| melanocyte-stimulating hormone--mimetic action of the phenothiazines. | we have compared the melanophore-stimulating action of four phenothiazines, trifluoperazine, perphenazine, chlorpromazine, and prochlorperazine, with alpha-msh on the skin of the lizard anolis carolinensis, using a new rate method of bioassay. the dose-response curves for the phenothiazines were parallel to that of alpha-msh, and when given together alpha-msh and chlorpromazine were additive. the phenothiazines may therefore stimulate melanosome dispersion in the lizard skin by the same mechanis ... | 1978 | 24711 |
| re-introduction and evaluation of an accurate, high capacity bioassay for melanocyte-stimulating hormone using the skin of anolis carolinensis in vitro. | a simple and rapid assay for the quantitative determination of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) activity, using skin fragments of the lizard anolis carolinensis in vitro, is described in detail. this assay, in which a quantal response (e.g. induction of a brownish-green colour) can be detected by visual observation, allows determination of msh activity in up to 50 samples/day by one person, using the skin of one lizard. the mean dose found to induce this colour change was 0-15 ng synthetic a ... | 1975 | 170354 |
| sensitive new in vitro bioassay for melanocyte-stimulating activity using the skin of anolis carolinensis. | an accurate, highly reproducible and sensitive bioassay for melanocyte-stimulating hormone (msh) using the skin of anolis carolinensis in vitro is described. the time taken for green anolis skin fragments to change to a specific, visually assessed, green-brown color is dose-related, and this forms the basis of the new assay. the method is simple to perform, and 1 person may assay 20 samples in a day using the dorsal skin from a single adult lizard. the mean dose-response ranges between 48 x 10(- ... | 1978 | 212484 |
| stimulant effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on action potential activity in pars intermedia cells of the lizard anolis carolinensis: contrasting effects in pars intermedia of rat and rostral pars distalis of fish (alosa pseudoharengus). | | 1979 | 509221 |
| experimental alimentary infection of anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) with mycobacterium ulcerans. | pathogenic mycobacterium ulcerans were recovered from the stool of anole lizards up to 11 days after inoculation by stomach tube. m. ulcerans was isolated from the liver of 3 of 20 lizards and acid fast bacteria were seen in the mucosa of intrahepatic bile ducts in 2 of these 10 weeks post-inoculation. these results provide equivocal support for our hypothesis that herpetofauna are a reservoir of infection with m. ulcerans. | 1976 | 961984 |
| glucagon levels in pancreatic extracts and plasma of the lizard (1). | levels of glucagon in the splenic pancreas and in plasma of the lizard anolis carolinensis were estimated by radioimmunoassay. the splenic pancreas of anolis has a glucagon concentration nearly a 1000 times greater, on a weight basis, than that of the mammalian pancreas. glucagon-like immunoreactivity (gli) of anolian plasma varied over a wide range, but relative to mammals the gli levels were inappropriately elevated for the concentration of plasma glucagon secretion, particularly as related to ... | 1976 | 970344 |
| experimental infection of anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) with mycobacterium ulcerans by the subcutaneous route. | to test whether herpetofauna could be a laboratory model for mycobacterium ulcerans, 21 anole lizards were inoculated subcutaneously with viable m. ulcerans, 21 with autoclaved organisms, and 14 with an aqueous solution of 0.01% tween 80. m. ulcerans was recovered in culture from the slowly progressive lesions which developed at the inoculation site in lizards receiving the viable bacteria. progressive lesions did not occur in the two control groups. three patterns of inflammatory response to vi ... | 1975 | 1155700 |
| choroid plexus, ependyma and arachnoidea express receptors for vitamin d: differences between "seasonal" and "non-seasonal" breeders. | autoradiographic studies with [3h]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 demonstrated nuclear high affinity binding sites (receptors) in epithelial cells of choroid plexus, ependyma and arachnoid in "seasonal" breeders of various vertebrate phyla, namely xiphophorus helleri, hyla crucifer, xenopus laevis, bufo woodhousei, chrysemys scripta, anolis carolinensis, nerodia sipedon and phodopus sungorus, but vitamin d receptors were undetectable in these tissues in non-seasonal breeders, such as zebra finch, labor ... | 1992 | 1329147 |
| lack of effect of trh on alpha-msh release from the neurointermediate lobe of the lizard lacerta vivipara. | thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) is a potent stimulator of melanotropin (alpha-msh) release from pituitary melanotrophs in pig, frog, and fish. concurrently, it has recently been shown that injection of trh induces skin darkening in the lizard anolis carolinensis (licht and denver, 1988). in the present study, we have thus investigated in vitro the possible effect of trh on alpha-msh release from the lizard (lacerta vivipara) neurointermediate lobe, by means of the perifusion technique. using ... | 1992 | 1398012 |
| the fate of hepatozoon species naturally infecting florida black racers and watersnakes in potential mosquito and soft tick vectors, and histological evidence of pathogenicity in unnatural host species. | haemogregarine parasites, derived from the florida snakes coluber constrictor and nerodia fasciata and ingested by aedes aegypti, completed sporogony within the hemocoeles of nearly all fed mosquitoes in 14-18 days, and produced oocysts typical of hepatozoon. however, mortalities and morbidity were high in the culex which had fed on the coluber. oocysts were not found in any ornithodoros turicata (argasidae) which fed upon either snake host, but many sections of fed ticks had gametocyte-like cel ... | 1991 | 1683862 |
| melatonin deacetylation: retinal vertebrate class distribution and xenopus laevis tissue distribution. | deacetylation is a rapid clearance mechanism for ocular melatonin. we have studied the distribution of retinal melatonin deacetylase activity among vertebrate classes. exogenous radiolabeled melatonin is metabolized by ocular tissue prepared from the amphibian xenopus laevis, the reptile anolis carolinensis, the teleost fish carassius auratus, and the bird gallus domesticus. in contrast, we were unable to detect ocular melatonin breakdown in rat or pig. in each species exhibiting ocular melatoni ... | 1991 | 1782560 |
| phosphodiesterase of cone photoreceptors from the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | cone and rod photoreceptors utilize cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cgmp) in the light regulation of membrane polarization. the prototype for visual transduction is established for rod photoreceptors, which utilize a cascade of reactions to regulate a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (pde) (ec 3.1.4.17) and thereby control the intracellular concentration of cgmp. although cones appear to utilize a comparable cgmp cascade for their phototransduction, evidence exists that the pde from cone phot ... | 1991 | 1851207 |
| membrane currents in lizard motor nerve terminals and nodes of ranvier. | presynaptic membrane currents were recorded by external electrodes and nodal membrane currents were obtained by the voltage clamp technique in motor nerve endings and nodes of ranvier of the lizard anolis carolinensis. although of compact shape, lizard motor endings display relatively long terminal branches; they exhibit, in agreement with previous findings in mouse and frog motor terminals, na, ca and k conductances, the latter consisting of a voltage- and a ca-dependent type. lizard nodes of r ... | 1989 | 2622756 |
| [nle4, d-phe7]-alpha-msh: a superpotent melanotropin with prolonged action on vertebrate chromatophores. | the in vitro and in vivo responses of integumental chromatophores to alpha-msh and a related analogue, [nle4, d-phe7] -alpha-msh, were studied in a number of vertebrate species: the teleost, lebistes reticulatus; the amphibians, rana pipiens, r. catesbeiana, xenopus laevis, bufo alvarius, and b. cognatus; the lizard, anolis carolinensis; the rattlesnake, crotalus atrox. the alpha-melanotropin analogue was a superpotent agonist in the in vitro frog (r. pipiens, r. catesbeiana) and lizard (a. caro ... | 1985 | 2859941 |
| involvement of platelet activating factor in physiological stress in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | platelet activating factor (paf) and 1-o-alkyl-linked choline-containing phosphoglycerides have been identified in the blood of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. the level of paf in the blood of chronically stressed lizards is 250% higher than in that of controls; the blood contains sufficient 1-o-alkyl-linked choline-containing phosphoglycerides to support the synthesis of paf. incorporation of paf is higher in the liver than in the blood; control animals incorporate more paf than chronically st ... | 1985 | 2861063 |
| glucosylceramide in the androgen-responsive kidney of the lizard anolis carolinensis. | during the spring breeding season of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, elevated levels of glucosylceramides which contain hydroxy fatty acids are produced in the kidneys of males but not females. hyperproduction of this glycolipid is also induced by testosterone. the testosterone-induced hypertrophy of epithelial cells in the proximal tubules of the mouse kidney seems an analogous phenomenon and an elevated concentration of specific glycolipids in the male mouse kidney has been previo ... | 1986 | 3087291 |
| effects of trh on hormone release from pituitaries of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | the ability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) to stimulate thyrotropin (tsh) from pituitaries of adult male lizards, anolis carolinensis, was tested in vivo and in vitro. tsh output by pituitaries in vitro was determined by bioassay of the incubation medium using in vitro t4 output by thyroids from the same lizards. pituitaries incubated without trh had no detectable tsh secretion during two consecutive (2 or 3 hr) periods of incubation. incubation in 10 or 100 ng/ml trh for 2 or 3 hr signi ... | 1988 | 3138157 |
| vector incrimination and experimental transmission of plasmodium floridense by bites of infected culex (melanoconion) erraticus. | a survey of mosquitoes which are attracted to and readily feed upon lizards in a northcentral florida area where there is a relatively high prevalence of plasmodium floridense in anolis carolinensis was conducted. culex erraticus and cx. territans, collected in lizard-baited traps, readily fed on lizards in the traps and in the laboratory, and the former mosquito species is an experimental vector of plasmodium floridense. sporozoites were observed in the salivary glands from 11 to 14 days at 21- ... | 1987 | 3504906 |
| light-induced phosphorylation of proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | proteins from the all-cone retina of the lizard anolis carolinensis were phosphorylated using [gamma 32p] atp, separated by sds-page and detected by autoradiography. several proteins incorporated 32p. exposure of the retinal homogenates to light brought about a dramatic increase in phosphorylation of the protein(s) with a molecular weight nearly identical to that of rat rhodopsin. it is likely that these proteins are the cone visual pigments, and that they incorporate phosphate when bleached by ... | 1986 | 3771142 |
| comparative studies on the electric nature of amphibian gonadotropin. | the isoelectric focusing (ief) profiles of pituitary gonadotropic (gth) activity in six species of adult male amphibians were examined in addition to the newt and bullfrog. the gth activity was measured by two radioreceptor assay (rra) systems; one with xenopus laevis testicular homogenate as the receptor preparation, and the other with anolis carolinensis testicular homogenate, both employing 125i-labeled rat fsh as the radioligand, or by a radioimmunoassay (ria) system for bullfrog basic gth ( ... | 1985 | 3874809 |
| chromatophores and color change in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1970 | 4193617 |
| gonadotropic activities of the subunits of ovine fsh and lh in the lizard anolis carolinensis. | | 1971 | 5087963 |
| interaction of prolactin and gonadotropins on appetite, growth, and tail regeneration in the lizard, anolis carolinensis. | | 1967 | 6050517 |
| in vitro synthesis of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pars distalis of anolis carolinensis. | in order to investigate the biosynthesis of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pars distalis of anolis carolinensis, explants of pars distali were incubated for 24 hr in a complete medium which contained [3h]tyrosine. acid extracts of the incubates were immunoprecipitated with either an affinity-purified acth antiserum or an affinity-purified beta-endorphin antiserum and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. three distinct peaks of acth-related ma ... | 1984 | 6092211 |
| avian and mammalian vitamin d-dependent calcium binding protein in reptilian nephron. | a calcium binding protein (cabp) with an apparent relative molecular weight of 28,000 was localized in the kidney of anolis carolinensis with antisera directed against vitamin d-dependent cabp from either rat kidney (rrcabp) or chick intestine (cicabp). when extracts of female saurian kidneys were fractionated by gel filtration on sephadex g-100, both calcium binding activity, as measured by the chelex resin assay, and cabp immunoreactivity, as measured by radioimmunoassay for rrcabp, were obser ... | 1984 | 6204907 |
| [half-cys4,half-cys10]-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a cyclic alpha-melanotropin exhibiting superagonist biological activity. | alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-melanotropin; alpha-msh) is a linear tridecapeptide (ac-ser-tyr-ser-met-glu-his-phe-arg-trp-gly-lys-pro-val-nh2) that reversibly darkens amphibian skins by stimulating melanomsome (pigment granule) dispersion within melanophores. by using a number of in vitro melanocyte assays, we have examined the conformational requirements for alpha-msh activity. synthesis of [half-cys4,half-cys10]-alpha-msh, a cyclic, conformationally restricted, "isosteric" analog ... | 1982 | 6281785 |
| localization of multiple forms of acth- and beta-endorphin-related substances in the pituitary of the reptile, anolis carolinensis. | immunohistochemical studies on the pituitary of anolis carolinensis detected acth-like, beta-endorphin-like, and 16k fragment-like immunoreactivity in distinct clusters of cells in the anterior lobe; acth-like, alpha msh-like, beta-endorphin-like, and 16k fragment-like immunoreactivity was detected in all the cells of the intermediate lobe. crude acid extracts of both lobes, when analyzed by radioimmunoassay, gave displacement curves in acth and beta-endorphin assays which were parallel to the a ... | 1982 | 6300807 |
| comparative biological activities of potent active-site analogues of alpha-melanotropin. effect of tyrosine substitution at position-4. | we have prepared several alpha-melanotropin (alpha-msh) analogues with tyrosine substituted for methionine at the 4-position and determined their melanotropic activities on the frog (rana pipiens), lizard (anolis carolinensis) and s-91 (cloudman) mouse melanoma adenylate cyclase bioassays. the potencies of ac-[tyr4]-alpha-msh4-10-nh2 and ac-[tyr4]-alpha-msh4-11-nh2 were compared with alpha-msh and with their corresponding methionine and norleucine substituted analogues. the tyr-4 analogues were ... | 1984 | 6332085 |
| corticotropin-releasing factor (crf)-like immunoreactivity in the vertebrate endocrine pancreas. | the light microscopic immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) is described in the endocrine pancreas of several species representing the major classes of vertebrates: fishes (channel catfish, ictalurus punctatus), amphibians (african clawed toad, xenopus laevis), reptiles (chameleon, anolis carolinensis), birds (chicken, gallus domesticus), and several mammals (rat, mouse, cat, rhesus monkey, and man). the crf-containing cells are scattered over the entire islet t ... | 1983 | 6340106 |
| biosynthesis of a proinsulin-like molecule in the pancreas of a lizard. | the biosynthesis of insulin, in particular the occurrence of a proinsulin-like molecule (pilm), in the pancreas of the green anole, anolis carolinensis, was investigated. the laboratory rat was used for comparison and validation of the procedures. anolian pancreases were incubated in vitro with radiolabeled leucine or proline. radioactivity incorporated into the acidic ethanol-soluble (aes) phase increased in an essentially linear manner with time. selective incorporation of labeled amino acids ... | 1983 | 6352401 |
| possible polypeptide synthesis following injection of balanced but incomplete amino acid mixes into lizards. | the rate of disappearance of carcass-free amino acids following and injection of a mixture of the composition of fish muscle was compared with the rate seen after giving the same mix minus three essential amino acids in one series of experiments, and minus five amino acids in another series. the experimental animal was a 3.5 g lizard (anolis carolinensis) whose metabolic rate is about equal to man's. lizards were injected with one of the mixes, at intervals some were killed and homogenized, and ... | 1981 | 7241234 |
| paralogous origin of the rhodopsinlike opsin genes in lizards. | rhodopsinlike opsins constitute a distinct phylogenetic group (yokoyama 1994, mol. biol. evol. 11:32-39). this rh2 group includes the green-sensitive opsins in chicken and goldfish and the blue-sensitive opsin in a nocturnal lizard gecko. in the present study, we isolated and sequenced the genomic dna clones for the rh2 opsin gene, rh2ac, of the diurnal lizard anolis carolinensis. this single-copy gene spans 18.3 kb from start to stop codons, making it the longest opsin gene known in vertebrates ... | 1995 | 7643409 |
| cloning of the rhodopsin-encoding gene from the rod-less lizard anolis carolinensis. | the rhodopsin (rh) of the lizard anolis carolinensis has only been detected in the pineal gland which controls circadian rhythms [foster et al., j. comp. physiol. (1993) 33-45]. in the present study, we isolated and sequenced a genomic dna clone for the a. carolinensis rh gene. the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence revealed six a. carolinensis-specific replacements in conserved aa residues among vertebrate rhs. four out of these six replacements (s22n, n199h, e232a and t319m) reside outside the t ... | 1994 | 7959000 |
| immature ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) parasitizing lizards from the southeastern u.s.a. | preserved museum specimens of 13 lizard and 3 snake species common in the southeastern u.s.a. were examined for immature ixodes scapularis say ticks. five eumeces and 4 ophisaurus lizard species yielded an infestation prevalence of 17.8% for species of eumeces and 29.0% for species of ophisaurus. mean intensity of larvae and nymphs was 7.1 and 2.7, respectively, for species of eumeces, and 6.3 and 1.4, respectively, for species of ophisaurus. collection dates of the lizards ranged from january t ... | 1993 | 8410539 |
| lactate and glucose metabolism in mouse (mus musculus) and reptile (anolis carolinensis) skeletal muscle. | the reliance on anaerobic metabolism during exercise in lizards has been the subject of a growing body of literature in activity metabolism. prior studies have demonstrated that lizards rely more on postexercise lactate to regenerate depleted glycogen stores than do many mammals. these studies prompted an in vitro comparison between the metabolic mechanisms for the handling of lactate and glucose in the muscles of a small mammal and lizard. hindlimb muscles of mus and anolis were stimulated to f ... | 1993 | 8457001 |
| molecular characterization of the red visual pigment gene of the american chameleon (anolis carolinensis). | the red sensitive visual pigment of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis, is unique in having absorption maximum some 50 nm further into the red than any other terrestrial vertebrate examined. we report here the isolation and sequence determination of the genomic dna clone for the anolis red visual pigment gene. phylogenetic analysis shows that this gene is most closely related to the gecko green and chicken red visual pigment genes. we identified nine anolis-specific amino acid replaceme ... | 1993 | 8500618 |
| molecular differentiation of two new world saurian plasmodium species in different host species using the polymerase chain reaction. | several isolates of plasmodium floridense obtained from naturally infected anolis carolinensis and anolis sagrei, and 2 isolates of plasmodium chiricahuae obtained from sceloporus jarrovi were characterized at the ribosomal dna (rdna) locus using the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. enzymatic amplification of the rdna locus from both plasmodium species resulted in the generation of a 590-base pair (bp) dna fragment. the results obtained with all isolates of p. floridens ... | 1996 | 8604124 |
| reservoir competence of the southeastern five-lined skink (eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (anolis carolinensis) for borrelia burgdorferi. | the reservoir competence of two lizard species, the southeastern five-lined skink (eumeces inexpectatus) and the green anole (anolis carolinesis), for borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated. skinks and anoles were exposed by needle inoculation or tick bite to b. burgdorferi. xenodiagnosis with larval ixodes scapularis and culture of tissues were used to asses infection and the ability of infected lizards to infect attached ticks. both lizard species were susceptible to b. burgdorferi by both routes ... | 1996 | 8651379 |
| phylogenetic relationships among short wavelength-sensitive opsins of american chameleon (anolis carolinensis) and other vertebrates. | the vertebrate opsins have been classified into four major phylogenetic groups. one of them, a short wavelength-sensitive (sws) opsin group, is further divided into two subgroups, sws-i and sws-ii, having the wavelengths of maximal absorption of about 420 and 450 nm, respectively. here we report the dna sequences of the sws-i and sws-ii genes from the lizard anolis carolinensis. the shorter wavelengths of absorption by the two sws subgroup opsins seem to be achieved by different sets of amino ac ... | 1996 | 8917783 |
| expression of visual and nonvisual opsins in american chameleon. | we previously characterized five visual opsin genes of american chameleon (anolis carolinensis). here we report its nonvisual opsin gene orthologous to the chicken pineal gland-specific opsin (p-opsin) gene. in the pure-cone american chameleon retina, all visual opsins including rod opsin are expressed. in both pineal and parietal eye, three visual opsins as well as p-opsin are expressed. although opsins are detected in the pineal glands of a wide variety of vertebrates, southern analysis sugges ... | 1997 | 9274772 |
| immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is detected only in the form of chicken gnrh-ii within the brain of the green anole, anolis carolinensis. | the presence of multiple forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) within a single brain is common among vertebrate species. in previous studies of reptiles, two forms of gnrh were isolated from the brain of alligators and the primary structure was determined to be that of chicken (c)gnrh-i and cgnrh-ii. gnrh has also been detected by indirect methods in other reptiles including turtles, lizards, and snakes. we used a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimm ... | 1997 | 9356220 |
| effects of serotonergic drugs on lateralized aggression and aggressive displays in anolis carolinensis. | previous work demonstrated that the brains of many reptiles, including the american chameleon anolis carolinensis (a. carolinensis), are functionally 'split'. because the left eye in this species projects predominantly to the right hemisphere, and vice versa, inferences about lateralized brain functioning can be made in a. carolinensis by observation of eye use during behavioral encounters. using this model, past work suggested that territorial aggression in anolis is under the preferential cont ... | 1998 | 9806442 |
| identification of renal podocytes in multiple species: higher vertebrates are vimentin positive/lower vertebrates are desmin positive. | we sought to characterize podocytes in the kidneys of numerous species from amphibians to mammals because of the pivotal function of these cells in renal diseases. for this purpose, intermediate filament (if) proteins of podocytes were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against vimentin, cytokeratins, and desmin. these staining patterns were then compared to those of parietal cells of bowman's capsule and tubular cells of the first portion of the proximal tubule from the ... | 1999 | 10090571 |
| the molecular genetics of red and green color vision in mammals. | to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of red-green color vision in mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the red and green opsin cdnas of cat (felis catus), horse (equus caballus), gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and guinea pig (cavia porcellus). these opsins were expressed in cos1 cells and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. the purified visual pigments of the cat, horse, squirrel, deer, and guinea pig have lambdamax values at 553, 545, 532, 531 ... | 1999 | 10511567 |
| differential binding affinities of pcbs, ho-pcbs, and aroclors with recombinant human, rainbow trout (onchorhynkiss mykiss), and green anole (anolis carolinensis) estrogen receptors, using a semi-high throughput competitive binding assay. | a comparative study was undertaken to assess the ability of 44 polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), 9 hydroxylated pcbs (ho-pcbs), and 8 aroclors at concentrations ranging from 1 nm to 10 microm to compete with [3h]17beta-estradiol (e2) for binding to bacterially expressed fusion proteins using a semi-high throughput competitive-binding assay. the fusion proteins consisted of the d, e, and f domains of human (alpha), cloned reptilian (anolis carolinensis) and recloned rainbow trout (onchorhynkiss m ... | 2000 | 10696781 |
| differential estrogen receptor binding of estrogenic substances: a species comparison. | the study investigated the ability of 34 natural and synthetic chemicals to compete with [3h]17beta-estradiol (e2) for binding to bacterially expressed glutathione-s-transferase (gst)-estrogen receptors (er) fusion proteins from five different species. fusion proteins consisted of the er d, e and f domains of human alpha (gst-heralphadef), mouse alpha (gst-meralphadef), chicken (gst-cerdef), green anole (gst-aerdef) and rainbow trout ers (gst-rterdef). all five fusion proteins displayed high aff ... | 2000 | 11162928 |
| non-ltr retrotransposons encoding a restriction enzyme-like endonuclease in vertebrates. | all autonomous non-long terminal repeat (non-ltr) retrotransposons reported to date in vertebrates encode an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-like enzyme necessary for target sequence cleavage and subsequent target-primed reverse transcription. we describe here vertebrate non-ltr retrotransposons encoding another type of endonuclease more related to type iis restriction enzymes. such retrotransposons have been detected until now only in trypanosomes, nematodes, and arthropods. the retrotranspo ... | 2001 | 11343131 |
| resistance of a lizard (the green anole, anolis carolinensis; polychridae) to ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression. | the green anole (anolis carolinensis) is the most northerly distributed of its neotropical genus. this lizard avoids a winter hibernation phase by the use of sun basking behaviors. inevitably, this species is exposed to high doses of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (uvr). increases in terrestrial ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation secondary to stratospheric ozone depletion and habitat perturbation potentially place this species at risk of uvr-induced immunosuppression. daily exposure to subinfla ... | 2001 | 11460536 |
| the molecular genetics and evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. | to better understand the evolution of red-green color vision in vertebrates, we inferred the amino acid sequences of the ancestral pigments of 11 selected visual pigments: the lws pigments of cave fish (astyanax fasciatus), frog (xenopus laevis), chicken (gallus gallus), chameleon (anolis carolinensis), goat (capra hircus), and human (homo sapiens);and the mws pigments of cave fish, gecko (gekko gekko), mouse (mus musculus), squirrel (sciurus carolinensis), and human. we constructed these ancest ... | 2001 | 11545071 |
| seasonal and sexual dimorphisms in the green anole forebrain. | during the breeding season, male green anole lizards extend a throat fan (dewlap) in courtship. this behavior is facilitated by testosterone (t). females extend a much smaller dewlap less often, even with the same dose of t. during the nonbreeding season when t is low, dewlap extension is reduced. to determine if parallels exist between structure and function, we investigated neuron soma size and density in the preoptic area (poa) and ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala (amy), which are involve ... | 2002 | 12018934 |
| ability of structurally diverse natural products and synthetic chemicals to induce gene expression mediated by estrogen receptors from various species. | the ability of 14 structurally diverse estrogenic compounds to induce reporter gene expression mediated by estrogen receptors (ers) from different species was examined. mcf-7 cells were transiently transfected with a gal4-regulated luciferase reporter gene (17m5-g-luc) and gal4-er chimeric receptors containing the d, e and f domains of the human alpha (gal4-heralphadef), mouse alpha (gal4-meralphadef), mouse beta (gal4-merbetadef), chicken (gal4-ceralphadef), green anole (gal4-aeralphadef), xeno ... | 2002 | 12477484 |
| basal ganglia systems in ritualistic social displays: reptiles and humans; function and illness. | complex, situation-specific territorial maintenance routines are similar across living terrestrial vertebrates (=amniotes). decades ago, paul maclean et al., at the laboratory of brain evolution and behavior of the national institute of mental health, postulated that these are evolutionarily conserved behaviors whose expression is mediated by the similarly conserved amniote basal ganglia and related brain systems (bg systems). therefore, they undertook studies in nonhuman primates and in small s ... | 2003 | 12954439 |
| seasonal plasticity in the copulatory neuromuscular system of green anole lizards: a role for testosterone in muscle but not motoneuron morphology. | the copulatory system of green anoles is highly sexually dimorphic. males possess bilateral copulatory organs called hemipenes, each independently controlled by two muscles: the transversus penis (tpn) and retractor penis magnus (rpm). the tpn everts the hemipene through the cloaca and the rpm retracts it. adult females do not possess hemipenes or either of these two muscles. the spinal nucleus projecting to the tpn and rpm contains more and larger motoneurons in males than females. because anol ... | 2004 | 15188267 |
| courtship and copulation in the adult male green anole: effects of season, hormone and female contact on reproductive behavior and morphology. | interactions among reproductive season, testosterone (t) and female presence were investigated on the structure and function of forebrain and neuromuscular systems controlling courtship and copulation in the green anole lizard. under breeding (bs) or non-breeding (nbs) environmental conditions, male green anoles were implanted with either t or blank capsules and exposed to one of three female stimulus conditions: physical, visual or no female contact. t and at least visual exposure to females in ... | 2007 | 17174414 |
| phylogenomic investigation of cr1 line diversity in reptiles. | it is unlikely that taxonomically diverse phylogenetic studies will be completed rapidly in the near future for nonmodel organisms on a whole-genome basis. however, one approach to advancing the field of "phylogenomics" is to estimate the structure of poorly known genomes by mining libraries of clones from suites of taxa, rather than from single species. the present analysis adopts this approach by taking advantage of megabase-scale end-sequence scanning of reptilian genomic clones to characteri ... | 2006 | 17345672 |
| mesocestoides lineatus (goeze, 1782) (mesocestoididae): new data on sperm ultrastructure. | spermiogenesis and the ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoon of mesocestoides lineatus are described by means of transmission electron microscopy, including cytochemical analysis for glycogen. materials were obtained from a golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) after experimental infection with tetrathyridia metacestodes obtained from naturally infected lizards (anolis carolinensis) from louisiana. spermiogenesis in m. lineatus is characterized by the orthogonal growth of a free flagell ... | 2007 | 17626346 |
| effects of season, testosterone and female exposure on c-fos expression in the preoptic area and amygdala of male green anoles. | expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos, was used to investigate changes in neuronal activity in forebrain regions involved in male sexual behavior following social, hormonal and/or seasonal manipulations in the male green anole. these factors all influence behavior, yet it is unclear how they interact to modify neuronal activity in forebrain regions, including the preoptic area (poa) and ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala (amy). these regions are involved in the display of sexual behavi ... | 2007 | 17673187 |
| classical androgen receptors in non-classical sites in the brain. | androgen receptors are expressed in many different neuronal populations in the central nervous system where they often act as transcription factors in the cell nucleus. however, recent studies have detected androgen receptor immunoreactivity in neuronal and glial processes of the adult rat neocortex, hippocampal formation, and amygdala as well as in the telencephalon of eastern fence and green anole lizards. this review discusses previously published findings on extranuclear androgen receptors, ... | 2008 | 18402960 |
| sex and seasonal differences in morphology of limbic forebrain nuclei in the green anole lizard. | sex and seasonal differences in the brain occur in many species and are often related to behavioral expression. for example, morphology of limbic regions involved in male sex behavior are larger in males than in females, and sometimes are larger in the breeding than non-breeding season. morphology can often be altered in adulthood by manipulating levels of steroid hormones. in untreated green anole lizards, previous work indicated that neuron soma size and density did not differ between the sexe ... | 2008 | 18598684 |
| comparison of arginine vasotocin immunoreactivity differences in dominant and subordinate green anole lizards. | the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (avt) and its mammalian homologue arginine vasopressin (avp) are believed to be involved in many social behaviors including territorial aggression. testosterone (t) is also important for controlling territorial aggression, and it is believed to be involved in modulating avt/avp levels in the brain. in this study, male anolis carolinensis were paired (n=11 pairs) in a neutral cage and were allowed to establish a dominant-subordinate relationship for 10 days (ex ... | 2009 | 18835286 |
| identification of reptilian genes encoding hair keratin-like proteins suggests a new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair. | the appearance of hair is one of the main evolutionary innovations in the amniote lineage leading to mammals. the main components of mammalian hair are cysteine-rich type i and type ii keratins, also known as hard alpha-keratins or "hair keratins." to determine the evolutionary history of these important structural proteins, we compared the genomic loci of the human hair keratin genes with the homologous loci of the chicken and of the green anole lizard anolis carolinenis. the genome of the chic ... | 2008 | 19001262 |
| hormonal response of male green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) to gnrh challenge. | circulating plasma levels of testosterone often differ among social classes of sexually mature males within a population, but the general physiological mechanisms underlying such differences remain unclear. within sexually mature male green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis), smaller "lightweight" males have on average relatively smaller heads, lower bite-forces, and lower testosterone levels compared with larger "heavyweight" males. we conducted gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) challenges ... | 2009 | 19012286 |
| morphology and estrogen receptor alpha mrna expression in the developing green anole forebrain. | sex differences in forebrain morphology arise during development and are often linked to hormonal changes. these dimorphisms frequently occur in regions related to reproductive behaviors. little is known about the normal ontogeny of reproductive nuclei in the green anole lizard, including whether steroid hormones influence their development. to address this issue, brain region volume, cell density, soma size, and estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha) mrna expression were characterized in the preopti ... | 2009 | 19065643 |
| patterns of infection of the lizard malaria parasite, plasmodium floridense, in invasive brown anoles (anolis sagrei) in southwestern florida. | plasmodium floridense is a saurian malaria parasite common in the anolis lizards of the northern caribbean islands and the se usa. in the latter area, it is found in two native lizards (sceloporus undulatus and anolis carolinensis) and in the introduced anolis sagrei, which is native to cuba. we measured parasite prevalence and parasitemia in the introduced anole at a single site in north port, florida over 5 years. prevalence, based on microscopic examination of blood smears, was high year-roun ... | 2009 | 19085004 |
| kisspeptin-like immunoreactive neuron distribution in the green anole (anolis carolinensis). | kisspeptins are a recently identified class of neuropeptides belonging to the rfamide peptide family. despite growing evidence supporting kisspeptin as a key regulator of reproduction, data addressing whether kisspeptin is a conserved reproductive signal are lacking. we investigated the distribution of kisspeptin in adult green anole lizards (anolis carolinensis) via immunohistochemistry. additionally, we examined the possibility of a sexual dimorphism in kisspeptin expression. kisspeptin immuno ... | 2009 | 19420914 |
| homologue of mammalian apolipoprotein a-ii in non-mammalian vertebrates. | although apolipoprotein with molecular weight 14 kda (apo-14 kda) is associated with fish plasma high-density lipoproteins (hdls), it remains to be determined whether apo-14 kda is the homologue of mammalian apoa-ii. we have obtained the full cdna sequences that encode japanese eel and rainbow trout apo-14 kda. homologues of japanese eel apo-14 kda sequence could be found in 14 fish species deposited in the ddbj/embl/genbank or tgi database. fish apo-14 kda lacks propeptide and contains more int ... | 2009 | 19430701 |
| sexually dimorphic estrogen receptor alpha mrna expression in the preoptic area and ventromedial hypothalamus of green anole lizards. | estradiol (e2) is important in activation of male reproductive behaviors, and masculinizes morphology of associated brain regions in a number of mammalian and avian species. in contrast, it is testosterone, rather than its metabolites, that is the most potent activator of male sexual behavior in green anole lizards. as in other vertebrate groups, however, e2 is critical for receptivity in females of this species. aromatase, the enzyme which converts testosterone to e2, is more active in the male ... | 2009 | 19470372 |
| a bacterial artificial chromosome library for the australian saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) and its utilization in gene isolation and genome characterization. | crocodilians (order crocodylia) are an ancient vertebrate group of tremendous ecological, social, and evolutionary importance. they are the only extant reptilian members of archosauria, a monophyletic group that also includes birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. consequently, crocodilian genomes represent a gateway through which the molecular evolution of avian lineages can be explored. to facilitate comparative genomics within crocodylia and between crocodilians and other archosaurs, we have const ... | 2009 | 19607660 |
| expression of igm, igd, and igy in a reptile, anolis carolinensis. | the reptiles are the last major group of jawed vertebrates in which the organization of the igh locus and its encoded ig h chain isotypes have not been well characterized. in this study, we show that the green anole lizard (anolis carolinensis) expresses three ig h chain isotypes (igm, igd, and igy) but no iga. the presence of the delta gene in the lizard demonstrates an evolutionary continuity of igd from fishes to mammals. although the germline delta gene contains 11 c(h) exons, only the first ... | 2009 | 19717516 |
| reptilian heart development and the molecular basis of cardiac chamber evolution. | the emergence of terrestrial life witnessed the need for more sophisticated circulatory systems. this has evolved in birds, mammals and crocodilians into complete septation of the heart into left and right sides, allowing separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems, a key requirement for the evolution of endothermy. however, the evolution of the amniote heart is poorly understood. reptilian hearts have been the subject of debate in the context of the evolution of cardiac septation: do th ... | 2009 | 19727199 |
| a comparison of reptilian and avian olfactory receptor gene repertoires: species-specific expansion of group gamma genes in birds. | the detection of odorants is mediated by olfactory receptors (ors). ors are g-protein coupled receptors that form a remarkably large protein superfamily in vertebrate genomes. we used data that became available through recent sequencing efforts of reptilian and avian genomes to identify the complete or gene repertoires in a lizard, the green anole (anolis carolinensis), and in two birds, the chicken (gallus gallus) and the zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata). | 2009 | 19772566 |
| lineage-specific patterns of functional diversification in the alpha- and beta-globin gene families of tetrapod vertebrates. | the alpha- and beta-globin gene families of jawed vertebrates have diversified with respect to both gene function and the developmental timing of gene expression. phylogenetic reconstructions of globin gene family evolution have provided suggestive evidence that the developmental regulation of hemoglobin synthesis has evolved independently in multiple vertebrate lineages. for example, the embryonic beta-like globin genes of birds and placental mammals are not 1:1 orthologs. despite the similarit ... | 2010 | 20047955 |
| secretion by the nasal salt glands of two insectivorous lizard species is initiated by an ecologically relevant dietary ion, chloride. | salt glands are used by some vertebrates to excrete hyperosmotic nacl or kcl solutions in response to dietary salt loads. control of secretion varies across taxa; some secrete in response to osmotic challenges while others secrete in response to specific dietary ions. we hypothesized that differences in control could be related to different diet-related selective pressures on herbivorous, marine, and insectivorous species. we studied control of secretion and flexibility of cation (sodium or pota ... | 2010 | 20623801 |
| aromatase mrna in the brain of adult green anole lizards: effects of sex and season. | neural testosterone metabolism, particularly the synthesis of oestradiol (e(2)) via the aromatase enzyme, is important for sexual behaviours in many vertebrates. in green anole lizards, e(2) metabolised from testosterone facilitates female receptivity and increases sexual motivation in males. testosterone treatment increases aromatase activity in the whole brain homogenates of gonadectomised male, but not female, anoles, which is an effect limited to the breeding season (bs). to investigate the ... | 2011 | 21121975 |
| cytochrome p450 cyp2 genes in the common cormorant: evolutionary relationships with 130 diapsid cyp2 clan sequences and chemical effects on their expression. | cytochrome p450 cyp2 family enzymes are important in a variety of physiological and toxicological processes. cyp2 genes are highly diverse and orthologous relationships remain clouded among cyp2s in different taxa. sequence and expression analyses of cyp2 genes in diapsids including birds and reptiles may improve understanding of this cyp family. we sought cyp2 genes in a liver cdna library of the common cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo), and in the genomes of other diapsids, chicken (gallus gallu ... | 2010 | 21130899 |
| reptiles and mammals have differentially retained long conserved noncoding sequences from the amniote ancestor. | many noncoding regions of genomes appear to be essential to genome function. conservation of large numbers of noncoding sequences has been reported repeatedly among mammals but not thus far among birds and reptiles. by searching genomes of chicken (gallus gallus), zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata), and green anole (anolis carolinensis), we quantified the conservation among birds and reptiles and across amniotes of long, conserved noncoding sequences (lcns), which we define as sequences ≥500 bp i ... | 2010 | 21183607 |
| a novel disulfide-rich protein motif from avian eggshell membranes. | under the shell of a chicken egg are two opposed proteinaceous disulfide-rich membranes. they are fabricated in the avian oviduct using fibers formed from proteins that are extensively coupled by irreversible lysine-derived crosslinks. the intractability of these eggshell membranes (esm) has slowed their characterization and their protein composition remains uncertain. in this work, reductive alkylation of esm followed by proteolytic digestion led to the identification of a cysteine rich esm pro ... | 2011 | 21479176 |
| elevated evolutionary rates among functionally diverged reproductive genes across deep vertebrate lineages. | among closely related taxa, proteins involved in reproduction generally evolve more rapidly than other proteins. here, we apply a functional and comparative genomics approach to compare functional divergence across a deep phylogenetic array of egg-laying and live-bearing vertebrate taxa. we aligned and annotated a set of 4,986 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 orthologs in anolis carolinensis (green lizard), danio rerio (zebrafish), xenopus tropicalis (frog), gallus gallus (chicken), and mus musculus (mouse) ac ... | 2011 | 21811675 |
| the anolis lizard genome: an amniote genome without isochores. | isochores are large regions of relatively homogeneous nucleotide composition and are present in the genomes of all mammals and birds that have been sequenced to date. the newly sequenced genome of anolis carolinensis provides the first opportunity to quantify isochore structure in a non-avian reptile. we find anolis to have the most compositionally homogeneous genome of all amniotes sequenced thus far, a homogeneity exceeding that for the frogxenopus. based on a bayesian algorithm, anolis has sm ... | 2011 | 21795750 |
| the genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals. | the evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments. among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals and birds, but not for non-avian reptiles. here we report the genome sequence of the north american green anole lizard, anolis carolinensis. we find that a. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chic ... | 2011 | 21881562 |
| somitogenesis in the anole lizard and alligator reveals evolutionary convergence and divergence in the amniote segmentation clock. | the axial skeleton is a defining feature of vertebrates and is patterned during somitogenesis. cyclically expressed members of the notch and other signaling pathways, described as the 'segmentation clock', regulate the formation of somite boundaries. comparisons among vertebrate model systems have revealed fundamental shifts in the regulation of expression among critical genes in the notch pathway. however, insights into the evolution of these expression differences have been limited by the lack ... | 2011 | 22178152 |
| aerial righting reflexes in flightless animals. | animals that fall upside down typically engage in an aerial righting response so as to reorient dorsoventrally. this behavior can be preparatory to gliding or other controlled aerial behaviors and is ultimately necessary for a successful landing. aerial righting reflexes have been described historically in various mammals such as cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, and primates. the mechanisms whereby such righting can be accomplished depend on the size of the animal and on anatomical features ass ... | 2011 | 21930662 |
| Evolutionary genomics implies a specific function of Ant4 in mammalian and anole lizard male germ cells. | Most vertebrates have three paralogous genes with identical intron-exon structures and a high degree of sequence identity that encode mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) proteins, Ant1 (Slc25a4), Ant2 (Slc25a5) and Ant3 (Slc25a6). Recently, we and others identified a fourth mammalian Ant paralog, Ant4 (Slc25a31), with a distinct intron-exon structure and a lower degree of sequence identity. Ant4 was expressed selectively in testis and sperm in adult mammals and was indeed essentia ... | 2011 | 21858006 |
| catecholaminergic cells and fibers in the brain of the lizard anolis carolinensis identified by traditional as well as whole-mount immunohistochemistry. | using traditional as well as whole-mount immunohistochemistry, we described the location of tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine beta hydroxylase-positive cells and fibers in the brain of the lizard anolis carolinensis. major catecholaminergic cell groups were in the ependyma in certain ventricular regions, along the periventricular floor in the preoptic region, within the anterior hypothalamic and lateral hypothalamic areas, and in the mesencephalic tegmental region, locus coeruleus, nucleus of t ... | 2006 | 1360335 |
| calcium-dependent irreversible effect of ionophore a23187 on melanophores. | the calcium ionophore, a231187, induces a ca2+ -dependent movement (dispersion) of melanosomes within skin melanophores of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, in vitro. the effects of a23187 are irreversible, since after repeated rinsing of the skins in the absence of the ionophore they will always darken in ringer containing ca2+ but will immediately lighten when transferred to ca2+ -free ringer. these results suggest that the ionophore is irreversibly localized to the melanophore membrane and tha ... | 2010 | 2853342 |
| gonadotropin-induced ovulation in a reptile (anolis carolinensis): histological observations. | although much is known about morphological changes in the apex of the mammalian ovarian follicle prior to its rupture (ovulation), information about this process in nonmammalian vertebrates is limited to only a few species. we describe here the histological changes in the stigma of the lizard (anolis carolinensis) ovarian follicle preceding fsh-induced ovulation. females with a large vitellogenic follicle received two injections, separated by 7 hr, of either porcine fsh (25 micrograms) or saline ... | 2011 | 3143617 |
| 3h-estradiol, 3h-testosterone and 3h-dihydrotestosterone localization in the brain of the lizard anolis carolinensis: an autoradiographic study. | the presence and the neuroanatomical topography of sex hormone concentrating cells in the brain of the american chameleon, anolis carolinensis have been demonstrated by these experiments. after 3h-estradiol administration large numbers of hormone concentrating cells were found in the amygdala, septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. in addition, labelled cells were found in the torus semici ... | 1998 | 500856 |
| identification of ionic currents at presynaptic nerve endings of the lizard. | 1. ionic currents associated with the invasion of an action potential into the motor nerve ending of the lizard, anolis carolinensis, were measured with a focal extracellular electrode at several locations along the nerve ending. 2. these experimentally observed currents could be matched with computer simulations of action potential propagation into the nerve ending. they revealed that while na+ channels are the major ionic current pathway in the heminode, k+ channels provide the major pathway i ... | 2008 | 2575161 |
| reptile toll-like receptor 5 unveils adaptive evolution of bacterial flagellin recognition. | toll-like receptors (tlr) are ancient innate immune receptors crucial for immune homeostasis and protection against infection. tlrs are present in mammals, birds, amphibians and fish but have not been functionally characterized in reptiles despite the central position of this animal class in vertebrate evolution. here we report the cloning, characterization, and function of tlr5 of the reptile anolis carolinensis (green anole lizard). the receptor (actlr5) displays the typical tlr protein archit ... | 2016 | 26738735 |
| a comprehensive analysis of the phylogeny, genomic organization and expression of immunoglobulin light chain genes in alligator sinensis, an endangered reptile species. | crocodilians are evolutionarily distinct reptiles that are distantly related to lizards and are thought to be the closest relatives of birds. compared with birds and mammals, few studies have investigated the ig light chain of crocodilians. here, employing an alligator sinensis genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) library and available genome data, we characterized the genomic organization of the alligator sinensis igl gene loci. the alligator sinensis has two igl isotypes, λ and κ, the ... | 2016 | 26901135 |
| biased gene conversion and gc-content evolution in the coding sequences of reptiles and vertebrates. | mammalian and avian genomes are characterized by a substantial spatial heterogeneity of gc-content, which is often interpreted as reflecting the effect of local gc-biased gene conversion (gbgc), a meiotic repair bias that favors g and c over a and t alleles in high-recombining genomic regions. surprisingly, the first fully sequenced nonavian sauropsid (i.e., reptile), the green anole anolis carolinensis, revealed a highly homogeneous genomic gc-content landscape, suggesting the possibility that ... | 2014 | 25527834 |
| the xenopus alcohol dehydrogenase gene family: characterization and comparative analysis incorporating amphibian and reptilian genomes. | the alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) gene family uniquely illustrates the concept of enzymogenesis. in vertebrates, tandem duplications gave rise to a multiplicity of forms that have been classified in eight enzyme classes, according to primary structure and function. some of these classes appear to be exclusive of particular organisms, such as the frog adh8, a unique nadp+-dependent adh enzyme. this work describes the adh system of xenopus, as a model organism, and explores the first amphibian and r ... | 2014 | 24649825 |
| salmonella infection in green anoles (anolis carolinensis), an invasive alien species on chichi island of the ogasawara archipelago in japan. | we investigated the presence of salmonella in the green anole (anolis carolinensis), an invasive alien species on chichi island, japan. samples were also collected from feral goats and public toilets on the island to examine infectious routes. salmonellae were isolated from 27.1% of 199 samples; 32.6% of 141 cloacal samples from anoles, 62.5% of 8 intestinal samples from anole carcasses, 16.7% of 12 fecal samples from goats and 2.6% of 38 toilet bowl swabs. the serotype of most isolates was salm ... | 2013 | 24270852 |
| evolutionary origin and diversification of epidermal barrier proteins in amniotes. | the evolution of amniotes has involved major molecular innovations in the epidermis. in particular, distinct structural proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking during cornification of keratinocytes facilitate the formation of mechanically resilient superficial cell layers and help to limit water loss to the environment. special modes of cornification generate amniote-specific skin appendages such as claws, feathers, and hair. in mammals, many protein substrates of cornification are encoded ... | 2014 | 25169930 |
| ranavirus infections associated with skin lesions in lizards. | ranaviral disease in amphibians has been studied intensely during the last decade, as associated mass-mortality events are considered to be a global threat to wild animal populations. several studies have also included other susceptible ectothermic vertebrates (fish and reptiles), but only very few cases of ranavirus infections in lizards have been previously detected. in this study, we focused on clinically suspicious lizards and tested these animals for the presence of ranaviruses. virological ... | 2013 | 24073785 |
| prevalence of klebsiella oxytoca in anolis carolensis of louisiana. | klebsiella oxytoca is a gram-negative bacterium that can be found throughout the environment as well as on mucosal membranes of mammals including humans. this bacterium is responsible for a variety of infections in humans including nosocomial infections resulting in hospital outbreaks. reptiles including snakes, tuataras, and turtles have been shown to harbor this bacterium, and previous studies have shown that pet reptiles are a potential source for dissemination of pathogenic bacteria. green a ... | 2016 | 27779443 |
| getprime 2.0: gene- and transcript-specific qpcr primers for 13 species including polymorphisms. | getprime (http://bbcftools.epfl.ch/getprime) is a database with a web frontend providing gene- and transcript-specific, pre-computed qpcr primer pairs. the primers have been optimized for genome-wide specificity and for allowing the selective amplification of one or several splice variants of most known genes. to ease selection, primers have also been ranked according to defined criteria such as genome-wide specificity (with blast), amplicon size, and isoform coverage. here, we report a major up ... | 2017 | 28053161 |
| evolution of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone receptor and its ligand. | gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih) is a neuropeptide inhibitor of gonadotropin secretion, which was first identified in the japanese quail hypothalamus. gnih peptides share a c-terminal lpxrfamide (x=l or q) motif in most vertebrates. the receptor for gnih (gnihr) is the seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptor 147 (gpr147) that inhibits camp production. gpr147 is also named neuropeptide ff (npff) receptor 1 (npffr1), because it also binds npff that has a c-terminal pqrfamide motif. to ... | 2014 | 25220854 |
| postembryonic nephrogenesis and persistence of six2-expressing nephron progenitor cells in the reptilian kidney. | new nephron formation (nephrogenesis) ceases in mammals around birth and is completely absent in adults. in contrast, postembryonic nephrogenesis is well documented in the mesonephric kidneys of fishes and amphibians. the transient mesonephros in reptiles (including birds) and mammals is replaced by the metanephros during embryogenesis. thus, one may speculate that postembryonic nephrogenesis is restricted to the mesonephric kidney. previous reports have suggested the metanephros of non-avian re ... | 2016 | 27144443 |
| new resources inform study of genome size, content, and organization in nonavian reptiles. | genomic resources for studies of nonavian reptiles have recently improved and will reach a new level of access once the genomes of the painted turtle (chrysemys picta) and the green anole (anolis carolinensis) have been published. eleven speakers gathered for a symposium on reptilian genomics and evolutionary genetics at the 2008 meeting of the society for integrative and comparative biology in san antonio, texas. presentations described results of reptilian genetic studies concerning molecular ... | 2008 | 21669805 |