| tuberculosis in a captive colony of pinnipeds. | tuberculosis was diagnosed in 10 of 16 otariid seals upon post mortem examination. the species involved were new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri), australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea) and an australian fur seal (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). five seals died, four as a direct result of mycobacterial infection. one seal died of unrelated disease. the remaining 10 animals were subsequently tuberculin tested and then killed and necropsied. tuberculous lesions were seen in five. gro ... | 1991 | 2067051 |
| tuberculosis in wild seals and characterisation of the seal bacillus. | tuberculosis was diagnosed in 3 otariid seals found dead on beaches at 3 locations on the south coast of western australian between may 1990 and march 1991. this confirms that tuberculosis is present in the 2 native seals (neophoca cinerea and arctocephalus forsteri) in western australian waters. mycobacterium sp isolated from the lungs of 2 of the seals were studied to determine the similarity of the strains to each other, to the strains isolated during 1986 from australian sea lions and new ze ... | 1993 | 8097394 |
| genetic variation of southern hemisphere fur seals (arctocephalus spp.): investigation of population structure and species identity. | we have examined phylogenetic and geographic patterns of variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of southern hemisphere fur seals (arctocephalus spp.). our survey of 106 individuals from four putative species reveals three distinct patterns of variation reflecting ancient, recent historic, and contemporary gene flow. for the combined samples of subantarctic (arctocephalus tropicalis) and antarctic (arctocephalus gazella) fur seals, we find low levels of sequence diversity and reciprocal ... | 1997 | 9183848 |
| entanglement of australian sea lions and new zealand fur seals in lost fishing gear and other marine debris before and after government and industry attempts to reduce the problem. | in recent years, australian governments and fishing industry associations have developed guiding principles aimed at reducing the impact of fishing on non-target species and the benthos and increasing community awareness of their efforts. to determine whether they reduced seal entanglement in lost fishing gear and other marine debris, we analysed australian sea lion and new zealand fur seal entanglement data collected from kangaroo island, south australia. contrary to our expectations, we found ... | 2004 | 15234872 |
| a comparison of salmonella serotypes isolated from new zealand sea lions and feral pigs on the auckland islands by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. | the salmonella serotypes s. cerro and s. newport were isolated from new zealand sea lions (phocarctos hookeri) and feral pigs on the auckland islands in the new zealand subantarctic region. the isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using xba1 as the restriction enzyme. the isolates were indistinguishable, which suggests that salmonella infection cycles between sea lions and pigs in this environment. apart from a previous isolation from a single new zealand fur seal (arctocephal ... | 2004 | 15465727 |
| serological survey of pre-weaned new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri) for brucellosis and leptospirosis. | to conduct a longitudinal serological survey for evidence of brucella spp and leptospira spp infection of pre-weaned new zealand fur seals in a colony on the otago peninsula. | 2005 | 16317444 |
| entanglement of new zealand fur seals in man-made debris at kaikoura, new zealand. | new zealand fur seals in the kaikoura region breed near a town with expanding tourist and fishing industries and commonly come ashore entangled in nets and plastic debris. however, the rate at which entanglement occurs was previously unknown. a decade of department of conservation seal callout data was analysed to determine the level of entanglement in the region and the most common debris type. monitoring of adult female fur seals released from entanglement provided information on the potential ... | 2006 | 16487982 |
| ménage à trois on macquarie island: hybridization among three species of fur seal (arctocephalus spp.) following historical population extinction. | human-induced changes to natural systems can cause major disturbances to fundamental ecological and population processes and result in local extinctions and secondary contacts between formerly isolated species. extensive fur seal harvesting during the nineteenth century on macquarie island (subantarctic) resulted in extinction of the original population. recolonization by three species has been slow and complex, characterized by the establishment of breeding groups of antarctic and subantarctic ... | 2006 | 17032266 |
| multiple mating strategies explain unexpected genetic mixing of new zealand fur seals with two congenerics in a recently recolonized population. | human impacts on natural systems can cause local population extinctions, which may promote redistribution of taxa and secondary contact between divergent lineages. in mammalian populations that have mating systems shaped by polygyny and sexual selection, the potential for hybridization to ensue and persist depends on individual and demographic factors. at macquarie island, a recently formed fur seal population is comprised of both sexes of breeding antarctic (arctocephalus gazella) and subantarc ... | 2007 | 18028306 |
| a new species of parafilaroides (nematoda: filaroididae) in three species of fur seals (carnivora: otariidae) from the southern hemisphere. | blocks of frozen lungs of 2 australian fur seals (arctocephalus pusillus doriferus wood jones, 1925), 2 new zealand fur seals (a. forsteri [lesson, 1828]), and 1 sub-antarctic fur seal (a. tropicalis [gray, 1872]) from 3 different locations (australia, new zealand, and south africa, respectively) were examined and found to contain lung parasites. this represents the first thorough description and identification of a new species, parafilaroides normani, from an eared seal (otariidae) in the south ... | 2009 | 18652523 |
| mutation scanning-coupled sequencing of nuclear ribosomal dna spacers as a tool for the specific identification of different contracaecum (nematoda: anisakidae) larval types. | in the present study, various morphotypes of contracaecum (nematoda) larvae in different developmental stages were described and then genetically characterised using sequence data obtained from the first and second internal transcribed spacers (its-1 and its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna). the alignment of its-1 and its-2 sequence data for larvae investigated with those from well characterised adults in previous studies showed that fourth-stage contracaecum larvae from the australian pelican ... | 2010 | 20933594 |
| correlation between male social status, testosterone levels, and parasitism in a dimorphic polygynous mammal. | life history trade-offs have often been assumed to be the consequence of restrictions in the availability of critical resources such as energy and nutrients, which necessitate the differential allocation of resources to costly traits. here, we examined endocrine (testosterone) and health (parasite burdens) parameters in territorial and non-territorial new zealand fur seal males. we documented intra-sexual differences in sexual behaviours, testosterone levels, and parasitism that suggest a trade- ... | 2010 | 20856933 |
| identification of a novel circular dna virus in new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) fecal matter. | fur seal feces-associated circular dna virus (fsfacv) is a novel virus isolated from the fecal matter of new zealand fur seals. fsfacv has two main open reading frames in its 2,925-nucleotide (nt) genome. the replication-associated protein (rep) of fsfacv has similarity to rep-like sequences in the giardia intestinalis genome. | 2013 | 23929471 |
| the seal tuberculosis agent, mycobacterium pinnipedii, infects domestic cattle in new zealand: epidemiologic factors and dna strain typing. | the fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri), which is abundant in coastal areas of new zealand, harbors several zoonotic pathogens, including mycobacterium pinnipedii, a member of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. we describe the microbiology and epidemiology of seven cases of m. pinnipedii infection in beef cattle (bos primigenius) in coastal areas of new zealand in 1991-2011. epidemiologic factors were analyzed on six case farms and a telephone survey of 55 neighboring farms. a dna-strain typi ... | 2014 | 24484478 |
| multisystemic toxoplasmosis associated with a type ii-like toxoplasma gondii strain in a new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) from new south wales, australia. | we report the first confirmed case of toxoplasmosis in an australian pinniped. presence of toxoplasma gondii dna was detected in the brain of a free-ranging subadult new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, hypophysitis, posterior uveitis, retrobulbar cellulitis, and myocarditis associated with protozoan cysts and tachyzoites. the emaciated seal stranded moribund on a beach in northern sydney in new south wales. histopathology coupled with specific i ... | 2014 | 25123611 |
| morphometric and molecular characterization of the species of uncinaria frölich, 1789 (nematoda) parasitic in the australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (schreber), with notes on hookworms in three other pinniped hosts. | this study presents morphological and molecular data on hookworms from the australian fur seal arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (schreber) currently identified in australian waters as uncinaria hamiltoni baylis, 1933. additional specimens from the australian sea lion neophoca cinerea (péron) and the new zealand fur seal arctocephalus forsteri (lesson) from australia, and the southern elephant seal mirounga leonina (linnaeus) from antarctica, were included. using the internal transcribed spacer ( ... | 2013 | 23595493 |
| low spatial genetic differentiation associated with rapid recolonization in the new zealand fur seal arctocephalus forsteri. | population declines resulting from anthropogenic activities are of major consequence for the long-term survival of species because the resulting loss of genetic diversity can lead to extinction via the effects of inbreeding depression, fixation of deleterious mutations, and loss of adaptive potential. otariid pinnipeds have been exploited commercially to near extinction with some species showing higher demographic resilience and recolonization potential than others. the new zealand fur seal (nzf ... | 2016 | 27563072 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the stoat (mustela erminea) and new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) and their significance for mammalian phylogeny. | the complete mitochondrial genome of three mustelid species, stoats (mustela erminea), weasels (mustela nivalis) and ferrets (mustela furo), and the new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) were sequenced using direct mitochondrial dna extraction and overlapping long pcrs. the usual 37 mammalian mitochondrial genes (13 protein coding genes, 22 t-rna and 2 r-rna) were identified in all four mitogenomes. the divergence of stoats from other members of the sub-family mustelinae was dated 4.5 mi ... | 2016 | 27246241 |
| enamel ultrastructure of fossil and modern pinnipeds: evaluating hypotheses of feeding adaptations in the extinct walrus pelagiarctos. | this study aimed to assess the enamel ultrastructure in modern otariid pinnipeds and in the extinct walrus pelagiarctos. teeth of the new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri), sea lion (phocarctos hookeri), and fossil walrus pelagiarctos thomasi were embedded, sectioned, etched, and analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. the enamel of nz otariids and pelagiarctos was prismatic and moderately thick, measuring 150-450 μm on average. it consisted of transversely oriented hunter-schreger ba ... | 2016 | 27142598 |
| myth or relict: does ancient dna detect the enigmatic upland seal? | the biological status of the so-called 'upland seal' has remained contentious ever since historical records described a distinct seal from the uplands of new zealand's (nz) remote sub-antarctic islands. subsequent genetic surveys of the nz fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) detected two highly-divergent mtdna clades, hypothesized to represent a post-sealing hybrid swarm between 'mainland' (australia-nz; a. forsteri) and sub-antarctic (putative 'upland'; a. snaresensis) lineages. we present ancien ... | 2016 | 26768113 |
| freezing and thawing of pinniped carcasses results in artefacts that resemble traumatic lesions. | the objective of this study was to assess whether the freezing and thawing of pinniped carcasses prior to post-mortem examination could create artefacts that resembled lesions caused by trauma. necropsy findings in new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri), captured incidental to commercial fishing, and either chilled (n=5) or frozen (n=5), were compared. changes in frozen, but not in chilled, carcasses included: pseudo-bruising of subcutis; the accumulation of thick dark red fluid (resembl ... | 2012 | 22579416 |
| the assessment of lethal propeller strike injuries in sea mammals. | assessment of injuries in marine mammals may be required to help authorities determine whether human activity was involved. three cases of marine animal deaths involving propeller blade strikes are reported to demonstrate characteristic features of such cases and diagnostic difficulties that may occur. case 1: a juvenile new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) suffered two parallel linear incised wounds of the flank and died following small intestinal herniation. case 2: an indo-pacific bo ... | 2012 | 22391002 |
| effects of the presence of official-looking volunteers on harassment of new zealand fur seals. | an increased number of tourists viewing animals in the wild have increased stress on these animals (hereafter wildlife). many wildlife-viewing locations rely on voluntary compliance with posted regulations to protect animals from tourists because of the expense of employing on-site enforcement personnel. voluntary compliance, however, is ineffective. the presence of official-looking volunteers may decrease the incidence of wildlife harassment by tourists. to test this possibility, we observed to ... | 2011 | 21129030 |
| mechanisms of deaths in captive juvenile new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri). | juvenile seals are sometimes encountered in waters around south australia with injuries and/or diseases that require veterinary treatment. two cases are reported where apparently stable animals died soon after being rescued due to quite disparate conditions. in case 1 a juvenile male new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) was found unexpectedly dead in its enclosure. a necropsy examination revealed an emaciated juvenile male with no injuries. the intestine was filled throughout its length ... | 2010 | 20499212 |
| marine mammal strandings in the new caledonia region, southwest pacific. | four hundred twenty three marine mammals, in 72 stranding events, were recorded between 1877 and 2005 in new caledonia, the loyalty islands, and vanuatu in the southwest pacific. sixteen species were represented in this count, including: minke whale, balaenoptera acutorostrata (1 single stranding), sei whale, b. borealis (1 single stranding), blue whale, b. musculus (1 single stranding), humpback whale, megaptera novaeangliae (2 single strandings), giant sperm whale, physeter macrocephalus (18 s ... | 2006 | 16644500 |
| bilateral phacofragmentation in a new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri). | ophthalmic examination under anesthesia of a 5-yr-old, captive, male new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) with reduced visual capacity revealed bilateral cataracts. surgical extraction of the lenses was performed by phacofragmentation. preoperative mydriasis was unsuccessful using common topical mydriatic agents. intraoperative intracameral epinephrine 1:10,000 produced minimal pupillary dilation, but excellent dilation was achieved with intracameral epinephrine at 1:1,000. postoperativ ... | 2004 | 15193085 |
| four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling. | we have sequenced four new mitochondrial genomes to improve the stability of the tree for placental mammals; they are two insectivores (a gymnure, echinosorex gymnurus and formosan shrew soriculus fumidus); a formosan lesser horseshoe bat (rhinolophus monoceros); and the new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri). a revision to the hedgehog sequence (erinaceus europaeus) is also reported. all five are from the laurasiatheria grouping of eutherian mammals. on this new data set there is a stron ... | 2002 | 12446798 |
| body and organ measurements of fur seals, arctocephalus forsteri (lesson), from new zealand. | | 1975 | 1141779 |
| social behaviour between adult male and female new zealand fur seals, arctocephalus forsteri (lesson) during the breeding season. | | 1974 | 4475648 |
| intrinsic and extrinsic influences on standard metabolic rates of three species of australian otariid. | the study of marine mammal energetics can shed light on how these animals might adapt to changing environments. their physiological potential to adapt will be influenced by extrinsic factors, such as temperature, and by intrinsic factors, such as sex and reproduction. we measured the standard metabolic rate (smr) of males and females of three australian otariid species (two australian fur seals, three new zealand fur seals and seven australian sea lions). mean smr ranged from 0.47 to 1.05 l o2 m ... | 2017 | 28852504 |
| discovery of fur seal feces-associated circular dna virus in swine feces in japan. | fur seal feces-associated circular ssdna virus (fsfacv) was discovered in a pig for the first time in japan using a next-generation sequencer with duplex-specific nuclease. full genome of the virus showed approximately 92% similarity to fsfacvs from new zealand fur seals. furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of the ssdna virus in 85 piglets in japan, and 65 piglets were positive (76%) for the virus. | 2017 | 28845022 |
| mitogenomics data reveal effective population size, historical bottlenecks, and the effects of hunting on new zealand fur seals (arctocephalus forsteri). | the new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) passed through a population bottleneck due to commercial sealing during the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. to facilitate future management options, we reconstructed the demographic history of new zealand fur seals in a bayesian framework using maternally inherited, mitochondrial dna sequences. mitogenomic data suggested two separate clades (most recent common ancestor 5000 years ago) of new zealand fur seals that survived large-scale human h ... | 2017 | 28539070 |
| swimming metabolic rates vary by sex and development stage, but not by species, in three species of australian otariid seals. | physiology may limit the ability for marine mammals to adapt to changing environments. depth and duration of foraging dives are a function of total available oxygen stores, which theoretically increase as animals grow, and metabolic costs. to evaluate how physiology may influence the travelling costs for seals to foraging patches in the wild, we measured metabolic rates of a cross-section of new zealand fur seals, australian fur seals and australian sea lions representing different foraging stra ... | 2017 | 27803974 |
| lower reproductive success in hybrid fur seal males indicates fitness costs to hybridization. | hybridization among organisms can potentially contribute to the processes of evolution, but this depends on the fitness of hybrids relative to parental species. a small, recently formed population of fur seals on subantarctic macquarie island contains a high proportion of hybrids (17-30%) derived from combinations of three parental species: antarctic, subantarctic and new zealand fur seals. mitochondrial control-region data (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) and nine microsatellites wer ... | 2007 | 17651196 |
| new zealand's cetaceans and pinnipeds. | the 8 species of baleen whale in new zealand waters range in length from 6 to 30+ metres, and the 25 species of toothed whale range up to 18 metres. a single porpoise species is known in new zealand sub-antarctic waters. the baleen whales and many of the toothed whales are migratory, and new zealand straddles their well-defined routes: a combination which allowed whaling to flourish. the toothed whales are the more gregarious and may indulge in mass strandings. current research aims to investiga ... | 1981 | 16030799 |
| mycobacterial disease and subsequent diagnostic investigations in a group of captive pinnipeds in new zealand. | this case series includes a single case of disseminated tuberculous disease due to mycobacterium pinnipedii in a new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri), which was being cared for by a zoo in new zealand. the remaining five pinnipeds in the colony underwent extensive mycobacterial disease surveillance over the following 4 yr, involving a total of 26 anesthetic procedures and numerous diagnostic tests that included comparative intradermal tuberculin skin tests, mycobacterial antibody serolo ... | 2020 | 32212561 |
| fur seal feces-associated circular dna virus identified in pigs in anhui, china. | fur seal feces-associated circular dna virus (fsfacv) is an unclassified circular replication-associated protein (rep)-encoding single-stranded (cress) dna virus that has been detected in mammals (fur seals and pigs). the biology and epidemiology of the virus remain largely unknown. to investigate the virus diversity among pigs in anhui province, china, we pooled 600 nasal samples in 2017 and detected viruses using viral metagenomic methods. from the assembled contigs, 12 showed notably high nuc ... | 2020 | 32488409 |
| inferring diet, feeding behaviour and causes of mortality from prey-induced injuries in a new zealand fur seal. | new zealand fur seals arctocephalus forsteri are the most abundant of the 4 otariid (eared seal) species distributed across australasia. analyses of stomach contents, scats and regurgitates suggest a diet dominated by bony fish and squid, with cartilaginous species (e.g. sharks and rays) either absent or underrepresented because of a lack of preservable hard parts. here we report on a subadult specimen from south-eastern australia, which was found ashore emaciated and with numerous puncture woun ... | 2020 | 32351238 |
| novel insights into pasteurellosis in captive pinnipeds. | pasteurella multocida is a heterogeneous bacterium, which has the capacity to cause disease in a wide range of host species and is also recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen. two sequential deaths in captive fur seals occurred at sea world, australia during december 2017. a fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia in a subantarctic fur seal (arctocephalus tropicalis) resulted in death within 24 h of nonspecific signs of illness, whereas a septic peritonitis in a new zealand fur seal (arctoceph ... | 2019 | 30955815 |
| swimming strategies and energetics of endothermic white sharks during foraging. | some fishes and sea turtles are distinct from ectotherms by having elevated core body temperatures and metabolic rates. quantifying the energetics and activity of the regionally endothermic species will help us understand how a fundamental biophysical process (i.e. temperature-dependent metabolism) shapes animal ecology; however, such information is limited owing to difficulties in studying these large, highly active animals. white sharks, carcharodon carcharias, are the largest fish with region ... | 2019 | 30777873 |
| reduced representation sequencing detects only subtle regional structure in a heavily exploited and rapidly recolonizing marine mammal species. | next-generation reduced representation sequencing (rrs) approaches show great potential for resolving the structure of wild populations. however, the population structure of species that have shown rapid demographic recovery following severe population bottlenecks may still prove difficult to resolve due to high gene flow between subpopulations. here, we tested the effectiveness of the rrs method genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) for describing the population structure of the new zealand fur seal ( ... | 2018 | 30271541 |
| let's talk about sex: a rigorous statistical framework to assign the sex of individuals from reduced-representation sequencing data. | molecular markers have been used to identify the sex of sampled individuals for several decades, but the time-consuming development phase prevented their application in many systems. recently, a growing number of papers have applied reduced-representation sequencing (rrs) protocols to the identification of sex-specific markers without the use of test crosses or prior genomic information. while such an approach has great advantages in terms of versatility and ease of use, the "shotgun sequencing" ... | 2018 | 29575750 |
| genetic sex assignment in wild populations using genotyping-by-sequencing data: a statistical threshold approach. | establishing the sex of individuals in wild systems can be challenging and often requires genetic testing. genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) and other reduced-representation dna sequencing (rrs) protocols (e.g., radseq, ddrad) have enabled the analysis of genetic data on an unprecedented scale. here, we present a novel approach for the discovery and statistical validation of sex-specific loci in gbs data sets. we used gbs to genotype 166 new zealand fur seals (nzfs, arctocephalus forsteri) of known ... | 2018 | 29443461 |