| [stereotype and plasticity of utterances in gibbons (hylobates concolor leucogenys)]. | the "great call" of adult male and female hylobates concolor leucogenys was studied in different conditions of social stimulation, using quantitative (i. e. sonographic) analysis. vocal sequences are generally made up of mixed sounds, appearing in a fixed order and constituting a species-specific character. qualitative diversification appears in the repetition of sequences. different social situations alter parameters of the calling pattern: especially the length and intensity of homologous modu ... | 1979 | 114327 |
| [candidiasis of the stomach in a several-hour-old white gibbon--hylobates concolor leucogenys]. | | 1975 | 765818 |
| quantification and excretion profiles of pteridines in primate urine. | biopterin, 6-hydroxymethyl-pterin, isoxanthopterin, neopterin and, pterin were quantified in stress-free collected spontaneous morning urine samples from callithrix jacchus, saguinus fuscicollis, saguinus labiatus, saimiri sciureus, presbytis entellus, cercopithecus albogularis, cercocebus torquatus, macaca fascicularis, hylobates concolor, pongo pygmaeus, and gorilla gorilla. in most species, biopterin was the most frequent urinary pteridine followed by neopterin. sex differences in biopterin a ... | 1992 | 1404333 |
| comparative study of the femoral articular facies of knees of the primates. | in this article, on the basis of the characteristics of the moiré contour fringes of nycticebus coucany, macaca assamensis m'clelland, presbytis phayrei, phinopithecus roxellanae, hylobates concolor leucogenys, gorilla gorilla. anthropopithecus troglodytes. simia satyrus and modern human beings we divide the primates into two types. the two types of the new classification may be two groups of the evolution moving state. for comparison with each other, the angle gamma between the approximately el ... | 1987 | 3127881 |
| gene mapping of the gibbon. its position in primate evolution. | comparative karyotyping of the hylobatidae has revealed only very few chromosome homoeologies with other primates. their position in the phylogenetic tree thus remains uncertain. with the hope that comparative gene mapping might allow overcoming these difficulties, somatic cell hybrids were obtained by fusion of fibroblasts from a hylobates (nomascus) concolor and cells from a hprt-chinese hamster cell line. of 34 investigated enzyme markers, 20 could be mapped, and 7 syntenies were established. ... | 1983 | 6575954 |
| prevalence of shigellosis and other enteric pathogens in a zoologic collection of primates. | an epidemiologic study of shigellosis was the preliminary step in the formulation of a plan for the control of devastating infectious diseases in nonhuman primates at the national zoological park. data were collected from primate groups with enzootic shigellosis and included the following species: white-cheeked and siamong gibbons (hylobates concolor and h syndactylies); lion-tailed, celebes, and barbary macaques (macaca silenus, m nigera, and m sylvanus); black and white colobus monkeys (colobu ... | 1993 | 8407446 |
| genomic reorganization in the concolor gibbon (hylobates concolor) revealed by chromosome painting. | we employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) of specific dna libraries of all human chromosomes to establish homologies between the human karyotype and the karyotype of hylobates concolor (2n = 52). numerous intra- and interchromosomal rearrangements have led to a massive reorganization in the karyotype of h. concolor. there have been a minimum of 31 translocations. the 25 h. concolor autosomes are composed of 63-67 recognizable segments that show dna homology to regions of the 22 human ... | 1995 | 8586429 |
| fatal infections with balamuthia mandrillaris (a free-living amoeba) in gorillas and other old world primates. | balamuthia mandrillaris is a newly described free-living amoeba capable of causing fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. because the number of human cases is rapidly increasing, this infection is now considered an important emerging disease by the medical community. a retrospective review of the pathology database for the zoological society of san diego (the san diego zoo and san diego wild animal park) for the period july 1965 through december 1994 revealed five cases of amoebic meni ... | 1997 | 9150541 |
| cross-species colour segmenting: a novel tool in human karyotype analysis. | we used fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with dna probes derived from bivariate fluorescence activated flow sorting of primate chromosomes. in cases where human and primate karyotypes differ by chromosome rearrangements, reverse painting of primate probes resulted in a subregional delineation of the human homologous chromosomes. probes were used from two gibbon species (hylobates concolor and h. syndactylus) which both showed highly rearranged karyotypes. hybridization of human chromoso ... | 1998 | 9845439 |
| a study of host defence peptide beta-defensin 3 in primates. | we have investigated the molecular evolution of the gene coding for beta-defensin 3 (defb103) in 17 primate species including humans. unlike the defb4 genes (coding for beta-defensin 2) [boniotto, tossi, del pero, sgubin, antcheva, santon and masters (2003) genes immun. 4, 251-257], defb103 shows a marked degree of conservation in humans, great apes and new and old world monkeys. only the hylobates concolor defensin hcbd3 showed an amino acid variation arg17-->trp17 that could have a functional ... | 2003 | 12795637 |
| 3d-kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. | vertical climbing has played an important role in theories about the evolution of habitual bipedalism in early hominids and of locomotor specialization in hominoids. however, empirical data on vertical climbing in nonhuman primates are scarce, especially regarding kinematics. in this paper, the kinematics of flexed-elbow vertical climbing of four hominoid species are reported: western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), bonobos (pan paniscus), sumatran orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii), ... | 2005 | 15386239 |
| status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in wuliang mountains, yunnan, china: implication for conservation. | the western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor), or black gibbon, one of the lesser apes (hylobatidae), is mainly distributed in yunnan, china. of the four recognized subspecies, n. c. jingdongensis is endemic to the wuliang mountain, central yunnan, china. of all the subspecies, this one has the largest population of any black gibbon. however, the data were all based on brief estimates. we carried out an extensive field survey on population and group distribution of the black gibbon in the ... | 2006 | 16505943 |
| [distribution pattern and dynamics of alnus nepalensis and litsea glutinosa populations in nomascus concolor habitat]. | alnus nepalensis and litsea glutinosa are the two common trees in the habitats of black-crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) in wuliang mountain of yunnan province. with the nearest neighbor method and heygi's competition index model for individual tree, this paper analyzed the distribution patterns of the two populations and their competition. the results showed that a. nepalensis had a random distribution at its different growth phases, while l. glutinosa, the companion species of a. nepalensis ... | 2006 | 16706031 |
| can a group elicit duets from its neighbours? a field study on the black-crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in central yunnan, china. | we tested the intergroup spacing hypothesis with a 13-month field study of the interaction of singing behaviour between 3 neighbouring groups of black-crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, central yunnan, china. neighbouring groups tended not to sing on the same day. while it did happen occasionally, a group seldom started a duet while its neighbour was singing, or within 5 min of the singing ceasing. the intersong intervals of 2 groups calling on the same day were si ... | 2007 | 17429211 |
| sleeping sites, sleeping trees, and sleep-related behaviors of black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, central yunnan, china. | data on sleep-related behaviors were collected for a group of central yunnan black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, yunnan, china from march 2005 to april 2006. members of the group usually formed four sleeping units (adult male and juvenile, adult female with one semi-dependent black infant, adult female with one dependent yellow infant, and subadult male) spread over different sleeping trees. individuals or units preferred specific areas to sleep; all sleeping ... | 2008 | 17854056 |
| effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in wuliang mountain, yunnan, china. | we studied the ranging behavior of a habituated group of black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in a high, seasonal habitat on mt. wuliang, central yunnan, china, between march 2005 and april 2006. our results indicated that the total home range size for the study group was 129 ha, or 151 ha if the lacunae within the borders in which gibbons were not observed were included. this is a much bigger range size than that of other gibbon species. however, 69.7% of their activities occ ... | 2008 | 18548511 |
| predation on giant flying squirrels (petaurista philippensis) by black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, yunnan, china. | predation on vertebrates is infrequent in gibbons. in a 14-month field study of the central yunnan black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, yunnan, china, we observed gibbons attacking, killing and eating giant flying squirrels (petaurista philippensis). during 845 h of observation on one study group, the gibbons attacked giant flying squirrels 11 times, and succeeded in 4 cases. although all members of the group attempted to attack the squirrels, all four successfu ... | 2009 | 19015936 |
| gibbons under seasonal stress: the diet of the black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) on mt. wuliang, central yunnan, china. | the diet of a habituated group of black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) was studied from march 2005 to april 2006 in the wuliang mountains, central yunnan, china. gibbons consumed 77 different plant species, one mammal-, two bird-, one lizard-, and two insect-species. buds and leaves constituted 46.5% of the diet (21.0% vine leaves and buds, 19.2% tree leaves and buds, and 6.3% epiphyte leaves). fruits, figs and flowers accounted for 25.5, 18.6 and 9.1% of the diet, respectively ... | 2009 | 19020947 |
| singing behavior and singing functions of black-crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at mt. wuliang, central yunnan, china. | we used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black-crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on mt. wuliang, yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. the major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singin ... | 2009 | 19434673 |
| altitudinal ranging of black-crested gibbons at mt. wuliang, yunnan: effects of food distribution, temperature and human disturbance. | we studied the altitudinal ranging of one habituated group of black-crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) at dazhaizi, mt. wuliang, yunnan, china, between march 2005 and april 2006. the group ranged from 1,900 to 2,680 m above sea level. food distribution was the driving force behind the altitudinal ranging patterns of the study group. they spent 83.2% of their time ranging between 2,100 and 2,400 m, where 75.8% of important food patches occurred. they avoided using the area above 2,500 m despite ... | 2010 | 20134169 |
| [sonogram structure and timing of duets of western black crested gibbon in wuliang mountain]. | we studied the sonogram and timing of duets of three groups of central yunnan western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in dazhaizi, mt. wuliang. the study was based on a 13-month field observation period, from march 2003 to march 2004. a sony tc-d5 pro2 recorder, sony c-76 directed microphone, and sony tape were used to record the duet bouts in march 2007 and march 2008. signal/rts 4.0 was used to analyze the sonogram of the duet. we first presented sonograms of all kinds ... | 2010 | 20672419 |
| a comparative study of crested gibbons (nomascus). | crested gibbons (nomascus) are in the rarest genus of the family hylobatidae, with the hainan gibbon (nomascus hainanus) being the rarest primate in the world. in the past, the number of species in this genus has been at the center of much controversy, in part, because their color changes during immaturity as well as other factors, such as physical similarities in genitalia, creating difficulties in accurately determining the sex of individuals. furthermore, owing to their rarity, illusiveness, ... | 2011 | 20954247 |
| phylogeny and distribution of crested gibbons (genus nomascus) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence data. | crested gibbons, genus nomascus, are endemic to the indochinese bioregion and occur only in vietnam, laos, cambodia, and southern china. however, knowledge about the number of species to be recognized and their exact geographical distributions is still limited. to further elucidate the evolutionary history of crested gibbon species and to settle their distribution ranges, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 79 crested gibbon individuals from known locations. based on ou ... | 2010 | 20623503 |
| seasonal variation of diet and time budget of eastern hoolock gibbons (hoolock leuconedys) living in a northern montane forest. | most gibbons dwell in the tropical forests of southeastern asia, but eastern hoolock gibbons (hoolock leuconedys) survive in high montane forest ranging from 1,600 to 2,700 m a.s.l. in gaoligongshan (>24°30'n), yunnan, china. to assess the behavioral adaptations of hoolock gibbons to the montane forest, we related temperature and food availability within the habitat to the seasonal behavioral patterns of a family group and a solitary female between august 2010 and september 2011 in nankang, gaol ... | 2013 | 23192193 |
| anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation. | compared with the great apes, the small-bodied hylobatids were treated historically as a relatively uniform group with 2 genera, hylobates and the larger-bodied symphalangus. four genera are now recognized, each with a different chromosome number: hoolock (hoolock) (38), hylobates (44), nomascus (crested gibbon) (52), and symphalangus (siamang) (50). previous morphological studies based on relative bone lengths, e.g., intermembral indices; molar tooth sizes; and body masses did not distinguish t ... | 2011 | 21892236 |
| cytogenetic comparison and phylogeny of three species of hylobatidae. | representatives of three subgenera of hylobatidae, hylobates (symphalangus) syndactylus, h. (nomascus) concolor and h. (hylobates) agilis were compared karyotypically by g-banding, and silver staining. a greater degree of similarity (30-55%) was found among these groups than previous reports suggest; however, these figures are still considerably lower than chromosome similarities characteristic of all other catarrhine groups. inversion, translocation, fission, and fusion have all played a role i ... | 1983 | 6624889 |
| novel variable number of tandem repeats of gibbon maoa gene and its evolutionary significance. | variable number of tandem repeats (vntrs) are scattered throughout the primate genome, and genetic variation of these vntrs have been accumulated during primate radiation. here, we analyzed vntrs upstream of the monoamine oxidase a (maoa) gene in 11 different gibbon species. an abundance of truncated vntr sequences and copy number differences were observed compared to those of human vntr sequences. to better understand the biological role of these vntrs, a luciferase activity assay was conducted ... | 2014 | 25360715 |
| a most distant intergeneric hybrid offspring (larcon) of lesser apes, nomascus leucogenys and hylobates lar. | unlike humans, which are the sole remaining representatives of a once larger group of bipedal apes (hominins), the "lesser apes" (hylobatids) are a diverse radiation with numerous extant species. consequently, the lesser apes can provide a valuable evolutionary window onto the possible interactions (e.g., interbreeding) of hominin lineages coexisting in the same time and place. in the present work, we employ chromosomal analyses to verify the hybrid ancestry of an individual (larcon) produced by ... | 2007 | 17717705 |
| recurrence plot analysis of nonstationary data: the understanding of curved patterns. | recurrence plots of the calls of the nomascus concolor (western black crested gibbon) and hylobates lar (white-handed gibbon) show characteristic circular, curved, and hyperbolic patterns superimposed to the main temporal scale of the signal. it is shown that these patterns are related to particular nonstationarities in the signal. some of them can be reproduced by artificial signals like frequency modulated sinusoids and sinusoids with time divergent frequency. these modulations are too faint t ... | 2005 | 16196612 |
| [comparative karyotyping of our gibbon species or subspecies (author's transl)]. | the karyotypes of several hylobatidae hylobates (hylobates) lar pileatus, h. (nomascus) concolor leucogenys, h. (n.) concolor ssp, hybrid h. (n.) concolor leucogenys x h. (n.) concolor gabriellae, h (symphalangus) syndactylus are compared both each others and also to those of other primates. many rearrangements of their chromosomes have occurred during their evolution, and some polymorphism still exists in the living species. this high rate of chromosome rearrangements is in contrast with their ... | 1982 | 6979300 |
| feeding behavior and activity budget of the southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbons (nomascus gabriellae) in a lowland tropical forest. | the southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (nomascus gabriellae), an endangered species native to vietnam and cambodia, lives exclusively in undisturbed tropical forests and depends primarily on ripe fruit for food. although this species is highly threatened, its ecology and conservation status remain relatively unknown. in order to understand how this heavily frugivorous primate adapts to the seasonal fluctuation of fruit resources in the forest, we collected feeding behavior and ranging activi ... | 2017 | 28431195 |
| using occupancy-based surveys and multi-model inference to estimate abundance and distribution of crested gibbons (nomascus spp.) in central laos. | reliable assessments of species' status are prerequisites for monitoring the success of conservation programmes. however, survey conditions such as terrain and inaccessibility, compounded by the low densities of many species across southeast asia and other parts of the world are considerable barriers to obtaining robust populations estimates. we used an occupancy-based approach and multi-model inference to generate occupancy and abundance estimates for northern white-cheeked crested gibbons noma ... | 2015 | 26637802 |
| effects of food availability and climate on activity patterns of western black-crested gibbons in an isolated forest fragment in southern yunnan, china. | the critically endangered western black-crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) is distributed in isolated habitat fragments in northern vietnam, northwestern laos, and southwestern china. to assess the behavioral adaptation of this species to forest fragments and its response to seasonal variation in food availability and climate, we present activity patterns of a group inhabiting an isolated forest based on two year-long studies in southern yunnan, china. annually, the gibbons spent nearly half of ... | 2015 | 26275664 |
| understanding stable bi-female grouping in gibbons: feeding competition and reproductive success. | species of the order primates are highly gregarious with most species living in permanent heterosexual social groups. according to theory in socioecology maximum social group size is limited by rates of intra-group feeding competition and associated increases in travel costs. unlike other hylobatids, which are predominantly pair living, cao vit gibbons (nomascus nasutus), and two other species of crested gibbon (nomascus spp.) living in northern seasonal forest, regularly exhibit larger bi-femal ... | 2015 | 25763096 |
| observation of intra-group and extra-group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor jingdongensis). | black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) are 1 of only 3 gibbon species that have been observed in long-term polygynous groups, but their mating behavior and reproductive characters have never been reported. based on population monitoring over 7 years and direct observation for 26 months of the study groups in wuliang mountain, central yunnan, we describe for the first time the copulation behavior and breeding pattern of free-ranging western black crested gibbons. the gestation period of black ... | 2013 | 24344967 |
| dietary variability in the western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) inhabiting an isolated and disturbed forest fragment in southern yunnan, china. | forest fragmentation and isolation can reduce the size of available habitat and lead to lower food availability for some primate species. the persistence of nonhuman primates in fragments depends largely on their ability to adjust their diet in response environmental change. the western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) is distributed in northern vietnam, northwestern laos, and southwestern china, but little is known about its diet except from studies in the well-protected forests of mt. ... | 2014 | 24130061 |
| significance of grooming behavior in two polygynous groups of western black crested gibbons: implications for understanding social relationships among immigrant and resident group members. | in primates, grooming is considered among the most common behaviors for maintaining social bonds; however, to date, few studies have examined grooming behavior in gibbon species in detail. we used both a 5-min interval scan method and social network analysis to study grooming in two groups of polygynous western black-crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) in wuliang mountain, central yunnan, china. individuals in both groups spent little time in social grooming (1.45% and 1.97% of active time). we c ... | 2013 | 23843246 |
| proximity association in polygynous western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor jingdongensis): network structure and seasonality. | we investigated the structure and seasonality of the proximity network in a group of polygynous western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) using social network analysis. the spatial proximity changed seasonally and was affected by temperature and rainfall. preferred proximity association was not distributed randomly among individuals. kinship was one explanation for the social structure, as offspring preferred to maintain close proximity with their mothers. the proximity of infants to mot ... | 2013 | 23389981 |
| acoustic structure of male loud-calls support molecular phylogeny of sumatran and javanese leaf monkeys (genus presbytis). | the degree to which loud-calls in nonhuman primates can be used as a reliable taxonomic tool is the subject of ongoing debate. a recent study on crested gibbons showed that these species can be well distinguished by their songs; even at the population level the authors found reliable differences. although there are some further studies on geographic and phylogenetic differences in loud-calls of nonhuman primate species, it is unclear to what extent loud-calls of other species have a similar clos ... | 2012 | 22305415 |
| [population and distribution of western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) at ailao mountain, xinping, yunnan]. | the western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) is mainly distributed in yunnan, china. ailao mountain is located in central yunnan and divided into three prefectures and six counties. this mountain forms the principle distribution range for western black crested gibbon; however, there are no published data on the gibbon population inhabiting the xinping administrative. take the interview results conducted in 2007 and 2009 with local people as the reference, this study conducted an extensiv ... | 2011 | 22184029 |
| population differences and acoustic stability in male songs of wild western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) in mt. wuliang, yunnan. | population differences and acoustic stability in male songs of the western black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor) at mt. wuliang, yunnan, were investigated using data collected over 4 years. detectable vocal differences were found between the western and eastern populations within mt. wuliang. discriminant functions calculated using the phrases recorded in 2007-2008 correctly classified phrases recorded in 2009, and discriminant functions produced from phrases recorded in 2007-2009 could corre ... | 2011 | 21757923 |
| individuality in male songs of wild black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor). | this is the first study of vocal individuality in male songs of black crested gibbons. the sound recordings were carried out at two field sites, pinghe, ailao mountains, and dazhaizi, wuliang mountains, both located in yunnan province, china. a total of 127 coda phrases of 38 male songs bouts of eight individual male gibbons were analyzed. stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to examine the acoustic individuality of the males. we found that individuality among neighbors was very pron ... | 2011 | 21432872 |
| concordance between vocal and genetic diversity in crested gibbons. | gibbons or small apes are, next to great apes, our closest living relatives, and form the most diverse group of contemporary hominoids. a characteristic trait of gibbons is their species-specific song structure, which, however, exhibits a certain amount of inter- and intra-individual variation. although differences in gibbon song structure are routinely applied as taxonomic tool to identify subspecies and species, it remains unclear to which degree acoustic and phylogenetic differences are corre ... | 2011 | 21299843 |
| molecular phylogeny of the major hylobatid divisions. | we describe dna sequences for the mitochondrial control region and phenylalanine-trna from the four extant gibbon subgenera. in contrast to earlier studies on gibbon phylogeny that used other parts of the mtdna, the control region depicts the crested gibbons (nomascus) as the most basal group of the hylobatidae, followed by symphalangus, with bunopithecus and hylobates as the last to diverge. our data show that the molecular distances among the four gibbon subgenera are in the same range as thos ... | 2001 | 11399155 |
| feeding and vocal behaviours of black gibbons (hylobates concolor) in yunnan: a preliminary study. | feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in southwestern yunnan, notably h. concolor jingdongensis at mt. wuliang (24 degrees 18-42' n, 100 degrees 30-50' e) in the early spring of 1989. 12 plant species were observed to have been eaten by the gibbons; these included tree species, lianas and epiphytes. approximately 21% of feeding time was devoted to eating fruits, 61% to leaf buds and shoots, 7% to flowers and 11% to leaves. the gib ... | 1993 | 8335299 |
| karyotypic study of four gibbon forms provisionally considered as subspecies of hylobates (nomascus) concolor (primates, hylobatidae). | we report here a karyotypic study of 6 individuals of hylobates concolor leucogenys, 2h, concolor siki, 3h, concolor gabriellae, 1 hybrid h, concolor leucogenys x h. concolor ski, 3 hybrid h. concolor gabriellae x h. concolor siki and 2 hybrid h. concolor hainanus x h. concolor leucogenys. difficulties raised by the morphological identification of subspecies are discussed, and a new morphological characteristic for recognising female h. concolor gabriellae is described. each of the 4 subspecies ... | 1991 | 2045017 |
| accessory optic system of an anthropoid primate, the gibbon (hylobates concolor): evidence of a direct retinal input to the medial terminal nucleus. | the accessory optic system (aos) was studied in an anthropoid primate by using anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids and autoradiographic techniques. the course of the accessory optic tract (aot) and the retinal projection to the terminal nuclei are described in the gibbon and compared to that of other mammals. the aot consists of a superior fasciculus, which includes both an anterior and a posterior fiber branch. an inferior fasciculus of the aot is absent. in contrast to previous repo ... | 1987 | 3597826 |
| census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (hylobates concolor concolor) in yunnan province, people's republic of china. | black-crested gibbons (hylobates concolor concolor) inhabit the subtropical forests of southern china and northern vietnam, and have never previously been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological study. this report presents the findings of a three-month census and survey of black-crested gibbons in the wuliang and ailao mountain game reserves in yunnan province, china. the censusing methods used here were similar to those techniques used during other census studies of gibbons. the ... | 1986 | 3557224 |
| [organization of loud calls (territorial vocalizations) during puberty, in male gibbon (hylobates concolor gabriellae)]. | the analysis of acoustic signals, in the loud calls of the subadult male, with gibbons (h. concolor gabriellae) shows several progressive modifications between the calls of the juvenile and those of the adult male. all the characteristics of antiphonal duos are not integrated at the same rate within the call of the adult male. | 1983 | 6412988 |
| [structure and rules of sound emission in hylobates (hylobates concolor)]. | | 1972 | 4634114 |
| [roulade songs in the gibbon hylobates concolor]. | | 1971 | 5170226 |
| acute lymphocytic leukemia in a white-cheeked gibbon. (hylobates concolor). | | 1968 | 5248518 |
| hepatocystis in the white-cheeked gibbon, hylobates concolor. | | 1968 | 4966669 |
| monitoring occurrence, extinction, and colonization probabilities for gibbon populations. | all gibbon species (family: hylobatidae) are considered threatened with extinction and recognized on the international union for conservation of nature red list of threatened species. because gibbons are one of the most threatened families of primates, monitoring their status is now critically important. long-term monitoring programs applying occupancy approaches, in addition to assessing occurrence probability, improves understanding of other population parameters such as site extinction or col ... | 2020 | 32632969 |
| nutritional composition of the diet of the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (nomascus annamensis) in northeastern cambodia. | this study measured the nutritional composition of foods consumed by the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (nomascus annamensis) in northeastern cambodia. one group of n. annamensis was studied, and focal animal sampling was used to observe their feeding behavior. the study was conducted for 4 months (january-april 2015) in the dry season and 69 foods were collected for nutritional analyses. n. annamensis fed on 37 plant species, but only seven species made up more than 80% of feeding time. ... | 2018 | 29691702 |
| ecology and social system of northern gibbons living in cold seasonal forests. | gibbons in china represent the northernmost margin of present day gibbon species distribution (around n25°). compared to tropical habitats, northern gibbon habitats are characterized by low temperatures and remarkable seasonal variation in fruit abundance. how gibbons adapt to their cold and seasonal habitats and what ecological factors affect their sociality are key questions for understanding their ecology and social system evolution, the elucidation of which will contribute to the conservatio ... | 2018 | 29551759 |
| the forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam. hylobatidae). part ii. quantitative analysis. | nonhuman primates have a highly diverse locomotor repertoire defined by an equally diverse hand use. based on how primates use their hands during locomotion, we can distinguish between terrestrial and arboreal taxa. the 'arboreal' hand is likely adapted towards high wrist mobility and grasping, whereas the 'terrestrial' hand will show adaptations to loading. while the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, functional adaptations in the forearm and hand musculatur ... | 2020 | 33011967 |
| the forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam. hylobatidae). part i. description and comparison of the muscle configuration. | primates live in very diverse environments and, as a consequence, show an equally diverse locomotor behaviour. during locomotion, the primate hand interacts with the superstrate and/or substrate and will therefore probably show adaptive signals linked with this locomotor behaviour. whereas the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, the functional adaptations in the hand musculature have been documented only scarcely. to evaluate whether there are potential adapta ... | 2020 | 32511764 |
| reassessment of age of sexual maturity in gibbons (hylobates spp.). | from studies of both wild and captive animals, gibbons are thought to reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 8 years of age, and the siamang (hylobates syndactylus) at about 8 to 9 years. however, a review of the literature reveals that in most cases the exact age of the maturing animals was not known and had to be estimated. this study presents seven case reports on captive gibbons of known age. captive males of the white-cheeked crested gibbon (h. leucogenys leucogenys) and of the siamang (h. syn ... | 1991 | 31952414 |
| species identification of crested gibbons (nomascus) in captivity in china using karyotyping- and pcr-based approaches. | gibbons and siamangs (hylobatidae) are well-known for their rapid chromosomal evolution, which has resulted in high speciation rate within the family. on the other hand, distinct karyotypes do not prevent speciation, allowing interbreeding between individuals in captivity, and the unwanted hybrids are ethically problematic as all gibbon species are endangered or critically endangered. thus, accurate species identification is crucial for captive breeding, particularly in china where studbooks are ... | 2018 | 29616678 |
| the effective use of camera traps to document the northernmost distribution of the western black crested gibbon in china. | gibbons represent a highly successful radiation of four genera and 20 species of asian apes that, in response to recent habitat fragmentation and deforestation, are threatened with extinction. china has six species of gibbons, each of which is critically endangered. we present new biogeographical information on the distribution of the black crested gibbon (nomascus concolor). four subspecies of n. concolor have been described: three of them are present east of the mekong river (nomascus concolor ... | 2020 | 31802294 |
| influence of food availability and climate on behavior patterns of western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) at mt. wuliang, yunnan, china. | food abundance and climatic factors can significantly affect the behavior of animals and constrain their activity budgets. the population of western black crested gibbons (nomascus concolor) in mt. wuliang lives in montane forest and is close to the northern extreme of the distribution for gibbons (hylobatidae). their habitats show remarkable seasonal variation in terms of food availability, temperature, and rainfall. to understand behavioral adaptations of western black crested gibbons to diffe ... | 2019 | 31721262 |
| fur color change and hormonal development in captive females of northern white-cheeked (nomascus leucogenys) and buff-cheeked (nomascus gabriellae) gibbons. | gibbons of the genus nomascus exhibit strong sexual dichromatism in fur color. change of fur color in sub-adult wild nomascus females is associated with the onset of puberty and the time of their dispersal. the variability in fur change may be influenced by social factors. in this study, we determined whether in captive females of crested gibbons begin reproductive maturity prior to dispersing and with association to their fur color. we collected 287 fecal extracts to analyze pregnandiol -3- glu ... | 2019 | 31228419 |
| dispersal and female philopatry in a long-term, stable, polygynous gibbon population: evidence from 16 years field observation and genetics. | gibbons are generally reported to live in small socially monogamous family groups in which both sexes disperse when they reach maturity. for the first time, we documented the dispersal pattern in a population of gibbons living in stable polygynous groups (nomascus concolor) integrating 16 years' field observation and genetic information from fecal dna. all subadult males except for one dispersed at 9.8 ± 1.4 years of age (range: 8-12, n = 10). the last male remained in his natal group and obtain ... | 2018 | 30281822 |
| a distance sampling approach to estimate density and abundance of gibbon groups. | all 18 species of gibbons are considered threatened with extinction and listed on the iucn red list of threatened species. because gibbons (hylobatidae) are one of the most threatened primate families, a great need exists to determine and monitor their status effectively. to meet this need, we employed distance sampling methods to estimate the density and number of gibbon groups. we focused on southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon in the nam cat tien sector of cat tien national park, vietnam, f ... | 2018 | 30152533 |
| captive gibbons (hylobatidae) use different referential cues in an object-choice task: insights into lesser ape cognition and manual laterality. | utilization of visual referential cues by non-human primates is a subject of constant scientific interest. however, only few primate species, mostly great apes, have been studied thoroughly in that regard, rendering the understanding of phylogenetic influences on the underlying cognitive patterns difficult. | 2018 | 30128182 |
| microhabitat use of the western black-crested gibbon inhabiting an isolated forest fragment in southern yunnan, china: implications for conservation of an endangered species. | due to the synergistic effects of hunting and habitat loss, populations of the western black-crested gibbon are currently restricted to isolated forest fragments. the home range use of this species in fragmented forests is presumptively related to spatial, food and vegetation attributes, as in other primates. we examined the distributions of different food resources, the structure of the vegetation (tree density, dbh, and height), and the microhabitat use of one gibbon group in an isolated and d ... | 2018 | 28993925 |
| population structure of hylobates concolor in bawanglin nature reserve, hainan, china. | the hainan gibbon continues to survive in bawanglin nature reserve in four social groups totalling 21 individuals. twelve births have occurred since 1982, and 11 of these individuals survive in 1989. only three of these 12 births have been females, however. the total female population consists of 6 adult females, two of which are at least 19 years old, and three juvenile females born since 1985. two of the four social groups have only one adult female each and no juvenile females. all four group ... | 1989 | 31964005 |
| type locality of hylobates concolor leucogenys. | kloss [1929] restricted the type locality of the northern white-cheeked gibbon, hylobates concolor leucogenys, on the basis of two specimens that were collected at muang khi, laos, not at muang pak-lay, laos, as conventionally assumed. the locality difference is zoogeographically important because muang khi is east of the mekong river, within the known range of h. c. leucogenys, whereas muang pak-lay is west of the river, outside the known range of the subspecies. the type-locality restriction i ... | 1987 | 31973511 |