| response of camels to intradermal inoculation with smallpox and camelpox viruses. | young camels were inoculated intradermally with either camelpox or smallpox virus and the courses of infection, including serological response, were compared. camelpox virus was highly infectious; generalized disease resulted which was transmitted naturally to contact animals. smallpox virus produced only transient lesions at the inoculation site and a less marked serological response. nevertheless, the camels inoculated with smallpox virus subsequently resisted a severe challenge with camelpox ... | 1975 | 164403 |
| isolation, identification and characterization of camelpox virus in iraq. | a virus was isolated from pox-like lesions in camels during an outbreak of camelpox disease which occurred in december 1977 in an area near the iraqi-iranian border. it was identified serologically as a virus of the orthopoxvirus group. the biological properties of the isolate indicated that it was probably identical with strains of camelpox virus isolated from iran, egypt, kenya and the u.s.s.r. | 1979 | 226624 |
| characteristics of a kenyan camelpox virus. | a virus was isolated from pock-like vesicular eruptions of camels in northern kenya. this virus was shown to be a pox virus with many characteristics of members of the orthopox group. it appears to be identical with camelpox strains from iran and has similar properties to certain east african variola strains. | 1975 | 1059706 |
| analysis of the camelpox virus thymidine kinase gene. | the thymidine kinase (tk) gene from camelpox virus has been cloned using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the oligonucleotides used in the pcr amplification were based on residues conserved amongst the orthopoxviruses on the 5' and 3' sides of the tk gene. the oligonucleotides were also designed to contain hindiii cleavage sites to facilitate subsequent cloning. a fragment of approximately 700 base pairs was amplified from camelpox virus infected tissue culture cells. this fragment was then ... | 1992 | 1467923 |
| studies on camelpox virus. | | 1980 | 6274949 |
| vaccinia, cowpox, and camelpox viruses encode soluble gamma interferon receptors with novel broad species specificity. | soluble receptors for gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) are secreted from cells infected by 17 orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, cowpox, rabbitpox, buffalopox, elephantpox, and camelpox viruses, representing three species (vaccinia, cowpox, and campelpox viruses). the b8r open reading frame of vaccinia virus strain western reserve, which has sequence similarity to the extracellular binding domain of cellular ifn-gamma receptors (ifn-gamma rs), is shown to encode an ifn-gamma binding activity by ex ... | 1995 | 7609027 |
| a ligase chain reaction targeting two adjacent nucleotides allows the differentiation of cowpox virus from other orthopoxvirus species. | a ligase chain reaction (lcr) assay was developed to distinguish cowpox virus from other orthopoxvirus species. the lcr targets two adjacent adenosine residues which are only present in the a-type inclusion protein gene (ati-gene) of cowpox virus. two primer pairs were designed with a one base pair overlap at the junction site and one primer of each pair was labeled radioactively. detection of the ligation product was achieved after denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiograp ... | 1994 | 7868651 |
| sequence alterations within and downstream of the a-type inclusion protein genes allow differentiation of orthopoxvirus species by polymerase chain reaction. | a pcr protocol was established that not only allows the detection of, but also the differentiation of species of the genus orthopoxvirus. this assay was accomplished by the selection of oligonucleotides located within the gene that encodes the a-type inclusion protein of cowpox virus. the primer pair flanked a region exhibiting distinct and specific dna deletions in the corresponding sequences of vaccinia, mousepox, monkeypox and camelpox virus. for this reason, pcr resulted in dna fragments of ... | 1994 | 8046400 |
| characterization of the gene encoding the a-type inclusion protein of camelpox virus and sequence comparison with other orthopoxviruses. | a gene was identified in camelpox virus strain cp-1 that is similar to the 160k gene of cowpox virus strain brighton (br) that encodes the a-type inclusion body protein (atip). the cp-1 gene was mapped, sequenced, and the presence of the atip-specific mrna was demonstrated. the open reading frame [2178 nucleotides (nt)] was found at a similar position in the cp genome as the one reported for the cowpox virus 160k ati gene. dna sequence comparison revealed a deletion of two adjacent adenine resid ... | 1993 | 8345359 |
| characterization of the camel skin cell line dubca. | a skin fibroblast cell culture was established from a 2-month-old dromedary foetus. the cells were transformed by infection with sv40 and cloned in soft agar. the established cell line is now designated dubca cells (dubai camel) and has been in permanent culture for 95 passages. the cell culture was examined morphologically, chromosome preparations made and dna fingerprinting performed by hybridization with the oligonucleotide probe (gtg)5. sv40 large t antigen was detected by western blotting. ... | 1995 | 8556315 |
| serology of orthopoxvirus cameli infection in dromedary camels: analysis by elisa and western blotting. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed, together with a western blotting technique, for the detection of total and igg and igm antibodies to camelpox virus (orthopoxvirus cameli) in camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and for identifying the seroreactive antigens of the virus. a total of 520 camels from different regions in libya were tested. the overall seropositivity rate in the examined herds was 9.8%, and varied between herds from 0 to 30%. two viral antigenic determinants ( ... | 1996 | 8654047 |
| comparison of camelpox viruses isolated in dubai. | between october 1993 and march 1994, outbreaks of pox-like exanthemas were observed in several camel raising farms in dubai. scabs from twenty camels with either local or generalized lesions were examined, seven of them had previously been vaccinated with a modified live camelpox virus vaccine. inspection of scabs by electron microscopy confirmed an infection with orthopox viruses (opv) in 10 animals and with parapox virus in one camel. investigation of the scabs by polymerase chain reaction and ... | 1996 | 8861650 |
| fatal form of camelpox virus infection. | | 1998 | 9455166 |
| vaccinia virus strains lister, ussr and evans express soluble and cell-surface tumour necrosis factor receptors. | poxviruses encode a broad range of proteins that interfere with host immune functions such as soluble versions of cytokine receptors. soluble virus tumour necrosis factor receptors (vtnfrs) were described originally in myxoma and shope fibroma viruses. cowpox virus (cpv) encodes three vtnfrs (crmb, crmc and crmd). the genes equivalent to crmb and crmc in vaccinia virus (vv) copenhagen are mutated and are named b28r/c22l and a53r, respectively. crmd was identified recently in cpv and ectromelia v ... | 1999 | 10211965 |
| experimental camelpox infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated dromedaries. | four dromedaries were infected with a virulent camelpox virus strain which was isolated from the lung of a saudi arabian camel. the camels which were infected intradermally and subcutaneously developed severe generalized camelpox. one of these camels had to be euthanized on humane grounds and the second one died 13 days after being infected. this dromedary also developed internal pox. neither dromedary showed camelpox antibodies before infection. the other two camels which had been vaccinated wi ... | 1999 | 10216456 |
| an eruptive moderate form of camelpox infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) in saudi arabia. | an eruptive moderate form of camelpox infection is reported in camels aged three to four years from the al-ahsa region of saudi arabia. the clinical signs were moderate in nature (between the 'mild' and the 'severe' form). the morbidity rate was 100% while the case fatality rate was 0%. camelpox virus was isolated and identified using electron microscopy and serological analysis. | 1999 | 10588019 |
| [biohazards due to orthopoxvirus: should we re-vaccinate against smallpox?]. | although the who declared global smallpox eradication in 1980, the orthopoxvirus remains a source of concern for several reasons. firstly, stocks of the smallpox virus have been preserved for experimental use (at least officially in the usa and russia) so that an escaped isolate could lead to reemergence and spread of the disease worldwide. secondly discontinuation of smallpox vaccination programs has led to dwindling acquired immunity in the world population thus raising the risk of epidemic ex ... | 1999 | 10901851 |
| crme, a novel soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor encoded by poxviruses. | cytokines and chemokines play a critical role in both the innate and acquired immune responses and constitute prime targets for pathogen sabotage. molecular mimicry of cytokines and cytokine receptors is a mechanism encoded by large dna viruses to modulate the host immune response. three tumor necrosis factor receptors (tnfrs) have been identified in the poxvirus cowpox virus. here we report the identification and characterization of a fourth distinct soluble tnfr, named cytokine response modifi ... | 2001 | 11119592 |
| the vaccinia virus superoxide dismutase-like protein (a45r) is a virion component that is nonessential for virus replication. | a characterization of the a45r gene from vaccinia virus (vv) strain western reserve is presented. the open reading frame is predicted to encode a 125-amino-acid protein (m(r), of 13,600) with 39% amino acid identity to copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (cu-zn sod). sequencing of the a45r gene from other orthopoxviruses, here and by others, showed that the protein is highly conserved in all viruses sequenced, including 16 strains of vv, 2 strains of cowpox virus, camelpox virus, and 4 strains of v ... | 2001 | 11435582 |
| the vaccinia virus soluble interferon-gamma receptor is a homodimer. | the vaccinia virus (vv) interferon (ifn)-gamma receptor (ifn-gammar) is a 43 kda soluble glycoprotein that is secreted from infected cells early during infection. here we demonstrate that the ifn-gammar from vv, cowpox virus and camelpox virus exists naturally as a homodimer, whereas the cellular ifn-gammar dimerizes only upon binding the homodimeric ifn-gamma. the existence of the virus protein as a dimer in the absence of ligand may provide an advantage to the virus in efficient binding and in ... | 2002 | 11842249 |
| the sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. | camelpox virus (cmpv) and variola virus (var) are orthopoxviruses (opvs) that share several biological features and cause high mortality and morbidity in their single host species. the sequence of a virulent cmpv strain was determined; it is 202182 bp long, with inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 6045 bp and has 206 predicted open reading frames (orfs). as for other poxviruses, the genes are tightly packed with little non-coding sequence. most genes within 25 kb of each terminus are transcribed ... | 2002 | 11907336 |
| the genome of camelpox virus. | camelpox virus (cmlv), a member of the orthopoxvirus genus in the poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of a disease of camels. here we report the cmlv genomic sequence with analysis. the 205,719-bp cmlv genome contains 211 putative genes and consists of a central region bound by identical inverted terminal repeats of approximately 7 kb. a high degree of similarity in gene order, gene content, and amino acid composition in the region located between cmlv017 and cmlv184 (average 96% amino acid ident ... | 2002 | 12033760 |
| poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. | the evolutionary relationships of 26 sequenced members of the poxvirus family have been investigated by comparing their genome organization and gene content and by using dna and protein sequences for phylogenetic analyses. the central region of the genome of chordopoxviruses (chpvs) is highly conserved in gene content and arrangement, except for some gene inversions in fowlpox virus (fpv) and species-specific gene insertions in fpv and molluscum contagiosum virus (mcv). in the central region 90 ... | 2004 | 14718625 |
| rapid detection and differentiation of human pathogenic orthopox viruses by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer real-time pcr assay. | the orthopox viruses that are pathogenic for humans include variola major virus (var), monkeypox virus (mpv), cowpox virus (cpv), and to a lesser extent, camelpox virus (cml) and vaccinia virus (vac). pcr is a powerful tool to detect and differentiate orthopox viruses, and real-time pcr has the further advantages of rapid turnaround time, low risk of contamination, capability of strain differentiation, and use of multiplexed probes. | 2004 | 14962998 |
| real-time pcr system for detection of orthopoxviruses and simultaneous identification of smallpox virus. | a screening assay for real-time lightcycler (roche applied science, mannheim, germany) pcr identification of smallpox virus dna was developed and compiled in a kit system under good manufacturing practice conditions with standardized reagents. in search of a sequence region unique to smallpox virus, the nucleotide sequence of the 14-kda fusion protein gene of each of 14 variola virus isolates of the russian world health organization smallpox virus repository was determined and compared to publis ... | 2004 | 15131152 |
| in search of rnase p rna from microbial genomes. | a simple procedure has been developed to quickly retrieve and validate the dna sequence encoding the rna subunit of ribonuclease p (rnase p rna) from microbial genomes. rnase p rna sequences were identified from 94% of bacterial and archaeal complete genomes where previously no rnase p rna was annotated. a sequence was found in camelpox virus, highly conserved in all orthopoxviruses (including smallpox virus), which could fold into a putative rnase p rna in terms of conserved primary features an ... | 2004 | 15337843 |
| variola and camelpox virus-specific sequences are part of a single large open reading frame identified in two german cowpox virus strains. | a large open reading frame (orf) has been identified in two german cowpox virus strains. the orfs (5676 and 5679 nt, respectively) differ in 10 nucleotides, resulting in an amino acid homology of 99.8%. in searching genbank nucleotide sequences (>90% identity) were present in several small orfs in variola major, variola minor and camelpox virus genomes. alignments revealed that these small orfs are fragments of a large orf. however, sequences of the orf described here are entirely absent in the ... | 2005 | 15681053 |
| reference gene selection for quantitative real-time pcr analysis in virus infected cells: sars corona virus, yellow fever virus, human herpesvirus-6, camelpox virus and cytomegalovirus infections. | ten potential reference genes were compared for their use in experiments investigating cellular mrna expression of virus infected cells. human cell lines were infected with cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus-6, camelpox virus, sars coronavirus or yellow fever virus. the expression levels of these genes and the viral replication were determined by real-time pcr. genes were ranked by the bestkeeper tool, the genorm tool and by criteria we reported previously. ranking lists of the genes tested were ... | 2005 | 15705200 |
| nucleic acid test screening of blood donors for orthopoxviruses can potentially prevent dispersion of viral agents in case of bioterrorism. | microbiologic agents such as variola virus (var) are very attractive for terrorism. as a result of international collaboration under the who eradication campaign, smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980. therefore, the immunization programs were discontinued worldwide. because most people are now immunologically naive, var is considered to be a potential threat agent or bioterrorist weapon. real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by melting analysis was developed for fast and safe an ... | 2005 | 15752158 |
| analysis of putative rnase p rna from orthopoxviruses. | a putative rnase p rna gene in camelpox virus, one of the orthopoxviruses, was cloned and transcribed in vitro. no rnase p activity could be detected in vitro from camelpox virus rnase p rna alone, or by addition of the escherichia coli rnase p protein subunit to reaction mixtures. camelpox virus rnase p rna reconstituted in vitro with camel or hela cell extracts, which were pre-treated with micrococcal nuclease to degrade the endogenous rnase p rna, showed no rnase p activity. vaccinia virus, a ... | 2005 | 16253270 |
| a new inhibitor of apoptosis from vaccinia virus and eukaryotes. | a new apoptosis inhibitor is described from vaccinia virus, camelpox virus, and eukaryotic cells. the inhibitor is a hydrophobic, multiple transmembrane protein that is resident in the golgi and is named gaap (golgi anti-apoptotic protein). stable expression of both viral gaap (v-gaap) and human gaap (h-gaap), which is expressed in all human tissues tested, inhibited apoptosis induced by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic stimuli. conversely, knockout of h-gaap by sirna induced cell death by apop ... | 2007 | 17319741 |
| camelpox virus encodes a schlafen-like protein that affects orthopoxvirus virulence. | camelpox virus (cmlv) gene 176r encodes a protein with sequence similarity to murine schlafen (m-slfn) proteins. in vivo, short and long members of the m-slfn family inhibited t-cell development, whereas in vitro, only short m-slfns caused arrest of fibroblast growth. cmlv 176 protein (v-slfn) is most closely related to short m-slfns; however, when expressed stably in mammalian cells, v-slfn did not inhibit cell growth. v-slfn is a predominantly cytoplasmic 57 kda protein that is expressed throu ... | 2007 | 17485525 |
| the first outbreak of camelpox in syria. | in this study we report the first outbreak of camelpox in two provinces in syria. clinical symptoms started with fever, salivation and general exanthema. the main features were facial and legs oedema, pustules on the mucosa of the lips and a high rate of abortion. lesions may also occur on the whole body including scrotum and udder. specimens were investigated by electron microscopy, virus isolation in cell culture and embryonated eggs and by immunohistochemistry. the causative agent was identif ... | 2007 | 17551230 |
| poxviruses as possible vectors for horizontal transfer of retroposons from reptiles to mammals. | poxviruses (poxviridae) are a family of double-stranded dna viruses with no rna stage. members of the genus orthopoxvirus (opv) are highly invasive and virulent. it was recently shown that the taterapox virus (tatv) from a west african rodent is the sister of camelpox virus and therefore belongs to the clade closest to the variola virus (varv), the etiological agent of smallpox. although these opvs are among the most dreaded pathogens on earth, our current knowledge of their genomes, their origi ... | 2007 | 17623783 |
| activities of several classes of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against camelpox virus replication in different cell culture models. | camelpox virus (cmlv) is the closest known virus to variola virus. here we report on the anti-cmlv activities of several acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (anps) related to cidofovir [(s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine (hpmpc; vistide)] against two cmlv strains, cml1 and cml14. cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction assays performed with human embryonic lung fibroblast monolayers revealed the selectivities of the first two classes of anps (chpmpa, hpmpdap, and hpmpo-dapy) and of the hex ... | 2007 | 17893157 |
| activity of the anti-orthopoxvirus compound st-246 against vaccinia, cowpox and camelpox viruses in cell monolayers and organotypic raft cultures. | the potential use of variola virus as a biological weapon has renewed efforts in the development of antiviral agents against orthopoxviruses. st-246 [4-trifluoromethyl-n-(3,3a,4,4a,5,5a,6,6a-octahydro-1,3-di oxo-4,6-ethenocycloprop [f]isoindol-2(1 h)-yl)-benzamide] is an anti-orthopoxvirus compound active against several orthopoxviruses including vaccinia virus (vv), cowpox virus (cpv), camelpox virus (cmlv), ectromelia virus (ectv) and variola virus in cell culture. the compound has been shown ... | 2007 | 18240860 |
| a simple restriction fragment pcr approach for discrimination of humanpathogenic old world animal orthopoxvirus species. | there are reliable polymerase chain reaction assays available for exclusion of variola virus from other poxviruses. however, the discrimination of humanpathogenic animal orthopoxviridae is more challenging because of the high genomic conservation. based on the variability of the a36r gene, we describe a simple 20 min pcr assay followed by a 1 h digest with 3 different restriction enzymes. this assay enables rapid discrimination between cowpox virus and monkeypox virus and discrimination of the m ... | 2008 | 18388986 |
| effects of acp26 on in vitro and in vivo productivity, pathogenesis and virulence of autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. | homologs to autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) open reading frame (orf) 136 or acp26 are present within almost all nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs). two copies of the gene are found in some members of group ii npvs, suggesting that it may play an important role in transmission or replication. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the predicted protein has some similarity with camelpox virus v-slfn protein, which reduces the virulence of orthopoxviruses in vivo. to investiga ... | 2008 | 18538883 |
| a polymerase chain reaction strategy for the diagnosis of camelpox. | camelpox is a contagious viral skin disease that is mostly seen in young camels. the disease is caused by the camelpox virus (cmlv). in the present study, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay based on the c18l gene (encoding ankyrin repeat protein) and a duplex pcr based on the c18l and dna polymerase (dna pol) genes were developed. the former assay yields a specific amplicon of 243 bp of the c18l gene, whereas the duplex pcr yields 243- and 96-bp products of the c18l and dna pol genes, respe ... | 2009 | 19286503 |
| rapid non-enzymatic extraction method for isolating pcr-quality camelpox virus dna from skin. | molecular diagnostic investigations of orthopoxvirus (opv) infections are performed using a variety of clinical samples including skin lesions, tissues from internal organs, blood and secretions. skin samples are particularly convenient for rapid diagnosis and molecular epidemiological investigations of camelpox virus (cmlv). classical extraction procedures and commercial spin-column-based kits are time consuming, relatively expensive, and require multiple extraction and purification steps in ad ... | 2010 | 20654652 |
| camelpox: epidemiology, diagnosis and control measures. | camelpox is an economically important contagious skin disease of camelids caused by camelpox virus (cmlv) and is characterized by mild local skin infection and less common severe systemic infections. the disease is confined to camel-rearing belts particularly in developing countries and causes economic impact due to considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield. the virus has gained attention from researchers due to its recent emergence with close ... | 2010 | 20954883 |
| zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in india. | this study reports the first conclusive evidence of zoonotic camelpox virus (cmlv) infection in humans associated with outbreaks in dromedarian camels (camelus dromedaries) in northwest region of india during 2009. cmlv infection is usually restricted to camels and causes localised skin lesions but occasionally leads to generalised form of disease. however, the present outbreak involved camel handlers and attendants with clinical manifestations such as papules, vesicles, ulceration and finally s ... | 2011 | 21571451 |
| study of camelpox virus pathogenesis in athymic nude mice. | camelpox virus (cmlv) is the closest known orthopoxvirus genetically related to variola virus. so far, cmlv was restricted to camelids but, recently, three human cases of camelpox have been described in india, highlighting the need to pursue research on its pathogenesis, which has been hampered by the lack of small animal models. here, we confirm that nmri immunocompetent mice are resistant to intranasal (i.n.) cmlv infection. however, we demonstrate that cmlv induced a severe disease following ... | 2011 | 21738709 |
| camelpox virus. | camelpox virus (cmlv) causes a smallpox-like illness in a unique host, the camel. the disease is enzootic in almost all regions where camel husbandry is practiced, and is responsible for severe economic losses. although it is genetically the closest known virus to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, cmlv remains poorly studied. it is characterized by a narrow host range, the capacity to induce giant cells in culture and to counteract host immune defenses; however, the genetic bases a ... | 2011 | 21945248 |
| analgesic, antibacterial and antiviral activities of 2-(5-alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3h-benzo[f]chromen-3-ones. | a novel series of 2-(5-alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3h-benzo[f]chromen-3-ones (4a-e) have been evaluated for analgesic, antibacterial and antiviral activities. analgesic activity was carried out using acetic acid-induced writhing method in swiss albino male mice. the antibacterial activity was performed against gram-positive and gram-negative clinical strains by agar well diffusion method. the in vitro antiviral activity was carried out against camelpox and buffalopox viruses. the analgesic activ ... | 2012 | 23626395 |
| analysis of tk and c18l genes of wild-type and cell culture passaged camelpox virus. | | 2013 | 23913181 |
| golgi anti-apoptotic proteins are highly conserved ion channels that affect apoptosis and cell migration. | golgi anti-apoptotic proteins (gaaps) are multitransmembrane proteins that are expressed in the golgi apparatus and are able to homo-oligomerize. they are highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and are present in some prokaryotes and orthopoxviruses. within eukaryotes, gaaps regulate the ca(2+) content of intracellular stores, inhibit apoptosis, and promote cell adhesion and migration. data presented here demonstrate that purified viral gaaps (vgaaps) and human bax inhibitor 1 form ion channels ... | 2015 | 25713081 |
| camelpox, an emerging orthopox viral disease. | camelpox is considered as emerging public health problem during this decade due to increased reported cases and outbreaks in camels. camelpox is a contagious, often sporadic, and notifiable skin disease of camelids and is socio-economically significant as it incurs considerable loss in terms of morbidity, mortality, loss of weight and reduction in milk yield and confined to camel-rearing countries. the causative agent, camelpox virus (cmlv) is genetically closely related to variola virus and has ... | 2013 | 24426291 |
| taqman based real-time duplex pcr for simultaneous detection and quantitation of capripox and orf virus genomes in clinical samples. | a rapid and sensitive taqman based real-time duplex pcr (drt-pcr) assay for simultaneous detection, differentiation and quantitation of capripoxvirus (capv) and orf virus (orfv) dna, was optimized targeting the highly conserved dna polymerase genes of these virus genomes. two pairs of oligonucleotide primers and two hybridization probes labeled with cy5/bhq1 and hex/bhq1 for capv and orfv, respectively, were used in the drt-pcr assay. the assay was found to be specific only to targeted viruses a ... | 2014 | 24552953 |
| a transversal study on antibodies against selected pathogens in dromedary camels in the canary islands, spain. | the canary islands contain the most important dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) population in the european union and are the main export point of dromedaries to continental europe and latin america. we investigated the presence of antibodies against relevant disease agents in 100 canarian camel sera. selected blood samples of the same animals were also tested by pcr. sera were tested for antibodies against bluetongue virus (btv; 0%), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv; 0%), camelpox virus (c ... | 2013 | 23992795 |
| a novel hrm assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses of medical and veterinary importance. | poxviruses belonging to the orthopoxvirus, capripoxvirus and parapoxvirus genera share common host species and create a challenge for diagnosis. here, we developed a novel multiplex pcr method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eight poxviruses, belonging to three genera: cowpox virus (cpxv) and camelpox virus (cmlv) [genus orthopoxvirus]; goatpox virus (gtpv), sheeppox virus (sppv) and lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) [genus capripoxvirus]; orf virus (orfv), pseudocowpox virus ... | 2017 | 28216667 |
| molecular characterization of camelpox virus isolates from bikaner, india: evidence of its endemicity. | camelpox is an important viral disease of camels, which may produce mild skin lesions or severe systemic infections. camelpox virus (cmlv) isolates retrieved from an incidence of camelpox in camels at bikaner, india were characterized on the basis of genotype and pathotype. histopathological examination of the cmlv scab revealed intracytoplasmic-eosinophilic inclusion bodies. the phylogenetic analysis of all eight cmlv isolates for c18l gene nucleotide sequence revealed its clustering with its s ... | 2017 | 28315306 |
| human and dromedary camel infection with camelpox virus in eastern sudan. | we provide evidence for the zoonotic nature of camelpox virus by reporting infections that involved dromedary camels and three camel herders in showak area of eastern sudan between september and december 2014. the skin lesions in the camel herders consisted of erythema, vesicles, and pustules that involved arms, hands, legs, back, and abdomen and resolved within less than 2 months with no human-to-human transmission. the diagnosis was achieved through molecular technique, virus isolation in cell ... | 2017 | 28055328 |
| genetic characterization of poxviruses in camelus dromedarius in ethiopia, 2011-2014. | camelpox and camel contagious ecthyma are infectious viral diseases of camelids caused by camelpox virus (cmlv) and camel contagious ecthyma virus (ccev), respectively. even though, in ethiopia, pox disease has been creating significant economic losses in camel production, little is known on the responsible pathogens and their genetic diversity. thus, the present study aimed at isolation, identification and genetic characterization of the causative viruses. accordingly, clinical case observation ... | 2016 | 27544702 |
| camelpox: a brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges. | camelpox caused by a camelpox virus (cmlv) is a very important host specific viral disease of camel. it is highly contagious in nature and causes serious impact on health even mortality of camels and economic losses to the camel owners. it manifests itself either in the local/mild or generalized/severe form. various outbreaks of different pathogenicity have been reported from camel dwelling areas of the world. cmlv has been characterized in embryonated chicken eggs with the production of charact ... | 2016 | 26902797 |
| an orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after mers-cov infection in dromedary camels. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic mers-cov introductions from dromedary camels. in addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of mers-cov spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. here we show that a modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) vaccine expressing the mers-cov spike p ... | 2016 | 26678878 |
| genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of host-range genes of camelpox virus isolates from india. | camelpox virus (cmlv), a close variant of variola virus (varv) infects camels worldwide. the zoonotic infections reported from india signify the need to study the host-range genes-responsible for host tropism. we report sequence and phylogenetic analysis of five host-range genes: cytokine response modifier b (crmb), chemokine binding protein (ckbp), viral schlafen-like (v-slfn), myxomavirus t4-like (m-t4-like) and b5r of cmlvs isolated from outbreaks in india. comparative analysis revealed that ... | 2015 | 26396982 |
| multiplex pcr for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary camels. | pox and pox-like diseases of camels are a group of exanthematous skin conditions that have become increasingly important economically. three distinct viruses may cause them: camelpox virus (cmlv), camel parapox virus (cppv) and camelus dromedary papilloma virus (cdpv). these diseases are often difficult to differentiate based on clinical presentation in disease outbreaks. molecular methods such as pcr targeting species-specific genes have been developed and used to identify these diseases, but n ... | 2015 | 26148497 |
| development and evaluation of a live attenuated camelpox vaccine from a local field isolate of the virus. | a strain of camelpox virus (cmlv) isolated in the sudan was attenuated by serial passage in vero cell monolayers for use as a future vaccine strain. the safety and potency of passage 115 virus (designated sudan cmlv/115) was tested. camels inoculated with cmlv/115 showed no clinical disease or skin lesions, developed low-level antibodies and cell-mediated immune response and resisted challenge with virulent wild-type cmlv. field testing of the candidate vaccine showed that the developed vaccine ... | 2014 | 25812207 |
| st-246 is a key antiviral to inhibit the viral f13l phospholipase, one of the essential proteins for orthopoxvirus wrapping. | st-246 is one of the key antivirals being developed to fight orthopoxvirus (opv) infections. its exact mode of action is not completely understood, but it has been reported to interfere with the wrapping of infectious virions, for which f13l (peripheral membrane protein) and b5r (type i glycoprotein) are required. here we monitored the appearance of st-246 resistance to identify its molecular target. | 2015 | 25630650 |
| molecular investigation and cultivation of camelpox virus in iran. | camelpox virus (genus orthopoxvirus, family poxviridae) is the etiologic agent of camel pox. the clinical manifestations of this virus range from inapparent infection to mild, moderate and, less commonly, severe systemic infection and death. following an outbreak of camelpox, samples that were collected from camel flocks suspected to have camelpox in qom province in central iran and khash city, sistan and baluchestan province and south khorasan province in eastern iran were sent to razi vaccine ... | 2014 | 25008899 |
| evaluation of stability of live attenuated camelpox vaccine stabilized with different stabilizers and reconstituted with various diluents. | in this study, thermostability of a vero cell attenuated live camelpox vaccine under conventional lyophilization conditions has been evaluated. three stabilizers were used separately for freeze-drying the vaccine and the stability of the vaccine, both in freeze-dried and reconstituted forms at different temperatures was assessed. the study revealed that the camelpox vaccine lyophilized with taa stabilizer found superior with a shelf life of 44 months, 227 days, 22 days and 20 days at 4, 25, 37 a ... | 2014 | 24657207 |
| prediction of steps in the evolution of variola virus host range. | variola virus, the agent of smallpox, has a severely restricted host range (humans) but a devastatingly high mortality rate. although smallpox has been eradicated by a world health organization vaccination program, knowledge of the evolutionary processes by which human super-pathogens such as variola virus arise is important. by analyzing the evolution of variola and other closely related poxviruses at the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms we detected a hotspot of genome variation within ... | 2014 | 24626337 |
| genome-wide comparison of cowpox viruses reveals a new clade related to variola virus. | zoonotic infections caused by several orthopoxviruses (opv) like monkeypox virus or vaccinia virus have a significant impact on human health. in europe, the number of diagnosed infections with cowpox viruses (cpxv) is increasing in animals as well as in humans. cpxv used to be enzootic in cattle; however, such infections were not being diagnosed over the last decades. instead, individual cases of cowpox are being found in cats or exotic zoo animals that transmit the infection to humans. both ani ... | 2013 | 24312452 |
| kay-2-41, a novel nucleoside analogue inhibitor of orthopoxviruses in vitro and in vivo. | the availability of adequate treatments for poxvirus infections would be valuable not only for human use but also for veterinary use. in the search for novel antiviral agents, a 1'-methyl-substituted 4'-thiothymidine nucleoside, designated kay-2-41, emerged as an efficient inhibitor of poxviruses. in vitro, kay-2-41 was active in the micromolar range against orthopoxviruses (opvs) and against the parapoxvirus orf. the compound preserved its antiviral potency against opvs resistant to the referen ... | 2014 | 24126587 |
| the first isolation and molecular characterization of camelpox virus in ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was conducted from november 2011 to april 2012 in chifra district of afar and in jigjiga zone of somali regional states of ethiopia with the aims of assessing the epidemiology of camelpox and isolate and molecularly characterize the virus. the study included a questionnaire, active disease search and virus isolation and sequencing. a total of 24 (4.50%) and 12 (3.0%) camels in afar and jigjiga respectively were found clinically sick of camelpox during the study period. th ... | 2013 | 23578726 |
| human and viral golgi anti-apoptotic proteins (gaaps) oligomerize via different mechanisms and monomeric gaap inhibits apoptosis and modulates calcium. | golgi anti-apoptotic proteins (gaaps) are hydrophobic proteins resident in membranes of the golgi complex. they protect cells from a range of apoptotic stimuli, reduce the ca(2+) content of intracellular stores, and regulate ca(2+) fluxes. gaap was discovered in camelpox virus, but it is highly conserved throughout evolution and encoded by all eukaryote genomes examined. gaaps are part of the transmembrane bax inhibitor-containing motif (tmbim) family that also includes other anti-apoptotic and ... | 2013 | 23508950 |
| a case of mistaken identity? vaccinia virus in a live camelpox vaccine. | live-attenuated (la), and inactivated adjuvant (ia) camelpox virus (cmlv) vaccines are produced in several countries worldwide. a tissue culture attenuated cmlv isolated (jouf-78) is used to produce an la vaccine in saudi arabia (hafez et al., 1992). dna extracts from the saudi la vaccine were used as positive controls for a routine atip pcr produced fragments longer than 881 bp. pcr-amplified atip sequences were similar to vaccinia virus (vacv) lister strain. pcr and sequence analysis of two ex ... | 2012 | 23068316 |
| generation and characterization of a cowpox virus mutant lacking host range factor cp77. | cowpox virus (cpxv) host range factor cp77 was identified to be required for virus replication in chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, but the underlying molecular mechanism by which cp77 modulates host range has remained unclear. therefore, a cpxvδcp77 deletion mutant was constructed by applying bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) technology. integrity of bac-derived viral dna was confirmed by whole genome sequencing. in vitro growth characteristics of cpxv wild type (wt), bac-derived vcpxv wt ... | 2012 | 22705200 |
| recovery and molecular characterization of live camelpox virus from skin 12 months after onset of clinical signs reveals possible mechanism of virus persistence in herds. | potentially pathogenic orthopoxviruses (opvs) persist in nature and re-emerge for reasons we do not fully understand. new information pertaining to orthopoxvirus (opv) persistence in nature would significantly improve surveillance and control programs. in a recent investigation of a camelpox virus (cmlv) outbreak in eastern saudi arabia, atypical minute pox-like skin lesions (ampl) persisted on 42.9% of convalescent camels (8.8% of herd) for more than a year after the onset of clinical signs. in ... | 2012 | 22595140 |
| development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for specific and rapid detection of camelpox virus in clinical samples. | in this study, development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay based on ankyrin repeat protein gene (c18l) for specific and rapid detection of camelpox virus (cmlv) was carried out. the assay was optimized using viral genomic dna (gdna) extracted from density gradient purified cmlv and standard control recombinant dna plasmid containing the target, which resulted in reliable amplification at 62°c for 60 min. the amplified lamp product was identified by agarose gel electrophore ... | 2012 | 22575686 |
| mutations conferring resistance to viral dna polymerase inhibitors in camelpox virus give different drug-susceptibility profiles in vaccinia virus. | cidofovir or (s)-hpmpc is one of the three antiviral drugs that might be used for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. (s)-hpmpc and its 2,6-diaminopurine counterpart, (s)-hpmpdap, have been described to select, in vitro, for drug resistance mutations in the viral dna polymerase (e9l) gene of vaccinia virus (vacv). here, to extend our knowledge of drug resistance development among orthopoxviruses, we selected, in vitro, camelpox viruses (cmlv) resistant to (s)-hpmpdap and identified a sing ... | 2012 | 22532673 |
| six-transmembrane topology for golgi anti-apoptotic protein (gaap) and bax inhibitor 1 (bi-1) provides model for the transmembrane bax inhibitor-containing motif (tmbim) family. | the golgi anti-apoptotic protein (gaap) is a hydrophobic golgi protein that regulates intracellular calcium fluxes and apoptosis. gaap is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes and some strains of vaccinia virus (vacv) and camelpox virus. based on sequence, phylogeny, and hydrophobicity, gaaps were classified within the transmembrane bax inhibitor-containing motif (tmbim) family. tmbim members are anti-apoptotic and were predicted to have seven-transmembrane domains (tmds). however, topology pre ... | 2012 | 22418439 |
| taqman hydrolysis probe based real time pcr for detection and quantitation of camelpox virus in skin scabs. | the study describes the development of taqman hydrolysis probe based real time pcr (rt-pcr) assay targeting the ankyrin repeat protein (c18l) gene sequences for the detection and quantitation of camelpox virus (cmlv) nucleic acid and its comparison with established conventional and sybr green rt-pcr assays. the assay was specific with an efficiency of 99.4%. the analytical sensitivity was 4 × 10¹ and 0.35 in terms of copy number and picogram of virus genomic dna, respectively. the assay was line ... | 2012 | 22374101 |
| buffalopox. | buffalopox is a contagious viral disease affecting milch buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) and, rarely, cows. the disease has zoonotic implications, as outbreaks are frequently associated with human infections, particularly in the milkers. buffalopox is associated with high morbidity (80%). the clinical symptoms of the disease are characterized by wartline lesions on the udder, teats, inguinal region, base of the ears, and over the parotid. in the severe form, generalized rash is observed. although th ... | 2018 | 29323851 |
| camelid type i interferons: identification and functional characterization of interferon alpha from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel, a key livestock species of the arid, have been limited due to the lack of species-specific reagents. here we describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of type i ifns of dromedary camel, which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses. we cloned camel ifn-α coding sequences and identified a total of eleven subtypes. the canonical ifn-α subtype designated as if ... | 2020 | 32014632 |
| pathological and molecular investigations of systemic form of camelpox in naturally infected adult male dromedary camels in india. | camelpox is a wide-spread infectious viral disease of camelids. an outbreak of camelpox was reported in 15 adult male dromedary camels aged between 10 to 16 years of an organized herd in winter season. the infected camels showed clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lachrymation, pendulous lips, excessive salivation and pock lesions on the skin of head, neck, mouth, lips, extremities, thigh, abdomen, scrotum and inguinal region. mortalities were recorded in three infected camels after 10-12 days of ... | 2021 | 33598582 |