| hospital acquired janthinobacterium lividum septicemia in srinagarind hospital. | nine patients admitted to the intensive care unit, srinagarind hospital, who had septicaemia by j. lividum were reported. seven patients died, one directly of septicaemia, despite intensive antimicrobial therapy. investigation revealed that the sources of infection were: special mouth wash solution, distilled water and normal saline used in the ward. after changing to uncontaminated solution and more meticulous care of medical equipment, there was no evidence of the micro-organism after one year ... | 1992 | 1402505 |
| janthinocins a, b and c, novel peptide lactone antibiotics produced by janthinobacterium lividum. i. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological characterization. | janthinocins a, b and c are novel antibacterial agents produced by janthinobacterium lividum. they were isolated from fermentation broths and characterized by uv, ir, nmr and mass spectroscopy. they are cyclic decapeptide lactones with marked activity against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria and are 2 to 4 times more potent in vitro than vancomycin. janthinocins a and b were also found to be effective in a staphylococcus aureus systemic infection in mice. | 1990 | 2211359 |
| janthinocins a, b and c, novel peptide lactone antibiotics produced by janthinobacterium lividum. ii. structure elucidation. | the structures of janthinocins a, b and c, three novel macrocyclic peptide lactone antibiotics isolated from fermentations of janthinobacterium lividum, were determined. the janthinocins are of particular interest because they contain three amino acid residues that have not previously been reported in natural products: each contains erythro-beta-hydroxy-d-leucine while janthinocins a and b also contain beta-hydroxytryptophan and beta-ketotryptophan, respectively. | 1990 | 2211360 |
| extracellular oxidation of d-glucose by some members of the enterobacteriaceae. | extracellular d-glucose oxidation by 5 enterobacterial species was studied with the purpose of selecting conditions useful for taxonomic studies. extracellular production of gluconate from 14c-glucose by bacterial cells was evidenced by deae-cellulose paper chromatography. escherichia coli oxidized glucose only when pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) was added, whereas serratia marcescens, yersinia frederiksenii, erwinia cypripedii and cedecea lapagei oxidized d-glucose without added pqq. 2-deoxyglu ... | 1988 | 3382545 |
| hydrogen sulfide production by bacteria and sulfmyoglobin formation in prepacked chilled beef. | meat stored at 1 to 2 c under low oxygen tensions, either in gas-impermeable packs or in controlled atmospheres, occasionally exhibited an undesirable green exudate. the green pigment was identified spectrophotometrically as sulfmyoglobin. the conversion of myoglobin to sulfmyoglobin resulted from the production of h(2)s by bacteria tentatively identified as pseudomonas mephitica. this organism produced h(2)s only when the oxygen tension was about 1% and the ph of the meat was 6.0 and above. | 1970 | 5466049 |
| cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding the 69-kda extracellular chitinase of janthinobacterium lividum. | janthinobacterium lividum secretes a major 56-kda chitinase and a minor 69-kda chitinase. a chitinase gene was defined on a 3-kb fragment of clone prkt10, by virtue of fluorescent colonies in the presence of 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-n,n',n"-chitotrioside. nucleotide sequencing revealed an 1998-bp open reading frame with the potential to encode a 69,716-da protein with amino acid sequences similar to those in other chitinases, suggesting it encodes the minor chitinase (chi69). chitinase activi ... | 1995 | 7557339 |
| systematic study of the genus vogesella gen. nov. and its type species, vogesella indigofera comb. nov. | a blue-pigmented colony that had a metallic copper-colored sheen was isolated in 1973 from a standard spread plate count preparation of oxidation pond sediment. over the next 11 years, an additional 12 strains of blue-pigmented bacteria were isolated from freshwater samples and compared to several reference strains of bacteria. morphological and biochemical tests revealed that these 13 isolates were very similar to [pseudomonas] indigofera atcc 19706t (t = type strain) and atcc 14036. a numerica ... | 1997 | 8995797 |
| janthinobacterium agaricidamnosum sp. nov., a soft rot pathogen of agaricus bisporus. | a novel bacterium has been found that causes a soft rot disease of agaricus bisporus, the cultivated mushroom. it has been characterized using nutritional, physiological, chemical and molecular techniques. based on these data, it was shown to have many characteristics in common with members of the genus janthinobacterium. despite similarities to the only described species within this genus, janthinobacterium lividum, there were a number of differences between the mushroom pathogen isolated and t ... | 1999 | 10555339 |
| phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16s rrna sequence. | the broad and vague phenotypic definition allowed the genus pseudomonas to become a dumping ground for incompletely characterized polarly flagellated, gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria, and a large number of species have been accommodated in the genus pseudomonas. the 16s rrna sequences of 128 valid and invalid pseudomonas species, which included almost valid species of the genus pseudomonas listed in the approved lists of bacterial names, were obtained: sequences of 59 species were de ... | 2000 | 10939664 |
| metallo-beta-lactamase producers in environmental microbiota: new molecular class b enzyme in janthinobacterium lividum. | eleven environmental samples from different sources were screened for the presence of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria by using a selective enrichment medium containing a carbapenem antibiotic and subsequently testing each isolate for production of edta-inhibitable carbapenemase activity. a total of 15 metallo-beta-lactamase-producing isolates, including 10 stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates, 3 chryseobacterium spp., one aeromonas hydrophila isolate, and one janthinobacterium lividum ... | 2001 | 11181369 |
| screening and characterization of facultative psychrophilic denitrifiers for treatment of nitrate contaminated groundwater using starch-based biodegradable carriers. | potential starch degrading denitrifying microorganisms that can grow at 4 degrees c were isolated from lake sediments to remove nitrate from groundwater. initial screening using soluble starch as the sole carbon source confirmed that two out of twenty-five isolates (strain no. 2 and 47) significantly reduced nitrate in the medium and liberated nitrogen gas during culture. in a second screening, several commercially available starch based materials and different kinds of starch were tested. strai ... | 2002 | 12362913 |
| impact of violacein-producing bacteria on survival and feeding of bacterivorous nanoflagellates. | we studied the role of bacterial secondary metabolites in the context of grazing protection against protozoans. a model system was used to examine the impact of violacein-producing bacteria on feeding rates, growth, and survival of three common bacterivorous nanoflagellates. freshwater isolates of janthinobacterium lividum and chromobacterium violaceum produced the purple pigment violacein and exhibited acute toxicity to the nanoflagellates tested. high-resolution video microscopy revealed that ... | 2004 | 15006783 |
| a novel continuous toxicity test system using a luminously modified freshwater bacterium. | an automated continuous toxicity test system was developed using a recombinant bioluminescent freshwater bacterium. the groundwater-borne bacterium, janthinobacterium lividum yh9-rc, was modified with luxab and optimized for toxicity tests using different kinds of organic carbon compounds and heavy metals. luxab-marked yh9-rc cells were much more sensitive (average 7.3-8.6 times) to chemicals used for toxicity detection than marine vibrio fischeri cells used in the microtox assay. toxicity tests ... | 2004 | 15308239 |
| biochemical characterization of the thin-b metallo-beta-lactamase of janthinobacterium lividum. | the thin-b metallo-beta-lactamase, a subclass b3 enzyme produced by the environmental species janthinobacterium lividum, was overproduced in escherichia coli by means of a t7-based expression system. the enzyme was purified (>95%) by two ion-exchange chromatography steps and subjected to biochemical analysis. the native thin-b enzyme is a monomeric protein of 31 kda. it exhibits the highest catalytic efficiencies with carbapenem substrates and cephalosporins, except for cephaloridine, which acts ... | 2004 | 15561856 |
| seasonal change in bacterial flora and biomass in mountain snow from the tateyama mountains, japan, analyzed by 16s rrna gene sequencing and real-time pcr. | the bacterial flora and biomass in mountain snow from the tateyama mountains, toyama prefecture, japan, one of the heaviest snowfall regions in the world, were analyzed by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis followed by 16s rrna gene sequencing and dna quantification by real-time pcr. samples of surface snow collected in various months during the melting season contained a psychrophilic bacterium, cryobacterium psychrophilum, and two psychrotrophic bacteria, variovorax paradoxus and jan ... | 2005 | 15640179 |
| genetic variation within a lotic population of janthinobacterium lividum. | an understanding of the genetic variation within and between populations should allow scientists to address many problems, including those associated with endangered species and the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment. with respect to microorganisms, the release of genetically engineered microorganisms is likely to increase dramatically given the current growth in the bioremediation industry. in this study, genetic variation within a lotic, bacterial population of jant ... | 1993 | 16348995 |
| violacein and biofilm production in janthinobacterium lividum. | to analyse the environmental stimuli modulating violacein and biofilm production in janthinobacterium lividum. | 2007 | 17381742 |
| gene cloning and characterization of the very large nad-dependent l-glutamate dehydrogenase from the psychrophile janthinobacterium lividum, isolated from cold soil. | nad-dependent l-glutamate dehydrogenase (nad-gdh) activity was detected in cell extract from the psychrophile janthinobacterium lividum utb1302, which was isolated from cold soil and purified to homogeneity. the native enzyme (1,065 kda, determined by gel filtration) is a homohexamer composed of 170-kda subunits (determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). consistent with these findings, gene cloning and sequencing enabled deduction of the amino acid sequence of the ... | 2007 | 17526698 |
| reclassification of pseudomonas mephitica claydon and hammer 1939 as a later heterotypic synonym of janthinobacterium lividum (eisenberg 1891) de ley et al. 1978. | pseudomonas mephitica ccug 2513(t) has been reinvestigated to clarify its taxonomic position. 16s rrna gene sequence comparisons demonstrated that this strain clusters phylogenetically closely with janthinobacterium lividum (99.8% sequence similarity to the type strain). investigation of fatty acid patterns, polar lipid profiles, polyamine patterns and quinone systems supported this delineation. substrate utilization profiles and biochemical characteristics displayed no differences from the type ... | 2008 | 18175698 |
| isolation and analysis of bacteria associated with spores of gigaspora margarita. | the aim of this work was to observe bacteria associated with the spores of gigaspora margarita, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf). | 2008 | 18217929 |
| amphibian chemical defense: antifungal metabolites of the microsymbiont janthinobacterium lividum on the salamander plethodon cinereus. | disease has spurred declines in global amphibian populations. in particular, the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has decimated amphibian diversity in some areas unaffected by habitat loss. however, there is little evidence to explain how some amphibian species persist despite infection or even clear the pathogen beyond detection. one hypothesis is that certain bacterial symbionts on the skin of amphibians inhibit the growth of the pathogen. an antifungal strain of janthinobacteriu ... | 2008 | 18949519 |
| bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites: growth on tyre shreds and leachate. | to investigate bacterial communities of tyre monofill sites, colonization of tyre material by bacteria and the effect of tyre leachate on bacteria. | 2009 | 19239530 |
| skin microbes on frogs prevent morbidity and mortality caused by a lethal skin fungus. | emerging infectious diseases threaten human and wildlife populations. altered ecological interactions between mutualistic microbes and hosts can result in disease, but an understanding of interactions between host, microbes and disease-causing organisms may lead to management strategies to affect disease outcomes. many amphibian species in relatively pristine habitats are experiencing dramatic population declines and extinctions due to the skin disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by the ch ... | 2009 | 19322245 |
| the bacterially produced metabolite violacein is associated with survival of amphibians infected with a lethal fungus. | the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is associated with recent declines in amphibian populations. susceptibility to this disease varies among amphibian populations and species, and resistance appears to be attributable in part to the presence of antifungal microbial species associated with the skin of amphibians. the betaproteobacterium janthinobacterium lividum has been isolated from the skins of several amphibian species and produc ... | 2009 | 19717627 |
| the role of a groundwater bacterial community in the degradation of the herbicide terbuthylazine. | a bacterial community in an aquifer contaminated by s-triazines was studied. groundwater microcosms were treated with terbuthylazine at a concentration of 100 microg l(-1) and degradation of the herbicide was assessed. the bacterial community structure (abundance and phylogenetic composition) and function (carbon production and cell viability) were analysed. the bacterial community was able to degrade the terbuthylazine; in particular, betaproteobacteria were involved in the herbicide biotransfo ... | 2010 | 19840114 |
| substrate utilization profiles of bacterial strains in plankton from the river warnow, a humic and eutrophic river in north germany. | bacteria are very important degraders of organic substances in aquatic environments. despite their influential role in the carbon (and many other element) cycle(s), the specific genetic identity of active bacteria is mostly unknown, although contributing phylogenetic groups had been investigated. moreover, the degree to which phenotypic potential (i. e., utilization of environmentally relevant carbon substrates) is related to the genomic identity of bacteria or bacterial groups is unclear. the p ... | 2010 | 19936822 |
| violacein-producing collimonas sp. from the sea surface microlayer of costal waters in trøndelag, norway. | a new strain belonging to the genus collimonas was isolated from the sea surface microlayer off the coast of trøndelag, norway. the bacterium, designated collimonas ct, produced an antibacterial compound active against micrococcus luteus. subsequent studies using lc-ms identified this antibacterial compound as violacein, known to be produced by several marine-derived bacteria. fragments of the violacein biosynthesis genes vioa and viob were amplified by pcr from the collimonas ct genome and sequ ... | 2009 | 20098599 |
| the unique kinetic behavior of the very large nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from janthinobacterium lividum. | the kinetics of a very large nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from janthinobacterium lividum showed positive cooperativity toward alpha-ketoglutarate and nadh, and the michaelis-menten type toward ammonium chloride in the absence of the catalytic activator, l-aspartate. an increase in the maximum activity accompanied the decrease in the s(0.5) values for alpha-ketoglutarate and nadh with the addition of l-aspartate, and the kinetic response for alpha-ketoglutarate changed completely to a ty ... | 2010 | 20378971 |
| psychrotrophic strain of janthinobacterium lividum from a cold alaskan soil produces prodigiosin. | we have explored the microbial community in a nonpermafrost, cold alaskan soil using both culture-based and culture-independent approaches. in the present study, we cultured >1000 bacterial isolates from this soil and characterized the collection of isolates phylogenetically and functionally. a screen for antibiosis identified an atypical, red-pigmented strain of janthinobacterium lividum (strain br01) that produced prodigiosin when grown at cool temperatures as well as strains (e.g., strain bp0 ... | 2010 | 20626288 |
| correlation of maple sap composition with bacterial and fungal communities determined by multiplex automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (marisa). | during collection, maple sap is contaminated by bacteria and fungi that subsequently colonize the tubing system. the bacterial microbiota has been more characterized than the fungal microbiota, but the impact of both components on maple sap quality remains unclear. this study focused on identifying bacterial and fungal members of maple sap and correlating microbiota composition with maple sap properties. a multiplex automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (marisa) method was developed to ... | 2011 | 21569942 |
| violacein and related tryptophan metabolites produced by chromobacterium violaceum: biosynthetic mechanism and pathway for construction of violacein core. | violacein is a natural violet pigment produced by several gram-negative bacteria, including chromobacterium violaceum, janthinobacterium lividum, and pseudoalteromonas tunicata d2, among others. this pigment has potential medical applications as antibacterial, anti-trypanocidal, anti-ulcerogenic, and anticancer drugs. the structure of violacein consists of three units: a 5-hydroxyindole, an oxindole, and a 2-pyrrolidone. the biosynthetic origins of hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon in the pyrrolido ... | 2011 | 21779844 |
| cultured bacterial diversity and human impact on alpine glacier cryoconite. | the anthropogenic effect on the microbial communities in alpine glacier cryoconites was investigated by cultivation and physiological characterization of bacteria from six cryoconite samples taken at sites with different amounts of human impact. two hundred and forty seven bacterial isolates were included in actinobacteria (9%, particularly arthrobacter), bacteroidetes (14%, particularly olleya), firmicutes (0.8%), alphaproteobacteria (2%), betaproteobacteria (16%, particularly janthinobacterium ... | 2011 | 21717318 |
| massilia sp. bs-1, a novel violacein-producing bacterium isolated from soil. | a novel bacterium, massilia sp. bs-1, producing violacein and deoxyviolacein was isolated from a soil sample collected from akita prefecture, japan. the 16s ribosomal dna of strain bs-1 displayed 93% homology with its nearest violacein-producing neighbor, janthinobacterium lividum. strain bs-1 grew well in a synthetic medium, but required both l-tryptophan and a small amount of l-histidine to produce violacein. | 2011 | 21979084 |
| microbial production of the drugs violacein and deoxyviolacein: analytical development and strain comparison. | violacein and deoxyviolacein display a broad range of interesting biological properties but their production is rarely distinguished due to the lack of suitable analytical methods. an hplc method has been developed for the separation and quantification of violacein and deoxyviolacein and can determine the content of both molecules in microbial cultures. a comparison of different production microorganisms, including recombinant escherichia coli and the natural producer janthinobacterium lividum, ... | 2011 | 22187076 |
| towards a better understanding of the use of probiotics for preventing chytridiomycosis in panamanian golden frogs. | populations of native panamanian golden frogs (atelopus zeteki) have collapsed due to a recent chytridiomycosis epidemic. reintroduction efforts from captive assurance colonies are unlikely to be successful without the development of methods to control chytridiomycosis in the wild. in an effort to develop a protective treatment regimen, we treated golden frogs with janthinobacterium lividum, a skin bacterium that has been used to experimentally prevent chytridiomycosis in north american amphibia ... | 2011 | 22328095 |
| draft genome sequence of janthinobacterium lividum strain mtr reveals its mechanism of capnophilic behavior. | janthinobacterium lividum is a gram-negative bacterium able to produce violacein, a pigment with antimicrobial and antitumor properties. janthinobacterium lividum colonizes the skin of some amphibians and confers protection against fungal pathogens. the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. in order to identify the advantages for the bacterium to colonize amphibian skin we sequenced janthinobacterium lividum strain mtr, a strain isolated from cajón del maipo, chile. the ... | 2015 | 26605004 |
| probiotic treatment restores protection against lethal fungal infection lost during amphibian captivity. | host-associated microbiomes perform many beneficial functions including resisting pathogens and training the immune system. here, we show that amphibians developing in captivity lose substantial skin bacterial diversity, primarily due to reduced ongoing input from environmental sources. we combined studies of wild and captive amphibians with a database of over 1 000 strains that allows us to examine antifungal function of the skin microbiome. we tracked skin bacterial communities of 62 endangere ... | 2016 | 27655769 |
| direct and indirect horizontal transmission of the antifungal probiotic bacterium janthinobacterium lividum on green frog (lithobates clamitans) tadpoles. | amphibian populations worldwide are being threatened by the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to mitigate the effects of b. dendrobatidis, bioaugmentation of antifungal bacteria has been shown to be a promising strategy. one way to implement bioaugmentation is through indirect horizontal transmission, defined as the transfer of bacteria from a host to the environment and to another host. in addition, direct horizontal transmission among individuals can f ... | 2016 | 26873311 |
| community structure and function of amphibian skin microbes: an experiment with bullfrogs exposed to a chytrid fungus. | the vertebrate microbiome contributes to disease resistance, but few experiments have examined the link between microbiome community structure and disease resistance functions. chytridiomycosis, a major cause of amphibian population declines, is a skin disease caused by the fungus, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). in a factorial experiment, bullfrog skin microbiota was reduced with antibiotics, augmented with an anti-bd bacterial isolate (janthinobacterium lividum), or unmanipulated, and ind ... | 2015 | 26445500 |
| variation in the presence of anti-batrachochytrium dendrobatidis bacteria of amphibians across life stages and elevations in ecuador. | amphibian populations are decreasing worldwide due to a variety of factors. in south america, the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is linked to many population declines. the pathogenic effect of bd on amphibians can be inhibited by specific bacteria present on host skin. this symbiotic association allows some amphibians to resist the development of the disease chytridiomycosis. here, we aimed (1) to determine for the first time if specific anti-bd bacteria are present on amphib ... | 2015 | 25669915 |
| violacein, an indole-derived purple-colored natural pigment produced by janthinobacterium lividum, inhibits the growth of head and neck carcinoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. | violacein (vio; 3-[1,2-dihydro-5-(5-hydroxy-1h-indol-3-yl)-2-oxo-3h-pyrrol-3-ylidene]-1,3-dihydro-2h-indol-2-one), an indole-derived purple-colored pigment, produced by a limited number of gram-negative bacteria species, including chromobacterium violaceum and janthinobacterium lividum, has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity, as it interferes with survival transduction signaling pathways in different cancer models. head and neck carcinoma (hnc) represents the sixth most common and on ... | 2016 | 26462840 |
| raman spectroscopic study of the chromobacterium violaceum pigment violacein using multiwavelength excitation and dft calculations. | violacein is a bisindole pigment occurring as a biosynthetic product of chromobacterium violaceum and janthinobacterium lividum. it has some structural similarities to the cyanobacterial uv-protective pigment scytonemin, which has been the subject of comprehensive spectroscopic and structural studies. a detailed experimental raman spectroscopic study with visible and near-infrared excitation of violacein produced by c. violaceum has been undertaken and supported using theoretical dft calculation ... | 2015 | 26151435 |
| systems metabolic engineering of escherichia coli for production of the antitumor drugs violacein and deoxyviolacein. | violacein and deoxyviolacein are interesting therapeutics against pathogenic bacteria and viruses as well as tumor cells. in the present work, systems-wide metabolic engineering was applied to target escherichia coli, a widely accepted recombinant host in pharmaceutical biotechnology, for production of these high-value products. the basic producer, e. coli dvio-1, that expressed the vioabce cluster from chromobacterium violaceum under control of the inducible arac system, accumulated 180 mg l(-1 ... | 2013 | 23994489 |
| highly diverse microbiota in dental root canals in cases of apical periodontitis (data of illumina sequencing). | chronic apical periodontitis (cap) is a frequent condition that has a considerable effect on a patient's quality of life. we aimed to reveal root canal microbial communities in antibiotic-naive patients by applying illumina sequencing (illumina inc, san diego, ca). | 2014 | 25227214 |
| high-level production of violacein by the newly isolated duganella violaceinigra str. ni28 and its impact on staphylococcus aureus. | a violacein-producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified as a relative of duganella violaceinigra yim 31327 based upon phylogenetic analyses using the 16s rrna, gyrb and vioa gene sequences and a fatty acid methyl ester (fame) analysis. this new strain was designated d. violaceinigra str. ni28. although these two strains appear related based upon these analyses, the new isolate was phenotypically different from the type strain as it grew 25% faster on nutrient media and produced 45-fol ... | 2015 | 26489441 |
| identification of catalytic residues of a very large nad-glutamate dehydrogenase from janthinobacterium lividum by site-directed mutagenesis. | we previously found a very large nad-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase with approximately 170 kda subunit from janthinobacterium lividum (jl-gdh) and predicted that gdh reaction occurred in the central domain of the subunit. to gain further insights into the role of the central domain, several single point mutations were introduced. the enzyme activity was completely lost in all single mutants of r784a, k810a, k820a, d885a, and s1142a. because, in sequence alignment analysis, these residues corr ... | 2014 | 25126984 |
| the cutaneous bacterium janthinobacterium lividum inhibits the growth of trichophyton rubrum in vitro. | tinea pedis (athlete's foot) is a fungal infection that is both widespread and challenging to treat. standard treatments consist of topical and systemic therapies of antifungal agents, such as miconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. the extended nature of topical therapy and the toxicity of long-term systemic therapy limit the utility of current treatments. an alternate approach relies on an understanding of bacterial-fungal interactions. specifically, a probiotic antifungal bacterium such as ... | 2015 | 23968275 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel violacein-like pigment producing psychrotrophic bacterial species janthinobacterium svalbardensis sp. nov. | a bacterial strain designated ja-1, related to janthinobacterium lividum, was isolated from glacier ice samples from the island spitsbergen in the arctic. the strain was tested for phenotypic traits and the most prominent appeared to be the dark red brown to black pigmentation different from the violet pigment of janthinobacterium, chromobacterium and iodobacter. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences and dna-dna hybridization tests showed that strain ja-1 belongs to the genus ja ... | 2013 | 23192307 |