| positive effects of diet change on shedding of salmonella spp. in the feces of captive felids. | a high prevalence of fecal salmonella shedding in a collection of healthy exotic felids precipitated a change to two new commercially available feline diets. one year after initiation of the new diets, 18 fecal samples from individual felines, their exhibits, and representative samples of the diets were cultured for salmonella spp. only one culture grew a salmonella sp. salmonella uganda was cultured from the feces of one snow leopard (felis uncia). feeding a diet with minimal to no salmonella c ... | 2002 | 12216800 |
| mycotic pneumonia and meningoencephalitis due to aspergillus terreus in a neonatal snow leopard (panthera uncia). | | 1985 | 4032629 |
| diagnosis of tuberculosis in two snow leopards using polymerase chain reaction. | | 1998 | 9526869 |
| function and culture requirements of snow leopard (panthera uncia) spermatozoa in vitro. | electroejaculates from eight snow leopards were used to determine how the motility of spermatozoa was influenced by (i) type of media (ham's f10, pbs, human tubal fluid or rpmi-1640); (ii) holding temperature (23 degrees c versus 37 degrees c); (iii) washing of spermatozoa and (iv) a sperm metabolic enhancer, pentoxifylline. the duration of sperm motility was assessed by evaluating samples in each treatment every hour for 6 h and a sperm motility index (a value combining percentage sperm motilit ... | 1994 | 7966009 |
| snow leopard (panthera uncia) spermatozoa are sensitive to alkaline ph, but motility in vitro is not influenced by protein or energy supplements. | to better understand the biology of snow leopard spermatozoa and to facilitate developing assisted reproduction, a series of studies was conducted to: 1) identify the component(s) of complex culture media responsible for the detrimental effect on sperm survival in vitro, 2) optimize medium for supporting sperm viability, and 3) evaluate sperm capacitation in vitro. constituents of complex media were added systematically to phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) to isolate the factor(s) influencing snow ... | 1996 | 8957700 |
| use of modified live feline panleukopenia virus vaccine to immunize dogs against canine parvovirus. | modified live feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) vaccine protected dogs against canine parvovirus (cpv) infection. however, unlike the long-lived (greater than or equal to 20-month) immunity engendered by cpv infection, the response of dogs to living fplv was variable. doses of fplv (snow leopard strain) in excess of 10(5.7) tcid50 were necessary for uniform immunization; smaller inocula resulted in decreased success rates. the duration of immunity, as measured by the persistence of hemagglutinat ... | 1983 | 6299142 |
| comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces. | noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. using the domestic cat (felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14c]estradiol (e2) and [14c]progesterone (p4) were determined. within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered e2 and p4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. e2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme-hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). p4 was excreted ... | 1994 | 7819459 |
| periodontal status in snow leopards. | periodontal examinations were performed on ten 1- to 22-year-old snow leopards (6 males and 4 females), using dentistry methods for determining the plaque and gingival indices. all tooth surfaces were probed, and alveolar bone attachment loss was determined. after subgingival plaque removal, plaque specimens were examined for differential bacterial morphotypes. the small number of leopards evaluated precluded definitive statistical analysis. however, the progression from gingival health to gingi ... | 1986 | 3505932 |
| seminoma and parathyroid adenoma in a snow leopard (panthera unica). | a seminoma and parathyroid adenoma were diagnosed in an aged snow leopard. the ultrastructural appearance of the seminoma was similar to that described in the dog and in man. the lack of significant amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complexes and free ribosomes in the parathyroid adenoma suggested that it was non-functional. parathyroid adenoma has not been previously described in a large wild feline. | 1989 | 2760281 |
| isolation of p multocida f-3, 4 from a stillborn snow leopard. | | 1992 | 1542981 |
| evidence for a fel d i-like molecule in the "big cats" (felidae species). | in this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of ige and igg4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, fel d i. we studied the ige and igg4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against fel d i-like structures in eight members of the felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. hair from these "big cats" was collected, extracted, and used in a rast system and histamine-release test. by means of a rast-inhibition assay with affinity-p ... | 1990 | 1695231 |
| seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states. | toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ... | 2008 | 18605803 |
| retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus. | an african lioness from the zoo of zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. the serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies by elisa and western blot. when her only offspring and mate were tested for fiv, high antibody titers to fiv were also found in their serum. lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions a ... | 1992 | 1337398 |
| rescue and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes collected from nondomestic felid species. | the potential for rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of females of rare felid species which die or undergo medical ovariohysterectomy was evaluated. ovaries were recovered from 13 species representing 35 individuals in good-to-poor health. although the majority of females were 10 yr of age or older and in fair-to-poor health, a total of 846 oocytes were recovered of which 608 (71.9%) were classified as fair-to-excellent quality. one hundred of these oocytes were used for initial maturati ... | 1991 | 1805993 |
| [determination of clotting factor viii activity in mammals using the one-stage clotting and the chromogenic methods]. | two different laboratory assays exist for the determination of clotting factor viii activities in human plasma. one method is based on the one-stage clotting principle, the other one on the chromogenic principle. to evaluate the suitability for veterinary medicine human plasma and plasma of ten mammalian species (pig, cattle, dog, cat, zebra, llama, snow leopard, greater kudu, horse-like antelope, mink) were examined with each method. factor viii activities in human plasma determined using both ... | 2002 | 12174728 |
| molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of canine beta-casein. | a canine beta-casein cdna was isolated from mammary tissue by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using degenerate primers. it encodes 250 amino acids protein containing the conserved sequence motif of beta-casein. it showed the highest homology with snow-leopard (uncia uncia (55-62% identity). it also showed 44-53% identity with human, 33-42%, identity with mouse, 29-37%, identity with rat, 43-53% identity with rabbit, 41-48% identity with pig, 44-51% identity with cattle and 44-50% identity with s ... | 2000 | 11092743 |
| degenerative spinal disease in large felids. | degenerative spinal disorders, including intervertebral disc disease and spondylosis, seldom occur in domestic cats. in contrast, a retrospective study of 13 lions (panthera leo), 16 tigers (panthera tigris), 4 leopards (panthera pardis), 1 snow leopard (panthera uncia), and 3 jaguars (panthera onca) from the knoxville zoo that died or were euthanatized from 1976 to 1996 indicated that degenerative spinal disease is an important problem in large nondomestic felids. the medical record, radiograph ... | 2000 | 10884118 |
| feline papillomas and papillomaviruses. | papillomaviruses (pvs) are highly species- and site-specific pathogens of stratified squamous epithelium. although pv infections in the various felidae are rarely reported, we identified productive infections in six cat species. pv-induced proliferative skin or mucous membrane lesions were confirmed by immunohistochemical screening for papillomavirus-specific capsid antigens. seven monoclonal antibodies, each of which reacts with an immunodominant antigenic determinant of the bovine papillomavir ... | 2000 | 10643975 |
| successful treatment of a congenital pulmonic valvular stenosis in a snow leopard (uncia uncia) by percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. | a 3-yr-old intact female snow leopard (uncia uncia) was evaluated for progressive apathy, lethargy, and decreased appetite. cardiac auscultation revealed a left basal grade iv/vi systolic ejection murmur, and an echocardiogram confirmed a severe pulmonic valvular stenosis (pressure gradient of 98 mm hg). the lesion was managed by balloon valvuloplasty, resulting in a marked pressure gradient reduction (30 mm hg). the cat recovered well, and clinical signs resolved. this is the first description ... | 2010 | 21370661 |
| multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (uncia uncia). | two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. in addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. details of ocular colobomas in other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the ... | 2002 | 12236871 |
| isolation of mycobacterium bovis from baboons, leopards and a sea-lion. | this study reports on two series of cases of mycobacterium bovis infection in zoo animals. the first was in a captive population of baboons (papio hamadryas) and the second in a mixed group of wild mammals, including four leopards (panthera uncia and panthera pardus) and a sea-lion (otaria byrona). the isolation and identification of strains of m. bovis confirmed the presence of m. bovis infections in both zoos. the epidemiological study using genetic markers such as the is6110-based dna fingerp ... | 1998 | 9601152 |
| the larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats. | dissections were made of the larynges of 14 species of the cat family, with representative specimens from all genera. it was found that the vocal folds of the larynx of genus panthera (with the exception of the snow leopard) form the basic structure of a sound generator well-designed to produce a high acoustical energy. combined with an efficient sound radiator (vocal tract) that can be adjusted in length, a panthera can use its vocal instrument literally to blow its own horn with a 'roar'. also ... | 1989 | 2606766 |
| an endoscopic approach to a snow leopard. | | 1978 | 648831 |
| seasonal effects on ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotrophins and successful artificial insemination in the snow leopard (uncia uncia). | ovaries of the seasonally-breeding snow leopard (uncia uncia) were examined to determine whether they were responsive to exogenous gonadotrophins throughout the year. the potential of laparoscopic artificial insemination (ai) also was assessed for producing offspring. during the non-breeding, pre-breeding, breeding and post-breeding seasons, females (n = 20) were treated with a standardized, dual-hormone regimen given intramuscularly (600 i.u. of equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed 80-84 h l ... | 1997 | 9261877 |
| [liberation into the wild of wild felines--danger of the release of virus infections]. | there are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. it is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. this report presents three examples to illustr ... | 1996 | 9045289 |
| serum concentrations of lipids, vitamin d metabolites, retinol, retinyl esters, tocopherols and selected carotenoids in twelve captive wild felid species at four zoos. | serum concentrations of several nutrients were measured in 12 captive wild felid species including caracal (felis caracal), cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), cougar (felis concolor), fishing cat (felis viverrinus), leopard (panthera pardus), lion (panthera leo), ocelot (felis pardalis), pallas cat (felis manul), sand cat (felis margarita), serval (felis serval), snow leopard (panthera uncia) and tiger (panthera tigris). diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (broo ... | 2003 | 12514284 |
| tyzzer's disease in snow leopards. | tyzzer's disease was diagnosed histologically in 2 litters of newborn snow leopard kittens. the gross and histological lesions were similar to those reported in domestic cats and other animals. no signs of illness was noted in either of the snow leopard dams. | 1984 | 6699226 |
| blastomycosis in nondomestic felids. | blastomycosis was diagnosed in six nondomestic felids from eastern tennessee, including two asian lions (panthera leo persicus), one african lion (panthera leo), one siberian tiger (panthera tigris), one cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), and one snow leopard (panthera uncia). clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, dyspnea, sneezing. ataxia, and paresis. variable nonspecific changes included leukocytosis, monocytosis, moderate left shift of neutrophils, moderate hypercalcemia, hyperpr ... | 2003 | 14582783 |
| bilateral eyelid agenesis repair in a captive texas cougar. | bilateral eyelid agenesis was presented with multiple ocular anomalies in a captive texas cougar (felis concolor). corneal exposure resulted in substantial keratoconjunctivitis and blepharospasm. bilateral inferopapillary fundic colobomas, persistent pupillary membranes, and an atypical iris coloboma od were present. surgical repair with a rotational pedicle flap resulted in functionally effective eyelids. trichiasis was later treated with cryotherapy. eyelid agenesis is reported infrequently in ... | 2002 | 12236863 |
| deficiency of cytosolic arylamine n-acetylation in the domestic cat and wild felids caused by the presence of a single nat1-like gene. | the purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis for a relative deficiency in the cat of cytosolic arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat), an enzyme family that is important in the metabolism of xenobiotics and that normally consists of at least two related enzymes, nat1 and nat2. n-acetyltransferase in feline liver showed high affinity (mean km = 2.1 microm) for p-aminobenzoic acid, an nat1 selective substrate in humans and rabbits, but showed a very poor affinity (mean km > 10 mm) f ... | 1998 | 10022754 |
| gastric spiral bacteria in small felids. | nine small cats, including one bobcat (felis rufus), one pallas cat (f. manul), one canada lynx (f. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (f. viverrina), two margays (f. wiedii), and two sand cats (f. margarita), necropsied between june 1995 and march 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one african lion (panthera leo), two snow leopards (p. uncia), one siberian tiger (p. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (p. onca), necropsied during the same period ha ... | 1998 | 9732040 |
| molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards. | among the 37 living species of felidae, the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) is generally classified as a monotypic genus basal to the panthera lineage of great cats. this secretive, mid-sized (16-23 kg) carnivore, now severely endangered, is traditionally subdivided into four southeast asian subspecies (figure 1a). we used molecular genetic methods to re-evaluate subspecies partitions and to quantify patterns of population genetic variation among 109 clouded leopards of known geographic orig ... | 2006 | 17141620 |
| dirofilaria immitis infection of a snow leopard (uncia uncia) in a japanese zoo with mitochondrial dna analysis. | three dog heartworms (dirofilaria immitis) were detected in the lumen of the right cardiac ventriculus and of the pulmonary artery of a captive female snow leopard (uncia uncia) that died of pancreatic carcinoma at a zoo in japan. neither clinical respiratory nor circulatory symptoms caused by the heartworm infection were observed. the filarial worms were identified as d. immitis from the morphologic characteristics of the esophagus, the presence of faint longitudinal ridges on the cuticular sur ... | 2003 | 12951432 |
| phaeohyphomycosis in a snow leopard (uncia uncia) due to cladophialophora bantiana. | phaeohyphomycosis caused by cladophialophora bantiana was diagnosed in a 5-month-old snow leopard with spastic paralysis of the hind legs and inability to defaecate or urinate. at post-mortem examination, a greenish soft mass resembling an abscess was found on one side of the epidural space at the fourth lumbar vertebral body. histological examination revealed a purulent meningitis with myelomalacia. dematiaceous fungal hyphae, present within the inflammatory infiltrate, were identified as c. ba ... | 2006 | 16542676 |
| a high-resolution cat radiation hybrid and integrated fish mapping resource for phylogenomic studies across felidae. | we describe the construction of a high-resolution radiation hybrid (rh) map of the domestic cat genome, which includes 2662 markers, translating to an estimated average intermarker distance of 939 kilobases (kb). targeted marker selection utilized the recent feline 1.9x genome assembly, concentrating on regions of low marker density on feline autosomes and the x chromosome, in addition to regions flanking interspecies chromosomal breakpoints. average gap (breakpoint) size between cat-human order ... | 2009 | 18951970 |
| comparative anatomy of the cardiac foramen ovale in cats (felidae), dogs (canidae), bears (ursidae) and hyaenas (hyaenidae). | the structure of the foramen ovale from 16 species representing 4 carnivore families, the felidae, canidae, ursidae and hyaenidae, was studied using the scanning electron microscope. the felidae were represented by 9 domestic cat fetuses (felis catus), 2 snow leopard neonates (uncia uncia), an ocelot neonate (leopardus pardalis), 2 lion neonates (panthera leo), a panther neonate (panthera pardus) and 3 tigers (neofelis tigris), comprising 2 fetuses and a neonate. the canidae were represented by ... | 1995 | 7649822 |
| identification of haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis) in captive nondomestic cats. | this study was undertaken to determine whether haemobartonella felis (mycoplasma haemofelis), the causative bacterial agent of feline infectious anemia, infects nondomestic cats. routine complete blood count and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were performed to detect the gene for 16s ribosomal rna for the organism. sixty-four blood samples were collected from 54 nondomestic cats, including tigers (panthera tigris), cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), lions (p. leo), mountain lions (felis concolor), sn ... | 2003 | 12885130 |
| female reproductive cycles of wild female felids. | many felid species are endangered because of destructive human activities. as a result, zoos are being tasked with sustaining genetically healthy populations in case of catastrophic extinctions. unfortunately, with the exception of a few species, most felids do not reproduce well in captivity. the ability to track reproductive activity via hormones is key to developing successful ex situ breeding programs. through the development of noninvasive fecal hormone monitoring techniques, a high degree ... | 2010 | 20888156 |
| carnivore-caused livestock mortality in trans-himalaya. | the loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among trans-himalayan pastoralists. because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. in the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard uncia uncia, tibetan wolf canis lupus chanku, and eurasian lynx lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely gya, rumtse, and sasoma, within the propose ... | 2007 | 17318699 |
| renal lesions of nondomestic felids. | to comprehensively evaluate the occurrence of renal lesions in a variety of nondomestic felids, necropsy cases from 1978 to 2008 were reviewed from a municipal zoo and a large cat sanctuary for those in which the kidneys were examined histologically. seventy exotic felids were identified (25 tigers, 18 lions, 6 cougars, 5 leopards, 3 snow leopards, 3 clouded leopards, 3 canadian lynx, 2 ocelots, 2 bobcats, 2 cheetahs, 1 jaguar), and their histologic renal lesions were evaluated and compared. the ... | 2010 | 20876911 |
| successive deaths of a captive snow leopard (uncia uncia) and a serval (leptailurus serval) by infection with feline panleukopenia virus at sapporo maruyama zoo. | feline parvoviruses were isolated from frozen samples of intestines taken from a snow leopard (uncia uncia) and a serval (leptailurus serval) that died successively at sapporo maruyama zoo in hokkaido, japan. isolates possessed an antigenic epitope for both the feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) and mink enteritis virus, identified with a hemagglutination inhibition test. sequencing analyses of the vp2 region of the isolates revealed that the two isolates were identical and of the fplv-type. thes ... | 2010 | 21116104 |
| big cat phylogenies, consensus trees, and computational thinking. | abstract phylogenetics seeks to deduce the pattern of relatedness between organisms by using a phylogeny or evolutionary tree. for a given set of organisms or taxa, there may be many evolutionary trees depicting how these organisms evolved from a common ancestor. as a result, consensus trees are a popular approach for summarizing the shared evolutionary relationships in a group of trees. we examine these consensus techniques by studying how the pantherine lineage of cats (clouded leopard, jaguar ... | 2011 | 21563975 |
| supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, panthera (carnivora: felidae). | the pantherine lineage of cats diverged from the remainder of modern felidae less than 11 million years ago and consists of the five big cats of the genus panthera, the lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the closely related clouded leopard. a significant problem exists with respect to the precise phylogeny of these highly threatened great cats. despite multiple publications on the subject, no two molecular studies have reconstructed panthera with the same topology. these ... | 2010 | 20138224 |
| mitogenomic analysis of the genus panthera. | the complete sequences of the mitochondrial dna genomes of panthera tigris, panthera pardus, and panthera uncia were determined using the polymerase chain reaction method. the lengths of the complete mitochondrial dna sequences of the three species were 16990, 16964, and 16773 bp, respectively. each of the three mitochondrial dna genomes included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna, two rrna, one o(l)r, and one control region. the structures of the genomes were highly similar to those of felis catu ... | 2011 | 22038004 |
| evolutionary analysis of a large mtdna translocation (numt) into the nuclear genome of the panthera genus species. | translocation of cymtdna into the nuclear genome, also referred to as numt, has been reported in many species, including several closely related to the domestic cat (felis catus). we describe the recent transposition of 12,536 bp of the 17 kb mitochondrial genome into the nucleus of the common ancestor of the five panthera genus species: tiger, p. tigris; snow leopard, p. uncia; jaguar, p. onca; leopard, p. pardus; and lion, p. leo. this nuclear integration, representing 74% of the mitochondrial ... | 2006 | 16380222 |
| hemoglobin redux: combining neutron and x-ray diffraction with mass spectrometry to analyse the quaternary state of oxidized hemoglobins. | improvements in neutron diffraction instrumentation are affording the opportunity to re-examine the structures of vertebrate hemoglobins and to interrogate proton and solvent position changes between the different quaternary states of the protein. for hemoglobins of unknown primary sequence, structural studies of cyanomethemoglobin (cnmethb) are being used to help to resolve sequence ambiguity in the mass spectra. these studies have also provided additional structural evidence for the involvemen ... | 2010 | 21041946 |
| prey preferences of the snow leopard (panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation. | the endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km(2) globally. throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. we reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. we calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1 ... | 2014 | 24533080 |
| vigorous dynamics underlie a stable population of the endangered snow leopard panthera uncia in tost mountains, south gobi, mongolia. | population monitoring programmes and estimation of vital rates are key to understanding the mechanisms of population growth, decline or stability, and are important for effective conservation action. we report, for the first time, the population trends and vital rates of the endangered snow leopard based on camera trapping over four years in the tost mountains, south gobi, mongolia. we used robust design multi-season mark-recapture analysis to estimate the trends in abundance, sex ratio, surviva ... | 2014 | 25006879 |
| accelerated evolution of ces7, a gene encoding a novel major urinary protein in the cat family. | cauxin is a novel urinary protein recently identified in the domestic cat that regulates the excretion of felinine, a pheromone precursor involved in sociochemical communication and territorial marking of domestic and wild felids. understanding the evolutionary history of cauxin may therefore illuminate molecular adaptations involved in the evolution of pheromone-based communication, recognition, and mate selection in wild animals. we sequenced the gene encoding cauxin, ces7, in 22 species repre ... | 2010 | 20966115 |
| bilateral lenticular encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a snow leopard (panthera uncia). | bilateral phacoclastic uveitis caused by lenticular infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi is described in a snow leopard. the diagnosis was made on histopathological and immunohistological examination of both eyes submitted after postmortem examination. there was a positive antibody titer for e. cuniculi (1:320). polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequence analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ocular tissue detected the dna of e. cuniculi, strain iii. no other systemic lesions attribu ... | 2015 | 25311355 |
| standardizing the double-observer survey method for estimating mountain ungulate prey of the endangered snow leopard. | mountain ungulates around the world have been threatened by illegal hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development. mountain ungulates play an important functional role in grasslands as primary consumers and as prey for wild carnivores, and monitoring of their populations is important for conservation purposes. however, most of the several currently available methods of estimating wild ungulate abundance are either difficult to implement or too expensive for ... | 2012 | 22231373 |
| Inducing pluripotency in somatic cells from the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an endangered felid. | Induced pluripotency is a new approach to produce embryonic stem-like cells from somatic cells that provides a unique means to understand both pluripotency and lineage assignment. To investigate whether this technology could be applied to endangered species, where the limited availability of gametes makes production and research on embryonic stem cells difficult, we attempted generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from snow leopard (Panthera uncia) fibroblasts by retroviral transfect ... | 2012 | 22079579 |
| foods, macronutrients and fibre in the diet of blue sheep (psuedois nayaur) in the annapurna conservation area of nepal. | food resources are often critical regulating factors affecting individual fitness and population densities. in the himalayan mountains, bharal "blue sheep" (pseudois nayaur) are the main food resource for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia), as well as being preyed upon by other predators. blue sheep, however, may face a number of challenges including food resource competition with other wild and domestic ungulates, and hunting pressure. here, we characterized the diet of blue sheep in ... | 2015 | 26445655 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard panthera uncia. | the complete mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of snow leopard panthera uncia was obtained by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique based on the pcr fragments of 30 primers we designed. the entire mtdna sequence was 16 773 base pairs (bp) in length, and the base composition was: a-5,357 bp (31.9%); c-4,444 bp (26.5%); g-2,428 bp (14.5%); t-4,544 bp (27.1%). the structural characteristics [0] of the p. uncia mitochondrial genome were highly similar to these of felis catus, acinonyx jubat ... | 2009 | 18431688 |
| systemic calicivirus epidemic in captive exotic felids. | a 5-day-old, mother-raised, amur tiger cub (panthera tigris altaica) presented with tongue ulcerations. identical lesions appeared and progressed to sloughing of the tongue in the three littermates of this cub the following day. the lesions progressed in all cubs to include sloughing of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpal, and metatarsal foot pad epithelium. oral ulcerations were also noted in adult african lions (panthera leo) and amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), but not in two adult snow leop ... | 2007 | 17679514 |
| purulent meningoventriculitis caused by streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in a snow leopard (panthera uncia). | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (sez) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory tract infections in man and animals. sez infections are very rare in felids. this report describes purulent meningoventriculitis caused by sez in an approximately 16-year-old male snow leopard (panthera uncia). the animal exhibited neurological signs and died 1 month after their onset. on necropsy examination, the surface blood vessels of the brain were swollen and there was an increased volume and t ... | 2012 | 22516084 |
| veno-occlusive disease in snow leopards (panthera uncia) from zoological parks. | livers from 54 snow leopards, 4 days to 23 years old, that had died in 23 us zoos, were evaluated histopathologically to determine if the hepatic fibrosis, which has been noted to be prevalent in this species, was due to chronic active hepatitis from hepadnaviral infection, ito cell proliferation, or hemosiderosis. forty-two of 54 snow leopards had subintimal vascular fibrosis with partial or total occlusion of central and sublobular veins (veno-occlusive disease) of unknown origin. all 21 leopa ... | 1991 | 2017826 |
| neoplasia in felids at the knoxville zoological gardens, 1979-2003. | a review of medical records and necropsy reports from 1979-2003 found 40 neoplasms in 26 zoo felids, including five lions (panthera leo, two males and three females), three leopards (panthera pardus, two males and one female), one jaguar (panthera onca, female), 11 tigers (panthera tigris, three males and eight females), two snow leopards (panthera uncia, one male and one female), two cougars (felis concolor, one male and one female), one bobcat (felis rufus, male), and one cheetah (acinonyx jub ... | 2008 | 19110704 |
| multiscale factors affecting human attitudes toward snow leopards and wolves. | the threat posed by large carnivores to livestock and humans makes peaceful coexistence between them difficult. effective implementation of conservation laws and policies depends on the attitudes of local residents toward the target species. there are many known correlates of human attitudes toward carnivores, but they have only been assessed at the scale of the individual. because human societies are organized hierarchically, attitudes are presumably influenced by different factors at different ... | 2014 | 25039397 |
| characterization of extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli isolated from captive wild felids with bacteremia. | diseases caused by extraintestinal pathogenic escherichia coli (expec) in wild felids are rarely reported. although urinary tract infections are infrequently reported in domestic cats, such infections when present are commonly caused by expec. the present work characterized expec strains isolated from 2 adult felines, a snow leopard (panthera uncia) and a black leopard (panthera pardus melas), that died from secondary bacteremia associated with urinary tract infections. isolates from both animal ... | 2012 | 22826042 |
| analytical methods for chemical and sensory characterization of scent-markings in large wild mammals: a review. | in conjoining the disciplines of "ethology" and "chemistry" the field of "ethochemistry" has been instituted. ethochemistry is an effective tool in conservation efforts of endangered species and the understanding of behavioral patterns across all species. chemical constituents of scent-markings have an important, yet poorly understood function in territoriality, reproduction, dominance, and impact on evolutionary biology, especially in large mammals. particular attention has recently been focuse ... | 2014 | 24603639 |
| snow leopard and himalayan wolf: food habits and prey selection in the central himalayas, nepal. | top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem, and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. in this paper, we compared diets and prey selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the ... | 2017 | 28178279 |
| commensal in conflict: livestock depredation patterns by free-ranging domestic dogs in the upper spiti landscape, himachal pradesh, india. | in human-populated landscapes worldwide, domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) are the most abundant terrestrial carnivore. although dogs have been used for the protection of livestock from wild carnivores, they have also been implicated as predators of livestock. we used a combination of methods (field surveys, interview surveys, and data from secondary sources) to examine the patterns and factors driving livestock depredation by free-ranging dogs, as well as economic losses to local communiti ... | 2017 | 28074403 |
| fatal sarcoptes scabiei infection of blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) in pakistan. | sarcoptes scabiei was detected for the first time in skin scrapings, hair pluckings, and histologic sections from a blue sheep (pseudois nayaur) from the shimshali pamir in the karakorum range of the western himalaya in pakistan (36 degrees 28'n, 75 degrees 36'e). local reports suggest many hundred animals have been affected by a severe skin disease over a 10-yr period, but the shy nature of this species and the extreme climate that they inhabit meant only a single affected animal was available ... | 2007 | 17699091 |
| effects of hand-rearing on reproductive success in captive large cats panthera tigris altaica, uncia uncia, acinonyx jubatus and neofelis nebulosa. | species survival plans and european endangered species programmes have been developed for several species of endangered felids in order to build up captive reserve populations and support their conservation in the wild. the siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica), snow leopard (uncia uncia), cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) and clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) are managed in such ex situ conservation programmes. many zoological institutions hand-rear offspring if rearing by the mother fails. hand- ... | 2016 | 27214261 |
| prevalence of valvular regurgitations in clinically healthy captive leopards and cheetahs: a prospective study from the wildlife cardiology (wlc) group (2008-2013). | the purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate transthoracic echocardiograms from clinically healthy large felids for the presence of valvular regurgitations (vr). physiologic vr commonly occur in normal dogs and cats, but the percentage of large felids with vr has not been previously reported. during a 5-yr study period (2008-2013), 28 healthy animals were evaluated under general anesthesia: 16 cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus soemmeringuii) with a mean age of 1.5±0.8 yr (range 0.7-3.5 yr), 5 ... | 2015 | 26352956 |
| squamous cell carcinoma in two snow leopards (uncia uncia) with unusual auricular presentation. | squamous cell carcinoma (scc) is well documented in snow leopards ( uncia uncia ) and most common locations are oral, facial, or pedal. these two cases illustrate an unusual auricular presentation, which is more often reported in white domestic cats. the animals were aged and presented clinical signs of otitis such as head shaking and ear scratching. clinical examinations showed auricular canal masses with chronic purulent otitis. in both cases, clinical deterioration led to euthanasia and histo ... | 2017 | 28749302 |
| ancient papillomavirus-host co-speciation in felidae. | estimating evolutionary rates for slowly evolving viruses such as papillomaviruses (pvs) is not possible using fossil calibrations directly or sequences sampled over a time-scale of decades. an ability to correlate their divergence with a host species, however, can provide a means to estimate evolutionary rates for these viruses accurately. to determine whether such an approach is feasible, we sequenced complete feline pv genomes, previously available only for the domestic cat (felis domesticus, ... | 2007 | 17430578 |
| a quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large felidae. | a total of 109 copulations was observed in six male-female pairs from four species of large felidae. the mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for asian leopards (panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for african leopards (panthera pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (panthera onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (panthera onca), and 12.4 sec for siberian tigers (panthera tigris). behavioural patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copula ... | 1976 | 24923850 |
| impact of wild prey availability on livestock predation by snow leopards. | an increasing proportion of the world's poor is rearing livestock today, and the global livestock population is growing. livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory killing is becoming an economic and conservation concern. a common recommendation for carnivore conservation and for reducing predation on livestock is to increase wild prey populations based on the assumption that the carnivores will consume this alternative food. livestock predation, however, could either reduce o ... | 2017 | 28680665 |
| genetically based low oxygen affinities of felid hemoglobins: lack of biochemical adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in the snow leopard. | genetically based modifications of hemoglobin (hb) function that increase blood-o2 affinity are hallmarks of hypoxia adaptation in vertebrates. among mammals, felid hbs are unusual in that they have low intrinsic o2 affinities and reduced sensitivities to the allosteric cofactor 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (dpg). this combination of features compromises the acclimatization capacity of blood-o2 affinity and has led to the hypothesis that felids have a restricted physiological niche breadth relative to ... | 2015 | 26246610 |
| panel of polymorphic heterologous microsatellite loci to genotype critically endangered bengal tiger: a pilot study. | in india, six landscapes and source populations that are important for long-term conservation of bengal tigers (panthera tigris tigris) have been identified. except for a few studies, nothing is known regarding the genetic structure and extent of gene flow among most of the tiger populations across india as the majority of them are small, fragmented and isolated. thus, individual-based relationships are required to understand the species ecology and biology for planning effective conservation an ... | 2014 | 24455462 |
| range-wide snow leopard phylogeography supports three subspecies. | the snow leopard, panthera uncia, is an elusive high-altitude specialist that inhabits vast, inaccessible habitat across asia. we conducted the first range-wide genetic assessment of snow leopards based on noninvasive scat surveys. thirty-three microsatellites were genotyped and a total of 683 bp of mitochondrial dna sequenced in 70 individuals. snow leopards exhibited low genetic diversity at microsatellites (an = 5.8, ho = 0.433, he = 0.568), virtually no mtdna variation, and underwent a bottl ... | 2017 | 28498961 |
| systemic arterial hypertension secondary to chronic kidney disease in two captive-born large felids. | systemic arterial hypertension (sht) has been widely described in the domestic cat (felis catus). in these feline patients, sht is considered as the most common vascular disorder of middle-aged to older animals, and secondary sht related to chronic kidney disease (ckd) represents the most common form of the disease. we describe here the first two cases of spontaneous sht in large felids, i.e. one 18-year old, 34.4 kg, male north-chinese leopard (panthera pardus japonensis, case #1) and one 20-ye ... | 2017 | 28435002 |
| what risks do herbal products pose to the australian community? | traditional herbal products are widely used in australia to treat a broad range of conditions and diseases. it is popularly believed that these products are safer than prescribed drugs. while many may be safe, it is worrying that the specific effects and harmful interactions of a number of their components with prescription medications is not well understood. some traditional herbal preparations contain heavy metals and toxic chemicals, as well as naturally occurring organic toxins. the effects ... | 2017 | 28152355 |
| hepatic lesions in 90 captive nondomestic felids presented for autopsy. | hepatic lesions in nondomestic felids are poorly characterized. the purpose of this study was to evaluate hepatic lesions in 90 captive, nondomestic felids including tigers, cougars, and lions. hepatic lesions were histologically characterized as vacuolar change (lipidosis or glycogenosis), biliary cysts, biliary hyperplasia, hepatitis, necrosis, neoplasia, fibrosis, veno-occlusive disease, cholestasis, hematoma, congestion, or hemorrhage. stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed for ... | 2015 | 24788521 |
| prey preference of snow leopard (panthera uncia) in south gobi, mongolia. | accurate information about the diet of large carnivores that are elusive and inhabit inaccessible terrain, is required to properly design conservation strategies. predation on livestock and retaliatory killing of predators have become serious issues throughout the range of the snow leopard. several feeding ecology studies of snow leopards have been conducted using classical approaches. these techniques have inherent limitations in their ability to properly identify both snow leopard feces and pr ... | 2012 | 22393381 |
| [multiple ocular coloboma (moc) with persistent pupillary membrane in the snow leopard (panthera uncia)]. | in a litter of three snow leopards, bilateral colobomata of the upper temporal eyelids, bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and a unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve entrance are described as "multiple ocular colobomata" (moc). the causal pathogenesis of each of the colobomata is discussed comparatively. the colobomata of the eyelids, essential feature of the moc syndrome in snow leopards, are most probably not of hereditary, but rather of intrauterine infectious viral origin. | 2012 | 3368914 |
| blue sheep in the annapurna conservation area, nepal: habitat use, population biomass and their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopards. | the himalaya region of nepal provides a habitat for the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its principal prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur). the aim of this study was to describe the habitat, the distribution and the population structure of blue sheep, and to estimate their contribution to the carrying capacity of snow leopard in the upper mustang region of nepal. blue sheep were recorded at altitudes from 3209-5498 m on slopes with gradients of 16-60° and aspects of 40°ne ... | 2014 | 24447660 |
| veno-occlusive disease of the liver in captive cheetah. | liver tissues from 126 captive cheetah were evaluated by light microscopy and histochemistry; eight animals were evaluated by electron microscopy. the main hepatic lesion, a vascular lesion resembling veno-occlusive disease (vod) of the liver and characterized by subendothelial fibrosis and proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells in the central veins, was seen in 60% of the sexually mature cheetah. although this hepatic vascular lesion was seen in cheetah as young as 1 year of age, the most se ... | 1988 | 3344570 |
| predicting the distributions of predator (snow leopard) and prey (blue sheep) under climate change in the himalaya. | future climate change is likely to affect distributions of species, disrupt biotic interactions, and cause spatial incongruity of predator-prey habitats. understanding the impacts of future climate change on species distribution will help in the formulation of conservation policies to reduce the risks of future biodiversity losses. using a species distribution modeling approach by maxent, we modeled current and future distributions of snow leopard (panthera uncia) and its common prey, blue sheep ... | 2016 | 27516864 |
| globalization of the cashmere market and the decline of large mammals in central asia. | as drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. we suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in central asia. this penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase lives ... | 2013 | 23866036 |
| combination therapy with fluoxetine and alprazolam to control anxiety in a hand-reared snow leopard (uncia uncia). | a captive hand-reared adult male snow leopard ( uncia uncia ) was treated for anxiety associated with taunting from visitors, the presence of large crowds, and introduction to a female for breeding. behaviors included shaking, chewing on tail, panting, panicking, and bouncing off the viewing glass, pacing, and avoidance of the female. combination therapy of oral fluoxetine and alprazolam were administered initially to minimize anxious behaviors while the fluoxetine achieved therapeutic levels. t ... | 2016 | 27691935 |
| predation may counteract climatic change as a driving force for movements of mountain ungulates. | temperature variations are expected to influence altitudinal movements of mountain herbivores and, in turn, those of their predators, but relevant information is scarce. we evaluated monthly relationships between temperature and altitude used by a large mountain-dwelling herbivore, the himalayan tahr hemitragus jemlahicus, and its main predator, the snow leopard panthera uncia, in an area of central himalaya for five consecutive years (2006-2010). in contrast to expectations, there was no signif ... | 2016 | 27312822 |
| phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (felidae). | inter-species hybridization has been recently recognized as potentially common in wild animals, but the extent to which it shapes modern genomes is still poorly understood. distinguishing historical hybridization events from other processes leading to phylogenetic discordance among different markers requires a well-resolved species tree that considers all modes of inheritance and overcomes systematic problems due to rapid lineage diversification by sampling large genomic character sets. here, we ... | 2016 | 26518481 |
| patterns of snow leopard site use in an increasingly human-dominated landscape. | human population growth and concomitant increases in demand for natural resources pose threats to many wildlife populations. the landscapes used by the endangered snow leopard (panthera uncia) and their prey is increasingly subject to major changes in land use. we aimed to assess the influence of 1) key human activities, as indicated by the presence of mining and livestock herding, and 2) the presence of a key prey species, the blue sheep (pseudois nayaur), on probability of snow leopard site us ... | 2016 | 27171203 |
| challenges of snow leopard conservation in china. | | 2016 | 27142350 |
| a spotlight on snow leopard conservation in china. | china holds the greatest proportion of the snow leopard's (panthera uncia) global range and is central to their conservation. the country is also undergoing unprecedented economic growth, which increases both the threats to the snow leopard and the opportunities for its conservation. in this paper we aim to review published literature (from 1950 to 2014) in english and mandarin on snow leopard ecology and conservation in china in order to identify thematic and geographic research gaps and propos ... | 2016 | 27135283 |
| the tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes. | tigers and their close relatives (panthera) are some of the world's most endangered species. here we report the de novo assembly of an amur tiger whole-genome sequence as well as the genomic sequences of a white bengal tiger, african lion, white african lion and snow leopard. through comparative genetic analyses of these genomes, we find genetic signatures that may reflect molecular adaptations consistent with the big cats' hypercarnivorous diet and muscle strength. we report a snow leopard-spec ... | 2013 | 24045858 |
| nanog is an essential factor for induction of pluripotency in somatic cells from endangered felids. | nanog has an important role in pluripotency induction in bovines and snow leopards. to examine whether it was required for wild felids globally, we examined the induction of pluripotency in felids from asia (bengal tiger, panthera tigris), africa (serval, leptailurus serval), and the americas (jaguar, panthera onca). dermal fibroblasts were transduced with genes encoding the human transcription factors oct4, sox2, klf4, and cmyc with or without nanog. both four- and five-factor induction resulte ... | 2013 | 23514873 |
| modeling outcomes of approaches to sustained human and snow leopard coexistence. | the snow leopard (uncia uncia) is in danger of extinction. killing to protect livestock is among the primary causes of its decline. efforts to mitigate this threat have focused on balancing the need to conserve the snow leopard with the needs of local people in snow leopard habitat, many of whom rely on raising livestock for their livelihoods. conservation of the snow leopard has the characteristics of a public good, and outside funding is required to support conservation efforts. there are 5 co ... | 2016 | 26032441 |
| species identification refined by molecular scatology in a community of sympatric carnivores in xinjiang, china. | many ecological studies and conservation management plans employ noninvasive scat sampling based on the assumption that species' scats can be correctly identified in the field. however, in habitats with sympatric similarly sized carnivores, misidentification of scats is frequent and can lead to bias in research results. to address the scat identification dilemma, molecular scatology techniques have been developed to extract dna from the donor cells present on the outer lining of the scat samples ... | 2015 | 25855225 |
| development of a pcr assay to detect papillomavirus infection in the snow leopard. | papillomaviruses (pvs) are a group of small, non-encapsulated, species-specific dna viruses that have been detected in a variety of mammalian and avian species including humans, canines and felines. pvs cause lesions in the skin and mucous membranes of the host and after persistent infection, a subset of pvs can cause tumors such as cervical malignancies and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in humans. pvs from several species have been isolated and their genomes have been sequenced, thereby ... | 2011 | 21767399 |
| personality structure in the domestic cat (felis silvestris catus), scottish wildcat (felis silvestris grampia), clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa), snow leopard (panthera uncia), and african lion (panthera leo): a comparative study. | although the study of nonhuman personality has increased in the last decade, there are still few studies on felid species, and the majority focus on domestic cats. we assessed the structure of personality and its reliability in five felids-domestic cats, clouded leopards, snow leopards, african lions, and previous data on scottish wildcats-and compared the results. in addition to the benefits of understanding more about this taxon, comparative studies of personality structure have the potential ... | 2014 | 25111629 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome structure of the jaguar (panthera onca). | the jaguar (panthera onca) is the largest felid in the western hemisphere, and the only member of the panthera genus in the new world. the jaguar inhabits most countries within central and south america, and is considered near threatened by the international union for the conservation of nature. this study represents the first sequence of the entire jaguar mitogenome, which was the only panthera mitogenome that had not been sequenced. the jaguar mitogenome is 17,049 bases and possesses the same ... | 2016 | 25010076 |
| effects of porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptives in zoo felids. | methods of contraception are necessary for management of zoo felids; however, the most commonly used contraceptive (melengestrol acetate implant) is associated with serious adverse reactions with long-term use. porcine zona pellucida (pzp) vaccines are promising as contraceptives, but their safety in zoo felids has not been tested. pzp vaccine was administered to 27 female felids representing 10 species, including african lion (panthera leo), asian leopard (p. pardus), jaguar (p. onca), tiger (p ... | 2004 | 15526881 |
| amino acid sequences of mammalian kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from salivary glands. | 1. the amino acid sequences of bikazins (the double-headed kazal-type proteinase inhibitors from submandibular glands) isolated from the snow leopard (unica unica), the european mink (mustela lutreola), and the european pine marten (martes martes) were determined. 2. n-terminal domains of bikazins are characterized by a cysteine residue spacing that differs from that of c-terminal domains of bikazins and other kazal-type proteinase inhibitor domains. 3. n-terminal sequences of bikazins seem to b ... | 1993 | 8403842 |
| comparison of subjective well-being and personality assessments in the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa), snow leopard (panthera uncia), and african lion (panthera leo). | the study of subjective well-being in nonhuman animals is growing in the field of psychology, but there are still only a few published studies and the focus is on primates. to consider whether the construct of subjective well-being could be found in another mammal, this study aimed to assess subjective well-being in felids and to examine its association with personality. personality is one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of well-being in humans. this relationship could have impor ... | 2017 | 26983676 |
| reversible immobilization of free-ranging snow leopards (panthera uncia) with a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam. | conservation and research of the elusive snow leopard (panthera uncia) have been hampered by inadequate knowledge about its basic life history. global positioning system (gps) collars can provide useful information, but there has been limited information available on safe capture methods, drug doses, and efficacy for effective immobilization of free-ranging snow leopards. we describe a drug protocol using a combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam for the chemical immobilization of f ... | 2013 | 23568909 |
| stifle osteochondritis dissecans in snow leopards (uncia uncia). | three snow leopard (uncia uncia) cubs, female and male siblings and an unrelated female, had lameness attributed to osteochondritis dissecans (ocd) lesions noted at 6, 8, and 10 mo of age, respectively. all cubs were diagnosed with ocd via radiographs. the sibling cubs both had lesions of the right lateral femoral condyles, while the unrelated cub had bilateral lesions of the lateral femoral condyles. subsequently, ocd was confirmed in all three cases during surgical correction of the lateral fe ... | 2012 | 22779240 |