| hemolymph of anopheles stephensi from noninfected and plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 1. collection procedure and physical characteristics. | hemolymph was collected from adult female anopheles stephensi by centrifugation of incised mosquitoes. approximately 0.1 muliter was collected from each recently emerged mosquito, although smaller amounts were recovered with increasing age of the mosquito. determinations were made of the ph, osmotic pressure, and specific gravity of this hemolymph at various times during the life of the adult mosquito. the values obtained were within the ranges found for other insects. hemolymph collected from m ... | 1978 | 31425 |
| rapid, large-scale isolation of plasmodium berghei sporozoites from infected mosquitoes. | the discontinuous gradient technique for recovery of malarial sporozoites from mosquitoes (beaudoin et al., 1977) has been modified to speed up recovery and prevent sensitization of mice by components of the gradient which contaminate the sporozoites used as antigen. mouse serum was substituted for bsa in the gradient because the latter produced hypersensitivity. best results were obtained with gradients consisting of medium 199, renografin and mouse serum. heavy and light solution of gradient c ... | 1979 | 39127 |
| [toxicity of bacillus thuringienses var. israelensis for larvae of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi]. | the comparative study of the larvicidal action of b. thuringiensis var. israelensis on a. aegypti and a. stephensi shows the greater sensitivity of a. aegypti, with 100% of mortality in 30 to 40 min. at high doses. but, for both species of mosquito, the toxicity of these bacteria is very high, as shown by the mortality regression curves and by the lc50. this toxicity is associated with the crystals and can be extracted from them by dilute alkali solution, like the general case of the other serot ... | 1978 | 96979 |
| use of attenuated sporozoites in the immunization of human volunteers against falciparum malaria. | three human volunteers were successfully protected against sporozoite challenge by immunization with attenuated sporozoites of the tamenie strain of plasmodium falciparum from ethiopia. the immunizing sporozoites were attenuated by exposing infected anopheles stephensi mosquitos to x-rays at a dose of at least 120 gy (12 000 rad). these irradiated, infected mosquitos were allowed to feed upon volunteers, thereby inoculating sporozoites into their blood stream. during the 10- to 38-week period of ... | 1979 | 120773 |
| small- and large-plaque variants of chikungunya virus in two vertebrate and seven invertebrate cell lines. | nine cells lines--bhk-21, vero, aedes albopictus, a. aegypti (monolayer and howwow vesicles), a. w-albus, a. vittatus, anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasciatus--were infected with small- and large-plaque (sp, lp) variants of chikungunya virus. ross strain, and incubated at different temperatures. in the aedes (29 plus or minus 1 degrees c) and the vertebrate cell lines (36 degrees c), infectivity titers of extracellular virus rapidly reached a peak; cytopathic effect (cpe) occurred only in ... | 1975 | 235192 |
| plasmodium falciparum: responses of a semi-immune individual to homologous and heterologous challenges, and non-infectivity of gametocytes in anopheles stephensi. | with strict adherence to ethical guidelines, a semi-immune volunteer was exposed to homologous and heterologous blood challenges with strains of plasmodium falciparum from vietnam and tanzania. on both occasions infections developed, but clinical manifestations were moderated, prepatent periods increased, and parasitemias limited. gametocytes produced by these infections failed to infect anopheles stephensi. possible reasons for this are discussed. | 1978 | 343609 |
| plasmodium falciparum in culture: establishment of additional strains. | the establishment of new strains of plasmodium falciparum in continuous culture is described. one line (fcr-2), isolated from an individual who had traveled extensively through south america, was passed initially through aotus trivirgatus monkeys and then cultured into human erythrocytes using the flow-vial technique. a strain of p. falciparum fmg), shipped by air freight on wet ice from the gambia, was cultured directly from a human infection into continuous culture using the petri dish-candle ... | 1978 | 356635 |
| hemolymph of anopheles stephensi from uninfected and plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 2. free amino acids. | determinations were made of free amino acids in hemolymph collected from adult female anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. the hemolymph first was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative determinations of free amino acids were made by high voltage thin layer electrophoresis, and thin layer chromatography. subsequent quantitative determinations were made with an automatic amino acid analyzer. the concentration of total free amino acids in the hemolymph rose 60- ... | 1979 | 376812 |
| hemolymph of anopheles stephensi from noninfected and plasmodium berghei-infected mosquitoes. 3. carbohydrates. | determinations were made of carbohydrates in hemolymph collected from adult female mosquitoes (anopheles stephensi). first the hemolymph was fractionated by extraction and precipitation procedures, after which qualitative and quantitative determinations of carbohydrates were made by thin layer chromatography. the most abundant sugars found in the hemolymph were glucose and trehalose, though maltose, glucuronic acid, and inositol could be found after the mosquitoes took blood meals. after the mos ... | 1979 | 376818 |
| partial suppression of malaria parasites in aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi doubly infected with nosema algerae and plasmodium. | | 1979 | 395108 |
| hemolymph volume of noninfected and plasmodium berghei-infected anopheles stephensi. | | 1979 | 395256 |
| pathology of anopheles stephensi after infection with plasmodium berghei berghei. i. mortality rate. | the mortality of p. berghei-infected anopheles stephensi females can be about 30% higher during the first three days than in normal blood-fed mosquitoes. as expected the mortality is higher after feeding on highly infected mice but also depends on the date of feeding and the temperature. infected mosquitoes kept at 25 degrees c die more often than those kept at 21 degrees c. on the other hand sporozoite production needs the low temperature of 21 degrees c. so the sporozoite production rate falls ... | 1979 | 396729 |
| pathology of anopheles stephensi after infection with plasmodium berghei berghei. ii. changes in amino acid contents. | infection with plasmodium berghei results in the disease of a relatively high percentage of mosquitoes depending on the experimental conditions. the damage caused by the parasites may be so severe that the host dies. it can also become manifest for instance in a change in the amino acid content of the mosquito homogenate. the amino acid content of mosquitoes fed on a glucose solution, normal mouse blood, or the blood of infected mice was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively over a period of ... | 1979 | 396730 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi: effects of malaria infection on laboratory flight performance of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | | 1977 | 403087 |
| studies of day-time resting places of anopheles stephensi liston in salem (tamil nadu). | | 1979 | 457198 |
| a release-recapture experiment with the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi liston, with observations on dispersal, survivorship, population size, gonotrophic rhythm and mating behaviour. | 10 118 female and 10 863 male anopheles stephensi were released on three successive nights at a breeding site near the village of sattoki, punjab province, pakistan during early may, 1977. a total of 721 (7.13%) females and 505 (4.65%) males were recaptured resting indoors, feeding on buffaloes and swarming. the average distance dispersed for females and males recaptured resting inside 13 cattle sheds within 2.17 km of the release point was 165.5 m and 184.8 m, respectively. the maximum longevit ... | 1979 | 496476 |
| isolation of metarrhizium anisopliae, beauveria tenella and fusarium oxysporum (deuteromycetes) and their pathogenicity to culex fatigans and anopheles stephensi. | | 1979 | 535971 |
| breeding of anopheles stephensi (liston) in wells and cisterns in salem, tamil nadu. | | 1979 | 548474 |
| seasonal changes in the density and natural mortality of immature stages of the urban malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (liston) in wells in pondicherry. | | 1979 | 548475 |
| chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria from irian jaya (indonesian new guinea). | a strain of plasmodium falciparum, transmitted in irian jaya (indonesian new guinea) was isolated in 1974 and sent to the university of maryland for characterization in nonimmune volunteers. at maryland the indonesia (whit.) strain, as it has been designated, was transmitted to colonized anopheles stephensi. prophylactically, it was not suppressed by proguanil hydrochloride 100 mg. daily. curatively, parasitaemia was not cleared by treatment with 1-5 g. (base) in three days of chloroquine or amo ... | 1976 | 775119 |
| studies on plasmodium ookinetes. 1. isolation and concentration from mosquito midguts. | in a method for isolating a relatively clean suspension of concentrated plasmodium berghei ookinetes from infected midguts of anopheles stephensi at appropriate times after the infective blood meal, the ookinetes are freed from the midguts by enzymatic digestion, and then concentrated by means of a bsa/renografin gradient. the mean number of ookinetes recovered/midgut was 152. more than 95% of the recovered ookinetes were viable by the criteria of motility, incorporation of adenosine and leucine ... | 1976 | 794460 |
| the effect of the microsporidan, nosema algerae, on anopheles stephensi. | | 1975 | 803538 |
| ecology of anopheles stephensi liston in southern iran. | anopheles stephensi mysorensis is an important malaria vector in southern iran. it is known to be the vector of malaria in abadan, bandar abbas, kazeroun and dezful. it readily attacks man. precipitan tests on specimens from different parts of southern iran showed that 15.7% were positive for human blood. this species usually rests indoors, but a small proportion of its population has been caught outdoors. larval habitats vary. this species is resistant to ddt and dieldrin in most of the areas o ... | 1976 | 1006792 |
| rodent systems (plasmodium berghei-anopheles stephensi) for screening compounds for potential causal prophylaxis. | an in vivo screening system is described in which drugs administered to rats or mice and challenged with sporozoites are evaluated for their antimalarial properties (causal prophylaxis, suppression, therapy) by the presence or absence of exoerythrocytic forms and parasitemia. the system is composed of a/j mice, sprague-dawley rats, plasmodium berghei, and anopheles stephensi. good correlation has been found between test results and practical application. | 1975 | 1091166 |
| sudden increase in virulence in a strain of plasmodium berghei yoelii. | the mild and chronic 17x strain of plasmodium berghei yoelii showed a sudden increase in virulence following a period of 110 days in the deep freeze. the enhanced virulence was seen in a very high and early parasite peak in the blood and a 100% mortality of all infected mice. the exalted virulence remained unaltered following a number of blood transfers of the strain and after four cyclical transmissions through anopheles stephensi. enzyme pattern studies revealed that the virulent strain posses ... | 1975 | 1098585 |
| mass isolation of anopheles stephensi salivary glands infected with malarial sporozoites. | | 1975 | 1100801 |
| parasitic protozoa of the blood of rodents. v. plasmodium vinckei brucechwatti subsp. nov. a malaria parasite of the thicket rat, thamnomys rutilans, in nigeria. | a description is given of the blood stages of a new subspecies of plasmodium vinckei in the blood of naturally infected thicket rats (thamnomys rutilans) from nigeria and experimentally infected mice. sporogony was obtained at 25 degrees c in anopheles stephensi a. quadrimaculatus and a.l. atroparvus, but sporozoites in the salivary glands of the mosquitoes were never infective. the new parasite is differentiated from 7 other species of malaria parasites of african rodents principally on the mor ... | 1975 | 1211764 |
| [propensity for feeding on blood under laboratory conditions and chromosomal polymorphism in anopheles stephensi]. | propensity to blood feeding under laboratory conditions was studied in females of a. stephensi carriers of different arrangements of a polymorphic paracentric inversion of chromosome 2r (+/+, +/b, b/b). one hour experiments were performed at various hours of the day, in continuous light, with temperature between 26 and 28 degrees c and relative humidity between 65 and 75%, using unfed mosquitoes 4-5 days old and guinea pigs as hosts. the frequency of blood fed females was found to be constantly ... | 1975 | 1233397 |
| breeding habits of anopheles stephensi liston in an area of calcutta. | | 1992 | 1286735 |
| note on urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi (liston) in cochin. | | 1992 | 1291346 |
| studies on the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium berghei (nk 65) in anopheles stephensi. | the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium berghei (nk 65) has been studied in laboratory bred anopheles stephensi. mosquitoes were fed daily on infected male and female mastomys natalensis and subsequent development of the oocysts was monitored in the midguts. maximum number of oocysts were found in mosquitoes which were fed on infected female mastomys on d8 and in male mastomys on d7 post-inoculation. during the next peak of gametocytaemia, very few oocysts developed. these findings suggest ... | 1992 | 1296945 |
| study on the physico-chemical characteristics of breeding grounds in relation to the population density of anopheles stephensi. | the present study which was based on the quarterly sampling and estimation of various physico-chemical factors throw light on the three significant points with regard to the population build up of anopheles stephensi. slightly alkaline ph is essential for higher population density, lower the salinity, higher the population density and higher amount of free ammonia in the water is accounted for the higher population density of a. stephensi. | 1992 | 1344168 |
| susceptibility status of anopheles stephensi liston to insecticides. | | 1992 | 1344950 |
| plasmodium falciparum: in vitro characterization and human infectivity of a cloned line. | the culture-adapted nf54 isolate of plasmodium falciparum was subjected in vitro to three sequential limiting dilution titrations and the resulting clone was given the designation cvd1. dna sequence analysis of the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein revealed differences between cvd1 and the published nf54 cs gene. cvd1 had 1191 bp, 397 amino acids, and 42 repeat units while nf54 had 1218 bp, 405 amino acids, and 44 repeat units. the cvd1 clone was more sensitive to chloroquine than ... | 1992 | 1346766 |
| a new serotype of bacillus thuringiensis from colombia toxic to mosquito larvae. | during a survey conducted in colombia a new isolate of bacillus thuringiensis that showed toxicity toward culex quinquefasciatus, cx. pipiens, aedes aegypti, and anopheles stephensi larvae was isolated. parasporal crystals were spherical in shape and showed a great degree of similarity with those produced by the reference strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. supernatant fraction of the whole culture was not toxic, and heat-stable exotoxin production was negative. catalase, urease ... | 1992 | 1347310 |
| a scanning electron microscopic study of the sporogonic development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles stephensi. | the full development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes was studied by scanning electron microscopy. ookinetic development was described from in vitro cultures. growing oocysts beneath the basal lamina of the midgut wall mechanically stretch this lamina until it is torn and displaced by day 7. in young oocysts the wall appears smooth. in older oocysts wrinkles in the wall are visible after routine fixation. osmium tetroxide postfixation greatly reduced the occurrence of t ... | 1992 | 1348599 |
| characterization and toxicity to mosquito larvae of four bacillus sphaericus strains isolated from brazilian soils. | four bacillus sphaericus strains, s1, s2, s5, and l2, isolated from brazilian soils, were found to be toxic to larvae of the mosquitoes culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi at a level similar to that of strain 2362 which is now used operationally. like strain 2362, the four strains belonged to the serotype h5 and produced major proteins of apparent molecular weights of 125, 110, 56, and 43 kda. these latter two proteins were immunologically related to toxins of the same molecular weight as b. s ... | 1992 | 1352318 |
| host range of clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia, a mosquitocidal anaerobic bacterium. | clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia (c.b.m.) is toxic to mosquito larvae. in this study, we quantified its toxicity to the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. caspius, ae. detritus, anopheles stephensi, an. gambiae, culex pipiens and cx. quinquefasciatus. anopheles larvae are the most susceptible, followed by ae. detritus and ae. caspius, then culex and other aedes larvae. according to mosquito species, the lc50 varies from 7 x 10(3) to 1.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. three concentration ... | 1992 | 1357087 |
| [study on free amino acids and protein in hemolymph of anopheles stephensi]. | the changes in the contents of free amino acids in hemolymph of anopheles stephensi were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer. the changes in hemolymph protein were determined by ultraviolet absorption method. free amino acids in hemolymph of infected mosquitoes were compared with those in noninfected mosquitoes. at 4 days after blood meal, 6 kinds of amino acids decreased markedly, and 5 kinds of amino acids increased markedly; at 7 days after blood meal, 4 kinds of amino decreased marke ... | 1992 | 1394898 |
| plasmodium falciparum: effect of chloroquine, halofantrine and pyrimethamine on the infectivity of gametocytes for anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | the activity of chloroquine, halofantrine and pyrimethamine against the gametocytes and sporogonic stages of plasmodium falciparum (strain nf54) was tested. five-day-old gametocytes (stages i and ii) from in vitro cultures were exposed to the drugs for 48 hours. the effect of the drugs on gametocyte development was assessed by counting gametocytes on days nine and 15 of culture and determining the infectivity of the drug-treated gametocytes to mosquitoes. gametocytogenesis was partially inhibite ... | 1992 | 1417200 |
| transmission blocking antibody of the plasmodium falciparum zygote/ookinete surface protein pfs25 also influences sporozoite development. | the plasmodium falciparum zygote/ookinete surface protein, pfs25, persists in the oocyst wall throughout its development. anti-25 kd transmission blocking antibody, given to infected anopheles stephensi or a. gambiae mosquitoes in an additional bloodmeal, 3-6 days after being fed gametocyte infected blood, penetrated the oocyst and reacted with the 25 kd protein within it. this reaction caused a significant reduction in the number of developing sporozoites. mouse serum containing antibodies rais ... | 1992 | 1437237 |
| plasmodium falciparum and p. berghei: detection of sporozoites and the circumsporozoite proteins in the saliva of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | sporozoites and free circumsporozoite (cs) protein were stained immunoenzymatically in 1-min saliva samples collected from anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with either plasmodium berghei or p. falciparum. the number of sporozoites in 1-min saliva-streak samples significantly increased as the salivary gland index rose from 3+ to 4+. for p. berghei-infected mosquitoes from which saliva had been collected before 30 days postfeed, the median sporozoite counts for 3+ and 4+ gland indexes were ... | 1992 | 1438147 |
| trials to infect anopheles stephensi with plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis by the membrane feeding technique. | the aim of this study was to find optimal conditions for the membrane feeding technique to obtain maximum infection rates of mosquitoes with plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. the results show that the malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis is most infective to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes on day 3 of the infection in the mice, 1 day before the peak of parasitaemia. the mortality rate of the mosquitoes fed on mice on day 3 after infection was the highest as compared to mosquitoes fed on ot ... | 1992 | 1456466 |
| breeding habitats and their contribution to anopheles stephensi in panaji. | a one-year longitudinal study conducted in 9 categories of breeding habitats in panaji, goa, showed that 1.1% of the 67,360 breeding sites contained anopheles stephensi immatures and the overall positivity varied from 0.4 to 3.5% with a peak in june. the habitat-wise proportion of an. stephensi was: wells, 0-1.3%; fountains, 1.4-11.4%; masonry tanks, 0.8-6.1%; overhead tanks, 0.1-4.0%; curing water in construction sites, 0.6-9.0%; groundwater tanks, 0-1.4%; tyres, 0-8.9%; barrels and tins, 0-5.4 ... | 1992 | 1459298 |
| gametocytocidal and sporontocidal activity of antimalarials against plasmodium berghei anka in icr mice and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | the gametocytocidal and sporontocidal activity of three 8-aminoquinolines (primaquine, wr-238605, and wr-242511), three dihydroacridine-diones (floxacrine, wr-250547, and wr-250548), a 1,4-naphthoquinone (menoctone), a synthetic aminoalcohol (halofantrine), and a guanide (wr-182393) was determined against a cloned line of plasmodium berghei anka. gametocytocidal activity was assessed by treating mice with a single intraperitoneal inoculation of a given compound (25 mg base drug/kg mouse body wei ... | 1992 | 1539752 |
| blood vessel location time by anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | probing behavior of anopheles stephensi liston is characterized by the following: the first probe is longer than subsequent ones, the probability of blood location rises initially and then falls, and blood vessel location is deterministic. the overall probing behavior of an. stephensi, therefore, is similar to that of aedes aegypti (l.); i.e., differences between them were quantitative and may be accounted for by different levels of salivary apyrase and different experimental vertebrate hosts. | 1992 | 1552520 |
| the effect of nosematosis on the development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles stephensi. | to quantify the effect of nosema algerae (microsporidia, nosematidae) on the development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles stephensi (diptera, culicidae), we carried out infection experiments under standardized laboratory conditions. apart from a mean reduction of 69% in oocyst development, smaller numbers of oocysts and fewer sporozoites were found in the nosema-infected mosquitoes. in addition, nosematosis resulted in higher mortality. the potential role of nosema algerae as a biological c ... | 1992 | 1557330 |
| immunoenzymatic labeling of multiple plasmodial salivary gland sporozoites in a single test. | a direct, double- and triple-staining immunoenzymatic method detected and differentiated sporozoites by color in anopheles stephensi salivary glands and in mixed sporozoite slide preparations. a double-staining method used beta-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-labeled monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite (cs) proteins of plasmodium berghei and p. falciparum in mosquito salivary glands. the cs proteins were distinguished clearly by the blue-green and red substrate products of beta ... | 1992 | 1558271 |
| defined medium supporting development of cleansed plasmodium berghei ookinetes in anopheles stephensi. | hamsters blood infected with plasmodium berghei was cultured in vitro for the development of ookinetes. the ookinetes were separated from blood components, suspended in various defined media and fed to anopheles stephensi through a membrane. the development of the oocysts and infective sporozoites was recorded. mosquitoes infected with ookinetes suspended in l15 formulated into l15-b, l15-d (a medium specially modified for this purpose), ipl-41 or 199 media with no proteins added, developed at l ... | 1992 | 1563917 |
| the effects of nosema algerae on the development of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in anopheles stephensi. | experimental simultaneous infections of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) with nosema algerae (microsporida: nosematidae) and plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis under standardized laboratory conditions showed partial suppression of the malaria parasite. at 9 days after an infective bloodmeal, the oocysts in the midgut were counted; 12.1%-66.6% of the double-infected mosquitoes exhibited no oocysts, whereas only 4.5%-12% of the control group showed no oocysts. the mean reduction in oocyst numbe ... | 1992 | 1584748 |
| the role of the mosquito peritrophic membrane in bloodmeal digestion and infectivity of plasmodium species. | secretion and luminal formation of the peritrophic membrane (pm) were induced in female anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti by feeding the mosquitoes on a warmed suspension of latex particles in ringer's solution. the pm in a. stephensi was produced from apical secretion vesicles stored in the midgut epithelial cells and secreted into the lumen during feeding. in a. aegypti, the pm was formed de novo. when the latex feeding was followed 24 hr later by a meal of lyophilized pig blood, the 2 mos ... | 1992 | 1597785 |
| development of a polymorphic strain of plasmodium vivax in monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from thailand with a polymorphic repeat unit of the circumsporozoite protein was established in saimiri sciureus boliviensis and 3 species of aotus monkeys. all 11 attempts to transmit infection via sporozoite inoculation, 4 times to splenectomized s. sciureus boliviensis, 2 times to splenectomized aotus nancymai, and 5 times to intact saimiri monkeys, were successful. anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were in ... | 1992 | 1597793 |
| probing behaviour and sporozoite delivery by anopheles stephensi infected with plasmodium berghei. | we observed that plasmodium berghei sporozoite-infected anopheles stephensi was not impaired in its ability to locate blood on a host. when probing rats, infected mosquitoes took as long as non-infected mosquitoes to locate blood. contrary to previous suggestions, infective mosquitoes delivered sporozoites into mineral oil even after extensively probing a vertebrate host. we observed that, in mosquitoes having probed a host, both the mean number of sporozoites ejected over 3 min into oil (35.9 v ... | 1992 | 1600229 |
| y-chromosome dimorphism in the malaria vector anopheles stephensi from south india. | | 1992 | 1600233 |
| deletion by in vivo recombination shows that the 28-kilodalton cytolytic polypeptide from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is not essential for mosquitocidal activity. | the cyta gene encoding the 28-kda polypeptide of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis crystals was disrupted in the 72-mda resident plasmid by in vivo recombination, thus indicating that homologous recombination occurs in b. thuringiensis. the absence of the 28-kda protein in b. thuringiensis did not affect the crystallization of the other toxic components of the parasporal body (68-, 125-, and 135-kda polypeptides). the absence of the 28-kda protein abolished the hemolytic activity of b. t ... | 1991 | 1675212 |
| [the specific nature of the irritability to fenitrothion and malathion in blood-sucking mosquitoes]. | several populations of malaria mosquitos were previously discovered to have different irritability to two insecticides of the organophosphorous group, such as fenitrothion and malathion. individual comparison of fenitrothion and malathion irritability levels in laboratory colonies of anopheles stephensi, an. atroparvus, culex pipiens, aedes aegypti, and ae. togoi and in the natural population of an. martinius has shown that irritability to the two chemicals is specific in all the six species. th ... | 1991 | 1676826 |
| metabolites of fungi & actinomycetes active against mosquito larvae. | extracellular secondary metabolites from 350 fungi and 94 actinomycetes were screened for larvicidal activity against culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. of them, 133 fungal metabolites and 35 from actinomycetes were active. two from streptomyces sp. and one from paecilomyces sp. were highly active with lc50 value of 1-3 microliters/ml. the metabolites were more toxic to c. quinquefasciatus than to a. stephensi or ae. aegypti larvae. | 1991 | 1677347 |
| etiologic significance of mosquito (anopheles stephensi) in respiratory allergy in india. | the etiologic significance of anopheles stephensi, a common mosquito species in delhi, in respiratory allergic disorders was investigated. intradermal (id) tests with the mosquito whole body extract (wbe) were performed on 247 patients with bronchial asthma and/or rhinitis and 50 healthy nonallergic volunteers. of these 247 patients, 118 (47.8%) had positive (1+ to 4+) reactions including 72 (29.1%) with markedly positive (2+ to 4+) id reactions. we did not observe any 2+ to 4+ skin reactions in ... | 1991 | 1750723 |
| detection of mature malaria infections in live mosquitoes. | a method has been developed which detects malaria parasites in the salivary glands of live anopheles stephensi. the method exploits the sugar feeding behaviour of the mosquito and requires only routine western blotting techniques on nitrocellulose membrane (ncm). infectivity can be determined without any direct manipulation of individual mosquitoes. female a. stephensi were infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, and after 14-16 d were starved of fructose overnight (12-18 ... | 1991 | 1755048 |
| genetic hybrids of plasmodium falciparum identified by amplification of genomic dna from single oocysts. | individual oocysts from plasmodium falciparum-infected anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes have been examined by the pcr technique, after their removal from the midgut. the dna obtained from these oocysts has been amplified using oligonucleotide primers specific for part of the merozoite surface antigen msa-1 gene. this technique distinguishes oocysts which are the products of self-fertilisation events from those which are the products of cross-fertilisation between different pa ... | 1991 | 1775167 |
| controlled release repellent formulations on human volunteers under three climatic regimens. | two controlled-release repellent formulations containing 33% (3m) and 42% (biotek) deet and an army repellent containing 75% deet were evaluated in 3 different climatic regimens (tropical forested, tropical open and basic hot environments). the 3 repellents provided similar protection for different time periods after application under all 3 climates against aedes aegypti, ae. taeniorhynchus and anopheles stephensi whereas there was no difference in protection period against an. albimanus. | 1991 | 1791462 |
| the fate of plasmodium gallinaceum in anopheles stephensi liston and possible barriers to transmission. | plasmodium gallinaceum develops up to the ookinete stage in the non-compatible mosquito, anopheles stephensi, this development occurring over the same time period and with the same success as in the compatible vector, aedes aegypti. the slower digestive rate in an. stephensi, smaller blood-meal and lower enzyme activity than in aedes, and an acceleration of the formation of the peritrophic membrane (pm) do not inhibit the development of the parasite. however, the ookinetes are not able to penetr ... | 1991 | 1793266 |
| the effect of defined media, additive nutrients and metabolites on the development of the sporogony cycle of plasmodium berghei in anopheles stephensi. | anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected with plasmodium berghei by feeding on parasitaemic hamsters. after the infective blood meal they were separated into groups that were maintained on sugar solutions containing different additives. the numbers of oocysts developing in the various groups were then compared. when either casein, haemoglobin or foetal bovine serum was added to the sugar, the yield of oocysts was 1.6-2.1 times higher than that in controls fed only on sugar solutions. when ei ... | 1991 | 1796879 |
| [plasmodium vinckei petteri: various aspects of its sporogony and exoerythrocytic schizogony]. | a study of plasmodium vinckei peterri sporogony was performed by experimental infection of anopheles stephensi with gametocytes from infected mice. the study includes the description of the ookinete, complete evolution of oocysts and their final transformation to sporozoites. these were later used for intravenous infection of new mice, in order to study the exoerythrocytic schizogony. the morphology of exoerythrocytic schizonts was similar to that of other species of the same group. the minimal ... | 1991 | 1844972 |
| feeding behaviour and sporozoite ejection by infected anopheles stephensi. | anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were allowed to feed individually through fresh whole thickness mouse skin. more sporozoites were ejected into the skin in clusters than into the blood. deposition of sporozoites in the blood was an infrequent occurrence and always coincided with ejection of these stages into the skin--perhaps a spill-over effect. the number of probes before feeding (median 4.5) was not correlated with the sporozoite inoculum (median ... | 1991 | 1887464 |
| deet and permethrin as protectants against malaria-infected and uninfected anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | deet and permethrin were evaluated as protectants against plasmodium falciparum-infected, p. berghei-infected and uninfected anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. deet 50% effective dose (ed50) values were 3.2 micrograms/cm2 for p. falciparum-infected and 1.9 micrograms/cm2 for uninfected mosquitoes; permethrin values were 0.5 micrograms/cm2 and 0.6 micrograms/cm2, respectively. deet ed50 values were 2.3 micrograms/cm2 for p. berghei-infected and 1.3 micrograms/cm2 for uninfected mosquitoes; the perme ... | 1991 | 1895090 |
| the acetylcholinesterase gene of anopheles stephensi. | 1. the acetylcholinesterase (ache) gene from the important malaria vector anopheles stephensi has been isolated by homology to the drosophila acetylcholinesterase gene. 2. the complete sequence and intron-exon organization has been determined. the encoded protein has 69% identity to drosophila ache and 38 and 36% identity to torpedo ache and human butyrylcholinesterase, respectively. | 1991 | 1901515 |
| plasmodium berghei ookinete densities in three anopheline species. | plasmodium berghei ookinete kinetics and densities were examined in the blood meals of 3 species of anopheles mosquitoes fed simultaneously from a gametocytemic mouse. simple techniques were developed for estimating relative and absolute ookinete densities within individual mosquito blood meals. the kinetics of ookinete formation were similar in all 3 species, with peak ookinete densities occurring from 12 to 24 hr postingestion. ookinete densities consistently were lower in anopheles stephensi ... | 1991 | 1919925 |
| [clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia, a new anaerobic bacterium pathogen to mosquito and blackfly larvae]. | a strain of clostridium bifermentans individualized as serovar malaysia (c.b.m.) according to its specific h antigen is toxic to mosquito and blackfly larvae when given orally. the toxicity occurs in sporulated cells which contain, in addition to spores, proteinic parasporal inclusion bodies and feather-like appendages; the amino acid content of the inclusion bodies is similar to that of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (b.t.i.) and b. sphaericus crystals. the toxicity to anopheles ste ... | 1990 | 1972899 |
| clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia: sporulation, biogenesis of inclusion bodies and larvicidal effect on mosquito. | sporulation of clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia, which has a larvicidal activity towards mosquitoes, was examined by electron microscopy. parasporal inclusion bodies lacking a crystalline structure were first detected at t5 (5 h after the end of exponentional growth). also, the presence of "brush-bottle"-like appendages appearing first at t5 was noted; these remained attached to the spores when released after sporangium lysis. larvicidal activity assayed on anopheles stephensi larvae ap ... | 1990 | 1980958 |
| spiroplasma (mollicutes: spiroplasmataceae) pathogenic for aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | intrathoracic inoculation with the mosquito spiroplasma, spiroplasma taïwanense abalain-colloc et al., was found to reduce significantly the survival of adult male and female aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. this spiroplasma also reduced significantly the flight capacity of adult female ae. aegypti 5-8 d after inoculation and adult female an. stephensi 4 d after inoculation. adult female an. stephensi were incapable of flight 5 d after inoculation. as such, s. taïwanense joins ... | 1991 | 2056503 |
| quantitation of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites transmitted in vitro by experimentally infected anopheles gambiae and anopheles stephensi. | the frequency and numbers of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites transmitted in vitro and corresponding sporozoite loads were determined for experimentally infected anopheles gambiae and an. stephensi. geometric mean (gm) sporozoite loads in three experiments ranged from 808 to 13, 905 for an. gambiae and from 6, 608 to 17, 702 for an. stephensi. a total of 44.1% of 68 infected an. gambiae and 49.2% of 63 infected an. stephensi transmitted sporozoites in vitro. the gm number of sporozoites transmi ... | 1991 | 2063960 |
| [in vitro cultivation of the exoerythrocytic stage of plasmodium berghei]. | this paper reports on an in vitro culture system for the exoerythrocytic (ee) stage of plasmodium berghei (p.b.) using embryonic lung cells. the system was first developed by our laboratory in china. the embryonic lung cells were isolated by trypsin digestion of a human embryonic lung obtained from a therapeutic abortion case and was designated as cell line elu 8801. anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected by biting p.b. anka strain infected kunming mice and after 18-21 days were dissected ... | 1991 | 2065449 |
| large-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites. | mass-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites in anopheles stephensi was achieved using the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) as a source of infective blood. membrane feeding was as successful as feeding mosquitoes directly on the animal so long as the time between drawing the blood and feeding was restricted to 45 min. longer delays such as 2-3 h resulted in loss of infectivity in terms of oocyst production. the selected strain of a. stephensi was highly susceptible to p. vivax (chesson stra ... | 1990 | 2092287 |
| [study on the exoerythrocytic forms of plasmodium yoelii yoelii in rats and mice]. | sd rats and three strains of mice were infected with plasmodium yoelii yoelii by265 strain by intravenous inoculation of sporozoites via tail vein. liver tissues were taken 42 hours after infection and serial sections were made and stained by colophonium-giemsa method for microscopic examination. the ratio of the average value of major diameter/minor diameter of exoerythrocytic(ee)schizonts of plasmodium yoelii yoelii in rats and mice of icr/jcl, c57bl, km strains was 35.81 +/- 4.56 microns/29.7 ... | 1990 | 2099260 |
| blood digestion in the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae): partial characterization and post-feeding activity of midgut aminopeptidases. | aminopeptidase activity was partially characterized from midguts of anopheles stephensi liston which had been dissected 30 h after blood feeding. in crude midgut homogenate supernatants the aminopeptidases showed optimum activity at ph 8.0 and preferentially hydrolyzed alanine- and leucine-terminal amino acid substrates. methionine, proline, lysine, and arginine terminal substrates were hydrolysed, but not glutamic acid. activity was stimulated by mg2+, edta, and low ca2+ concentrations, while m ... | 1990 | 2134023 |
| sporontocidal activity of the antimalarial wr-238605 against plasmodium berghei anka in anopheles stephensi. | the influence of wr-238605 (8-[(4-amino-1-methyl-butyl) amino]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-tri-fluoromethylphenoxyl] quinoline succinate) on the sporogonic development of a plasmodium berghei anka clone was determined. anopheles stephensi were fed on p. berghei infected mice treated 90 min earlier with 25 or 50 mg wr-238605/kg body weight. mosquitoes engorging on drug-treated mice produced the same number of ookinetes as did those fed on controls; drug-fed mosquitoes produced fewer oocysts/mosqu ... | 1990 | 2180334 |
| the distribution of circumsporozoite protein (cs) in anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with plasmodium falciparum malaria. | we monitored the distribution of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (cs) in anopheles stephensi using an immunohistochemical method. an alkaline phosphatase-labeled monoclonal antibody, specific for the cs protein of p. falciparum, was incubated with tissue sections from infected and non-infected mosquitoes. sections were stained for phosphatase activity using a new fuchsin/naphthol as-bi phosphate capture system. distribution of the cs protein in mosquitoes was dependent on the time ... | 1990 | 2181019 |
| an estimation of the number of malaria sporozoites ejected by a feeding mosquito. | restrained anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with plasmodium falciparum were made to produce time-dependent series of saliva droplets in mineral oil. the relative volume of each droplet and the number of sporozoites each contained were determined microscopically; gland sporozoites were estimated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. median gland infection was 8170 and median number of sporozoites ejected was 15 (range, 0-978). inoculum size was positively correlated to the number of s ... | 1990 | 2202101 |
| [combined action of pyronaridine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine against plasmodium berghei anka strain in mice]. | pyronaridine, a highly effective antimalarial drug, was synthesized and developed by this institute. in order to test whether the joint blood schizontocidal action of pyronaridine (pnd) and 2:1 mixture of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sp) resulted in a potentiation or an additive effect, groups of p berghei anka strain-infected mice were treated with various single oral doses of pnd and sp. thin blood smears were made after 72 h and the parasitemia-negative rates were calculated. the ed50 values ob ... | 1990 | 2206014 |
| [soluble protein and esterase isozyme analysis of adult female anopheles stephensi after plasmodium yoelii yoelii-infected blood meal]. | in this paper, the system of anopheles stephensi and plasmodium yoelii yoelii was used as animal model. the soluble protein and esterase isozymes of adult female mosquitoes at various times after taking noninfected and plasmodia-infected blood meal were investigated. the result shows that the amount of soluble protein in plasmodia-infected mosquitoes was lower than that in noninfected ones (p less than 0.01); the activity and electrophoretic patterns of est in infected mosquitoes being also diff ... | 1990 | 2208623 |
| the peruvian iii strain of plasmodium brasilianum in saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from a naturally infected saimiri monkey from peru and subsequently passaged to 21 splenectomized saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. nine of 12 attempts to transmit infection by sporozoite inoculation were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 23 to 41 days. gametocytes were infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. the strain demonstrated a high level ... | 1990 | 2213410 |
| plasmodium falciparum-infected anopheles stephensi inconsistently transmit malaria to humans. | malaria was transmitted to only 5 of 10 volunteers bitten by 1-2 anopheles stephensi carrying sporozoites of the 3d7 clone of the nf54 strain of plasmodium falciparum in their salivary glands. parasites were detectable by culture in blood taken 7-10 days following exposure and by thick blood film 14-16.5 days after exposure. infectivity did not correlate with the numbers of sporozoites in the salivary glands. | 1990 | 2240371 |
| role of insects as inhalant allergens in bronchial asthma with special reference to the clinical characteristics of patients. | the whole body extracts (wbes) of 13 common insects from delhi, namely musca domestica (house fly); sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil); callosobrochous maculatus (pulse beetle); anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti (mosquitoes); blattella germanica and periplaneta americana (cockroaches: male, female and nymph); spodoptera litura and heliothis armigera (moths), were prepared to evaluate their allergenic significance in patients with allergic bronchial asthma. intradermal (i ... | 1990 | 2253082 |
| bloodmeal digestion by strains of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) of differing susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum. | blood digestion was studied in strains of anopheles stephensi which had been genetically selected for either refractoriness or susceptibility to infection by plasmodium falciparum. females of the refractory pb3-9a strain ingested more blood than selected (sda-500) and unselected (punjab) susceptible females and began to degrade the haemoglobin soon after feeding. in susceptible females, haemoglobin degradation started only after a significant post-feeding lag period. total protein content of the ... | 1990 | 2263414 |
| transfer of the toxin protein genes of bacillus sphaericus into bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and their expression. | the genes encoding the toxic determinants of bacillus sphaericus have been expressed in a nontoxic and a toxic strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. in both cases, the b. sphaericus toxin proteins were produced at a high level during sporulation of b. thuringiensis and accumulated as crystalline structures. b. thuringiensis transformants expressing b. sphaericus and b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis toxins did not show a significant enhancement of toxicity against aedes aegypti, ... | 1990 | 2306087 |
| morphological variations in natural populations of anopheles stephensi liston 1901 collected from kutch (gujarat). | a survey in february-march 1984 yielded a total of 9222 specimens of anopheline mosquitoes collected from 9 talukas of kutch out of which 6729 were a. stephensi. this was thus the dominant species observed during this period. a total of 216 specimens of a. stephensi showed variations in palpi and wings. | 1990 | 2384183 |
| quantitation of antisporozoite immunoglobulins in the hemolymph of anopheles stephensi after bloodfeeding. | passage of rat antibodies induced by plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (anti-cs igg) from the bloodmeal into the hemocoel of uninfected anopheles stephensi mosquitoes was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) techniques. anti-cs igg were present in hemolymph immediately upon cessation of mosquito feeding. titers peaked at 3 hr post-ingestion then declined steadily, becoming negligible at 18 hr. substantial titers were present in the bloodmeal at 24 hr post-inges ... | 1990 | 2405724 |
| development of malaria parasites in mosquitoes fed with ookinetes suspended in defined media. | information concerning the specific nutritional requirements of malarial parasites developing in the mosquito host has been difficult to obtain, owing primarily to the complex nature of the blood meal that accompanies the parasites and the lack of success in culturing the complete invertebrate cycle of plasmodium in vitro. the present report describes a blood-free system for infecting mosquitoes with ookinetes of plasmodium berghei and for allowing the latter to develop into infective sporozoite ... | 1990 | 2406164 |
| analysis of the sporogonic development of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei in anopheline mosquitoes. | basic knowledge of the sporogonic development of malarial parasites is crucial when evaluating the sporontocidal activity of antimalarial drugs or when determining why certain vectors are refractory to a particular parasite while others are competent vectors. we have developed a model which we have used to i) assess the sporogonic development of plasmodium berghei anka in anopheles stephensi and a. freeborni mosquitoes and ii) determine the effect of chloroquine on the sporogony of p. falciparum ... | 1989 | 2487889 |
| selection of anopheles stephensi for refractoriness and susceptibility to plasmodium falciparum. | variation in susceptibility of the vector anopheles stephensi liston to the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum (welch) was demonstrated using twelve strains of mosquitoes and one strain of parasites cultured in vitro. the beech strain of an. stephensi exhibited greatest natural refractoriness, but with high intrapopulation variability. by selection for the required characteristic, two refractory lines of the punjab strain and one highly susceptible line of the sind strain were obtained ... | 1989 | 2519646 |
| uptake and persistence of ingested antibody in the mosquito anopheles stephensi. | a sensitive elisa was developed to monitor the persistence of a specific antibody, rabbit anti-bsa, in the bloodmeal, haemolymph and tissues of the mosquito anopheles stephensi liston. different concentrations of anti-bsa were fed to female mosquitoes in sheep blood, via a membrane-feeder, and it was found that antibody persisted in the gut as the bloodmeal was digested: concentrations present at 24 h were directly related to those fed. homogenates of mosquito bodies, from which the intact guts ... | 1989 | 2519668 |
| maintaining mosquito cell lines at high temperatures: effects on the replication of flaviviruses. | the upper thermal limit for maintenance of eleven mosquito cell lines was studied. although most cell lines could be grown at 32 degrees c to 34 degrees c, anopheles stephensi cell line could be maintained at 37 degrees c. at higher temperatures initial growth rate was higher, but yield of cells after about a week of incubation was lower than at the standard temperature (28 degrees c). replication of several flaviviruses in aedes albopictus cell cultures adapted to 34.5 degrees c was faster, and ... | 1989 | 2563994 |
| variation in binding of bacillus sphaericus toxin and wheat germ agglutinin to larval midgut cells of six species of mosquitoes. | bacillus sphaericus toxin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was readily ingested by culex pipiens, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and anopheles albimanus larvae. fluorescent toxin bound to the luminal cell surface in discrete regions of the posterior midgut and gastric caecum in c. pipiens. in anopheles spp., toxin bound in a variable pattern to these structures and central and anterior midgut as well. the toxin did not bind to midgut cell ... | 1989 | 2566636 |
| haemogregarina sp. (apicomplexa: adeleorina) from the gecko tarentola annularis in the sudan: fine structure and life-cycle trials. | the ubiquitous gecko tarentola annularis in the area around khartoum, sudan, was found to be infected with haemogregarina sp., with merogonic stages in its pulmonary endothelial cells and gamonts in its erythrocytes. the fine structure of haemogregarina meronts, merozoites and gamonts revealed great conformity with the micromorphology of similar stages of other apicomplexan parasites. the unsuccessful transmission of haemogregarina gamonts to the mosquitoes aedes aegypti, culex quinquefasciatus ... | 1989 | 2569195 |
| [evaluation of the action of ivermectin on blood-sucking mosquitoes]. | the effect of ivomec, a formulation of ivermectin administered by various routes: through biological membrane and feeder animal was assessed. higher insecticidal effect was obtained by feeding mosquitoes with blood containing ivermectin through biological membrane. anopheles stephensi females were the most sensitive of 3 species under study. their total death after feeding was observed at 1 ppm, while for aedes aegypti the lethal dose was 2.5 ppm and for an. sacharovi, 50 ppm. subcutaneous injec ... | 1989 | 2571066 |
| [comparison in susceptibility of anopheles dirus and anopheles stephensi to b strain of plasmodium cynomolgi]. | this paper reports on the comparative susceptibility of a. dirus (hainan strain) and a. stephensi (hor strain) to the b strain of p. cynomolgi in paired feeding experiments. in the most susceptible infective period, the infection rate in midgut and salivary gland of the two species was over 90%, the difference is not statistically significant. in relatively infective period, three experiments were performed, the infection rate in midgut of a. dirus was 24.4-60.4% with an average of 46.5% (53/114 ... | 1989 | 2591037 |
| [a comparison of the efficiency of density gradient and low-speed centrifugation methods for isolating plasmodium sporozoites]. | p. yoelii sporozoites(sp) in anopheles stephensi were first isolated with low-speed centrifugation and the sp suspension was subsequently purified with the density gradient centrifugation. the recovery rates of sp by the latter method is about 50 approximately 75% of that by the former, but few debris could be found in the sp suspension and the infectivity of the sp was not weakened as compared with the sp obtained by low-speed method. sp would retain partial infectivity, when its suspension was ... | 1989 | 2591040 |
| [ultrastructural study on effect of primaquine on sporogonic stage of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis]. | ultrastructural changes of oocysts and sporozoites of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis was observed. anopheles stephensi were allowed to obtain blood meal from the mice which had been administered with primaquine diphosphate at different doses and times. mosquitoes were directed and prepared 6-13 d following infection. electron microscopy showed that the development and morphology of a number of oocysts and sporozoites in infected mosquitoes after treatment became abnormal. the cytoplasma of the oo ... | 1989 | 2610001 |
| infectivity studies on anopheles stephensi using plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in rhesus monkeys. | the characteristics of primary and secondary asexual peak parasitaemia during sporozoite induced plasmodium cynomolgi b infections in 40 rhesus monkeys have been studied. colony bred anopheles stephensi were fed on different days on the gametocyte carrying monkeys and the infectivity of mosquitoes as determined by oocyst count on day 8 post-feeding was recorded. following the day of sporozoite inoculation, the mean prepatent period was 8.58 +/- 0.87 days. the primary asexual peak was attained on ... | 1989 | 2623421 |