| high frequency of antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans in hiv-infected patients. | mycoplasma penetrans, a novel mycoplasma isolated from hiv-1-infected patients with aids, has pathogenic properties associated with in-vivo virulence. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting detected a more than 100 times higher frequency of antibodies to the mycoplasma in serum from hiv-1-infected patients with aids (40%) than from hiv-negative controls (0.3%). serum from 20% of hiv-1-infected, symptom-free individuals also had m penetrans specific antibodies. the antibodies' maj ... | 1992 | 1360035 |
| mycoplasma penetrans sp. nov., from the urogenital tract of patients with aids. | an unusual mycoplasma, which was isolated from the urine of a human immunodeficiency virus-positive male homosexual patient, has an elongated flask shape and two unique sharply divided internal compartments. the tiplike compartment is densely packed with fine granules, and the body compartment is loosely filled with coarse granules consistent with ribosomal structures. the organism has properties of adherence, hemadsorption, and cytadsorption and invades many different types of mammalian cells. ... | 1992 | 1503969 |
| mycoplasmas and oncogenesis: persistent infection and multistage malignant transformation. | oncogenic potential of human mycoplasmas was studied using cultured mouse embryo cells, c3h/10t1/2 (c3h). mycoplasma fermentans and mycoplasma penetrans, mycoplasmas found in unusually high frequencies among patients with aids, were examined. instead of acute transformation, a multistage process in promotion and progression of malignant cell transformation with long latency was noted; after 6 passages (1 wk per passage) of persistent infection with m. fermentans, c3h cells exhibited phenotypic c ... | 1995 | 7479753 |
| in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of mycoplasma penetrans from patients with aids. | in vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasma penetrans were determined. mics and mbcs were determined. the mics at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited (micrograms per milliliter) for broth dilution testing were as follows: azithromycin, 0.039; chloramphenicol, 0.625; ciprofloxacin, 0.156; clindamycin, 0.078; doxycycline, 0.312; erythromycin, 0.312; gentamicin. > 10; levofloxacin, 0.078; lincomycin, 0.625; streptomycin, > 10; and tetracycline, 1.25. bactericidal activity was significant only for c ... | 1995 | 7574538 |
| invasion of hela cells by mycoplasma penetrans and the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of a 145-kda host cell protein. | the ability of mycoplasma penetrans to invade eukaryotic cells was studied using a hela cell line. the bactericidal antibiotic, gentamicin, in combination with low concentrations of triton x-100, was utilized to kill mycoplasmas that had not entered the cells, allowing the quantitation of internalized organisms. the intracellular location of the mycoplasma was also documented by transmission electron microscopy. the actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin-d markedly inhibited the internaliza ... | 1995 | 7590171 |
| in vitro influence of mycoplasma penetrans on activation of peripheral t lymphocytes from healthy donors or human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. | mycoplasma penetrans is a mycoplasma species newly isolated from the urine of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals and presents the only case in which an association has been found between antibodies against a mycoplasma and hiv infection. to further explore the effects of m. penetrans on the immune system, we studied the influence of this mycoplasma on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from healthy donors and hiv-infected individuals. m. penetrans induced, in additio ... | 1995 | 7591058 |
| characterization of a major mycoplasma penetrans lipoprotein and of its gene. | a novel mycoplasmal species designated as mycoplasma penetrans has been isolated recently from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. p35, a major antigen extracted from the membrane of this mycoplasma using triton x-114 has been found to be a lipoprotein. after proteolytic treatment of p35, the sequence of one of the resulting peptides was determined and a corresponding oligonucleotide was deduced. using this oligonucleotide as a probe the p35 gene was cloned and sequenced. sequen ... | 1995 | 7649455 |
| association of mycoplasma penetrans with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | a cross-sectional study was done to determine the seroprevalence of mycoplasma penetrans in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1-seropositive and -seronegative persons recruited in france. the data were analyzed with respect to the sociodemographic, clinical, and biologic status of the patients. m. penetrans seropositivity was associated with hiv infection (18.2% of hiv-seropositive vs. 1.3% of hiv-seronegative persons were m. penetrans-seropositive; p < .001). m. penetrans infection was pr ... | 1995 | 7658058 |
| the cell membrane of mycoplasma penetrans: lipid composition and phospholipase a1 activity. | analysis of mycoplasma penetrans membrane lipids revealed that, in addition to large amounts of unesterified cholesterol, m. penetrans incorporated exogenous phospholipids, preferentially sphingomyelin, from the growth medium. the major phospholipids synthesized de novo by m. penetrans were phosphatidylglycerol (pg) and diphosphatidylglycerol (dpg). in vivo labeling of pg and dpg by growing the cells with radioactive palmitate or oleate, followed by snake venom phospholipase a2 treatment, enable ... | 1995 | 7756347 |
| development of pcr-based assays for the detection of two human mollicute species, mycoplasma penetrans and m. hominis. | recently, a 16s rdna-based polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed for the selective and sensitive detection of mycoplasma pirum. in this study, the same procedure was used in order to selectively detect by pcr two human mycoplasmas, m. hominis and m. penetrans, with a high level of sensitivity even in a context of human dna. for each assay, the specificity was verified by testing dna from other mollicute species (including those closely related to the corresponding mycoplasma), from ... | 1994 | 7935512 |
| [new bacterial infections in the course of aids]. | the authors reviewed the recent data on unusual or newly described bacterial infection in aids. mycoplasma species are frequently associated with aids and hypothesized to play as a cofactor in aids evolution (mycoplasma fermentans and mycoplasma penetrans). rochalimea henselea and rochalimea quintana are the agents of peliosis and bacillary angiomatosis. some mycobacterium and campylobacter species, not previously considered as human pathogens, have been recently involved in severe infection in ... | 1994 | 7939194 |
| antibiotic susceptibilities of aids-associated mycoplasmas. | because mycoplasmas may be a cofactor in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection to aids, their susceptibilities to antibiotics need to be known in the event that appropriate therapy is required. the mycoplasmas studied were a stock culture strain of mycoplasma fermentans, two strains of m. fermentans isolated from patients with aids, m. fermentans var. incognitus, mycoplasma penetrans, and mycoplasma pirum. the antibiotics tested were doxycycline, tetracycline, clindamycin, of ... | 1994 | 8027322 |
| induced mouse spleen b-cell proliferation and secretion of immunoglobulin by lipid-associated membrane proteins of mycoplasma fermentans incognitus and mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasmas have been implicated as a possible cofactor in aids pathogenesis. mycoplasma fermentans and m. penetrans infect human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients at a significantly higher frequency than non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected control subjects. various mycoplasmal membrane preparations are known to affect the functions of immune cells both in vitro and in vivo. a group of lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) extracted by triton x-114 from mycoplasmas are major an ... | 1994 | 8063408 |
| antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans in hiv-infected patients. | | 1993 | 8094794 |
| mycoplasma penetrans infection in male homosexuals with aids: high seroprevalence and association with kaposi's sarcoma. | antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans were found at an unusually high frequency in male homosexuals with aids (55 of 149; 37%) and in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected asymptomatic homosexuals (13 of 49; 26.5%) but not in intravenous drug users (3 of 308; 1%) and hemophiliacs (1 of 165; 0.6%) with or without hiv-1 infection. thus, both m. penetrans and kaposi's sarcoma (ks) occur primarily in male homosexuals and rarely in other groups of patients at high risk of aids. among 414 hiv-1-inf ... | 1993 | 8268356 |
| phylogenetic analysis of mycoplasma penetrans, isolated from hiv-infected patients. | a novel mycoplasmal species designated as mycoplasma penetrans has recently been isolated from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. the 16s rrna gene from this mycoplasma was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. this sequence was aligned with previously published homologous sequences from several mycoplasmas and with related gram-positive bacteria and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. the results indicate that m. penetrans belongs to the evolutionary group pneumoniae ... | 1993 | 8319884 |
| adhesion onto and invasion into mammalian cells by mycoplasma penetrans: a newly isolated mycoplasma from patients with aids. | the newly identified mycoplasma, mycoplasma pentrans shows remarkable pathobiologic properties: it adheres to cell surfaces, deeply penetrates into the cell, strongly hemadsorbs human red blood cells, and cytadsorbs human cd4+ lymphocytes and monocytes. these in vitro biologic activities of mycoplasmas have been previously shown to be associated with pathogenic virulence in vivo. both adhesion and invasion clearly involve the organism's unique tip-like structure. invading mycoplasmas often have ... | 1993 | 8346175 |
| mycoplasmas as cofactors in infection due to the human immunodeficiency virus. | results obtained in vitro suggest that mycoplasmas act as cofactors with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the development of aids. mycoplasmas, including mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma pirum, and mycoplasma penetrans have since been isolated from hiv-infected individuals. in addition, m. fermentans has been detected by different investigators in numerous tissues and in the blood of hiv-infected patients. higher titers of antibodies to m. penetrans have also been found in hiv-infected ... | 1993 | 8399934 |
| effects of mycoplasma fermentans on the myelomonocytic lineage. different molecular entities with cytokine-inducing and cytocidal potential. | mycoplasma fermentans is a mycoplasma species that has been accused of serving as a cofactor of aids development. here, we show that m. fermentans affects the function of human monocytes and myelomonocytic cell lines on at least two different levels. heat-inactivated mycoplasma particles induce inflammatory cytokines such as il-1, il-6, and tnf in monocytes, as well as in thp-1 cells. moreover, m. fermentans induces il-10 (but not il-12) in freshly isolated human monocytes. the cytokine-inducing ... | 1996 | 8543819 |
| adherence, fibronectin binding, and induction of cytoskeleton reorganization in cultured human cells by mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans adhered to cultured human cells, forming clusters that localized to specific areas of the host cell surface. adherence and cluster formation were inhibited by anti-m. penetrans antibodies, suggesting the involvement of specific adhesin-receptor interactions. ultrastructural studies showed that after 2 h of infection, mycoplasmas attach to and penetrate the host cell surface. m. penetrans bound selectively to immobilized fibronectin, an interaction which was not inhibited by ... | 1996 | 8557340 |
| interplay between mycoplasmas and host target cells. | the infectious pattern of mycoplasmas (mycoplasma penetrans, mycoplasma pneumoniae and mycoplasma genitalium) in mammalian cells was examined using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry combined with cell fractionation and mycoplasma viability determinations. within 2 h postinfection mycoplasmas parasitize cell surfaces, enter the intracellular spaces and locate throughout the cytoplasmic and perinuclear regions. these mycoplasmas can be cultivated from cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions 96 h la ... | 1995 | 8577234 |
| search for the presence of six mycoplasma species in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of subjects seropositive and seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus. | the prevalence of mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma pirum, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis, and mycoplasma penetrans was investigated by using specific pcr assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects infected or not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). only m. fermentans was detected in 5.8% of 154 hiv-seropositive and 11.1% of 90 hiv-seronegative subjects. | 1996 | 8784596 |
| pathogenicity of mycoplasma fermentans and mycoplasma penetrans in experimentally infected chicken embryos. | | 1996 | 8786169 |
| failure to detect mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma penetrans, or mycoplasma pirum in the urethra of patients with acute nongonococcal urethritis. | urethral swab specimens collected from 108 male japanese patients with acute nongonococcal urethritis (ngu) and from 50 japanese men without ngu were examined for the presence of mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma penetrans, and mycoplasma pirum by means of polymerase chain reaction-based assays. these mycoplasmas were not detected in any of the specimens, which suggests that they are unlikely to have a pathogenic role in acute ngu. | 1996 | 8801092 |
| [induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha by mycoplasma penetrans isolated from patients with aids]. | the activity of induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) production of several mycoplasmas, including aids associated mycoplasmas was investigated. m. penetrans which was detected and isolated from urine and tissue of kaposi's sarcoma of patients with aids markedly exhibited the induction of tnf alpha production of both thp-1 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages to compare to other mycoplasmas. each amount of m. penetrans, m. fermentans, m. incognitus, acholeplasma ladilawii, m. orale, ... | 1996 | 8822049 |
| induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) and enhancement of hiv-1 replication in the j22hl60 cell line by mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans isolated from clinical specimens of aids patients showed potent activity in tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf alpha) production in thp-1, u937 and j22hl60 cell lines, and in the enhancement of hiv-1 replication in a dormantly-infected j22hl60 cell line as compared with the activities of other mycoplasmas. both activities were found in the methanol layer but not in the chloroform layer of the membrane extracted by the bligh-dyer method. tnf alpha production was observed in the ... | 1996 | 9013488 |
| purification and characterization of mycoplasma penetrans ca2+/mg2+-dependent endonuclease. | the major nuclease from mycoplasma penetrans has been purified to homogeneity. the enzyme seems to be present as a membrane-associated precursor of 50 kda and as a peripheral membrane monomeric polypeptide of 40 kda that is easily removed by washing of cells with isotonic buffers and in the aqueous phase upon triton partitioning of triton x-114-solubilized protein. the 40-kda nuclease was extracted from m. penetrans cells by triton x-114 and phase fractionation and was further purified by chroma ... | 1997 | 9079906 |
| high-level expression of h-ras and c-myc oncogenes in mycoplasma-mediated malignant cell transformation. | c3h mouse embryo cells, which normally have low inherent spontaneous transformation, underwent malignant transformation while chronically infected with mycoplasma fermentans or mycoplasma penetrans. this mycoplasma-mediated oncogenic process had long latency (more than 7 weeks of persistent mycoplasmal infection) and showed multistage progression characterized by reversibility and irreversibility of malignant properties upon removal of m. fermentans from culture. marked expression of h-ras and c ... | 1997 | 9111527 |
| mycoplasmas and hiv infection: from epidemiology to their interaction with immune cells. | mycoplasmas are possible hiv cofactors, contributing to the evolution of aids. our knowledge about mycoplasma prevalence in hiv-infected subjects has considerably increased due the development of specific detection assays. a new mycoplasma, mycoplasma penetrans, has been identified and has been shown to be associated with hiv infection, at least among individuals with homosexual practices. we and others investigated the properties of m. fermentans and m. penetrans concerning cell colonization, c ... | 1996 | 9159244 |
| mycoplasmas and hiv infection, a possible interaction through immune activation. | the persistence of hiv in the host is associated with a state of chronic immune activation with deleterious effects. in addition to hiv, several infectious agents can contribute to this activation and, consequently, to an increased hiv load. we have postulated that mycoplasmas could act as cofactors of hiv, contributing to a faster progression of the disease through increased immune activation. mycoplasma penetrans was shown to be associated with hiv infection and recent data have indicated the ... | 1997 | 9286065 |
| construction of a mycoplasma penetrans expression library in e. coli using the two-phase expression system. | | 1997 | 9382775 |
| high prevalence of antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans in human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative and -seropositive populations in brazzaville, congo. | in industrialized countries, the prevalence of antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans is higher among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-seropositive homosexuals than other hiv-seropositive and hiv-seronegative groups. in an african heterosexual population, we found a higher prevalence of m. penetrans antibodies in hiv-seronegative blood donors (15.5%) than in france (0.9%) or the united states (0.3%) and a prevalence of 13.4% in hiv-seropositive individuals. hiv-seropositive individuals with less t ... | 1997 | 9384309 |
| identification of two glycosylated components of mycoplasma penetrans: a surface-exposed capsular polysaccharide and a glycolipid fraction. | among the wall-less mycoplasmas only a few species have been identified with a capsule at their cell surface. mycoplasma penetrans is a recently identified mycoplasma with unique morphology, isolated from hiv-infected patients. using transmission electron microscopy, it was found that m. penetrans is surrounded by capsular material 11 nm (strain gtu-54-6a1) to 30 nm (strain hf-2) thick, which can be stained with ruthenium red and labelled with cationized ferritin. the polysaccharide composition ... | 1998 | 9611799 |
| a longitudinal study of seroreactivity against mycoplasma penetrans in hiv-infected homosexual men: association with disease progression. | we investigated the relationships between a putative cofactor of hiv infection, mycoplasma penetrans, and the evolution of hiv disease. the evolution of titers of anti-m. penetrans antibodies in 58 randomly selected hiv-seropositive adult homosexual men was investigated. the median length of follow-up was 38 months. thirty-six individuals was investigated. the median length of follow-up was 38 months. thirty-six individuals (62.1%) remained m. penetrans seronegative (group 0). fourteen patients ... | 1998 | 9618077 |
| detection of mycoplasmas in urethral swabs from hiv-1 infected patients and control individuals using culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction. | the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of certain mycoplasma species, i.e., mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma penetrans, in urethral swabs from hiv-1 infected patients compared to swabs from a control group. mycoplasmas were detected by routine culture techniques and by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique, using 16srrna generic primers of conserved region and mycoplasma penetrans specific primers. the positivity rates obtained with th ... | 1998 | 9713129 |
| protein kinase c activation and vacuolation in hela cells invaded by mycoplasma penetrans. | the aids-associated mycoplasma penetrans is capable of inducing its own uptake by non-phagocytic cells. this study investigated the invasion of hela cells and its consequences by confocal laser scanning microscopy. invasion was dependent on the duration of infection and temperature, diminished by inhibiting microfilament assembly with cytochalasin d and almost completely abolished by disorganising microtubules with vinblastine or taxol. after a short infection period (< 20 min), pronounced activ ... | 1998 | 9788816 |
| genital mycoplasmas in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | to determine whether mycoplasma fermentans. mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma penetrans were present in the genitourinary tract of hiv infected patients in nancy, france, we have used culture and polymerase chain reactions on urine from 54 hiv-infected patients. both techniques failed to reveal these bacteria. this renders their presence very unlikely in our population. | 1998 | 9812323 |
| herpes simplex type ii and mycoplasma genitalium as risk factors for heterosexual hiv transmission: report from the heterosexual hiv transmission study. | two hundred twenty-four human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) discordant couples (one hiv negative, one hiv positive) were compared with 78 seroconcordant heterosexually infected couples with hiv with regard to sexually transmitted diseases. | 1998 | 9831669 |
| mycoplasma penetrans infection of molt-3 lymphocytes induces changes in the lipid composition of host cells. | the aids-associated mycoplasma penetrans is capable of inducing its own uptake by non-phagocytic cells. the ability of m. penetrans to both adhere to and invade molt-3 lymphocytes was markedly increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol 8000 (peg). the effect of peg was more pronounced in the more alkaline ph range, where the binding kinetics were much faster and almost unaffected by temperature (4-37 degrees c). incubation of [14c]oleic-acid-labelled molt-3 cells with viable m. penetrans r ... | 1998 | 9884237 |
| antigenic characterization and cytolocalization of p35, the major mycoplasma penetrans antigen. | mycoplasma penetrans is a mycoplasma with unique morphology, recently identified in urine samples collected from hiv-infected patients. this mycoplasma has been found to be statistically associated with hiv infection, and to be cytopathic in vitro. the dominant antigen recognized during natural and experimental infections is an abundant lipoprotein, p35, which, upon extraction, segregates in the triton x-114 detergent phase. it is used as the basis of m. penetrans-specific serological assays. al ... | 1999 | 10075417 |
| mycoplasma penetrans bacteremia and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. | mycoplasma penetrans, a rare bacterium so far only found in hiv-infected persons, was isolated in the blood and throat of a non-hiv-infected patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (whose etiology and pathogenesis are unknown). | 1999 | 10081687 |
| phase variations of the mycoplasma penetrans main surface lipoprotein increase antigenic diversity. | mycoplasma penetrans is a recently identified mycoplasma, isolated from urine samples collected from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. its presence is significantly associated with hiv infection. the major antigen recognized during natural and experimental infections is an abundant p35 lipoprotein which, upon extraction, segregates in the triton x-114 detergent phase and is the basis of m. penetrans-specific serological assays. we report here that the p35 antigen undergoes sp ... | 1999 | 10084988 |
| mycoplasma penetrans and other mycoplasmas in urine of human immunodeficiency virus-positive children. | urine samples from children with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and healthy controls were examined for mycoplasmas by culture. standard biochemical assays, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and pcr (16s and 16s-23s spacer rrna region) were used for identification of isolates. mycoplasmas were identified from 13 (87%) of 15 hiv-positive patients and 3 (20%) of 15 hiv-negative control patients. the frequency and type of mycoplasma varied with the severity of ... | 1999 | 10203515 |
| lipid extract of mycoplasma penetrans proteinase k-digested lipid-associated membrane proteins rapidly activates nf-kappab and activator protein 1. | lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) of mycoplasma penetrans rapidly induced macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). our analysis showed that the macrophage-stimulating activity of tnf-alpha production was mainly attributable to a lipid extractable component(s) in the lamp preparation. since induction of gene expression is normally preceded by activation of transcriptional factors that bind to their specific recognition elements loc ... | 1999 | 10338504 |
| role of mycoplasma penetrans endonuclease p40 as a potential pathogenic determinant. | recently, we reported the purification to homogeneity and characterization of ca(2+)- and mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease p40 produced by mycoplasma penetrans (m. bendjennat, a. blanchard, m. loutfi, l. montagnier, and e. bahraoui, j. bacteriol. 179; 2210-2220, 1997), a mycoplasma which was isolated for the first time from the urine of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. to evaluate how this nuclease could interact with host cells, we tested its effect on cem and molt-4 lymphocytic cel ... | 1999 | 10456886 |
| a gene family in mycoplasma imitans closely related to the pmga family of mycoplasma gallisepticum. | the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum possesses a large gene family encoding lipoproteins which function as haemagglutinins. representative species of the pneumoniae phylogenetic group of mycoplasmas were examined for the presence of genes homologous to members of this multigene family. antisera against the pmga1.1 lipoprotein recognized a 35 kda protein in mycoplasma imitans, but did not recognize proteins of mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma pirum, mycoplasma penet ... | 1999 | 10463176 |
| evaluation of igg, igm, and iga antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans detected by elisa and immunoblot in hiv-1-infected and std patients, in são paulo, prazil. | the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of igg, iga, and igm antibodies to mycoplasma penetrans in hiv-1-infected patients and in patients with sexually transmitted diseases. we tested serum samples from 106 hiv-1-positive patients and 110 individuals with clinical symptoms of urethritis. elisa and the immunoblot test were performed using m. penetrans lipid associated membrane proteins as antigen. by elisa, we found a higher frequency (p < 0.05) of igg against m. penetrans in ... | 1999 | 10572313 |
| mycoplasma species in rapid and slow hiv progressors. | we determined the relationship between the presence of mycoplasma fermentans and mycoplasma penetrans and the rate of progression of hiv-associated disease in a nested case-control study based on a cohort of 159 hiv-infected patients with different rates of disease progression. study participants were divided into 3 progression groups: non-progressors who had been hiv-1 seropositive for at least 9 years and had remained asymptomatic with a cd4 cell count of > 500/mm3; slow progressors who had be ... | 2000 | 10678473 |
| multiple mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. | the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of different mycoplasmal species in blood samples from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia syndrome. previously, more than 60% of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome were found to have mycoplasmal blood infections, such as mycoplasma fermentans infection. in this study, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia syndrome were examined for multiple mycoplasmal infections in their blood. ... | 1999 | 10691196 |
| comparative potency of gemifloxacin, new quinolones, macrolides, tetracycline and clindamycin against mycoplasma spp. | this study determined the comparative in vitro potency of the new investigative quinolone gemifloxacin (sb-265805) using low-passaged clinical isolates and type strains of mycoplasma commonly found in the human respiratory and urogenital tracts. organisms studied were mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma penetrans and ureaplasma urealyticum, obtained from different geographical regions. comparator drugs were levofloxacin, trovafloxac ... | 2000 | 10824029 |
| intracellular dna replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. | we examined intracellular survival and growth of pathogenic mycoplasmas (mycoplasma penetrans, mycoplasma pneumoniae and mycoplasma genitalium) in cultured human cells. by using the eukaryotic nuclear dna synthesis inhibitor, aphidicolin, we detected the selective synthesis of mycoplasma (my) and mitochondria (mt) dna, which could be further differentiated by restriction enzyme analyses. also, intracellular m. pneumoniae and m. penetrans infectivity of human cells was detected over 6 months usin ... | 2000 | 11031124 |
| hemolytic and hemoxidative activities in mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans is a newly isolated mollicute from the urine of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus that demonstrates the capacity to adhere to and invade human cells. a previous report, based on assays with mouse red blood cells (rbcs), indicated that m. penetrans lacked hemolytic activity. in our studies, we incubated different isolates of m. penetrans with various rbc species and observed hemolytic zones surrounding individual mycoplasma colonies. all m. penetrans strains ... | 2000 | 11035754 |
| distribution of ecto 5'-nucleotidase on mycoplasma species associated with arthritis. | the enzyme ecto 5'-nucleotidase (5'n) was found to be active on 8/14 strains of mycoplasma fermentans, k(m) (+/-s.d.) 3.8+/-2.8 microm 5'-amp, and on the type strain of mycoplasma pulmonis, k(m) 0.63 microm 5'-amp. the six m. fermentans strains lacking 5'n activity were related by restriction fragment length polymorphism typing. at ph 8.5, the type strains of mycoplasma arthritidis, mycoplasma buccale and ureaplasma urealyticum showed a relatively non-specific phosphatase activity against 5'-amp ... | 2000 | 11040429 |
| host-pathogen interactions in mycoplasma pathogenesis: virulence and survival strategies of minimalist prokaryotes. | despite their very small genomes mycoplasmas are successful pathogens of man and a wide range of animal hosts. because of the lack of effective therapeutics and vaccines, mycoplasma diseases continue to be a significant problem for public health as well as livestock production with major socio-economic consequences worldwide. recent outbreaks and epidemiological studies predict that the incidence of human and animal mycoplasma diseases might increase which indicates the urgent need to develop ne ... | 2000 | 11043978 |
| phase variation among major surface antigens of mycoplasma penetrans. | the pathogenicity and prevalence of mycoplasma penetrans, a mycoplasma species recently isolated from humans, are still debated. a major p35 antigen, which is used as target epitope in serological assays, was shown to be a phase-variable lipid-associated membrane protein (lamp). in this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the lamp patterns from five m. penetrans clinical isolates and from the type strain. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles and immunoblot ... | 2001 | 11705944 |
| the complete genomic sequence of mycoplasma penetrans, an intracellular bacterial pathogen in humans. | the complete genomic sequence of an intracellular bacterial pathogen, mycoplasma penetrans hf-2 strain, was determined. the hf-2 genome consists of a 1 358 633 bp single circular chromosome containing 1038 predicted coding sequences (cdss), one set of rrna genes and 30 trna genes. among the 1038 cdss, 264 predicted proteins are common to the mycoplasmataceae sequenced thus far and 463 are m.penetrans specific. the genome contains the two-component system but lacks the essential cellular gene, ur ... | 2002 | 12466555 |
| multiple promoter inversions generate surface antigenic variation in mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans is a newly identified species of the genus mycoplasma: it was first isolated from a urine sample from a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patient. m. penetrans changes its surface antigen profile with high frequency. the changes originate from on<==>off phase variations of the p35 family of surface membrane lipoproteins. the p35 family lipoproteins are major antigens recognized by the human immune system during m. penetrans infection and are encoded by the mpl gene ... | 2003 | 12486060 |
| heat shock protein of mycoplasma salivarium and mycoplasma orale strains isolated from hiv-seropositive patients. | it has been suggested that infection by some mycoplasma species can act as possible cofactors in the acceleration of immunodeficiency in hiv-infected patients. the present study was designed to examine infections by oral mycoplasma species in hiv-seropositive (hiv(+)) patients. mycoplasma salivarium and mycoplasma orale were isolated from 59.5% and 16.7% of 42 hiv(+) patients, respectively. non-m. salivarium and non-m. orale species were isolated from 40.5% of saliva samples from the hiv(+) grou ... | 2002 | 12687728 |
| detection of several mycoplasma species at various anatomical sites of homosexual men. | in order to determine the colonisation patterns of several mycoplasma species in homosexual men, urethral, oral and rectal specimens from 10 homosexual men with acute non-gonococcal urethritis (ngu) and 18 without ngu were examined using sensitive methods. mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum existed in both groups, which is in keeping with previous studies of heterosexual men. mycoplasma genitalium was detected in the rectum of both ngu-positive and ngu-negative men and in the urethra ... | 2003 | 12734722 |
| molligen, a database dedicated to the comparative genomics of mollicutes. | bacteria belonging to the class mollicutes were among the first ones to be selected for complete genome sequencing because of the minimal size of their genomes and their pathogenicity for humans and a broad range of animals and plants. at this time six genome sequences have been publicly released (mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma pneumoniae, ureaplasma urealyticum-parvum, mycoplasma pulmonis, mycoplasma penetrans and mycoplasma gallisepticum) and as the number of available mollicute genomes inc ... | 2004 | 14681420 |
| [studies on the infection status of seven species mycoplasma, three species of chlamydia, neisseria gonorrhoeae and garderella vaginalis in 76 patients with sexual transmitted diseases]. | to study the infectious status of seven species of mycoplasma, three species of chlamydia, neisseria gonorrhoeae and garderella vaginalis in the 76 male sexual transmitted disease (std) patients in yangzhou city. | 2004 | 15132870 |
| activation of nuclear factor kappab and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by lipid-associated membrane proteins isolated from mycoplasma penetrans. | this study was designed to investigate the potential pathogenicity of mycoplasma penetrans (m. penetrans) and its molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of inos gene expression in mouse macrophages stimulated by lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) prepared from m. penetrans. | 2004 | 15265371 |
| mycoplasma penetrans is capable of activating v gamma 9/v delta 2 t cells while other human pathogenic mycoplasmas fail to do so. | while most mycoplasma species appear to have evolutionarily lost the ability to synthesize isoprenoid precursors, mycoplasma penetrans has retained the nonmevalonate pathway that proceeds via the immunogenic intermediate (e)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (hmb-pp). consequently, this pathogen is capable of stimulating human v gamma 9/v delta 2 t cells. | 2004 | 15271953 |
| intracellular location and survival of mycoplasma penetrans within hela cells. | mycoplasma penetrans invades hela cells and survives within them for prolonged periods of time. the intracellular distribution of m. penetrans within hela cells was studied utilizing the acidotropic dye lysotracker (green), which permeates cell membranes and upon protonation remains trapped in acidic compartments. the excitation and emission spectra of the green lysotracker are suitable for colocalization studies with rabbit anti- m. penetrans antibodies and red cy5 goat anti-rabbit igg. the ima ... | 2004 | 15297920 |
| mycoplasma penetrans infections and seroconversion in patients with aids: identification of major mycoplasmal antigens targeted by host antibody response. | we examined mycoplasma penetrans-specific antibodies in sera of five male homosexual aids patients from whom m. penetrans was isolated during the disease process. no consistent immune reaction pattern could be recognized in western blot using whole cell proteins. serum samples obtained prior to m. penetrans isolation reacted with a number of m. penetrans proteins, most likely due to non-specific cross-reactions. further analysis revealed that patients produced prominent antibody reaction to lipi ... | 2005 | 15907449 |
| [new type pathogenic mycoplasmas isolated from female patients with genital infection in nanjing, china]. | to study if infection of new type pathogenic mycoplasmas, mycoplasma penetrans (mpe), mycoplasma fermentans (mf), and mycoplasma pirum (mpi), exists in the genital tract of gynecologic patients with genital infection in china so as to provide information for clinical diagnosis and therapy. | 2001 | 16200779 |
| proteome of the bacterium mycoplasma penetrans. | a proteome map of mycoplasma penetrans has been constructed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry (ms). mycoplasma penetrans infects the urogenital and respiratory tracts of humans. a total of 207 spots were characterized with ms and, in comparing the experimental data with the dna sequence-derived predictions, it was possible to assign these 207 spots to 153 genes. the pro-q diamond phosphoprotein dye technology was used for the fluorescent detection of ... | 2006 | 16512684 |
| analysis of distribution indicates diverse functions of simple sequence repeats in mycoplasma genomes. | simple sequence repeats (ssrs) composed of extensive tandem iterations of a single nucleotide or a short oligonucleotide are rare in most bacterial genomes, but they are common among mycoplasma. some of these repeats act as contingency loci in association with families of surface antigens. by contraction or expansion during replication, these ssrs increase genetic variance of the population and facilitate avoidance of the immune response of the host. occurrence and distribution of ssrs are analy ... | 2006 | 16618962 |
| rapid and efficient preparation of monoclonal antibodies against 35 kda lipoprotein of mycoplasma penetrans. | to develop a rapid and efficient method for preparing monoclonal antibodies (mab) against 35 kda lipoprotein of mycoplasma penetrans, balb/c mice were injected into the footpads for immunization, and the popliteal lymph nodes were isolated 19 days later for mab-producing hybridomas, from which the mabs against the 35 kda lipoprotein were screened. the identification of the mab against the 35 kda lipoprotein was performed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting ... | 2007 | 17451357 |
| [mycoplasmas and aids]. | recent findings by a number of investigators suggest the association of mycoplasma and hiv or aids. mycoplasmas have been implicied as a possible cofactor in aids pathogenesis. these mycoplasmas include mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma pirum, mycoplasma genitalium and mycoplasma penetrans. these mycoplasmas have been showed to have the capacity to invade cells and to be potent immunomodulators. to better understand the role of mycoplasma infections in aids we must continue to learn the fundamen ... | 1995 | 17974461 |
| a mycoplasma peptide elicits heteroclitic cd4+ t cell responses against tumor antigen mage-a6. | although t-helper (th) epitopes have been previously reported for many tumor antigens, including mage-a6, the relevant hla-dr alleles that present these peptides are expressed by only a minority of patients. the identification of tumor antigenic epitopes presented promiscuously by many hla-dr alleles would extend the clinical utility of these peptides in vaccines and for the immunomonitoring of cancer patients. | 2007 | 18006782 |
| an operational rna code for faithful assignment of aug triplets to methionine. | the assignment of aug codons to methionine remains a central question of the evolution of the genetic code. we have unveiled a strategy for the discrimination among trnas containing cau (aug-decoding) anticodons. mycoplasma penetrans methionyl-trna synthetase can directly differentiate between trna(ile)(cau) and trna(met)(cau) transcripts (a recognition normally achieved through the modification of anticodon bases). this discrimination mechanism is based only on interactions with the acceptor st ... | 2008 | 18280245 |
| apoptosis induced by lipid-associated membrane proteins from mycoplasma penetrans is mediated by nuclear factor kappab activation in mouse macrophage. | mycoplasma penetrans was shown to be involved in alteration of several eukaryotical cells functions and a causative agent in urogenital infectious diseases. lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) may be responsible for the pathogenicity of some mycoplamas. in this study, we investigated whether m. penetrans lamps have pathogenic potential by inducing apoptosis in mouse macrophages. as analyzed by annexin-v - fluorescein isothiocyanate staining, significant early- and late-stage apoptosis was ... | 2008 | 18388985 |
| [mycoplasma penetrans lipid-associated membrane proteins induce nuclear factor kappab activation-mediated apoptosis in mouse macrophage]. | to investigate the potential pathogenicity of mycoplasma penetrans (m. penetrans) and the possible molecular mechanisms, we investigated whether m. penetrans lipid-associated membrane proteins (lamps) could induce mouse macrophages raw264.7 apoptosis by activating nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab). apoptosis was detected in m. penetrans lamps-stimulated mouse macrophages by annexin-v-fitc staining and dna fragmentation analysis. we also analyzed the activation of nf-kappab and the effects of pyr ... | 2008 | 18479063 |
| cardiolipin, a lipid found in mitochondria, hydrogenosomes and bacteria was not detected in giardia lamblia. | giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite with many characteristics common among eukaryotic cells, but lacking other features found in most eukaryotes. cardiolipin is a phospholipid located exclusively in energy transducing membranes and it was identified in mitochondria, bacteria, hydrogenosomes and chloroplasts. in eukaryotes, cardiolipin is the only lipid that is synthesized in the mitochondria. biochemical procedures (tlc, hplc) and fluorescent tools (nao) were applied in order to search for c ... | 2008 | 18691575 |
| mycoplasma penetrans under nutritional stress: influence on lipid and lipoprotein profiles and on the binding to and invasion of hela cells. | by serial passages through media containing decreasing concentrations of horse serum, the sterol-requiring mycoplasma penetrans strain hf-2 was adapted to grow in a serum-free medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, cholesterol and free fatty acids. chemical analysis of membrane preparations obtained from the native and adapted strains revealed two major differences. (1) the polar lipid fraction of the native strain contains, in addition to the de novo-synthesized phospholipids, exogenous ... | 2008 | 18754786 |
| [isolation of mycoplasma penetrans and detection of the levels of serum il-6 and tnf-alpha in the blood of patients with autoimmune disease]. | to investigate the isolation of mycoplasma penetrans from the blood of autoimmune disease patients and to evaluate the levels of serum interleukin-6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) in patients with autoimmune disease (aid). | 2008 | 18992196 |
| binding of iga by mycoplasma penetrans. | the current study shows that mycoplasma penetrans strain gtu binds human serum immunoglobulin a (iga) and secretory iga but not igg. binding of iga was associated almost exclusively with the lipoprotein fraction obtained by triton x-114 fractionation of isolated m. penetrans membranes. western immunoblot analysis of isolated membranes of m. penetrans strain gtu and of the triton x-114 fraction showed that the major iga-binding component was a lipoprotein with a molecular mass of 38 kda, one of t ... | 2009 | 19189179 |
| identification of a site-specific tyrosine recombinase that mediates promoter inversions of phase-variable mpl lipoprotein genes in mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans has the ability to change its surface lipoprotein profiles frequently. the p35 family lipoproteins encoded by the mpl genes are key players in this profile variation. the m. penetrans hf-2 genome has 38 mpl genes that form three gene clusters. most of these mpl genes have an invertible promoter sequence that is responsible for the on/off switching of individual mpl gene expression. here, we identified the recombinase that catalyses inversions of the mpl gene promoters. we fo ... | 2009 | 19332825 |
| characterization of a unique adp-ribosyltransferase of mycoplasma penetrans. | mycoplasma penetrans is a urogenital tract pathogen implicated in the deterioration of the immune system in human immunodeficiency virus-infected aids patients. here, we describe a 78-kda protein from m. penetrans, designated mype9110, that exhibits sequence similarity to known adp-ribosyltransferases (adprts) such as bordetella pertussis pertussis toxin and mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin. mype9110 possesses key amino acid residues found in all adprt ... | 2009 | 19651868 |
| development and application of a universal hemoplasma screening assay based on the sybr green pcr principle. | hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are the causative agents of infectious anemia in several mammalian species. their zoonotic potential has recently been substantiated by the identification of a feline hemoplasma isolate in an immunocompromised human patient. although species-specific diagnostic molecular methods have been developed, their application as screening tools is limited due to the species diversity of hemoplasmas. the goals of this study were to develop a universal hemoplasma screen ... | 2009 | 19828748 |
| loss and gain of groel in the mollicutes. | groel is a chaperone thought of as essential for bacterial life. however, some species of mollicutes are missing groel. we use phylogenetic analysis to show that the presence of groel is polyphyletic among the mollicutes, and that there is evidence for lateral gene transfer of groel to mycoplasma penetrans from the proteobacteria. furthermore, we propose that the presence of groel in mycoplasma may be required for invasion of host tissue, suggesting that groel may act as an adhesin-invasin. | 2010 | 20453921 |
| gc content-independent amino acid patterns in bacteria and archaea. | every organism can be characterized by the amino acid composition of its proteome. so far it was assumed that these compositions are determined by the gc content of the dna or, in some cases, by extreme lifestyles, like thermophily or halophily. here, we focussed our analysis on eight amino acids, each of which is encoded by both, gc and at rich codons, to identify finer amino acid patterns beyond the gc dominance. we investigated the conceptually translated proteomes of 1029 bacterial and archa ... | 2011 | 21780150 |
| analysis of energy sources for mycoplasma penetrans gliding motility. | mycoplasma penetrans, a potential human pathogen found mainly in hiv-infected individuals, uses a tip structure for both adherence and gliding motility. to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of m. penetrans gliding motility, we used chemical inhibitors of energy sources associated with motility of other organisms to determine which of these is used by m. penetrans and also tested whether gliding speed responded to temperature and ph. mycoplasma penetrans gliding motility was no ... | 2012 | 23066969 |
| molecular mimicry of mage-a6 and mycoplasma penetrans hf-2 epitopes in the induction of antitumor cd8(+) t-cell responses. | a promising vaccine strategy for the treatment of cancer involves the use of vaccines incorporating tumor antigen-derived synthetic peptides that can be coordinately recognized by specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t-cells. previously, we reported that a mage-a6-derived peptide (mage-a6172-187) and its highly-immunogenic and cross-reactive homolog derived from mycoplasma penetrans hf-2 permease (hf-2216-229) are promiscuously presented by multiple hla-dr alleles to responder cd4(+) t-cells obtained from ... | 2017 | 25960935 |
| the prevalence of six species of mycoplasmataceae in an hiv/aids population in jiangsu province, china. | this study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to examine the prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma penetrans and mycoplasma pirum in 210 hiv/aids patients, 455 sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinic attendees and 245 healthy volunteers from first-void urine specimens for men and endocervical swabs for women. u. urealyticum and m. hominis were detected in 107 (51.0%) and 69 (32.9%) patients in the ... | 2012 | 22930310 |
| the variable internal structure of the mycoplasma penetrans attachment organelle revealed by biochemical and microscopic analyses: implications for attachment organelle mechanism and evolution. | although mycoplasmas have small genomes, many of them, including the hiv-associated opportunist mycoplasma penetrans, construct a polar attachment organelle (ao) used for both adherence to host cells and gliding motility. however, the irregular phylogenetic distribution of similar structures within the mycoplasmas as well as compositional and ultrastructural differences among these aos suggest that aos have arisen several times by convergent evolution. we investigated the ultrastructure and prot ... | 2017 | 28373274 |
| cpg underrepresentation and the bacterial cpg-specific dna methyltransferase m.mpei. | cytosine methylation promotes deamination. in eukaryotes, cpg methylation is thought to account for cpg underrepresentation. whether scarcity of cpgs in prokaryotic genomes is diagnostic for methylation is not clear. here, we report that mycoplasms tend to be cpg depleted and to harbor a family of constitutively expressed or phase variable cpg-specific dna methyltransferases. the very cpg poor mycoplasma penetrans and its constitutively active cpg-specific methyltransferase m.mpei were chosen fo ... | 2013 | 23248272 |
| structural characterization of the enzymes composing the arginine deiminase pathway in mycoplasma penetrans. | the metabolism of arginine towards atp synthesis has been considered a major source of energy for microorganisms such as mycoplasma penetrans in anaerobic conditions. additionally, this pathway has also been implicated in pathogenic and virulence mechanism of certain microorganisms, i.e. protection from acidic stress during infection. in this work we present the crystal structures of the three enzymes composing the gene cluster of the arginine deiminase pathway from m. penetrans: arginine deimin ... | 2012 | 23082227 |
| mycoplasma penetrans infection is a potential cause of immunoglobulin a nephropathy: a new animal model. | a new animal model of immunoglobulin a nephropathy (igan) was made by infecting mice with mycoplasma penetrans (mpe). to examine the pathogenesis of igan induced by mpe infection, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-6 (il-6) and nuclear factor-kb (nf-kb) protein levels were compared among study groups. | 2013 | 22782329 |
| conserved terminal organelle morphology and function in mycoplasma penetrans and mycoplasma iowae. | within the genus mycoplasma are species whose cells have terminal organelles, polarized structures associated with cytadherence and gliding motility. mycoplasma penetrans, found mostly in hiv-infected patients, and mycoplasma iowae, an economically significant poultry pathogen, are members of the mycoplasma muris phylogenetic cluster. both species have terminal organelles that interact with host cells, yet the structures in these species, or any in the m. muris cluster, remain uncharacterized. t ... | 2012 | 22447904 |
| potential malignant transformation in the gastric mucosa of immunodeficient mice with persistent mycoplasma penetrans infection. | mycoplasma infection has been reported in immunocompromised cancer patients; nevertheless, it is not clear if persistent mycoplasma infection could facilitate the proliferation of cancer cells in immunocompromised organisms. the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between persistent mycoplasma infection and malignant transformation in an immunodeficient host model. immunodeficient mouse model was established using cyclophosphamide and mice gastric mucosal cells were infected with m ... | 2017 | 28692662 |