su poisoning. an ethanolic ... | 1999 | 10340832 |
| effects of glutamatergic, cholinergic and gabaergic antagonists on tectal cells in toads. | the present paper using microiontophoresis analysis describes transmitters and their receptor subtypes used in retinotectal and isthmotectal transmission, and suggests several modes converging retinotectal and isthmotectal afferents on tectal neurons in toads (bufo bufo gargarizans). neuronal responses of tectal cells were extracellularly recorded to both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the nucleus isthmi, and effects of glutamatergic, cholinergic, gabaergic and glycinergic anta ... | 1999 | 10218805 |
| tegmental inhibition on isthmic neurons is mediated by the decussatio veli in amphibians. | this in vitro study on toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) provides the first electrophysiological evidence that electrical stimulation of the decussatio veli in the midbrain tegmentum predominantly produced inhibition on neurons extracellularly recorded from the nucleus isthmi (ni). these cells were distributed throughout the nucleus. the present study lends strong support to the suggestion that the extratectal input to ni is mainly inhibitory and gives a good explanation for the previously reported ... | 1998 | 9785351 |
| effects of methanol extract of chansu on hypothalamic-pituitary-testis function in rats. | chansu, a galenical preparation of the dried white venom of chinese bufo bufo gargarizans, is one of the major components of kyushin, a traditional chinese medicine. kyushin is reported to have a cardiotonic effect that has been suggested to be due to the action of bufadienolides such as bufalin and cinobufagin. recently, we found that administration of bufalin in male rats diminished the luteinizing hormone (lh) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) and the secretion of testosterone ... | 1998 | 9781623 |
| antimicrobial peptides derived from pepsinogens in the stomach of the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. | three antimicrobial peptides, which had strong antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, were isolated from the stomach of the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. two of the antimicrobial peptides were found to be derived from the n-terminal sequences of pepsinogen a and c prosequences. the amino acid sequences of the new antimicrobial peptides, named bullfrog pepsinogen a-derived antimicrobial peptide (bpaap) and bullfrog pepsinogen c-derived antimicrobial peptide (bpcap), were ... | 1998 | 9639668 |
| acidic peptide-mediated expression of the antimicrobial peptide buforin ii as tandem repeats in escherichia coli. | antimicrobial peptides have received increasing attention as a new pharmaceutical substance, because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and the rapid development of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. the main obstacle to the wide application of antimicrobial peptides has been the lack of a cost-effective, mass-production method. a novel mass-production method for an antimicrobial peptide of 21 amino acids, buforin ii, which was isolated from the stomach of the amphib ... | 1998 | 9473457 |
| [seasonal variation and circannual rhythm of miniature end-plate potentials recorded from the neuromuscular junctions of the adult toad (bufo bufo gargarizans)]. | the seasonal variations and circannual rhythm of miniature end-plate potentials (mepp) recorded from the sartorius neuromuscular junctions (nmj) of 66 female and 62 male adult toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) were studied with intracellular microelectrode recording techniques of electrophysiology. the results revealed that the mean amplitude of mepp in each month of a year showed clear seasonal variation with a nadir in september and october and a zenith in march and april. this seasonal variation ... | 1996 | 9389034 |
| [a potentially new sodium channel blocker: 2-chloro-4-bromo-alpha-methylcinnamic acid]. | the effects of 2-chloro-4-bromo-alpha-methylcinnamic acid sodium (sc1001 na) and some channel antagonists on the action potential (ap) and the resting potential (rp) were tested intracellularly in the sartorius muscle of the toad (bufo bufo gargarizans). tea (10mmol/l) and mncl2 (10 mmol/l) had no effect on the amplitude of the ap, otherwise, ttx (1 mumol/l) blocked the ap completely. sc1001 na at the concentration of 2mmol/l largely decreased the amplitude of the ap and expanded the duration of ... | 1995 | 8586392 |
| [studies on anti-tumor and enhancing immunity activity of toad coat]. | to study the anti-tumor and immunity activity of toad coat (chantui), which is a new officinal part of bufo bufo gargarizans. | 2010 | 20394297 |
| [effects of endomorphins and their analogs on cardiovascular system]. | to analyze the effects of endomorphins (ems) and their analogs ([d-pro2]em-1, [d-ala2]em-1, [d-pro2]em-2 and [d-ala2]em-2) on the cardiovascular system of anestetized rats and to study its mechanism. | 2001 | 12580048 |
| [the effects of ethanol on neuromuscular junctions of adult toad]. | to investigate the effects of ethanol on the transmission at the neuromuscular junctions(nmj) and the possible mechanism thereby. | 2001 | 12600106 |
| [experimental analysis of mechanism concerning the environmental temperature effect on acquisition of capability in toad oocyte to resume meiotic division]. | full-grown oocytes derived from bufo bufo gargarizans rearing in high temperature environment (28-30 degrees c), called high temperature oocytes, never underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (gvbd) after progesterone stimulation, no mpf was detected in their ooplasm, but some events which manifested normally at the beginning of progesterone induced maturation process were revealed in these oocytes. it is worth notice an another kind of maturation promoting substance(s) appeared in the ooplasm of h ... | 1993 | 8023639 |
| deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in china. | freshwater quality criteria of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-tcp) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in china, and based on usepa's guidelines. acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to china to determine 48 h lc(50) and 96 h lc(50) values for 2,4,6-tcp. in addition, 21 d survival-reproduction test with daphnia magna, 30 d embryo-larval test with carassius auratus, 60 d fry-juvenile test with ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d earl ... | 2003 | 12729688 |
| [the functions in the progesterone-induced oocyte maturation of toad ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (tuch) is independent of its uch activity]. | p28, a protein derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes, has a high level of sequence homology to mouse uch l1. we report here that it is a toad ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (uch), termed tuch for its ability to hydrolyze the uch substrate ubiquitin ethyl ester (uboet). the similarities of secondary structures between tuch and uch l1 highlight that they might have common functions. the total extracted proteins both from immature and matured oocytes contain 2% tuch. the enzyme k ... | 2003 | 12858507 |
| [studies on the parasites of korean amphibia: 1. trematodes of amphibians] | an investigation on the trematodes of korean amphibians was carried out during the period from april to september of 1976. a total of 883 amphibians of 6 species were examined. these frogs, toads and salamanders were collected in the areas of the han river side. and also these amphibians comprised 775 rana nigromaculata, 53 rana rugosa, 21 hyla arborea japonica, 2 bufo bufo gargarizans, 2 gallula tornieri and 30 hynobius leechi. out of the results of this work, 7 species of trematodes belonging ... | 1976 | 12913435 |
| [calcium-dependent chloride channels in plasma membrane of oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | in this paper, membrane current properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. axion of adult female toad was destroyed, and then ovarian lobes containing oocytes in stage i to vi were removed and incubated in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution with collagenase (1.5 mg/ml) for 1 h. subsequently, the oocytes were washed in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution for 10 min to completely remove the follicular layer. for the experi ... | 2006 | 17041732 |
| neurotoxic activity of gln49 phospholipase a(2) from gloydius ussuriensis snake venom. | a novel neurotoxic protein phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), molecular weight 13 881.83 da, has been isolated from snake venom of gloydius ussuriensis, named as gln49-pla(2), which shows weak lethal toxic, myotoxic and apparent anticoagulant activity, but lacks phospholipase activity. the gln49-pla(2) obviously induced an increase of the pain threshold in intoxicated 615 mice compared with the control group, suggesting it is a neurotoxin. hot-plate tests also showed that its analgesic activity was do ... | 2007 | 17299814 |
| [determination of bufothionine in skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection]. | to establish a hplc method for bufothionine in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection. | 2007 | 17432144 |
| population genetics and phylogeography of bufo gargarizans in china. | the chinese toad bufo gargarizans has an extensive range, covering nearly all of china. this study addresses the population genetic structure of this toad and the relation to geographic location. partial sequences of the mtdna control region were obtained from 14 populations, 29 haplotypes were defined, and 73 variable sites were found, including 66 parsimony informative sites. all population genetic analyses indicated no clear geographic pattern in the distribution of haplotypes. the genetic di ... | 2007 | 17879156 |
| [isolation and structure identification of chemical constituents from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, originated from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), is widely used in traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatoma, lung cancer and etc. the preparation of the aqueous components has significant therapeutic effect against the digestive tract cancer. the water-soluble chemical constituents in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans were then investigated to make clear the active compounds. six compounds were isolated and purified by recrystallizati ... | 2007 | 17944235 |
| evaluation of dna damage in chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) after in vivo exposure to sublethal concentrations of four herbicides using the comet assay. | chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, is frequently found in rice fields, muddy ponds, wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in china. because of its habitat, it has many chances of being exposed to pesticides, such as acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, and paraquat, which are extensively used in rice or cereal fields. amphibians may serve as model organisms for determining the genotoxic effects of pollutants contaminating these areas. in the present study dna damage was evaluated in the c ... | 2008 | 18297398 |
| effect of lipid composition on buforin ii structure and membrane entry. | buforin ii is a 21-amino acid polycationic antimicrobial peptide derived from a peptide originally isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. it is hypothesized to target a wide range of bacteria by translocating into cells without membrane permeabilization and binding to nucleic acids. previous research found that the structure and membrane interactions of buforin ii are related to lipid composition. in this study, we used molecular dynamics (md) simulations along ... | 2008 | 18452210 |
| buforins: histone h2a-derived antimicrobial peptides from toad stomach. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) constitute an important component of the innate immune system in a variety of organisms. buforin i is a 39-amino acid amp that was first isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. buforin ii is a 21-amino acid peptide that is derived from buforin i and displays an even more potent antimicrobial activity than its parent amp. both peptides share complete sequence identity with the n-terminal region of histone h2a that interacts directly ... | 2009 | 19041293 |
| protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro. | in china, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. we studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-ind ... | 2012 | 22150009 |
| genotoxicity evaluation of chlorpyrifos to amphibian chinese toad (amphibian: anura) by comet assay and micronucleus test. | in the present study, the genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated in the chinese toad by using comet assay and micronucleus test (mn), as the potential tools for the assessment of genotoxicity. the first step was determined by the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos. tadpoles were exposed to the series of relatively high concentrations of chlorpyrifos for 96 h. lc(50) values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 3.63, 1.17, 0.82, and 0.80 mgl(-1), respectively. secondly, the micronucleus test was used for ... | 2009 | 19524702 |
| genetic diversity and molecular differentiation of chinese toad based on microsatellite markers. | genetic diversity and population structure of 9 populations of bufo gargarizans with total 111 samples in china were assessed using seven microsatellite loci. the analysed microsatellite markers produced 161 alleles, varied from 9 to 38 alleles each locus. the number of alleles per population per locus ranged from 4.43 to 10.29. polymorphic information content showed that all seven loci were highly informative (mean = 0.810 + or - 0.071). the average observed heterozygosity was less than the exp ... | 2010 | 19693692 |
| first detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging populations of amphibians on mainland asia: survey in south korea. | chytridiomycosis, a disease that has caused amphibian population declines globally and elevated many species of anurans to endangered or threatened status, has recently been declared an internationally notifiable disease. batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), the amphibian chytrid fungus causing this disease, has not been previously reported in korea or on mainland asia. thirty-six frog specimens representing 7 species were collected from the wild in south korea and examined for bd using standard ... | 2009 | 19899344 |
| systematic screening and characterization of novel bufadienolides from toad skin using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | during the discovery process of novel compounds, it is of significant importance to differentiate novel from known compounds in crude extracts before starting the time-consuming process of purification. bufadienolides are the main active components of the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (toad skin), an important traditional chinese medicine. the fragmentation behavior and mass spectra profiles of bufadienolides standards were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatograp ... | 2010 | 20155762 |
| cinobufacini, an aqueous extract from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin and parotid venom glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. the present study sought to investigate the possible signaling pathway implicated in cinobufacini-induced apoptosis in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines hepg(2) and bel-7402. | 2010 | 20193751 |
| purification of active bufadienolides from toad skin by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography. | an isolation method by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography was successfully used to isolate and purify active bufadienolides from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor toad skin. in the first step, crude samples were run on an xterra prep c18 column. after screening for activity, two fractions were chosen for further purification. a click beta-cyclodextrin (click-cd) column made in our laboratory was used for the second step. seven compounds, including ... | 2010 | 20432230 |
| new bufadienolides and c(23) steroids from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | six new bufadienolides (1-6) and two new c(23) steroids (7 and 8), together with three known compounds (9-11) were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. in vitro cytotoxicities of all compounds were evaluated in a549 cancer cell line. compounds 2, 3 and 10 showed significant cytotoxic activities. | 2010 | 20546768 |
| comparison of toad venoms from different bufo species by hplc and lc-dad-ms/ms. | toad venom, called chansu in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. | 2010 | 20637273 |
| bufogargarizins a and b: two novel 19-norbufadienolides with unprecedented skeletons from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | | 2010 | 20715201 |
| [the developmental capacity of nuclei taken from the lateral mesoderm cells of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | | 1964 | 14285107 |
| temperature may influence and regulate nf-yb expression in toad oocyte. | fully grown oocytes derived from bufo gargarizans maintained at relatively low temperatures (4 degrees c, lte-oocytes) acquire the competence to resume normal meiosis. in contrast, fully grown oocytes derived from toads maintained at relatively high temperatures (28 degrees c, hte-oocytes) never acquire maturation competence. by suppression subtractive hybridization, we obtained 18 ests preliminarily thought to be preferentially expressed in lte-oocytes; of these, ts1-4 shared homology with the ... | 2004 | 14697263 |
| membrane translocation mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2. | the antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 isolated from the skin of the african clawed frog xenopus laevis crosses lipid bilayers by transiently forming a peptide-lipid supramolecular complex pore inducing membrane permeabilization and flip-flop of membrane lipids [matsuzaki, k., murase, o., fujii, n., and miyajima, k. (1996) biochemistry 35, 11361-11368]. in contrast, the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2 discovered in the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans efficiently crosses lipi ... | 2004 | 15581374 |
| inhibitory effects of bufadienolides on interleukin-6 in mh-60 cells. | derivatives of bufogenin isolated from the skin of the chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor ("ch'an su"), and several semisynthetic derivatives of 20beta,21beta-epoxy-resibufogenin (13) have been evaluated for interleukin-6 (il-6) antagonistic activity due to their growth-inhibitory activities on il-6-dependent mh-60 cells. among the naturally derived compounds (1-17), 20s,21-epoxy-resibufogenin formate (1) showed potent inhibitory activity on the il-6-dependent growth of mh-60 cells. epox ... | 2004 | 15620253 |
| quality evaluation of traditional chinese drug toad venom from different origins through a simultaneous determination of bufogenins and indole alkaloids by hplc. | a simple and efficient hplc method has been developed to evaluate the quality of traditional chinese medicine toad venoms. the major bioactive ingredients, including 10 bufogenins and 4 indole alkaloids in the drug, were separated and quantified on a phenyl-hexyl column with a uv detector. a total of 27 toad venom samples from two species, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider, from the different drug production regions of china, were analyzed. the chromatograms showed si ... | 2005 | 16327195 |
| antitumor activity of extracts and compounds from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor is known to be rich in bufadienolides, peptides and alkaloids. it has been found to be a source of some extracts and biologically active compounds with antitumor activity. cinobufacini (huachansu), a chinese medicine prepared from the dried toad skin, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in china. bufadienolides, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and telocinobufagin, are the major active compounds derived from t ... | 2010 | 21185919 |
| cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, various chromatographic methods were used in the isolation procedures and the structures of isolated compounds were determined based on nmr and ms analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as n-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-n-methylurea (1) and 19-oxocinobufotalin 3-adipoylarginine ester (2), together with 11 known compounds. isolated bufadienolides showed sign ... | 2011 | 21279874 |
| bufalin and cinobufagin induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via fas- and mitochondria-mediated pathways. | bufadienolides bufalin and cinobufagin are cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. they have been shown to induce a wide spectrum of cancer cell apoptosis. however, the detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) are still unclear. in the present study, the apoptosis-inducing effect of bufalin and cinobufagin on hcc cell line hepg(2) was investigated. we found bufalin and cinobufagin ... | 2011 | 21288283 |
| intramuscular single-dose toxicity test of bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture in sprague-dawley rats. | bufonis venonum (bv) is the dried white secretions of the auricular and skin glands of the toads bufo bufo gargarizans or bufo melanosticus schneider. this study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of intramuscularly- administered bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture (bvp) and to calculate its approximate lethality through a single-dose test with sprague-dawley (sd) rats. | 2015 | 26998390 |
| apoptosis-inducing activity of compounds screened and characterized from cinobufacini by bioassay-guided isolation. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicinal preparation widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. here, we screened and identified active compounds of cinobufacini and investigated their apoptosis-inducing effect on hepg2 cells. screening was performed using bioassay-guided isolation. the effects of different fractions on the proliferation of hepg2 cells were detected by the mtt assay. the extracti ... | 2010 | 21472305 |
| chemical constituents and bioactivities of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | | 2011 | 21480502 |
| [chemical constituents from bufonis periostracum and their antitumor activity in vitro]. | eight compounds were isolated from bufonis periostracum by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ods and sephadex lh-20 and their structures were characterized as palmitatic acid cholesteryl ester (1), cholesterol (2), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxycholesta-6-en-3beta-ol (3), cholest-5-en-3beta, 7beta-diol (4), cholest-7-en-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (5), 3-octaddecyloxy-1, 2-propanediol (6), isisamide (7) and bufothionine (8) on the base of spectral analysis. compounds 1-8 were isolated from b ... | 2011 | 22097331 |
| Induction of apoptosis by cinobufacini preparation through mitochondria- and Fas-mediated caspase-dependent pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | Cinobufacini (Huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skins of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in China. However, the precise mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are still not very clear. The aim of present study was to investigate possible apoptotic mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in HCC cell lines HepG(2) and Bel-7402. We found that cinobufacini treatment resulted i ... | 2011 | 22019693 |
| cloning the sterol carrier protein 2 genes of japanese toad (bufo japonicus formosus) and chinese toad (bufo gargarizans) and its tissue expression analysis. | in this study, to clarify the bioactive polypeptides included in the skins and secretions of bufo, we screened the japanese toad (bufo japonicus formosus) skin cdna liary by colony polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and obtained a transcript of 1 075 bp consisting of 1 37 bp 5' untranslated region (utr), 515 bp 3' utr and a 423 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding a polypeptide of 140 amino acid residues (genbank accession number: kf359945). homolog analysis showed a 70%-96% homology with sterol c ... | 0 | 25297079 |
| retrospective survey of museum specimens reveals historically widespread presence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in china. | chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), has been implicated in amphibian population declines worldwide. however, no amphibian declines or extinctions associated with bd have been reported in asia. to investigate the history of this pathogen in china, we examined 1,007 museum-preserved amphibian specimens of 80 species collected between 1933 and 2009. bd was detected in 60 individuals (6.0%), with the earliest case of bd infection occurring in one speci ... | 2014 | 24419667 |
| a novel cathelicidin from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor showed specific activity to its habitat bacteria. | toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor is still used in china as traditional chinese medicine. however, present investigations on its skin secretions were mainly focused on the bufadienolides, the proteins/peptides contained in the secretions are largely unknown. a cdna encoding a novel cathelicidin termed bg-cath was identified by analysis of the toad skin transcriptome. the bg-cath precursor was predicted to have 2 possible cleavage sites following dibasic cleavage signals at its c-terminal, which ... | 2015 | 26091834 |
| [bufo gargarizans mcl-1 cloning and its prokaryotic recombinant protein expression]. | mcl-1 is encoded by myeloid cell leukemia-1 gene (mcl-1), which is one of the anti-apoptotic members of bcl-2 cell apoptotic gene superfamily. chansu is made of dorsal secretions of several bufo species, commonly used in the prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine for treating many diseases including cancer. to clarify if mcl-1 is expressed in the dorsal skin of b. gargarizans, the pcr (polymerase chain reaction) was performed with its dorsal skin first strand cdna as the template and a pa ... | 2013 | 24417092 |
| [bufadienolides from venom of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | twelve compounds were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. on the basis of their physical and chemical properties and spectral data, their structures were identified as resibufagenin (1), bufotalin (2), desacetylcinobufagin (3), 19-oxodesacetylcinobufotalin (4), cinobufotalin (5), 1beta-hydroxylbufalin (6), 12alpha-hydroxybufalin (7), bufotalinin (8), hellebrigenin (9), telocinobufagin (10), hellebrigenol (11) and cinobufagin-3-hemisuberate methyl ester (12), respectively. compounds ... | 2014 | 25204176 |
| toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. | toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. the dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) is named chansu, which has been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. the sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named huachansu (cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepati ... | 2014 | 24734105 |
| the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor blocks hepatitis b virus antigen secretion in hepg2.2.15 cells. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor has long been used for the treatment of hepatitis b in china and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (sc-co₂) is widely used in extracting active ingredients from natural products. the aim of present study was to assess the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) effect of the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (sce-bc). cytotoxicity of sce-bc was analyzed using an mtt [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium brom ... | 2014 | 24647111 |
| characteristics of cathelicidin-bg, a novel gene expressed in the ear-side gland of bufo gargarizans. | the traditional chinese medicine chan su (toad venom) comprises dried secretions of the ear-side gland of bufo gargarizans. chan su is known for its small molecular components, which include telocinobufagin, marinobufagin, and bufalin, while in other amphibians, studies mainly focus on peptide components. until recently, no genes expressed in the ear-side gland of b. gargarizans gland had been cloned. in this study, cathelicidin-bg, a coding sequence of anti-microbial peptide (amp), was cloned. ... | 2016 | 27525920 |
| levels of sparganum infections and phylogenetic analysis of the tapeworm spirometra erinaceieuropaei sparganum in wild frogs from henan province in central china. | sparganosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with spirometra spargana. the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild frogs (rana nigromaculata, r. limmochari, r. temporaria and bufo gargarizans) was investigated in henan province of central china during 2008-2012. of 3482 caught wild frogs, 565 (16.23%) were found to be infected with plerocercoids (spargana) of the genus spirometra. spargana were found in 14.85% (320/2155) of r. nigromaculata, 20.82% (233/1119) of r ... | 2015 | 26017331 |
| arenobufagin activates p53 to trigger esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. | esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (escc) is often diagnosed at late incurable stage and lacks effective treatment strategy. bufadienolides are cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor with novel anticancer activity. however, there is little information about the effects and action mechanisms of bufadienolides on escc cells. in this study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-escc activities of bufadienolides, including bufalin (bu) a ... | 2017 | 28280360 |
| bufospirostenin a and bufogargarizin c, steroids with rearranged skeletons from the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | bufospirostenin a (1) and bufogargarizin c (2), two novel steroids with rearranged a/b rings, were isolated from the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. compound 1 represents the first spirostanol found in animals. compound 2 is an unusual bufadienolide with a cycloheptatriene b ring. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis, and computational calculations. | 2017 | 28256122 |
| studies on cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, many kinds of chromatography methods were used in the isolation procedures, while the structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of their nmr and ms spectral analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as cinobufotalin 3-nonanedioylarginine ester (8) and bufotalin 3-pimeloylarginine ester (14). furthermore, 13 known compounds were obtained. isolated b ... | 2010 | 20839128 |
| anti-hepatitis b virus activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in hepg2.2.15 cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu) is a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), which has long been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm). the aim of present study was to examine the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in the human hbv-transfected cell line hepg2.2.15. the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag), and hepatitis b core-related antigen (hbcrag) co ... | 2010 | 20930383 |
| the novel antidote bezoar bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in mice. | toad venom, called chansu (cs) in china, is an anti-inflammatory drug used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation in china. its use is hampered by the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides derived from toad venom. bezoar bovis is another frequently used drug in toad venom preparations for the treatment of inflammatory or cardiovascular diseases in asia. we explored whether bezoar bovis could protect against cs-induced acute toxicity in mice. toxicity was assessed by the gen ... | 2010 | 21084181 |
| comprehensive two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography for analysis of toad skin. | an analytical two-dimensional normal-phase liquid chromatography × reversed-phase liquid chromatography (2d nplc × rplc) system was constructed with a newly developed thermal evaporation assisted adsorption (teaa) interface. this novel teaa interface with heating temperature above solvent boiling point allowed fast removal of organic nplc solvent and successfully solved the solvent incompatibility problem between nplc and rplc. the system achieved rapid on-line solvent exchange between the two d ... | 2017 | 28231875 |
| inhibitory effect of bufalin on retinoblastoma cells (hxo-rb44) via the independent mitochondrial and death receptor pathway. | cinobufacini (huachansu) is a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), and has long been used in traditional chinese medicine. in the present study, the anti-retinoblastoma constituent bufalin obtained from cinobufacini was investigated. treatment of human retinoblastoma (hxo-rb44) cells with bufalin induced apoptosis which was accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3, as well as ch ... | 2016 | 27904697 |
| [comparison of chemical composition between fresh and processed bufonis venenum by uplc-tq-ms]. | toad venom is the bufo bufo gargarizans or b. melanostictus after the ears of the gland secretion, used in the treatment of various cancers in recent years. research shows that the main anti-tumor components in bufadienolide. bufadienolide have free type structure and conjunct type structure. to identify and clarify the difference between bufogenin and bufotoxin contained in bufonis venenum, which was from b. bufo gargarizans, an uplc-tq-ms method has been established. uplc-tq-ms method was used ... | 2015 | 27062811 |
| a new indole alkaloid from the toad venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | a new indole alkaloid named bufobutarginine (1), along with three known bufotenines, namely, serotonin (2), bufotenidine (3), and bufotenine (4), were isolated from the water extract of toad venom. their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. this is the first time that arginine has been found to be involved in the biosynthesis of bufotenines in parotid of toad. the cytotoxic activities of these compounds have been assayed against a375 and a549 cell lines by the mtt method; however, the ... | 2016 | 26999086 |
| a new c23 steroid from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | a new c23 steroid, (3β,5β,14β)-methyl (3-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-20-oxo-21-norcholan-24-oate) (1), together with four known ones (2-5), were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the cytotoxicity of these compounds was also evaluated against human hepatocarcinoma hepg2 cells. compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity with an ic50 value of 16.8 +/- 0.7 μm. | 2015 | 26434114 |
| is huachansu beneficial in treating advanced non-small-cell lung cancer? evidence from a meta-analysis of its efficacy combined with chemotherapy. | background. huachansu, the sterilized water extract of bufo bufo gargarizans toad skin, is used in china to alleviate the side-effects and enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). we conducted a meta-analysis to assess huachansu's efficacy. methods. we extensively searched electronic databases (central, embase, medline, cbm, cochrane library, cnki, cebm, wfdp, cscd, cstd, and ipa) for randomized controlled trials containing huachansu plus che ... | 2015 | 26347788 |
| bufadienolides with cytotoxic activity from the skins of bufo bufo gargarizans. | twelve new bufadienolides (1-12), along with fourteen known analogues (13-26) were isolated from the skins of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of nmr, hresims and x-ray diffraction analysis. compound 1 was an unusual bufadienolide with 3,19-epoxy moiety and a/b trans ring junction. compounds 2-4 were rare bufadienolides possessing 10-h or 10-carboxyl units. all the isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxic effects on hepg2, a549 and he ... | 2015 | 26022446 |
| cinobufagin exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects through the modulation ros-mediated mapks signaling pathway. | cinobufagin (cbg) is a cardiotoxic bufanolide steroid secreted by the skin and parotid venom glands of the asiatic toad bufo bufo gargarizans (called chan-su). although cbg is known to exhibit anti-cancer activities, very little is known about its potential mechanism(s) of action. in this study, we investigated whether cbg mediates its effect through the modulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) signaling pathway in human multiple myeloma (mm) u266 cells. we found that cbg caus ... | 2015 | 25982794 |
| bufadienolides and polyhydroxycholestane derivatives from bufo bufo gargarizans. | a new polyhydroxycholestane sulfate ester, 3α,12β,25,26-tetrahydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholestane 26-o-sulfate (1), was isolated from dried skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and its structure was elucidated on the basis of extensive 1d and 2d nmr as well as hr-esi-ms analysis. a comparison of steroidal metabolite profiles, based on hplc and lc-ms analyses, indicates that the chemical compositions of the various parts of toads, such as venom, skin and stratum corneum, are significantly different. | 2015 | 25819343 |
| [chemical constituents of bufadienolides in cinobufacino injection]. | cinobufacino injection is purified from water extraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, which has been widely used for various cancers in clinic with significant anti-tumor effects. bufadienolides were regarded as the main active constituents of cinobufacino injection in previous reports. in present study, 6 bufadienolides were isolated and purified from cinobufacino injection. their structures were identified as 3-epi-ψ-bufarenogin (1), ψ-bufarenogin (2), 3-epi-arenobufagin (3), arenobuf ... | 2014 | 25757284 |
| assessing atrazine-induced toxicities in bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | atrazine (az), a widely used herbicide has drawn attentions for its potential impacts on amphibians. this study aims to investigate the toxicity of az in bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (b. bufo gargarizans), a species of toad commonly found in china and countries in east asia. we treated tadpoles with 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/l az for 85 days and examined related parameters. the results showed that the mortality of the toads in the treatment group increased dramatically in a u-shaped dose-response re ... | 2015 | 25533566 |
| comparison of toad skins bufo bufo gargarizans cantor from different regions for their active constituents content and cytotoxic activity on lung carcinoma cell lines. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, rich in bufadienolides, peptides, and alkaloids, has approved pharmacological activity for preliminary anti-liver and lung tumor treatment. however, few studies have systematically focused on the influence of the producing regions on the content and antitumor activity of the active constituents in toad skins. | 2014 | 25210305 |
| characterization and quantitative amino acids analysis of analgesic peptides in cinobufacini injection by size exclusion chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. | cinobufacini injection that comes from the water extract of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor skin is widely used for cancer treatment in china. peptide is one of its major types of constituents, however the biological effects and content of this injection are little reported. in present study, the analgesic effect of peptides was determined and evaluated by in-vivo models. to characterize and quantitatively analyze these peptides, a reliable and efficient method combining size exclusion chromatograp ... | 2015 | 24924921 |
| effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) tadpoles. | the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential effects of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation parameters as indicators of exposure to spirotetramat and effects of acute toxicity in the chinese toad bufo bufo gargarizans. the results of an acute toxicity test showed that the 72 and 96 h median lethal concentrations (lc(50)) of spirotetramat for tadpoles were 6.98 and 6.45 mg/l, respectively. it indicated that the spirotetramat was moderate toxicity to chinese toad tadpoles. in a sub-lethal tox ... | 2014 | 24835551 |
| efficient purification of active bufadienolides by a class separation method based on hydrophilic solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. | traditional chinese medicines (tcms) have played a significant role in the process of discovering natural bioactive compounds, especially in anticancer therapeutics. however, the components of tcms are complex mixtures with wide variation in polarity and content, which leads to inefficiency in the process of active compound discovery from tcms. in this paper, the popular strategy of utilizing "pre-fractionated natural product libraries" has been improved by a new class separation approach to acc ... | 2014 | 24814996 |
| [identification of bufadienolides profiling in cinobufacino by hplc-dad-ft-icr-ms method]. | cinobufacino injection is a significant anti-tumor medicine for the treatment of various tumors in clinic, which was made from water extraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans. in present paper, hplc-dad-ft-icr-ms method was used to identify the major bufadienolides in cinobufacino for the first time. solid-phase extraction with dichloromethane and silica was used to enrich the total bufadienolides in cinobufacino. based on the uv and high resolution ms/ms data, 33 bufadienolides were analy ... | 2014 | 24761616 |