| a redescription of schizogony of cytauxzoon felis in the domestic cat. | cytauxzoon felis is a protozoan parasite that is transmitted by dermacentor variabilis ticks and causes a uniformly fatal disease in domestic cats. in order to study schizogony and merozoite formation, d. variabilis nymphs were allowed to feed on domestic cats experimentally infected with c. felis, after which the molted adult ticks were fed on susceptible cats. lung and liver tissues were collected from the cats during clinical cytauxzoonosis and were fixed for light and transmission electron m ... | 1992 | 1626865 |
| iatrogenic transmission of cytauxzoon felis from a florida panther (felix concolor coryi) to a domestic cat. | a laboratory cat died 12 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of a 1 ml suspension containing 1.5 x 10(6) blood mononuclear cells from a florida panther (felis concolor coryi). gross, histologic and ultrastructural investigations revealed the cause of death to be infection by cytauxzoon felis, a protozoal parasite known to cause a rapidly fatal disease (cytauxzoonosis) in domestic cats. the bobcat (felis rufus) has been identified as a natural host for c. felis. this report implicates the flor ... | 1991 | 2067059 |
| treatment of experimentally induced cytauxzoonosis in cats with parvaquone and buparvaquone. | the efficacy of parvaquone (clexon) and buparvaquone (butalex) in treating experimentally induced feline cytauxzoonosis was explored. domestic cats were inoculated subcutaneously with blood from a cat infected with cytauxzoon felis and treated daily with either 20 or 30 mg kg-1 parvaquone, or 5 or 10 mg kg-1 buparvaquone, beginning on either the first day parasites were detected in peripheral blood, or 2 days after the onset of parasitemia. fifteen cats were treated and all but one died due to t ... | 1990 | 2111598 |
| diagnostic parasitology. | diagnosis of parasitic infections in small animals is challenging, interesting, and fun, and involves the recognition of parasite stages based on size, morphology, color, and movement. size and morphology are the major diagnostic parameters, and a calibrated microscope is the essential tool in the diagnostic laboratory. the fecal flotation technique is used routinely for the diagnosis of most parasites that reside within the gastrointestinal tract. the specific gravity and type of solution used ... | 1989 | 2678716 |
| ultrastructure of the intraerythrocytic stage of cytauxzoon felis. | the erythrocytes of 2 cats experimentally infected with cytauxzoon felis were examined by light and electron microscopy. in stained blood smears, parasitized erythrocytes usually contained a single, roundish organism, but occasionally up to 4 were present in a cell. chains of these roundish organisms also were seen. elongated parasites, sometimes with ear-like projections, were present in a few erythrocytes. by electron microscopy, the parasite contained a poorly defined nucleus, rough endoplasm ... | 1985 | 2988382 |
| evidence of a limited schizogonous cycle for cytauxzoon felis in bobcats following exposure to infected ticks. | schizogonous tissue stages of cytauxzoon felis (apicomplexa: theileridae) were not observed by microscopic evaluation of impression smears of liver, spleen, lung and lymph nodes in 10 bobcats (lynx rufus) from oklahoma with naturally occurring piroplasm infections. schizogonous stages were observed in similar tissues from experimentally-infected bobcats at 11 days postexposure to infected dermacentor variabilis, but not at 30 days following tick feeding. the schizogonous cycle of this parasite a ... | 1987 | 3114505 |
| the pathology of experimental cytauxzoonosis. | clinical, gross post mortem, histological and electron-microscopical data were collected from cats serially killed following experimental infection with cytauxzoon felis. the agent was originally isolated from domestic cats with naturally occurring fatal cytauxzoonosis. morphologically, the blood phase of feline cytauxzoon appeared similar or identical to that described for cases of cytauxzoonosis in african ruminants and closely resembled also the blood phases of theileria spp. and babesia spp. ... | 1987 | 3117851 |
| relationships between cytauxzoon felis and african piroplasmids. | a cat which had recovered from cytauxzoon felis infection following treatment with the anti-theilerial drug, parvaquone, showed an increase in piroplasm parasitemia after splenectomy and its blood was suitable for the preparation of antigen smears for the indirect fluorescent antibody test. high levels of antibodies were found in this cat after recovery, in two other cats sub-lethally infected with piroplasms and in sera of naturally infected bobcats. cats recovered from piroplasm infection died ... | 1987 | 3125663 |
| erythrocytic rickettsia and protozoa of the dog and cat. | this article summarizes the biologic and clinical features of the rickettsia and protozoa of canine and feline erythrocytes that are significant in north america: haemobartonella canis, haemobartonella felis, cytauxzoon felis, babesia canis, and babesia gibsoni. | 1987 | 3328397 |
| hematologic and serum chemical values for free-ranging bobcats, felis rufus (schreber), with reference to animals with natural infections of cytauxzoon felis kier, 1979. | | 1985 | 3999257 |
| cytauxzoonosis in bobcats. | blood from 4 wild-trapped bobcats (lynx rufus rufus) with naturally occurring infection by an intraerythrocytic piroplasm morphologically indistinguishable from the piroplasm form of cytauxzoon felis was inoculated parenterally into domestic cats. none of the bobcats had signs of disease at the time of capture or subsequently, but all remained parasitemic. erythroparasitemia developed in all 4 of the domestic cats inoculated with parasitemic bobcat blood. one of the domestic cats later died and ... | 1983 | 6417088 |
| transmission of cytauxzoon felis kier, 1979 from bobcats, felis rufus (schreber), to domestic cats by dermacentor variabilis (say). | | 1984 | 6492329 |
| cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats: report of two cases in oklahoma, with a review and discussion of the disease. | in 2 cases of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats in oklahoma, the clinical features, gross lesions, and microscopic findings were of similar nature and degree to those previously reported by others, both in the naturally occurring and experimentally induced disease. intraerythrocytic forms of cytauxzoon felis organisms were demonstrated in stained blood smears from one cat. blood from the other cat was not examined. the diagnosis was established by the finding of schizonts in endothelial-associated ... | 1984 | 6725117 |
| interspecies transmission of cytauxzoon felis. | the causative agent of feline cytauxzoonosis was experimentally inoculated into 4 species of domestic farm animals, 9 species of laboratory animals, and 17 wildlife species. the inoculum consisted of freshly collected or deep-frozen blood and/or tissue homogenates from domestic cats euthanatized in extremis with experimentally transmitted feline cytauxzoonosis. a bobcat, lynx rufus floridanus (florida bobcat), developed cytauxzoonosis typical of the disease observed in domestic cats and died of ... | 1982 | 6807139 |
| experimental transmission of cytauxzoon felis from bobcats (lynx rufus) to domestic cats (felis domesticus). | freshly collected blood and/or spleen homogenate from an experimentally infected florida bobcat (lynx rufus floridanus), which had died of feline cytauxzoonosis, was inoculated into domestic cats. all inoculated cats had clinical signs of feline cytauxzoonosis and died within 2 weeks after they were inoculated. similar material collected from an eastern bobcat (lynx rufus rufus) carrying an experimentally infected cytauxzoon felis parasitemia was inoculated into domestic cats. all inoculated cat ... | 1982 | 6807145 |
| cytauxzoon-like piroplasms in erythrocytes of wild-trapped bobcats in oklahoma. | stained blood smears from 26 bobcats wildtrapped in 4 oklahoma counties were examined for protozoan parasites. a cytauxzoon-like piroplasm was observed in erythrocytes from 13 of 21 bobcats trapped in 2 counties. organisms were not observed in the 5 bobcats trapped in 2 other counties. the degree of parasitemia varied from less than 0.5% to 5% infected erythrocytes but commonly ranged from 1% to 3%. responding anemia was apparent in 1 of the 13 infected bobcats but other ill effects possibly att ... | 1982 | 7174437 |
| survival of a domestic cat with naturally acquired cytauxzoonosis. | a cat with acute onset of febrile systemic illness was determined to be infected with cytauxzoon felis. the diagnosis was made on the basis of cytologic morphology of erythroparasites seen in blood smears and results of microfluorometric immunoassay for serum antibody directed against c felis-parasitized rbc. treatment consisted of parenteral administration of fluids and antibiotics. the cat recovered within 2 weeks. circulating erythroparasites were not detected on blood smears from samples col ... | 1995 | 7775249 |
| cytauxzoonosis in cats: eight cases (1985-1992). | cytauxzoonosis is a rapidly and highly fatal disease in cats that is caused by the protozoan cytauxzoon felis, which may be transmitted by ixodid ticks (dermacentor variabilis) from parasitemic bobcats (lynx rufus). during an 8-year period, cytauxzoonosis was diagnosed in 8 cats, 7 cats within 14 months. risk factors for these cats were warm weather, access to a wooded environment, and exposure to ticks. the most consistent clinical signs were acute lethargy, anorexia, decreased response to exte ... | 1994 | 7961073 |
| fatal cytauxzoonosis in a captive-reared white tiger (panthera tigris). | fatal (panthera tigris) cytauxzoonosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old female white tiger. the tiger presented with a 2-day history of anorexia and lethargy. she was mildly dehydrated, with a temperature of 105.2 f and a hematocrit of 26%. over the next day, icterus developed, and her physical condition progressed to recumbency, coma, and death. hematologic findings obtained shortly before death included icteric plasma, severe thrombocytopenia, mild anemia, hematuria, and parasites consistent with ... | 1996 | 8826011 |
| a possible new piroplasm in lions from the republic of south africa. | a small piroplasm was detected in blood smears from lions (panthera leo) in the kruger national park (knp; republic of south africa) during 1991/1992. the parasite was identified provisionally as babesia felis, but sera from these lions tested negative to b. felis antigen in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). blood from an infected lion was subsequently subinoculated into a domestic cat and two leopards in an attempt to identify the parasite. a lion also was infected with b. fe ... | 1999 | 10073351 |
| administration of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate for treatment of cytauxzoonosis in cats. | bobcats (lynx rufus) are the reservoir hosts for cytauxzoon felis, the causative agent of cytauxzoonosis. cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal tickborne blood protozoal disease of domestic and exotic cats. treatment of clinically affected cats has generally been unrewarding. in our report, 6 of 7 cats had signs of illness and laboratory findings indicative of cytauxzoonosis and were successfully treated with 2 i.m. injections of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb] of ... | 1999 | 10461632 |
| hematologic effects of cytauxzoonosis in florida panthers and texas cougars in florida. | cytauxzoon felis is a long-recognized hemoparasite of free-ranging florida panthers (puma concolor coryi), but its prevalence and effect on the population has not been assessed. red blood cell indices and white blood cell counts were compared between infected and noninfected florida panthers and texas cougars (puma concolor stanleyana) from 1983-1997 in florida (usa). the prevalence of cytauxzoonosis for both populations was 39% (11/28) for texas cougars, 35% for florida panthers (22/63) and 36% ... | 1999 | 10479103 |
| cats surviving natural infection with cytauxzoon felis: 18 cases (1997-1998). | eighteen cats surviving natural infection with cytauxzoon felis were identified. all cats came from a limited geographic area in northwestern arkansas and northeastern oklahoma. clinical signs in most cats were similar to those described for cytauxzoonosis; however, 4 cats were asymptomatic. all cases were initially diagnosed by microscopic identification of signet ring-shaped piroplasms in erythrocytes of peripheral blood smears. four of 4 cats tested had detectable serum antibodies to c felis. ... | 2000 | 11012116 |
| feline cytauxzoonosis: a case report and literature review. | a 5.5-year-old siamese presented for evaluation of a three-day history of anorexia and lethargy. upon physical examination, the cat was depressed, dehydrated, pyrexic, had injected conjunctiva and sclera, pale mucous membranes, and a grade ii/vi systolic heart murmur. thoracic radiographs revealed moderate to severe, diffuse, bronchointerstitial pulmonary changes with enlarged and tortuous pulmonary vessels. with continued hospitalization, the cat became dyspneic and died. the postmortem cytopat ... | 2000 | 11105885 |
| fatal cytauxzoonosis in a free-ranging bobcat (lynx rufus). | in september 2000, a free-ranging bobcat (lynx rufus) cub was presented to the kansas state university veterinary teaching hospital (manhattan, kansas, usa) in a moribund state with signs of severe anemia and respiratory difficulty. the cub was euthanized. gross necropsy findings included multifocal atelectasis, splenomegaly, and pericardial effusion. microscopic examination revealed subacute pulmonary thrombosis, mild vasculitis in the brain, and large schizont-filled macrophages within blood v ... | 2002 | 12238380 |
| an intraerythrocytic small piroplasm in wild-caught pallas's cats (otocolobus manul) from mongolia. | during the quarantine examination of four pallas's cats (otocolobus manul) imported from mongolia in october and december 2000, intraerythrocytic piroplasms were detected on wright-giemsa stained blood films that were morphologically indistinguishable from other small piroplasms of felids. further characterization of this unknown organism via polymerase chain reaction amplification, sequencing of a portion of the 18s nuclear small subunit rrna gene, and comparisons with orthologous sequences fro ... | 2003 | 12910772 |
| the "expanding universe" of piroplasms. | the present paper is the continuation of our previous studies dealing with the genetic characterization of piroplasmid species found in southern europe. we report in this work new data concerning sequences of the 18s rrna gene in spanish piroplasms not studied (or not totally sequenced) in our former surveys. molecular data analysis indicated that spanish cytauxzoon felis (cat isolate) has 98% identity with cytauxzoon sp. from mongolia and 95% identity compared to african c. felis. there are at ... | 2004 | 15154598 |
| infection and blood transfusion: a guide to donor screening. | in recent years, blood-component therapy has become more accessible in veterinary practice. as with human medicine, care must be taken to minimize the risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient. determining the appropriate diseases to screen for is complicated by regional variations in disease incidence, the existence of chronic carrier states for some diseases, the difficulty in screening-test selection, and testing cost. the feline diseases considered include retroviral infections, f ... | 2004 | 15179926 |
| feline cytauxzoonosis. | cytauxzoon felis is a protozoan hemoparasite of wild and domestic cats. in domestic cats, it causes severe clinical disease with high mortality. | 2005 | 15627629 |
| polymerase chain reaction detection of cytauxzoon felis from field-collected ticks and sequence analysis of the small subunit and internal transcribed spacer 1 region of the ribosomal rna gene. | cytauxzoon felis produces a disease in domestic cats in the midwest (u.s.a.), which often leads to a fatal outcome. although the clinical disease process is well described, there are still many unanswered questions about this organism. for example, it is unknown whether species of ticks other than dermacentor variabilis can serve as vectors for transmission. with recent reports of surviving cats from limited geographic areas, another relevant question is the potential for genetically less virule ... | 2005 | 15986625 |
| development and evaluation of a pcr assay for the detection of cytauxzoon felis dna in feline blood samples. | cytauxzoonosis is an emerging tick borne infectious disease of domestic cats in the united states, caused by the organism cytauxzoon felis (c. felis). in naturally infected domestic cats the disease is almost always fatal. currently there are no commercially available molecular or serologic tests to facilitate the antemortem diagnosis of c. felis infection. clinical and pathological diagnosis of cytauxzoonosis is based on microscopic identification of parasites in tissues or on blood smears. we ... | 2006 | 16417970 |
| cytauxzoon felis infection in cats in the mid-atlantic states: 34 cases (1998-2004). | to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of feline cytauxzoonosis in the mid-atlantic states and compare the cytauxzoon felis 18s rrna gene sequences from affected cats with sequences reported from affected cats in other regions. | 2006 | 16478435 |
| fatal cytauxzoonosis in a kentucky cat (felis domesticus). | a male domestic shorthair cat was presented with lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia and respiratory harshness. diagnostic clinical chemistries, viral identification and tissue fluorescent antibody testing were negative or revealed no underlying system failure. histopathology examination revealed multifocal, variable sized and shaped protozoal life forms in the brain, heart, lung, intestine, spleen, lymph node and kidney consistent with the intraleukocytic schizonts of cytauxzoon felis. | 2006 | 16584845 |
| molecular detection and characterization of cytauxzoon felis and a babesia species in cougars from florida. | piroplasms, morphologically indistinguishable from cytauxzoon felis, previously were detected in 36% of cougars in florida. we utilized a nested 18s rrna assay, which amplifies dna from all piroplasms, to screen blood samples collected from 41 cougars from florida (39 native florida panthers [puma concolor coryi] and two translocated texas cougars [p. c. stanleyana]) from 1989-2005. thirty-nine of the 41 cougars (95%) were positive for piroplasms; however, sequence analysis and restriction enzym ... | 2006 | 16870859 |
| fatal cytauxzoonosis in captive-reared lions in brazil. | fatal cytauxzoonosis is described in a captive reared lioness (panthera leo) and its 6-month-old cub. clinical signs in the lioness included loss of weight, depression, anaemia, loss of hair, dark discolored urine, tachypnoea, nystagmus, deaphness and staggering gait. the cub died after a short period of depression. in the lioness, laboratory examination revealed normochromic normocytic anaemia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, monocytosis, eosinopenia, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, pyuria, haematuri ... | 2007 | 17306459 |
| the detection of cytauxzoon felis in apparently healthy free-roaming cats in the usa. | cytauxzoon felis typically causes fatal disease in domestic cats. survival after infection and persistent parasitemia without clinical illness has been documented in a few cases. to our knowledge there are no prevalence studies of c. felis in domestic cats. the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of c. felis infected cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs in florida, north carolina and tennessee. cats that were presented to trap-neuter-return programs were teste ... | 2007 | 17391852 |
| experimental infection of domestic cats (felis domesticus) with cytauxzoon manul from pallas' cats (otocolobus manul). | in a random, blind study, six domestic cats were assigned to two treatment groups that received either sterile water or dexamethasone by subcutaneous injection prior to intravenous inoculation with pallas' cat (otocolobus manul) blood infected with cytauxzoon manul. a seventh domestic cat served as a control and was inoculated only with sterile water. cats were monitored for clinical signs consistent with cytauxzoonosis, and periodically screened for hemoparasitemia. all domestic cats (6/6) that ... | 2007 | 17442493 |
| laboratory findings in acute cytauxzoon felis infection in cougars (puma concolor couguar) in florida. | intraerythrocytic piroplasms, morphologically indistinguishable from cytauxzoon felis, were identified in stained blood films from more than one third of free-ranging cougars (puma concolor couguar) in southern florida in a study that failed to demonstrate negative effects of piroplasm infection on measured hematologic parameters. however, a recent study with a nested 18s rrna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay identified only 9% of the free-ranging cougars in southern florida as infected wit ... | 2007 | 17679513 |
| temporal occurrence and environmental risk factors associated with cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats. | cytauxzoon felis is a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite of domestic and wild felids in the south-central and southeastern united states. infection of domestic cats (felis domesticus) with c. felis is typically acute and characterized by fever, anorexia, listlessness, anemia, icterus and usually death within 19-21 days. to determine the temporal occurrence and environmental risk factors associated with infection of c. felis in domestic cats from oklahoma, information in the electronic medical r ... | 2008 | 18272289 |
| cytauxzoon felis infections are present in bobcats (lynx rufus) in a region where cytauxzoonosis is not recognized in domestic cats. | this study was performed to determine the prevalence of cytauxzoon felis (c. felis) infections in bobcats (lynx rufus) from a region where c. felis is recognized in domestic cats, north carolina (nc), and a region where c. felis is not recognized in domestic cats, pennsylvania (pa). samples from nc (n=32) were obtained post-mortem via cardiac puncture from legally trapped bobcats. samples from pa (n=70) were collected post-mortem onto nobuto blood collecting strips by the pa game commission. eac ... | 2008 | 18295403 |
| detection of persistent cytauxzoon felis infection by polymerase chain reaction in three asymptomatic domestic cats. | repeated polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing of 3 asymptomatic domestic cats were positive for cytauxzoon felis dna, suggesting persistent infection. two cats initially presented with clinical signs consistent with acute cytauxzoonosis and, in both cases, signs of illness resolved after treatment. parasitemia was detected in peripheral blood smears from these cats upon presentation with illness and, at subsequent follow-up appointments, in the absence of clinical illness. polymerase chain re ... | 2008 | 18599854 |
| genetic variability of cytauxzoon felis from 88 infected domestic cats in arkansas and georgia. | although cytauxzoonosis has historically been nearly 100% fatal in domestic cats, increasing number of reports of infected cats that demonstrate less-severe disease suggest the existence of different strains of cytauxzoon felis. to test this hypothesis, the genetic variability of c. felis was examined in blood samples from naturally infected domestic cats from arkansas and georgia by using the first and second ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (its1, its2) as markers to assess genoty ... | 2009 | 19139502 |
| transmission of cytauxzoon felis to a domestic cat by amblyomma americanum. | cytauxzoon felis was transmitted to a domestic cat by amblyomma americanum. the infection was produced by the bite of a. americanum adults that were acquisition fed as nymphs on a domestic cat that naturally survived infection of c. felis. fever, inappetence, depression, and lethargy were first noted 11 days post-infestation (dpi). pale mucus membranes, splenomegaly, icterus, and dyspnea were also observed during the course of the disease. the body temperature of the experimentally infected c. f ... | 2009 | 19168288 |
| feline leukemia virus and other pathogens as important threats to the survival of the critically endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus). | background: the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) is considered the most endangered felid species in the world. in order to save this species, the spanish authorities implemented a captive breeding program recruiting lynxes from the wild. in this context, a retrospective survey on prevalence of selected feline pathogens in free-ranging lynxes was initiated. methodology/ principal findings: we systematically analyzed the prevalence and importance of seven viral, one protozoan (cytauxzoon felis), and s ... | 2009 | 19270739 |
| genetic variability of archived cytauxzoon felis histologic specimens from domestic cats in georgia, 1995-2007. | cytauxzoon felis infection in domestic cats has historically been nearly 100% fatal. however, increasing reports of domestic cats that survive cytauxzoonosis and reports of asymptomatic cats with c. felis infections suggest the existence of different parasite strains that vary in pathogenicity. the objective of the current study was to obtain epidemiologic information about cytauxzoonosis through genotypic characterization of archived histologic specimens from domestic cats with c. felis infecti ... | 2009 | 19564497 |
| an in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical study of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats. | cytauxzoonosis, caused by the protozoan parasite, cytauxzoon felis, is a tick-borne disease of domestic cats causing high mortality. the reservoir is wild felids. in this study, 7 archived cases of the disease were examined through in situ hybridization for localization of the parasite and by immunohistochemistry for various cell markers to characterize infected cells. the riboprobe used was specific for the 16s-like rrna subunit of babesia microti, which shares 91% identity with the same gene f ... | 2009 | 19605894 |
| pulmonary histopathology of cytauxzoon felis infections in the cat. | cytauxzoonosis, caused by cytauxzoon felis, is a regionally common, often fatal tick-borne disease primarily affecting the domestic cat. retrospective analysis of case records from january 1995 to june 2005 identified 148 domestic cats diagnosed with cytauxzoonosis, having suitable archived lung sections. lung sections were examined and graded on relevant parameters, the chief purpose of which was to characterize the pulmonary lesion of fatal feline cytauxzoonosis. parameters were scored 0 to 3 ... | 2010 | 20442419 |
| identification and genetic characterization of cytauxzoon felis in asymptomatic domestic cats and bobcats. | the objectives of the current study were to assess the prevalence of cytauxzoon felis infection among a population of domestic cats that were clinically healthy but at higher risk for parasite exposure and to determine if the strains present in these asymptomatically infected cats were genetically unique as compared to those present both in domestic cats that were fatally infected and in the natural reservoir host, the bobcat. using real-time pcr analysis targeting a portion of the parasite 18s ... | 2010 | 20605334 |
| confirmation of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) as a vector for cytauxzoon felis (piroplasmorida: theileriidae) to domestic cats. | amblyomma americanum was confirmed as a competent vector in the transmission of cytauxzoon felis to domestic cats. infection with c. felis was produced and replicated in four domestic felines by the bite of a. americanum adults that were acquisition fed as nymphs on a domestic cat that survived cytauxzoonosis. numerous attempts to transmit c. felis with dermacentor variabilis at the same time were not successful. all cats upon which infected a. americanum were transmission fed exhibited disease ... | 2010 | 20939386 |
| distribution and prevalence of cytauxzoon felis in bobcats (lynx rufus), the natural reservoir, and other wild felids in thirteen states. | cytauxzoon felis, a protozoan parasite of wild and domestic felids, is the causative agent of cytauxzoonosis in domestic and some exotic felids in the united states. the bobcat (lynx rufus) is the natural reservoir for this parasite, but other felids such as florida panthers (puma concolor coryii) and domestic cats may maintain long-term parasitemias and serve as reservoirs. experimentally, two tick species, dermacentor variabilis and amblyomma americanum, have demonstrated the ability to transm ... | 2010 | 21071149 |
| efficacy of atovaquone and azithromycin or imidocarb dipropionate in cats with acute cytauxzoonosis. | imidocarb or a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin (a&a) has been suggested for treatment of cats with cytauxzoonosis, but neither has been prospectively evaluated for efficacy. | 2010 | 21143646 |
| cytauxzoon sp. infection in the first endemic focus described in domestic cats in europe. | information about epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of domestic cat infection by species of cytauxzoon other than cytauxzoon felis is limited and it has rarely been reported. following the detection of clinical cytauxzoonosis in three cats from trieste (italy), an epidemiological study was carried out in colony (n=63) and owned (n=52) cats from the same city to investigate the presence of cytauxzoon sp. infection and to assess clinicopathological findings and variables associated w ... | 2011 | 21839583 |
| serological and molecular analysis of feline vector-borne anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis using species-specific peptides and pcr. | with the exception of bartonella spp. or cytauxzoon felis, feline vector-borne pathogens (fvbp) have been less frequently studied in north america and are generally under-appreciated as a clinical entity in cats, as compared to dogs or people. this study investigated selected fvbp seroreactivity and pcr prevalence in cats using archived samples. | 2015 | 26062723 |
| comparative speed of kill of sarolaner (simparica™ chewables) and fluralaner (bravecto(®)) against induced infestations of amblyomma americanum on dogs. | the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum, infests dogs and cats in north america and transmits the pathogens ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii, which cause monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, and cytauxzoon felis which causes cytauxzoonosis in cats. a parasiticide's speed of kill is important to minimize the direct deleterious effects [related to blood-feeding] of tick infestation and reduce the risk of transmission of tick-borne pathogens. in this study the spe ... | 2016 | 27430425 |
| frequency of piroplasms babesia microti and cytauxzoon felis in stray cats from northern italy. | emerging diseases caused by piroplasms pose a health risk for man and other animals, and domestic cats have been proposed as potential reservoirs for some piroplasm infections. the aim of this study was to identify the frequency of the piroplasms babesia microti and cytauxzoon felis in stray cats from northern italy and to identify possible risk factors associated with these infections. blood samples from 260 stray cats enrolled in a trap-neuter-release (tnr) program in northern italy were exami ... | 2014 | 24895629 |
| first report of cytauxzoon sp. infection in a domestic cat from portugal. | cytauxzoonosis is an emerging and life-threatening tick-borne feline disease caused by haemoprotozoan parasites of the genus cytauxzoon. information regarding epidemiological and clinical presentation of infections by species other than cytauxzoon felis is scant. a case of cytauxzoon sp. infection is described in a 2-year-old mixed breed male domestic cat from portugal, presenting a history of acute lethargy, anorexia and pyrexia. | 2016 | 27160193 |
| prevalence of cytauxzoon felis infection in healthy cats from enzootic areas in arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma. | infection with cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats can cause fever, lethargy, depression, inappetence, icterus, and often death. with a high mortality rate, cytauxzoonosis was historically considered a fatal disease. within the last 15 years, cats with or without treatment have been recognized as chronically infected survivors of c. felis infection. our objective was to determine the prevalence of c. felis in healthy domestic cats from arkansas, missouri, and oklahoma. | 2015 | 25566776 |
| increasing frequency of feline cytauxzoonosis cases diagnosed in western kentucky from 2001 to 2011. | feline cytauxzoonosis is a rapidly progressing and usually fatal disease in domestic cats caused by the tick-borne pathogen, cytauxzoon felis. the primary reservoir host for this protozoan parasite is the bobcat (lynx rufus). in this retrospective study, we have examined the positive cases of feline cytauxzoonosis identified at murray state university's breathitt veterinary center, a regional diagnostic facility located in hopkinsville, kentucky, between january 2001 and december 2011. center re ... | 2013 | 24035030 |
| a novel candidate vaccine for cytauxzoonosis inferred from comparative apicomplexan genomics. | cytauxzoonosis is an emerging infectious disease of domestic cats (felis catus) caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite cytauxzoon felis. the growing epidemic, with its high morbidity and mortality points to the need for a protective vaccine against cytauxzoonosis. unfortunately, the causative agent has yet to be cultured continuously in vitro, rendering traditional vaccine development approaches beyond reach. here we report the use of comparative genomics to computationally and experiment ... | 2013 | 23977000 |
| tick-borne agents in domesticated and stray cats from the city of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil. | anaplasmataceae agents, piroplasmids and hepatozoon spp. have emerged as important pathogens among domestic and wild felines. the present work aimed to detect the presence of species belonging to the anaplasmataceae family, piroplasmas and hepatozoon spp. dna in blood samples of domesticated and stray cats in the city of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil. between january and april 2013, whole blood samples were collected from 151 cats (54 males, 95 females and two with ... | 2015 | 26187416 |
| mitochondrial genome sequences and structures aid in the resolution of piroplasmida phylogeny. | the taxonomy of the order piroplasmida, which includes a number of clinically and economically relevant organisms, is a hotly debated topic amongst parasitologists. three genera (babesia, theileria, and cytauxzoon) are recognized based on parasite life cycle characteristics, but molecular phylogenetic analyses of 18s sequences have suggested the presence of five or more distinct piroplasmida lineages. despite these important advancements, a few studies have been unable to define the taxonomic re ... | 2016 | 27832128 |
| field comparison of tolerance of a collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (seresto) and a placebo collar placed on cats. | a collar containing 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin (seresto; bayer animal health) controls flea and tick infestations for 8 months and is effective in preventing transmission of bartonella henselae and cytauxzoon felis among cats. the purpose of this study was to compare tolerance of client-owned cats for the 10.0% imidacloprid/4.5% flumethrin collar or a physically identical placebo collar. | 2016 | 26269454 |
| concurrent examination of bobcats and ticks reveals high prevalence of cytauxzoon felis in southern illinois. | cytauxzoon felis is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan of felids enzootic in the southeastern united states. in domestic cats (felis catus), this parasite can result in the highly fatal disease cytauxzoonosis or bobcat fever. bobcats (lynx rufus) are the wild animal reservoir host. to date, the characterization of prevalence of c. felis in bobcats is mostly based on broad-scale surveys from hunter-harvested specimens collected across large geographic areas, usually consisting of multiple states. ... | 2017 | 28355128 |
| improved molecular detection of babesia infections in animals using a novel quantitative real-time pcr diagnostic assay targeting mitochondrial dna. | babesiosis is a protozoal, tick transmitted disease found worldwide in humans, wildlife and domesticated animals. commonly used approaches to diagnose babesiosis include microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears, detection of circulating antibodies and pcr. to screen and differentiate canine babesia infections many pcr assays amplify the 18s rrna gene. these sequences contain hypervariable regions flanked by highly conserved regions allowing for amplification of a broad-range of babesia ... | 2017 | 28264705 |
| is the free-ranging jaguar (panthera onca) a reservoir for cytauxzoon felis in brazil? | this study investigated the occurrence of cytauxzoon felis and babesia spp. in free-ranging jaguars (panthera onca), domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and domestic cats (felis catus) from the cerrado, amazon and pantanal biomes of brazil. blood samples were collected from 30 jaguars, 129 dogs and 22 cats for detection of the 18s rrna genes of piroplasmids. all of the jaguars from the pantanal (n=22) and cerrado (n=4) and three of four jaguars from the amazon were positive for c. felis, but ... | 2017 | 28196774 |
| minimum transmission time of cytauxzoon felis by amblyomma americanum to domestic cats in relation to duration of infestation, and investigation of ingestion of infected ticks as a potential route of transmission. | objectives the objectives of the present study were to determine the duration of infestation by amblyomma americanum necessary for transmission of cytauxzoon felis to domestic cats and to determine if ingestion of c felis-infected a americanum by cats is a route of transmission. methods forty-nine cats were assigned to one of seven groups, with seven cats per group. cats were infested with a americanum adults, acquisition fed as nymphs on a cytauxzoonosis survivor cat, for 12 h (group 1), 18 h ( ... | 2017 | 28151047 |
| glial changes and evidence for apoptosis in the brain of cats infected by cytauxzoon felis. | ischaemic neuropathological changes associated with cytauxzoon felis infection in cats have been reported recently. this paper describes the associated glial changes and the evidence for apoptosis in the brain of cats infected naturally by c. felis. sections of brain from eight affected cats and eight age- and sex-matched control cats were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, cd18 and cleaved caspase-3. vascular changes in the leptomeninges and par ... | 2017 | 28011042 |
| pcr amplification of a multi-copy mitochondrial gene (cox3) improves detection of cytauxzoon felis infection as compared to a ribosomal gene (18s). | cytauxzoon felis is a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite that infects felids. clinical disease caused by acute c. felis infection rapidly progresses in domestic cats, leading to high morbidity and mortality. accurately diagnosing cytauxzoonosis as soon as possible during acute infection would allow for earlier initiation of antiprotozoal therapy which could lead to higher survival rates. molecular detection of parasite rrna genes (18s) by pcr has previously been shown to be a sensitive method o ... | 2016 | 27369587 |
| first detection of cytauxzoon spp. infection in european wildcats (felis silvestris silvestris) of italy. | cytauxzoonosis is an emerging, tick-transmitted, protozoan disease affecting domestic and wild felids and caused by cytauxzoon felis, cytauxzoon manul and cytauxzoon spp. this study aimed to determine the presence of infection with cytauxzoon spp. in felis silvestris silvestris in italy, in order to enhance the comprehension of its pattern distribution among domestic cat populations. in addition, wildcats were tested for other endemic vector-borne pathogens in italy. the carcasses of 21 f. s. si ... | 2016 | 27150590 |
| novel babesia and hepatozoon agents infecting non-volant small mammals in the brazilian pantanal, with the first record of the tick ornithodoros guaporensis in brazil. | taking into account the diversity of small terrestrial mammals of the pantanal, the present study aimed to verify the occurrence of infection by ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., hepatozoon spp., babesia spp. and parasitism by ticks in non-volant small mammals collected in the brazilian pantanal. samples of blood, liver and spleen were collected from 64 captured animals, 22 marsupials and 42 rodents. pathogen detection was performed by the use of genus-specific polymerase chain re ... | 2016 | 26782931 |
| cytauxzoon infections in wild felids from carpathian-danubian-pontic space: further evidence for a different cytauxzoon species in european felids. | parasitic protists of the genus cytauxzoon are detected in a wide range of wild and domestic felids. bobcats are a confirmed reservoir of cytauxzoon felis in north america while domestic cats are susceptible hosts suffering from severe or fatal illness. cytauxzoon infections are mainly reported from american felids and, recently, several sub-clinical and clinical findings were reported from european, asian, and african felids. in 2014, the collection of organs of 4 eurasian lynx and 12 wild cats ... | 2016 | 26741977 |
| cytauxzoonosis: diagnosis and treatment of an emerging disease. | cytauxzoonosis is a life-threatening hematoprotozoal disease with a rapidly progressive clinical course. once considered a rare disease only relevant to a small geographic area, it is now recognized in more than about a third of the united states. the geographic range seems likely to increase with expansion of the range of the vector tick. | 2015 | 26486980 |
| cytauxzoonosis in cats: abcd guidelines on prevention and management. | cytauxzoon species are apicomplexan haemoparasites, which may cause severe disease in domestic cats, as well as lions and tigers. for many years, cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats was only reported in north and south america, but in recent years the infection has also been seen in europe (spain, france and italy). | 2015 | 26101317 |
| coagulation abnormalities in 5 cats with naturally occurring cytauxzoonosis. | to characterize hemostasis and determine if disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) is present in cats with cytauxzoonosis. | 2015 | 26082008 |
| rapid high-resolution melt analysis of cytauxzoon felis cytochrome b to aid in the prognosis of cytauxzoonosis. | cytauxzoon felis is a virulent, tick-transmitted, protozoan parasite that infects felines. cytauxzoonosis was previously thought to be uniformly fatal in domestic cats. treatment combining atovaquone and azithromycin (a&a) has been associated with survival rates of over 60%. atovaquone, a ubiquinone analogue, targets c. felis cytochrome b (cytb), of which 30 unique genotypes have been identified. the c. felis cytb genotype cytb1 is associated with increased survival rates in cats treated with a& ... | 2015 | 26019197 |
| identification of cytauxzoon felis infection in domestic cats from southern illinois. | the objective of this study was to document cytauxzoon felis infection in domestic cats from southern illinois. | 2015 | 25600081 |
| neuropathology of natural cytauxzoon felis infection in domestic cats. | cytauxzoonosis is a tick-borne disease of felids caused by the protozoan cytauxzoon felis. this article characterizes the neuropathologic changes in 8 cases of natural c. felis infection in domestic cats with typical clinical signs and pathologic changes in multiple organs. histologic changes in the brain included intravascular schizont-laden macrophages in leptomeningeal and parenchymal arterioles and venules. small capillaries throughout the gray and white matter and choroid plexus also appear ... | 2015 | 25572263 |
| local pulmonary immune responses in domestic cats naturally infected with cytauxzoon felis. | cytauxzoonosis is a hemoprotozoal disease of cats and wild felids in the south and southeastern united states caused by cytauxzoon felis. although the causative agent has been recognized since the seventies, no study has examined the local immune response in affected organs, such as the lung, and compared them to the lungs of uninfected domestic cats. previous studies have suggested that the histopathologic findings in the lungs of c. felis-infected cats are caused by the release of pro-inflamma ... | 2015 | 25467887 |
| cytauxzoon sp. infection in two free ranging young cats: clinicopathological findings, therapy and follow up. | two young brother male free-ranging domestic shorthair cats were evaluated for diarrhea. they presented with intraerythrocytic piroplasms on blood smear evaluation. only the first cat was anemic (mild non-regenerative anemia). a partial segment of the 18s rrna was amplified and sequenced, revealing a homology of 99% with cytauxzoon sp. and of 93% with cytauxzoon felis. the first cat was treated with doxycycline and imidocarb dipropionate and monitored by serial laboratory exams, resulting negati ... | 2014 | 25308457 |
| spatially heterogeneous land cover/land use and climatic risk factors of tick-borne feline cytauxzoonosis. | feline cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal tick-borne disease caused by a hemoparasitic protozoan, cytauxzoon felis. this disease is a leading cause of mortality for cats in the midwestern united states, and no vaccine or effective treatment options exist. prevention based on knowledge of risk factors is therefore vital. associations of different environmental factors, including recent climate were evaluated as potential risk factors for cytauxzoonosis using geographic information systems (gis). | 2014 | 24978652 |
| diversity of piroplasms detected in blood-fed and questing ticks from several states in the united states. | piroplasms in the genera babesia, theileria, and cytauxzoon are tick-borne parasites that may be animal and human pathogens. most piroplasms with known life cycles are transmitted by ixodid ticks; however, for many species, the vector is unknown. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and diversity of piroplasms in ticks from several us states. piroplasm-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were used to test 1631 ticks from georgia (n=486), kentucky (n=103), pennsylvania ... | 2014 | 24709338 |
| molecular detection of feline arthropod-borne pathogens in cats in cuiabá, state of mato grosso, central-western region of brazil. | hemotrophic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas), bartonella sp., hepatozoon sp. and cytauxzoon felis are prominent pathogens that circulate between cats and invertebrate hosts. the present study aimed to detect the presence of dna from hemoplasmas, bartonella sp., hepatozoon sp. and cytauxzoon felis, and then confirm it by means of sequencing, in blood samples from cats in cuiabá, mt, brazil. from february 2009 to february 2011, blood samples with added edta were collected from 163 cats that were being ho ... | 2013 | 24142170 |
| failure of efficacy and adverse events associated with dose-intense diminazene diaceturate treatment of chronic cytauxzoon felis infection in five cats. | cytauxzoon felis is a hemoprotozoan parasite of cats. while many infected cats die of acute illness, some enter a chronic carrier state. to date, no treatment has been documented to clear the chronic carrier state, leaving recovered cats to act as a potential indirect source of infection via a tick vector. diminazene diaceturate is an anti-protozoal therapy that has been suggested for use in the treatment of acute cytauxzoonosis, but which failed to clear the carrier state at the dose used in ac ... | 2014 | 24043719 |
| cytauxzoon felis and 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' coinfection in a brazilian domestic cat (felis catus). | this article describes the first detection of cytauxzoon felis, using molecular techniques, in a naturally infected domestic cat from brazil, south america. coinfection with 'candidatus mycoplasma haemominutum' was also found. the molecular identification of the piroplasmid species was performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing analysis. a 284 pb fragment of the gene encoding the 18s ribosomal rna region was amplified and showed 99% identity with other c. felis strains from nort ... | 2013 | 23856727 |
| pharmacogenomics of cytauxzoon felis cytochrome b: implications for atovaquone and azithromycin therapy in domestic cats with cytauxzoonosis. | cytauxzoon felis, an emerging virulent protozoan parasite that infects domestic cats, is treated with atovaquone and azithromycin (a&a). atovaquone targets parasite cytochrome b. we characterized the c. felis cytochrome b gene (cytb) in cats with cytauxzoonosis and found a cytb genotype that was associated with survival in a&a-treated cats. | 2013 | 23784135 |
| efficacy of an imidacloprid 10 % / flumethrin 4.5 % collar (seresto®, bayer) for preventing the transmission of cytauxzoon felis to domestic cats by amblyomma americanum. | infection of cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats produces a severe disease characterised by fever, lethargy, inappetence, anorexia, depression, dehydration, icterus and often death. transmission of c. felis to cats is dependent on being fed upon by infected amblyomma americanum (lone star ticks). the purpose of the present study was to determine if application of a 10 % imidacloprid/4.5 % flumethrin collar (seresto®, bayer) on cats prevents transmission of c. felis by repelling ticks. twenty cats ... | 2013 | 23760871 |
| systemic immune responses in cytauxzoon felis-infected domestic cats. | to characterize systemic immune responses in cytauxzoon felis-infected cats. | 2013 | 23718659 |
| potential ecological distribution of cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats in oklahoma, missouri, and arkansas. | the ecological distribution of cytauxzoon felis, an often-fatal tick-borne apicomplexan that infects domestic cats, has not been evaluated or identified despite its continued emergence. infection of c. felis is characterized by lethargy, icterus, fever, anorexia, anemia, and death. the natural vertebrate reservoir of c. felis is the bobcat (lynx rufus). to determine the possible distribution of c. felis in three states where infection is common (oklahoma, missouri, and arkansas), two separate ap ... | 2013 | 23131576 |
| evaluation of cytauxzoon felis infection status in captive-born wild felids housed in an area endemic for the pathogen. | to determine whether apparently healthy captive-born wild felids that were not native to north america and were housed in an area endemic for cytauxzoon felis harbored the pathogen. | 2012 | 23039987 |
| diminazene diaceturate for treatment of chronic cytauxzoon felis parasitemia in naturally infected cats. | cytauxzoon felis is a hemoprotozoal parasite that causes substantial morbidity and mortality during the acute phase of infection in cats. however, cats that survive the acute illness remain persistently infected and may serve as a reservoir for the tick-transmitted pathogen. | 2016 | 22998161 |
| variation in the its-1 and its-2 rrna genomic regions of cytauxzoon felis from bobcats and pumas in the eastern united states and comparison with sequences from domestic cats. | cytauxzoon felis, a tick-borne protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of cytauxzoonosis in domestic cats in the united states. the natural reservoir for this parasite is the bobcat (lynx rufus), which typically does not develop clinical signs. although not likely important reservoirs, c. felis has also been detected in pumas (puma concolor) in florida and louisiana. recent studies suggest that specific genotypes of c. felis that circulate in domestic cats may be associated with variable clin ... | 2012 | 22776107 |
| lack of evidence for perinatal transmission of cytauxzoon felis in domestic cats. | cytauxzoon felis is a hemoprotozoan parasite of cats capable of causing severe, often fatal disease during acute infection, but cats that survive the acute stage of disease become chronic carriers. these otherwise healthy carriers are capable of transmitting the infection to other cats via the bite of a vector tick. a variety of other hematoprotozoan parasites are capable of vertical transmission from mother to offspring. if this were possible for c. felis, it could be an important part of the e ... | 2012 | 22429699 |
| pathology in practice. cytauxzoon felis infection. | | 2012 | 22217023 |
| novel piroplasmid and hepatozoon organisms infecting the wildlife of two regions of the brazilian amazon. | during 2009-2012, wild animals were sampled in two areas within the amazon biome of brazil, in the states of mato grosso and pará. animal tissues and blood were molecularly tested for the presence of piroplasmida (genera babesia, theileria, cytauxzoon) or hepatozoon dna. overall, 181 wild animals comprising 36 different species (2 reptiles, 5 birds, and 29 mammals) were sampled. the following piroplasmida agents were detected: cytauxzoon felis in one ocelot (leopardus pardalis), theileria cervi ... | 2017 | 28603688 |
| two tales of cytauxzoon felis infections in domestic cats. | cytauxzoonosis is an emerging infectious disease that affects wild felids as well as the domestic cat; it is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasites belonging to the genus cytauxzoon. cytauxzoonfelis is the species of major concern, whose transmission occurs via the bite of an infected tick. cytauxzoonosis of the domestic cat has historically been considered uniformly fatal, with a short course of illness, and most domestic cats die within 9 to 15 days postinfection. however, increasing e ... | 2017 | 28637681 |
| prevalence of cytauxzoon felis infection in healthy free-roaming cats in north-central oklahoma and central iowa. | case summary cytauxzoonosis is a tick-borne disease of cats, and oklahoma (ok), usa, is considered an enzootic state. to determine the prevalence of cytauxzoon felis, blood was collected from free-roaming cats, as they are frequently exposed to tick vectors. our objective was to determine the prevalence of c felis infection in free-roaming cats in north-central oklahoma and central iowa (ia). infection with c felis was determined using dna extracted from blood and pcr amplification. blood was co ... | 2017 | 28491429 |