| influence of moonlight on light trap catches of the malaria vector anopheles nuneztovari in venezuela. | a significant effect (p = 0.002) of moonlight on light trap catches of anopheles nuneztovari females was observed during a longitudinal study in western venezuela. the catch with no moon was 1.86 times larger than with full moon. nevertheless, moonlight does not seem to have any effect on the composition of adult mosquito population since the difference in the parous rate of females collected during full moon and during no moon was not significant (p greater than 0.05). | 1992 | 1431859 |
| biting and resting behaviour of anophelines in western venezuela and implications for control of malaria transmission. | a study was conducted in three villages in western venezuela between february 1988 and october 1989 to determine the biting and resting activity of anophelines in relation to human habits, rainfall and fenitrothion spraying of houses. mosquitoes were collected landing on humans inside and outside experimental huts throughout the night. only three mosquitoes were found resting in the huts in the morning, but 2470 were collected resting on vegetation in the early morning. the collections yielded e ... | 1992 | 1463897 |
| fecundity, parity, and adult feeding relationships among nyssorhynchus malaria vectors from venezuela. | relative to their pre-engorgement weights, nulliparous anopheles nuneztovari consumed significantly smaller blood meals than a. marajoara, a. triannulatus or a. aquasalis. when females were deprived of sugar before blood feeding, only one-quarter of a. nuneztovari, but more than two-thirds of a. marajoara, a. triannulatus and a. aquasalis matured eggs. sugar feeding before blood, or two successive blood meals by sugar-deprived females, increased the proportion of nulliparous a. nuneztovari which ... | 1991 | 1842402 |
| a genetic study of the malaria vector anopheles nuneztovari from western venezuela. | a photomap of larval polytene chromosomes of anopheles nuneztovari (population b) from western venezuela is presented. samples of an. nuneztovari b taken from 4 study sites in the states of barinas and táchira comprise a single panmictic population, which is chromosomally identical to the cytotype identified by kitzmiller et al. (1973) from western venezuela and colombia. the frequency of polymorphism 2la has increased significantly in the 16 years that have elapsed since the 1973 study. in addi ... | 1990 | 2230768 |
| chromosomal differences in populations of anopheles nuneztovari. | anopheles nuneztovari from 3 localities in brazil, 2 in venezuela, and 1 in colombia were subjected to chromosome analysis. the venezuelan and colombian populations, responsible for malaria transmission in certain areas of these countries, differ in an x-chromosome arrangement from the brazilian specimens, the difference apparently being due to the fixation of an inversion in the homozygous state in one population. it was possible to identify 216 specimens from venezuela and colombia and 190 fro ... | 1973 | 4543549 |
| variation of the vectorial capacity of some anophelines in western venezuela. | the vectorial capacities of anopheles nuneztovari, an. albitarsis s.l., and an. triannulatus to transmit plasmodium vivax in western venezuela were estimated in different seasons. in general, there was a decrease in the vectorial capacities of the three species during the dry season, which seems to be due mainly to a reduction in the mosquito biting populations. comparing the observations made during the two wet seasons, there was a decrease in the vectorial capacities of the three species due t ... | 1994 | 8166348 |
| a new cytotype of anopheles nuneztovari from western venezuela and colombia. | cytogenetic analysis of the larval polytene chromosomes of anopheles nuneztovari from 5 collection sites in táchira and zulia states northwest of the andean cordillera in western venezuela and from 2 sites in the department of valle, western colombia, revealed what appears to be a distinctive cytotype informally designated as an. nuneztovari c. its chromosomes are homosequential with those of an. nuneztovari b from western venezuela southeast of the cordillera but differ in the presence of a wel ... | 1993 | 8245938 |
| differential attraction of venezuelan anophelines to human collectors. | during a longitudinal study on vector biology and malaria transmission in western venezuela the degree of attraction of mosquitoes to 4 people who carried out landing catches was evaluated. an analysis of variance of the log(x + 1)-transformed data showed that there were no significant differences in attractiveness of various individuals to anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles marajoara, or anopheles triannulatus. | 1995 | 8825515 |
| a description and morphometric comparison of eggs from eight geographic populations of the south american malaria vector anopheles (nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari (diptera:culicidae). | the egg of anopheles nuneztovari is described from scanning electron micrographs of specimens collected from western venezuela. morphometric measurements of egg samples from 3 localities in venezuela, one in suriname, and 4 in brazil are compared and relationships analyzed by multivariate statistics. morphological characters were similar in 2 geographical groups, one venezuelan and the other amazonian, that were distinguishable on the basis of differences in size and density of tubercles in the ... | 1996 | 8827605 |
| systematics of mosquito disease vectors (diptera, culicidae): impact of molecular biology and cladistic analysis. | the field of medical entomology, by nature of its association with problems of human health, has been conservative in its application of molecular and computer technologies to systematic research. recently, however, these methods have opened new interpretations for systematics of disease vectors. medically important insects, particularly mosquitoes, are among those more thoroughly described by conventional taxonomy, and thereby provide a secure framework for testing congruencies with molecular d ... | 1997 | 9017898 |
| studies on the bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity against malarial vector species in amazonia. | in this work, bioassays were carried out in laboratory conditions (average temperature 26 +/- 2 degrees c) to test ten strains of bacillus sphaericus, isolated from brazilian soils against third instar larvae from anopheline species recorded as malaria vectors in amazonian-anopheles nuneztovari and an. darlingi. with the former mosquito, three strains--s2, s20 and s46 showed relative activity, in 24 and 48 hr exposure to the b. spahericus strains. with the latter only the s2 and s20 were effecti ... | 1998 | 9711333 |
| population structure and genetic divergence in anopheles nuneztovari (diptera: culicidae) from brazil and colombia. | anopheles nuneztovari is considered an important vector of human malaria in several localities in venezuela and colombia. its status as a vector of human malaria is still unresolved in areas of the brazilian amazon, in spite of have been found infected with plasmodium sp.. for a better understanding of the genetic differentiation of populations of a. nuneztovari, electrophoretic analysis using 11 enzymes was performed on four populations from brazil and two from colombia. the results showed a st ... | 1999 | 10403335 |
| larvicidal activity of bacillus sphaericus 2362 against anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles darlingi and anopheles braziliensis (diptera, culicidae). | in this present study, preliminary data was obtained regarding the mortality rate of the amazonian anophelines, anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles darlingi and anopheles braziliensis when subjected to treatment with bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, the who standard strain. initially, experiments were conducted to test the mortality rate of the three species of anopheline larvae. the third larval instar of an. nuneztovari and the second and third larval instars of an. darlingi proved to be the leas ... | 1999 | 10413957 |
| intragenomic heterogeneity of a ribosomal dna spacer (its2) varies regionally in the neotropical malaria vector anopheles nuneztovari (diptera:culicidae). | we investigated intragenomic heterogeneity of its2 within twenty individual anopheles nuneztovari (subgenus nyssorhynchus) from five geographical localities in the neotropics (three from brazil and one each from colombia and venezuela) by cloning and sequencing pcr-amplified copies of this spacer. intragenomic heterogeneity was observed in thirteen of twenty mosquitoes of both sexes from all localities. as estimated by uncorrected p, however, mean sequence divergence was greater in mosquitoes fr ... | 1999 | 10634969 |
| [species of anopheles (culicidae, anophelinae) in a malaria-endemic area, maranhão, brazil]. | the study of the seasonal fluctuation, nocturnal activity, relative abundance and the richness of anopheles species in anthropic environment is essential to the understanding of the their bioecology and to the surveillance program of malaria control. | 1999 | 10689368 |
| malaria vectors in the brazilian amazon: anopheles of the subgenus nyssorhynchus. | various species of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) were studied in the amazon with the objective of determining their importance as malaria vectors. of the 33 known anopheles species occurring in the amazon, only 9 were found to be infected with plasmodium. the different species of this subgenus varied both in diversity and density in the collection areas. the populations showed a tendency towards lower density and diversity in virgin forest than in areas modified by human intervention. the principal ... | 2000 | 10810323 |
| enzymatic analysis in anopheles nuneztovari gabaldón (diptera, culicidae). | enzymatic analysis in anopheles nuneztovari was made using four populations from the brazilian amazon and two from colombia. the enzymes me and xdh presented a monomorphic locus in all of the studied populations. est and lap presented a higher number of loci. in est, genetic variation was observed in the five loci; lap presented four loci, with allec variation in two loci. in idh, three activity regions were stained, with genetic variation for locus idh-1 in the brazilian amazon populations. a l ... | 2000 | 11241951 |
| [effectiveness of bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 on larvae of anopheles nuñeztovari]. | a study, under laboratory and field conditions, was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness, persistence in the time and some factors that can affect the larvicidal action of the griselef formulation of the sporogenous bacteria bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, on the larvae population of the anopheles nuñeztovari gabaldón, the main malaria vector in western venezuela. the degree of susceptibility of this species to the bacillus sphaericus was determined to be at a ld50 in 0.07 ppm a ld95 in 0.69 ... | 2001 | 11416979 |
| genetic differentiation and diagnostic loci among anopheles (nyssorhynchus) rangeli, an. (nys.) nuneztovari, and an. (nys.) dunhami (diptera: culicidae) in the brazilian amazon. | genetic variability and divergence were estimated for populations of anopheles rangeli gabaldón, cova-garcia & lopes, anopheles nuneztovari gabald6n cytotype a, and anophels dunhami causey from the brazilian amazon using isozyme electrophoresis. these species are included in the oswaldoi subgroup, subgenus nyssorhynchus (diptera: culicidae). thirteen enzymes yielded a total of 22 loci, of which 14 were monomorphic in the three species. three diagnostic loci (gpi-1, hk-1, and me) and a strong dif ... | 2002 | 12144292 |
| the characterization of ion regulation in amazonian mosquito larvae: evidence of phenotypic plasticity, population-based disparity, and novel mechanisms of ion uptake. | this study is the first step in characterizing ion uptake mechanisms of mosquito larvae from the amazon region of brazil. hemolymph nacl levels and rates of unidirectional na(+) and cl(-) uptake were measured in larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus in a series of environmental manipulations that are known to challenge ion regulation in other aquatic animals. despite being reared for numerous generations in dilute media (20 micromol l(-1) nacl), both species were able to maintain hi ... | 2002 | 12177826 |
| random amplified polymorphic dna analysis of anopheles nuneztovari (diptera: culicidae) from western and northeastern colombia. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers were used to analyze 119 dna samples of three colombian anopheles nuneztovari populations to study genetic variation and structure. genetic diversity, estimated from heterozygosity, averaged 0.34. genetic flow was greater between the two populations located in western colombia (f st: 0.035; nm: 6.8) but lower between these two and the northeastern population (f st: 0.08; nm: 2.8). according to molecular variance analysis, the genetic distance betwe ... | 2003 | 12937756 |
| location of ribosomal genes in the chromosomes of anopheles darlingi and anopheles nuneztovari (diptera, culicidae) from the brazilian amazon. | fluorescence in situ hybridization of anopheles darlingi and a. nuneztovari demonstrated nucleolar organizer region activity at the end of the fourth larval instar, when the nucleolar organizer regions underwent gradual condensation. the heteromorphic sex chromosomes showed intraindividual size variation in the rdna blocks located in the pericentromeric region and this coincided with the location of constitutive heterochromatin (c-banding). | 2003 | 12973529 |
| [egg morphology as an indirect method to identify anopheles benarrochi, anopheles oswaldoi and anopheles rangeli (diptera: culicidae)]. | in the department of putumayo in southern colombia, malaria transmission has continued in the absence of the 4 traditional latin american vector species--anopheles darlingi, anopheles nuneztovari, anopheles albimanus or anopheles trinkae. human bait collections yielded anopheles mosquitoes and a morphological variant of anopheles benarrochi, the adult females of which can easily be misidentified as anopheles oswaldoi. species identification of females of anopheles in the subgenus nyssorhynchus i ... | 2003 | 14968916 |
| malaria vector anopheles (nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari comprises one genetic species in colombia based on homogeneity of nuclear its2 rdna. | previous studies indicated that two distinct chromosomal forms of anopheles nuneztovari gabaldón, cytotypes b and c, occurred on the west and east of the latin american andes mountains, respectively. to determine the taxonomic status ofanopheles (nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari in colombia, link-reared specimens were collected from four sites: in the departments of chocó (la pacurita) and valle (sitronella) in the west, and norte de santander (guaramito andl tibú) in the east. nuclear its2 sequences ... | 2004 | 15185929 |
| [studies on preadult and adult forms of anopheles nuñeztovari (díptera: culicidae) gabaldon 1940 in an originally malarial area in mérida state, venezuela]. | pre-adult and adult forms of anopheles nuñeztovari were studied and some variables of larval breeding from females captured and fed on human bait were described. the production of adult anopheles was 46,5% together with sufficient number of larvae to carry out any bioassay for studies of antilarval methods. the entomological evaluation of adults revealed that anohpheles nuñeztovari predominance was 65% over other anopheles existing in the area, with a blood-sucking activity covering the whole ni ... | 2002 | 15849939 |
| limited diversity of anopheles darlingi in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos. | anopheles darlingi is the most important malaria vector in the amazon basin of south america, and is capable of transmitting both plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. to understand the genetic structure of this vector in the amazonian region of peru, a simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test to identify this species of mosquito was used. a random amplified polymorphic dna-pcr was used to study genetic variation at the micro-geographic level in nine geographically separate populations of ... | 2006 | 16896125 |
| bloodmeal hosts of anopheles species (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria-endemic area of the brazilian amazon. | hosts of blood-fed anophelines (diptera: culicidae) were determined in three riverine villages, 1.5-7.0 km apart, along the matapí river, amapá state, brazil, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay midgut analysis for igg of common vertebrates. anopheles marajoara galvão & damsceno and anopheles darlingi root had higher human blood indices (hbi) than anopheles nuneztovari gabaldón, anopheles triannulatus (neiva and pinto), and anopheles intermedius (chagas), which were relatively zoophilic. hbis o ... | 2006 | 17017232 |
| malaria vector incrimination in three rural riverine villages in the brazilian amazon. | vector incrimination studies were conducted from april 2003 to february 2005 at three riverine villages 1.5 km to 7.0 km apart, along the matapi river, amapa state, brazil. a total of 113,117 mosquitoes were collected and placed in pools of <or=7 mosquitoes (19,883 pools) and tested for species-specific circumsporozoite protein (csp) of p. falciparum, p. vivax vk210, and p. vivax vk247 using the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (elisa). a subset of 63,330 mosquitoes (12,191 pools) was tested ... | 2007 | 17360868 |
| microbial larvicides for malaria control in the gambia. | mosquito larval control may prove to be an effective tool for incorporating into integrated vector management (ivm) strategies for reducing malaria transmission. here the efficacy of microbial larvicides against anopheles gambiae s.l. was tested in preparation for a large-scale larviciding programme in the gambia. | 2007 | 17555570 |
| systematic notes on anopheles meigen (diptera: culicidae) species in the state of amapá, brazil. | identification of anopheles nuneztovari gabaldón and an. goeldii rozeboom and gabaldón based on the male genitalia traits is discussed. an. goeldii is in the synonymy of an. nuneztovari, however, characters of the aedeagus of male genitalia distinguish both species. we hypothesize that an. goeldii may be a valid species, however, further studies using molecular characters, especially its2 rdna sequences will be necessary to elucidate the taxonomic status of the species. an. konderi galvão and da ... | 2007 | 17568944 |
| a low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the americas: results of two field trials in guatemala and peru. | the cost of mosquito repellents in latin america has discouraged their wider use among the poor. to address this problem, a low-cost repellent was developed that reduces the level of expensive repellent actives by combining them with inexpensive fixatives that appear to slow repellent evaporation. the chosen actives were a mixture of para-menthane-diol (pmd) and lemongrass oil (lg). | 2007 | 17678537 |
| species composition and distribution of adult anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in panama. | anopheles (diptera: culicidae) species composition and distribution were studied using human landing catch data over a 35-yr period in panama. mosquitoes were collected from 77 sites during 228 field trips carried out by members of the national malaria eradication service. fourteen anopheles species were identified. the highest average human biting rates were recorded from anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albimanus (wiedemann) (9.8 bites/person/night) and anopheles (anopheles) punctimacula (dyar and kn ... | 2008 | 18826025 |
| resurrection of anopheles goeldii from synonymy with anopheles nuneztovari (diptera, culicidae) and a new record for anopheles dunhami in the brazilian amazon. | nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) rdna and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit i (coi) mtdna and white gene ndna were obtained from specimens of anopheles nuneztovari a collected in macapá (state of amapá), obidos, prainha and almeirim (state of pará), itacoatiara and parintins (state of amazonas), brazil, and compared with previously published sequences of a. nuneztovari s.l. results of the bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either coi ... | 2008 | 19148419 |
| utilization, retention and bio-efficacy studies of permanet in selected villages in buie and fentalie districts of ethiopia. | malaria remains a major public health problem in ethiopia. pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets are one of the major tools available for the prevention and control of malaria transmission. permanet is a long-lasting insecticide-treated net (llin) recommended by who for malaria control. | 2009 | 19480712 |
| population structure analyses and demographic history of the malaria vector anopheles albimanus from the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia. | anopheles albimanus is an important malaria vector in some areas throughout its distribution in the caribbean and the pacific regions of colombia, covering three biogeographic zones of the neotropical region, maracaibo, magdalena and chocó. | 2009 | 19922672 |
| seasonal abundance of anopheline mosquitoes and their association with rainfall and malaria along the matapí river, amapá, [corrected] brazil. | three communities separated by 1.5-7.0 km, along the matapí river, amapá state, brazil, were sampled monthly from april 2003 to november 2005 to determine relationships between seasonal abundance of host-seeking anophelines, rainfall and malaria cases. out of the 759 821 adult female anophelines collected, anopheles darlingi root (diptera: culicidae) was the most abundant (56.2%) followed by an. marajoara galvão & damasceno (24.6%), an. nuneztovari gabaldón (12.4%), an. intermedius (chagas) (4.4 ... | 2009 | 19941599 |
| species composition and natural infectivity of anthropophilic anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in the states of córdoba and antioquia, northwestern colombia. | malaria is a serious health problem in the states of córdoba and antioquia, northwestern colombia, where 64.4% of total colombian cases were reported in 2007. because little entomological information is available in this region, the aim of this work was to identify the anopheles species composition and natural infectivity of mosquitoes distributed in seven localities with highest malaria transmission. a total of 1,768 anopheles mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches from march 200 ... | 2009 | 20140372 |
| microgeographic genetic variation of the malaria vector anopheles darlingi root (diptera: culicidae) from cordoba and antioquia, colombia. | anopheles darlingi is an important vector of plasmodium spp. in several malaria-endemic regions of colombia. this study was conducted to test genetic variation of an. darlingi at a microgeographic scale (approximately 100 km) from localities in córdoba and antioquia states, in western colombia, to better understand the potential contribution of population genetics to local malaria control programs. microsatellite loci: nuclear white and cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) gene sequences were anal ... | 2010 | 20595475 |
| the dominant anopheles vectors of human malaria in the americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. | abstract: | 2010 | 20712879 |
| identification of a fibrinogen-related protein (fbn9) gene in neotropical anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria has a devastating impact on worldwide public health in many tropical areas. studies on vector immunity are important for the overall understanding of the parasite-vector interaction and for the design of novel strategies to control malaria. a member of the fibrinogen-related protein family, fbn9, has been well studied in anopheles gambiae and has been shown to be an important component of the mosquito immune system. however, little is known about this gene in neotropical anopheline speci ... | 2011 | 21288344 |
| permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 february 2011-31 march 2011. | this article documents the addition of 111 microsatellite marker loci to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato, asellus aquaticus, calopteryx splendens, calopteryx virgo, centaurea aspera, centaurea seridis, chilina dombeyana, proctoeces cf. lintoni and pyrenophora teres f. teres. | 2011 | 21627775 |
| Environmental, entomological, socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for malaria attacks in Amerindian children of Camopi, French Guiana. | Malaria is a major health issue in French Guiana. Amerindian communities remain the most affected. A previous study in Camopi highlighted the predominant role of environmental factors in the occurrence of malaria. However, all parameters involved in the transmission were not clearly identified. A new survey was conducted in order to clarify the risk factors for the presence of malaria cases in Camopi. | 2011 | 21861885 |
| malaria vector species in colombia: a review. | here we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the vectorial importance of the major anopheles malaria vectors in colombia. we provide basic information on the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, immature habitats, adult behaviour, feeding preferences and anthropophily, endophily and infectivity rates. we additionally review information on the life cycle, longevity and population fluctuation of colombian anopheles species. emphasis was placed on the primary vectors that ha ... | 2011 | 21881778 |
| [twenty-year surveillance of insects relevant to public health during the construction of hydroelectric facilities in antioquia, colombia]. | entomological studies conducted in large hydroelectric infrastructure projects are a tool for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. these diseases emerge as a consequence of changes made to the terrain that often increase the natural and artificial mosquito larval habitats. many of these insects are of public health importance and population increases result in an increased risk of disease transmission. | 2012 | 23715181 |
| improved molecular technique for the differentiation of neotropical anopheline species. | we evaluated a pcr-rflp of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 region (its2) to distinguish species of anopheles commonly reported in the amazon and validated this method using reared f1 offspring. the following species of anopheles were used for molecular analysis: an. (nys.) benarrochi, an. (nys.) darlingi, an. (nys.) nuneztovari, an. (nys.) konderi, an. (nys.) rangeli, and an. (nys.) triannulatus sensu lato (s.l.). in addition, three species of the subgenus anopheles, an. (ano.) forat ... | 2008 | 18337348 |
| genetic compatibility between anopheles lesteri from korea and anopheles paraliae from thailand. | to assess differentiation and relationships between anopheles lesteri and anopheles paraliae we established three and five iso-female lines of an. lesteri from korea and an. paraliae from thailand, respectively. these isolines were used to investigate the genetic relationships between the two taxa by crossing experiments and by comparing dna sequences of ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacer (its2) and mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) and subunit ii (coii). resul ... | 0 | 23778670 |
| comparison of automatic traps to capture mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in rural areas in the tropical atlantic rainforest. | in several countries, surveillance of insect vectors is accomplished with automatic traps. this study addressed the performance of mosquito magnet® independence (mmi) in comparison with those of cdc with co2 and lactic acid (cdc-a) and cdc light trap (cdc-lt). the collection sites were in a rural region located in a fragment of secondary tropical atlantic rainforest, southeastern brazil. limatus durhami and limatus flavisetosus were the dominant species in the mmi, whereas ochlerotatus scapulari ... | 0 | 24402154 |
| plasmodium vivax landscape in brazil: scenario and challenges. | brazil is the largest country of latin america, with a considerable portion of its territoritory within the malaria-endemic amazon region in the north. furthermore, a considerable portion of its territory is located within the amazon region in the north. as a result, brazil has reported half of the total malaria cases in the americas in the last four decades. recent progress in malaria control has been accompanied by an increasing proportion of plasmodium vivax, underscoring a need for a better ... | 2016 | 27708190 |
| evidence for pleistocene population divergence and expansion of anopheles albimanus in southern central america. | the micro-geographic structure of anopheles albimanus was studied in southern central america using partial sequences of the mtdna cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene (coi). analysis of molecular variance supported significant genetic structure between populations from costa rica and western panama versus those from central-eastern panama (phi(ct) = 0.33), whereas the within group divergence was shallow and statistically insignificant (phi(st) = 0.08). furthermore, a statistical parsimony network ... | 0 | 20065014 |
| abundance, behavior and entomological inoculation rates of anthropophilic anophelines from a primary colombian malaria endemic area. | in colombia for several years, the urabá-bajo cauca and alto sinú region has registered the highest numbers of malaria cases in the country. malaria vector incrimination and the characterization of entomological parameters will allow for a better understanding of malaria transmission dynamics and the design of effective vector control strategies for this region. | 2013 | 23497535 |
| phylogeography of the neotropical anopheles triannulatus complex (diptera: culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns. | the molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the anopheles triannulatus complex: anopheles triannulatus s.s., anopheles halophylus and the putative species anopheles triannulatus c were investigated. | 2013 | 23433428 |
| genetic diversity of anopheles triannulatus s.l. (diptera: culicidae) from northwestern and southeastern colombia. | anopheles triannulatus s.l. is a species complex, however in colombia its taxonomic status is unclear. this study was conducted to understand the level of genetic differentiation or population structure of specimens of an. triannulatus s.l. from northwestern and southeastern colombia. cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and internal transcribed spacer (its2) sequence analyses suggested high genetic differentiation between the nw and se populations. a tcs network and bayesian inference analysis ba ... | 2012 | 22949519 |
| diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous. | the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ... | 2015 | 26244561 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| the effects of urbanization on global plasmodium vivax malaria transmission. | many recent studies have examined the impact of urbanization on plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity and found a general trend of reduced transmission in urban areas. however, none has examined the effect of urbanization on plasmodium vivax malaria, which is the most widely distributed malaria species and can also cause severe clinical syndromes in humans. in this study, a set of 10,003 community-based p. vivax parasite rate (pvpr) surveys are used to explore the relationships between pvpr i ... | 2012 | 23217010 |
| is there malaria transmission in urban settings in colombia? | colombia contributes a significant proportion of malaria cases in the americas, which are predominantly rural. however, in the last 8 years ~ 10 % of the endemic municipalities have also reported urban and peri-urban malaria cases, a growing concern for health authorities. this study focused on the characterization of the officially reported urban malaria cases. | 2015 | 26573620 |
| insecticide resistance in areas under investigation by the international centers of excellence for malaria research: a challenge for malaria control and elimination. | scale-up of the main vector control interventions, residual insecticides sprayed on walls or structures and/or impregnated in bed nets, together with prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, have led to a global reduction in malaria transmission. however, resistance in vectors to almost all classes of insecticides, particularly to the synthetic pyrethroids, is posing a challenge to the recent trend of declining malaria. ten international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) locate ... | 2015 | 26259947 |
| entomological monitoring and evaluation: diverse transmission settings of icemr projects will require local and regional malaria elimination strategies. | the unprecedented global efforts for malaria elimination in the past decade have resulted in altered vectorial systems, vector behaviors, and bionomics. these changes combined with increasingly evident heterogeneities in malaria transmission require innovative vector control strategies in addition to the established practices of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. integrated vector management will require focal and tailored vector control to achieve malaria elimination. ... | 2015 | 26259942 |
| molecular comparison of topotypic specimens confirms anopheles (nyssorhynchus) dunhami causey (diptera: culicidae) in the colombian amazon. | the presence of anopheles (nyssorhynchus) dunhami causey in colombia (department of amazonas) is confirmed for the first time through direct comparison of mtdna cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) barcodes and nuclear rdna second internal transcribed spacer (its2) sequences with topotypic specimens of an. dunhami from tefé, brazil. an. dunhami was identified through retrospective correlation of dna sequences following misidentification as anopheles nuneztovari s.l. using available morphological keys fo ... | 0 | 21120360 |
| evaluation of a pcr-rflp-its2 assay for discrimination of anopheles species in northern and western colombia. | anopheles mosquitoes are routinely identified using morphological characters of the female that often lead to misidentification due to interspecies similarity and intraspecies variability. the aim of this work was to evaluate the applicability of a previously developed pcr-rflp-its2 assay for accurate discrimination of anophelines in twelve localities spanning three colombian malaria epidemiological regions: atlantic coast, pacific coast, and uraba-bajo cauca-alto sinu region. the evaluation of ... | 2011 | 21345325 |
| cryptic species in the anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (diptera: culicidae) complex: incongruence between random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction identification and analysis of mitochondrial dna coi gene sequences. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) diagnostic bands are one tool used to differentiate cryptic mosquito species in the anopheles albitarsis complex. monophyly of four species (a. albitarsis lynch-arribálzaga, a. albitarsis b, a. deaneorum rosa-freitas, and a. marajoara galvão & damasceno) currently identified with the rapd technique was assessed using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase i (coi) mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene. maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian analyses supp ... | 0 | 17082822 |
| larval habitat characteristics of the main malaria vectors in the most endemic regions of colombia: potential implications for larval control. | malaria incidence has recently decreased globally and, as malaria elimination is envisioned as a possibility by the health authorities, guidance is needed to strengthen malaria control strategies. larval source treatment, which could complement routine vector control strategies, requires knowledge regarding the anopheles larval habitats. | 2015 | 26620401 |
| population dynamics. | this chapter reviews aspects of population dynamics that may be conceptually important for biological control of mosquitoes. density dependent population regulation among immature stages has important implications for biological control of mosquito populations, primarily because it can lead to compensatory or overcompensatory mortality due to additions of a biological control agent. this can result in control efforts leading to no change in the target population, or actual increases in the targe ... | 0 | 17853611 |
| comparative assessment of diverse strategies for malaria vector population control based on measured rates at which mosquitoes utilize targeted resource subsets. | eliminating malaria requires vector control interventions that dramatically reduce adult mosquito population densities and survival rates. indoor applications of insecticidal nets and sprays are effective against an important minority of mosquito species that rely heavily upon human blood and habitations for survival. however, complementary approaches are needed to tackle a broader diversity of less human-specialized vectors by killing them at other resource targets. | 2014 | 25168421 |
| spatial distributions of anopheles species in relation to malaria incidence at 70 localities in the highly endemic northwest and south pacific coast regions of colombia. | a proper identification of malaria vectors is essential for any attempt to control this disease. between 40 and 47 anopheles species have been recorded in colombia, and eight species complexes have been identified in the last decade. an update of anopheles species distribution and its relationship with malaria is required, particularly for newly identified members of species complexes. | 2016 | 27515166 |
| human biting activity, spatial-temporal distribution and malaria vector role of anopheles calderoni in the southwest of colombia. | anopheles calderoni was first recognized in colombia in 2010 as this species had been misidentified as anopheles punctimacula due to morphological similarities. an. calderoni is considered a malaria vector in peru and has been found naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum in colombia. however, its biting behaviour, population dynamics and epidemiological importance have not been well described for colombia. | 2015 | 26104785 |
| investigation of a sudden malaria outbreak in the isolated amazonian village of saul, french guiana, january-april 2009. | malaria is endemic in french guiana. plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the predominant species responsible and anopheles darlingi is described as the major vector. in mid-august 2008, an increase in malaria incidence was observed in saül. a retrospective cohort survey was performed. in vitro susceptibility profiles to antimalarials were determined on p. falciparum isolates. collections of mosquitoes were organized. the malaria attack rate reached 70.6/100. the risk of malaria increa ... | 0 | 22492141 |
| hyperendemic malaria transmission in areas of occupation-related travel in the peruvian amazon. | plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum cause a significant illness burden in peru. anopheline indices for populated communities in the peri-iquitos region of loreto have been reported to be remarkably low, with entomological inoculation rates (eir) estimated at one to 30 infective bites per year based on a few studies in close proximity to the urban centre of iquitos and surrounding deforested areas. local reports suggest that a large number of the reported cases are contracted outside of po ... | 2013 | 23724869 |
| new classification of natural breeding habitats for neotropical anophelines in the yanomami indian reserve, amazon region, brazil and a new larval sampling methodology. | here we present the first in a series of articles about the ecology of immature stages of anophelines in the brazilian yanomami area. we propose a new larval habitat classification and a new larval sampling methodology. we also report some preliminary results illustrating the applicability of the methodology based on data collected in the brazilian amazon rainforest in a longitudinal study of two remote yanomami communities, parafuri and toototobi. in these areas, we mapped and classified 112 na ... | 0 | 26517655 |
| an overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of amazon anopheles vectors. | in the americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the amazon forest, which extends across nine countries. one keystone step to understanding the plasmodium life cycle in anopheles species from the amazon region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. several attempts to colonise anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. in this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the ... | 2015 | 25742262 |
| integrated vector management targeting anopheles darlingi populations decreases malaria incidence in an unstable transmission area, in the rural brazilian amazon. | studies on vector behaviour should be conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of vector control measures on malaria protection in endemic areas of latin america, where p. vivax predominates. this work aims to investigate the fauna of anopheline mosquitoes and verify the impact of integrated vector management in two colonization projects in the careiro municipality, western brazilian amazon. | 2012 | 23088224 |
| comparison of transmission parameters between anopheles argyritarsis and anopheles pseudopunctipennis in two ecologically different localities of bolivia. | anopheles (anopheles) pseudopunctipennis is a recognized malaria vector in the slopes of the andes of bolivia. there, other species might be involved in malaria transmission and one candidate could be anopheles argyritarsis. although it is generally admitted that this species is not a malaria vector in the neotropical region, its potential role in transmission is still controversial and this situation has to be cleared, at least for bolivia. comparing the vectorial efficiency of an. pseudopuncti ... | 2013 | 23941216 |
| entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations. | the most potent malaria vectors rely heavily upon human blood so they are vulnerable to attack with insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) within houses. mosquito taxa that can avoid feeding or resting indoors, or by obtaining blood from animals, mediate a growing proportion of the dwindling transmission that persists as itns and irs are scaled up. | 2013 | 23577656 |
| evidence of new species for malaria vector anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato in the brazilian amazon region. | anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato comprises cryptic species in northern south america, and the brazilian populations encompass distinct genetic lineages within the brazilian amazon region. this study investigated, based on two molecular markers, whether these lineages might actually deserve species status. | 2016 | 27068120 |
| mosquito magnet® liberty plus trap baited with octenol confirmed best candidate for anopheles surveillance and proved promising in predicting risk of malaria transmission in french guiana. | in french guiana, mosquito magnet® liberty plus trap baited with octenol (mmoct) has been proposed for sampling anopheles darlingi after comparison with cdc light trap and human landing catch (hlc). however, other available lures were not tested. the current study compared mmoct and mm baited with lurex™ (mmlur) to hlc, and analysed entomological data from mmoct collection with malaria cases to facilitate malaria surveillance. | 2014 | 25260354 |
| natural plasmodium infection in monkeys in the state of rondônia (brazilian western amazon). | simian malaria is still an open question concerning the species of plasmodium parasites and species of new world monkeys susceptible to the parasites. in addition, the lingering question as to whether these animals are reservoirs for human malaria might become important especially in a scenario of eradication of the disease. to aid in the answers to these questions, monkeys were surveyed for malaria parasite natural infection in the amazonian state of rondônia, brazil, a state with intense envir ... | 2013 | 23731624 |
| contribution of fish farming ponds to the production of immature anopheles spp. in a malaria-endemic amazonian town. | in the past decade fish farming has become an important economic activity in the occidental brazilian amazon, where the number of new fish farms is rapidly increasing. one of the primary concerns with this phenomenon is the contribution of fishponds to the maintenance and increase of the anopheline mosquito population, and the subsequent increase in human malaria burden. this study reports the results of a 2-year anopheline abundance survey in fishponds and natural water bodies in a malaria-ende ... | 2015 | 26573145 |
| is there an efficient trap or collection method for sampling anopheles darlingi and other malaria vectors that can describe the essential parameters affecting transmission dynamics as effectively as human landing catches? - a review. | distribution, abundance, feeding behaviour, host preference, parity status and human-biting and infection rates are among the medical entomological parameters evaluated when determining the vector capacity of mosquito species. to evaluate these parameters, mosquitoes must be collected using an appropriate method. malaria is primarily transmitted by anthropophilic and synanthropic anophelines. thus, collection methods must result in the identification of the anthropophilic species and efficiently ... | 0 | 25185008 |
| potential causes and consequences of behavioural resilience and resistance in malaria vector populations: a mathematical modelling analysis. | the ability of mosquitoes to evade fatal exposure to insecticidal nets and sprays represents the primary obstacle to eliminating malaria. however, it remains unclear which behaviours are most important for buffering mosquito and parasite populations against vector control. | 2014 | 24629066 |
| land cover, land use and malaria in the amazon: a systematic literature review of studies using remotely sensed data. | the nine countries sharing the amazon forest accounted for 89% of all malaria cases reported in the americas in 2008. remote sensing can help identify the environmental determinants of malaria transmission and their temporo-spatial evolution. seventeen studies characterizing land cover or land use features, and relating them to malaria in the amazon subregion, were identified. these were reviewed in order to improve the understanding of the land cover/use class roles in malaria transmission. the ... | 2013 | 23758827 |
| epidemiological and entomological studies of a malaria outbreak among french armed forces deployed at illegal gold mining sites reveal new aspects of the disease's transmission in french guiana. | in december 2010, a plasmodium vivax malaria outbreak occurred among french forces involved in a mission to control illegal gold mining in french guiana. the findings of epidemiological and entomological investigations conducted after this outbreak are presented here. | 2016 | 26801629 |
| malaria epidemiology and control within the international centers of excellence for malaria research. | understanding the epidemiological features and metrics of malaria in endemic populations is a key component to monitoring and quantifying the impact of current and past control efforts to inform future ones. the international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) has the opportunity to evaluate the impact of malaria control interventions across endemic regions that differ in the dominant plasmodium species, mosquito vector species, resistance to antimalarial drugs and human genetic ... | 2015 | 26259946 |
| predicting potential ranges of primary malaria vectors and malaria in northern south america based on projected changes in climate, land cover and human population. | changes in land use and land cover (lulc) as well as climate are likely to affect the geographic distribution of malaria vectors and parasites in the coming decades. at present, malaria transmission is concentrated mainly in the amazon basin where extensive agriculture, mining, and logging activities have resulted in changes to local and regional hydrology, massive loss of forest cover, and increased contact between malaria vectors and hosts. | 2015 | 26289677 |
| implications for changes in anopheles darlingi biting behaviour in three communities in the peri-iquitos region of amazonian peru. | malaria transmission in the peri-iquitos region of amazonian peru has been designated as seasonal and hypo-endemic with recently described hyper-endemic hotspots. despite relatively recent distribution of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (llins), malaria in amazonian peru persists and increased substantially in 2014 compared to previous years. anopheles darlingi, identified as the main malaria vector, is known for its variable behaviour depending on locality and environment. | 2015 | 26223450 |
| preliminary biological studies on larvae and adult anopheles mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in miraflores, a malaria endemic locality in guaviare department, amazonian colombia. | in the malaria endemic municipality of miraflores in southeastern amazonian colombia, several aspects of the biology of local anopheles species were investigated to supplement the limited entomological surveillance information available and to provide baseline data for malaria prevention and vector control. anopheles darlingi root, 1926 was the most abundant species (95.6%), followed by anopheles braziliensis (chagas) (3.6%) and anopheles oswaldoi s.l. (peryassu) (0.7%). during the dry season, e ... | 0 | 25276930 |
| implementation of malaria dynamic models in municipality level early warning systems in colombia. part i: description of study sites. | as part of the integrated national adaptation pilot project and the integrated surveillance and control system, the colombian national institute of health is working on the design and implementation of a malaria early warning system framework, supported by seasonal climate forecasting capabilities, weather and environmental monitoring, and malaria statistical and dynamic models. in this report, we provide an overview of the local ecoepidemiologic settings where four malaria process-based mathema ... | 2014 | 24891460 |
| experimental plasmodium vivax infection of key anopheles species from the brazilian amazon. | anopheles darlingi is the major malaria vector in countries located in the amazon region. anopheles aquasalis and anopheles albitarsis s.l. are also proven vectors in this region. anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and anopheles triannulatus s.l. were found infected with plasmodium vivax; however, their status as vectors is not yet well defined. knowledge of susceptibility of amazon anopheline populations to plasmodium infection is necessary to better understand their vector capacity. laboratory coloniz ... | 2013 | 24359307 |
| nightly biting cycles of malaria vectors in a heterogeneous transmission area of eastern amazonian brazil. | the biting cycle of anopheline mosquitoes is an important component in the transmission of malaria. inter- and intraspecific biting patterns of anophelines have been investigated using the number of mosquitoes caught over time to compare general tendencies in host-seeking activity and cumulative catch. in this study, all-night biting catch data from 32 consecutive months of collections in three riverine villages were used to compare biting cycles of the five most abundant vector species using co ... | 2013 | 23890413 |
| ecological suitability and spatial distribution of five anopheles species in amazonian brazil. | seventy-six sites characterized in amazonian brazil revealed distinct habitat diversification by examining the environmental factors associated with the distribution and abundance of five anopheline species (diptera: culicidae) in the subgenus nyssorhynchus. these included three members of the albitarsis complex, anopheles oryzalimnetes, anopheles marajoara, anopheles janconnae; anopheles triannulatus, and anopheles goeldii. anopheles janconnae abundance had a positive correlation to water flow ... | 2013 | 23546804 |
| comparison of the standard who susceptibility tests and the cdc bottle bioassay for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors and their correlation with biochemical and molecular biology assays in benin, west africa. | the detection of insecticide resistance in natural populations of anopheles vectors is absolutely necessary for malaria control. in the african region, the who insecticide susceptibility test is the most common method for assessing resistance status. in order to search for a simple, rapid and more reliable technique in the assessment of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, we compared the who tests with the cdc bottle bioassay in the ouemé province of southern benin where insecticide resis ... | 2013 | 23688233 |
| malaria entomological risk factors in relation to land cover in the lower caura river basin, venezuela. | to explore the effects of deforestation and resulting differences in vegetation and land cover on entomological parameters, such as anopheline species composition, abundance, biting rate, parity and entomological inoculation rate (eir), three villages were selected in the lower caura river basin, state of bolívar, venezuela. all-night mosquito collections were conducted between march 2008-january 2009 using cdc light traps and mosquito magnet® liberty plus. human landing catches were performed b ... | 0 | 23579803 |
| a community-wide study of malaria reduction: evaluating efficacy and user-acceptance of a low-cost repellent in northern ghana. | no mas (nm) mosquito repellent was evaluated in two farming villages (4 km apart) in the kassena nankana district of northern ghana. we determined its efficacy against local malaria vectors, degree of user acceptance, and its effect on malaria prevalence in households using insecticide-treated bed nets. the average protective efficacy of nm against anopheles mosquitoes over 9 hours was 89.6%. controls averaged 86 bites/person/night versus 9 bites/person/night with the use of nm. use of repellent ... | 2012 | 23249683 |
| novel strategies lead to pre-elimination of malaria in previously high-risk areas in suriname, south america. | suriname was a high malaria risk country before the introduction of a new five-year malaria control program in 2005, the medical mission malaria programme (mm-mp). malaria was endemic in the forested interior, where especially the stabile village communities were affected. | 2012 | 22230221 |
| molecular evidence for a single taxon, anopheles nuneztovari s.l., from two endemic malaria regions in colombia. | to elucidate the anopheles nuneztovari s.l. taxonomic status at a microgeographic level in four malaria endemic localities from antioquia and córdoba, colombia, fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) and the white gene were used. the coi analysis showed low genetic differentiation with fixation index (f(st)) levels between -0.02-0.137 and nm values between 3-∞, indicating the presence of high gene flow among an. nuneztovari s.l. populations from the four localities. the coi network ... | 0 | 22241127 |
| mitochondrial dna detects a complex evolutionary history with pleistocene epoch divergence for the neotropical malaria vector anopheles nuneztovari sensu lato. | cryptic species and lineages characterize anopheles nuneztovari s.l. gabaldón, an important malaria vector in south america. we investigated the phylogeographic structure across the range of this species with cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) mitochondrial dna sequences to estimate the number of clades and levels of divergence. bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses detected four groups distributed in two major monophyletic clades (i and ii). samples from the amazon basin were cl ... | 0 | 22049039 |
| population dynamics, structure and behavior of anopheles darlingi in a rural settlement in the amazon rainforest of acre, brazil. | anopheles darlingi is the major vector of malaria in south america, and its behavior and distribution has epidemiological importance to biomedical research. in brazil, an. darlingi is found in the northern area of the amazon basin, where 99.5% of the disease is reported. | 2011 | 21702964 |
| a new mtdna coi gene lineage closely related to anopheles janconnae of the albitarsis complex in the caribbean region of colombia. | an understanding of the taxonomic status and vector distribution of anophelines is crucial in controlling malaria. previous phylogenetic analyses have supported the description of six species of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis s.l. (diptera: culicidae): an. albitarsis, anopheles deaneorum, anopheles marajoara, anopheles oryzalimnetes, anopheles janconnae and an. albitarsis f. to evaluate the taxonomic status of an. albitarsis s.l. mosquitoes collected in vario ... | 0 | 21225199 |
| incrimination of anopheles (anopheles) intermedius peryassú, an. (nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari gabaldón, an. (nys.) oswaldoi peryassú as natural vectors of plasmodium falciparum in french guiana. | anopheles darlingi root is the major vector of human malaria in the neotropics and has been considered to be the sole malaria vector in french guiana. the presence of other potential vectors suggests that malaria may be transmitted by other species under certain conditions. from 2006-2011, all anopheline specimens collected from 11 localities were assayed to determine if the plasmodium circumsporozoite protein was present. in addition to an. darlingi, we found anopheles oswaldoi, anopheles inter ... | 2012 | 22510842 |
| can mosquito magnet® substitute for human-landing catches to sample anopheline populations? | the efficiency of the mosquito magnet liberty plus™ (mmlp) trap was evaluated in comparison to human-landing catches (hlcs) to sample anopheline populations in jabillal, state of bolivar, southern venezuela. the village comprised 37 houses and a population of 101; malaria in this village is primarily due to plasmodium vivax and the annual parasite index is 316.8 per 1,000 population. a longitudinal study was conducted between june 2008-january 2009 for three nights per month every two months bet ... | 2012 | 22666868 |
| larvicidal effects of endophytic and basidiomycete fungus extracts on aedes and anopheles larvae (diptera, culicidae). | in vitro bioassays were performed to access the larvicidal activity of crude extracts from the endophytic fungus pestalotiopsis virgulata (melanconiales, amphisphaeriaceae) and the saprophytic fungus pycnoporus sanguineus (basidiomycetes, polyporaceae) against the mosquitoes aedes aegypti and anopheles nuneztovari. | 2013 | 23970310 |