| bat rabies in illinois: 1965 to 1986. | from 1968 to 1986, illinois (usa) citizens and agencies submitted 4,272 bats to the illinois department of public health for rabies testing. of this number, 6% tested positive, a rate comparable to similar studies from other parts of north america. due to sampling biases, the true infection rate among bats in illinois is probably lower than 6%. additional analysis relied on a subsample (n = 2,433) of the specimens collected from 1965 to 1986. prevalences were significantly different among years, ... | 1989 | 2915390 |
| rabies in insectivorous bats of western canada, 1979 to 1983. | a total of 1,745, 362, and 536 bats collected in alberta, british columbia, and saskatchewan, respectively, was tested for rabies virus between 1979 and 1983. only one (0.1%) of 769 bats collected at random from buildings was infected with rabies virus in contrast to 95 (5%) of 1,874 symptomatic, rabies-suspect bats submitted for testing. the pattern of infection in the rabies-suspect bats was similar in alberta and saskatchewan, but differed in british columbia. rabies was diagnosed in four spe ... | 1986 | 3735577 |
| bat rabies in canada 1963-1967. | six hundred and twenty-eight insectivorous bats originating from seven provinces were submitted to this institute for rabies diagnosis between august 1, 1963 and december 31, 1967. brain tissue was examined by the fluorescent antibody technique and the mouse infectivity test was carried out with brain, salivary gland, interscapular adipose tissue and kidney samples. rabies virus was detected in 44 bats, 29 of which were from ontario, 12 from british columbia and three from manitoba. most of the ... | 1969 | 4242773 |
| the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state, 1988-92. | in 1993 new york and texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. this study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state. demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988-92 was analysed. the prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4.6%. nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% ... | 1994 | 7995360 |
| characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in north america. | the silver-haired bat variant of rabies virus (shbrv) has been identified as the etiological agent of a number of recent human rabies cases in the united states that are unusual in not having been associated with any known history of conventional exposure. comparison of the different biological and biochemical properties of isolates of this virus with those of a coyote street rabies virus (cosrv) revealed that there are unique features associated with shbrv. in vitro studies showed that, while t ... | 1996 | 8643632 |
| human rabies--montana and washington, 1997. | on january 5 and january 18, 1997, respectively, a man in montana and a man in washington died of neurologic illnesses initially suspected to be creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) but diagnosed as rabies encephalitis during subsequent histologic examination on autopsy. the cases were not linked epidemiologically, and no secondary cases occurred. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was administered to 113 potential contacts. this report summarizes the clinical presentations of the cases and the epidemiol ... | 1997 | 9272584 |
| procedures for reproducible detection of rabies virus antigen mrna and genome in situ in formalin-fixed tissues. | procedures allowing the reproducible in situ detection of rabies virus antigen and rnas (both genome and message) in formalin-fixed tissue are described. these procedures can be used on sequential tissue sections and thereby permit comparison of results from tests detecting both antigen and rna in the same tissue. this antigen-detecting procedure has also been used to identify both the phylogenetically distant rabies viruses from silver-haired bat and vampire bat and the rabies-related viruses m ... | 1997 | 9274812 |
| human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (pcecv) both confer protective immunity against infection with the silver-haired bat rabies virus strain (shbrv). | the demonstration of extensive differences in the antigenic makeups of the silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) and canine rabies virus (cosrv) strains raised concerns as to whether current licensed rabies vaccines are sufficiently protective against shbrv. nih mouse protection test results show that both the human diploid cell culture rabies vaccine (hdcv) and the purified chicken embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) protected against lethal infection with shbrv as well as the canine rabies str ... | 1998 | 9713943 |
| use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues. | seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ... | 1999 | 10029326 |
| genotypic and phenotypic diversity of rabies virus variants involved in human rabies: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. | rabies virus variants associated with silver-haired bats (shbrv) are responsible for most recent human rabies cases in the united states, which are not associated with a history of exposure. we compared their genotype and phenotype with those of dog rabies virus (drv) variants, the classic cause of rabies in humans, to determine whether differences in these strains might have ramifications for therapeutic intervention, particularly vaccination. | 2000 | 10774807 |
| mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the united states, 1981-1998. | between 1981 and 1998, 37 cases of rabies were diagnosed in human beings in the united states. information directly linking the cause of infection to animal bite was available for only eight of these cases. indirect incrimination of the vector by analysis of cdna sequences obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples indicated that for all cases (12/12) believed to have been acquired in foreign countries, variants of the rabies virus (vrvs) associated with dogs (7/12 in ... | 2000 | 11193644 |
| antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada. | antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ... | 2001 | 11226582 |
| silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice. | to examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, shbrv) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, cvs-24). inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either cvs-24 or ... | 2001 | 11704884 |
| emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the united states. | in the united states, during the past half-century, the number of humans to die of rabies dramatically decreased to an average of 1-2 per year. although the number of deaths is low, most deaths occur because individuals are unaware that they had been exposed to and infected with rabies virus, and, therefore, they do not seek effective postexposure treatment. molecular epidemiological studies have linked most of these cryptic rabies exposures to rabies virus variants associated with insectivorous ... | 2002 | 12203172 |
| human rabies--iowa, 2002. | on september 28, 2002, a man aged 20 years residing in linn county, iowa, died from rabies encephalitis caused by infection with a variant of rabies virus associated with silver-haired (lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) bats. this is the first case of human rabies in iowa since 1951. this report summarizes the investigation of the case by the linn county and iowa public health departments. bats found in living quarters should be submitted to local public ... | 2003 | 12570321 |
| emerging pattern of rabies deaths and increased viral infectivity. | most human rabies deaths in the united states can be attributed to unrecognized exposures to rabies viruses associated with bats, particularly those associated with two infrequently encountered bat species (lasionycteris noctivagans and pipistrellus subflavus). these human rabies cases tend to cluster in the southeastern and northwestern united states. in these regions, most rabies deaths associated with bats in nonhuman terrestrial mammals are also associated with virus variants specific to the ... | 2003 | 12603983 |
| differential expression of growth factors at the cellular level in virus-infected brain. | the contribution of host factors to rabies virus (rv) transcription/replication and axonal/transsynaptic spread is largely unknown. we previously identified several host genes that are up-regulated in the mouse brain during rv infection, including neuroleukin, which is involved in neuronal growth and survival, cell motility, and differentiation, and fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 4 (fhf4), which has been implicated in limb and nervous system development. in this study, we used real-t ... | 2003 | 12736376 |
| a fatal human case of rabies following the bite of a rabid bat (lasionycteris noctivagans). isolation and identification of the virus from vector and victim. | | 1960 | 14415714 |
| identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness. | attenuated tissue culture-adapted and natural street rabies virus (rv) strains differ greatly in their neuroinvasiveness. to identify the elements responsible for the ability of an rv to enter the cns from a peripheral site and to cause lethal neurological disease, we constructed a full-length cdna clone of silver-haired bat-associated rv (shbrv) strain 18 and exchanged the genes encoding rv proteins and genomic sequences of this highly neuroinvasive rv strain with those of a highly attenuated n ... | 2004 | 15520387 |
| evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene. | throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ... | 2005 | 15831959 |
| attenuated rabies virus activates, while pathogenic rabies virus evades, the host innate immune responses in the central nervous system. | rabies virus (rv) induces encephalomyelitis in humans and animals. however, the pathogenic mechanism of rabies is not fully understood. to investigate the host responses to rv infection, we examined and compared the pathology, particularly the inflammatory responses, and the gene expression profiles in the brains of mice infected with wild-type (wt) virus silver-haired bat rv (shbrv) or laboratory-adapted virus b2c, using a mouse genomic array (affymetrix). extensive inflammatory responses were ... | 2005 | 16160183 |
| genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa. | molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ... | 2005 | 16417429 |
| use of artificial roost structures by bats at the indianapolis international airport. | from 1992-1996, 3204 artificial roosts of 9 types were placed in woodlots near indianapolis international airport in an effort to provide habitat for the federally-endangered indiana myotis (myotis sodalis) and to determine the feasibility of using these structures to manage bats in a rapidly developing suburban area. we surveyed these structures at least annually during 1992-1999 and found only northern myotis (myotis septentrionalis) regularly using the structures. four other species were occa ... | 2006 | 16622759 |
| [progressive human viral encephalitis associated to a bat bite]. | human rabies is a rapidly progressive encephalitis that is transmitted by the bites of an infected mammal. | 2006 | 16832770 |
| a new phylogenetic lineage of rabies virus associated with western pipistrelle bats (pipistrellus hesperus). | bats represent the major source of human rabies cases in the new world. in the usa, most cases are associated with species that are not commonly found or reported rabid. to understand better the epidemiology and public health significance of potentially important bat species, a molecular study was performed on samples collected from naturally infected rabid western pipistrelle (pipistrellus hesperus), eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) and silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans) ... | 2006 | 16847127 |
| failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection. | rabies is a lethal disease caused by neurotropic viruses that are endemic in nature. when exposure to a potentially rabid animal is recognized, prompt administration of virus-neutralizing antibodies, together with active immunization, can prevent development of the disease. however, once the nonspecific clinical symptoms of rabies appear conventional postexposure treatment is unsuccessful. over the last decade, rabies viruses associated with the silver-haired bat (shbrv) have emerged as the lead ... | 2007 | 17108029 |
| lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier. | silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) infection induces a strong virus-specific immune response in the periphery of the host, but death is common due to the failure to open the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system (cns) tissues. mice with an sjl background are less susceptible to lethal infection with rabies viruses. in addition, these animals are known to have reduced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis activity and an elevated capacity to medi ... | 2007 | 17507463 |
| diagnosis and analysis of a recent case of human rabies in canada. | on september 30, 2000, staff at the canadian food inspection agency's centre of expertise for rabies, located at the animal diseases research institute in ottawa, ontario, diagnosed rabies in a child from quebec. this was the first case of rabies in a human in canada in 15 years and in 36 years in the province of quebec. after spending a week in intensive care in a montreal hospital, the nine-year-old boy succumbed to this nearly always fatal disease. the boy had been exposed to a bat in late au ... | 2002 | 18159382 |
| human rabies--alberta, canada, 2007. | on april 26, 2007, a patient from alberta, canada, died after 9 weeks in an intensive care unit (icu) from encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated with silver-haired bats. this report summarizes the clinical course of disease in that patient, who was treated using the milwaukee protocol, an experimental treatment protocol similar to one used for the rabies survivor described in 2005. this report also describes the subsequent epidemiologic investigations by three regional public ... | 2008 | 18305449 |
| characterization of human rabies virus vaccine strain in china. | human rabies virus vaccine strain ctn181 from china was sequenced. the overall length of the genome was 11,923 nucleotides (nt), comprising a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1353 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 894 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, l) gene of 6387 nt, and a trailer region of 70 nt. the five monocistrons are separated by intergenic regions (igrs) of 2, 5, 5 and 24 nucleotides (nt), respe ... | 2008 | 18501987 |
| immune evasion by rabies viruses through the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. | the attenuated rabies virus (rv) strain challenge virus standard (cvs)-f3 and a highly pathogenic strain associated with the silver-haired bats (shbrv) can both be cleared from the central nervous system (cns) tissues by appropriate antiviral immune mechanisms if the effectors are provided access across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). in the case of shbrv infection, antiviral immunity develops normally in the periphery but fails to open the bbb, generally resulting in a lethal outcome. to determi ... | 2008 | 19016377 |
| intravenous inoculation of a bat-associated rabies virus causes lethal encephalopathy in mice through invasion of the brain via neurosecretory hypothalamic fibers. | the majority of rabies virus (rv) infections are caused by bites or scratches from rabid carnivores or bats. usually, rv utilizes the retrograde transport within the neuronal network to spread from the infection site to the central nervous system (cns) where it replicates in neuronal somata and infects other neurons via trans-synaptic spread. we speculate that in addition to the neuronal transport of the virus, hematogenous spread from the site of infection directly to the brain after accidental ... | 2009 | 19543379 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2008. | during 2008, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the cdc, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) catt ... | 2009 | 19751163 |
| human rabies - missouri, 2008. | on november 24, 2008, the missouri state public health laboratory notified cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years from missouri. the man had been bitten by a bat 4--6 weeks before symptom onset and had not sought medical care at the time of the bite. after visiting two emergency departments (eds) with symptoms consistent with rabies, he was hospitalized on november 23 and treated using the milwaukee protocol. on november 26, infection with a rabies virus variant associated with silver-ha ... | 2009 | 19893481 |
| human rabies--michigan, 2009. | on november 9, 2009, a michigan hospital informed cdc of suspected rabies in a man aged 55 years. the patient reportedly had awakened with a bat on his arm 9 months earlier but had not sought medical evaluation. he went to a local emergency department (ed) on october 30 and soon after was hospitalized; he died 12 days later. on november 14, cdc confirmed infection with a rabies virus variant that commonly infects the silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans). this report summarizes the patie ... | 2011 | 21490561 |
| Human rabies--Wisconsin, 2010. | In late December 2010, a male resident of Wisconsin, aged 70 years, sought treatment for progressive right shoulder pain, tremors, abnormal behavior, and dysphagia at an emergency department (ED). He was admitted for observation and treated with benzodiazepines and haloperidol, a neuroleptic, for presumed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The next day, he had rhabdomyolysis, fever, and rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome was diagnosed. The neuroleptic was discontinued, but the patient's clin ... | 2011 | 21881547 |
| molecular detection of the causative agent of white-nose syndrome on rafinesque's big-eared bats (corynorhinus rafinesquii) and two species of migratory bats in the southeastern usa. | pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causal agent of white-nose syndrome (wns), is responsible for widespread mortality of hibernating bats across eastern north america. to document p. destructans exposure and infections on bats active during winter in the southeastern us, we collected epidermal swabs from bats captured during winters 2012-13 and 2013-14 in mist nets set outside of hibernacula in tennessee. epidermal swab samples were collected from eight rafinesque's big-eared bats (corynorhinus r ... | 2015 | 25647588 |
| human rabies - wyoming and utah, 2015. | in september 2015, a wyoming woman was admitted to a local hospital with a 5-day history of progressive weakness, ataxia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. because of respiratory failure, she was transferred to a referral hospital in utah, where she developed progressive encephalitis. on day 8 of hospitalization, the patient's family told clinicians they recalled that, 1 month before admission, the woman had found a bat on her neck upon waking, but had not sought medical care. the patient's husband sub ... | 2016 | 27253630 |
| overwintering of rabies virus in silver haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans). | silver-haired bats, (lasionycteris noctivagans) are semi-colonial, migratory tree bats that have infrequent contact with humans. despite the species rarity, the l. noctivagans rabies variant is the most commonly reported rabies virus variant (rabv) in domestically acquired human rabies cases in the us. unlike big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) and little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), l. noctivagans are not considered true hibernators. it is unknown if rabv can overwinter in hibernating l. noctiv ... | 2016 | 27195489 |
| rabies surveillance among bats in tennessee, usa, 1996-2010. | rabies virus (rabv) infects multiple bat species in the americas, and enzootic foci perpetuate in bats principally via intraspecific transmission. in recent years, bats have been implicated in over 90% of human rabies cases in the us. in tennessee, two human cases of rabies have occurred since 1960: one case in 1994 associated with a tricolored bat (perimyotis subflavus) rabv variant and another in 2002 associated with the tricolored/silver-haired bat (p. subflavus/lasionycteris noctivagans) rab ... | 2015 | 26251992 |
| rabies virus infection in eptesicus fuscus bats born in captivity (naïve bats). | the study of rabies virus infection in bats can be challenging due to quarantine requirements, husbandry concerns, genetic differences among animals, and lack of medical history. to date, all rabies virus (rabv) studies in bats have been performed in wild caught animals. determining the rabv exposure history of a wild caught bat based on the presence or absence of viral neutralizing antibodies (vna) may be misleading. previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of vna following natural ... | 2013 | 23741396 |
| susceptibility and pathogenesis of little brown bats (myotis lucifugus) to heterologous and homologous rabies viruses. | rabies virus (rabv) maintenance in bats is not well understood. big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), and mexican free-tailed bats (tadarida brasiliensis) are the most common bats species in the united states. these colonial bat species also have the most frequent contact with humans and domestic animals. however, the silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans) rabv is associated with the majority of human rabies virus infections in the united states and cana ... | 2013 | 23741002 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus in serum of seven species of insectivorous bats from colorado and new mexico, united states. | we determined the presence of rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) in serum of 721 insectivorous bats of seven species captured, sampled, and released in colorado and new mexico, united states in 2003-2005. a subsample of 160 bats was tested for rabies-virus rna in saliva. we sampled little brown bats (myotis lucifugus) at two maternity roosts in larimer county, colorado; big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) at three maternity roosts in morgan county, colorado; and big brown bats at five mat ... | 2013 | 23568912 |
| white-nose syndrome and wing damage index scores among summer bats in the northeastern united states. | white-nose syndrome (wns) adversely affects millions of bats hibernating in caves of the eastern united states. beginning in 2009, the us fish and wildlife service supported use of a wing damage index (wdi) scoring system (scale of 0 to 3, or no damage to severe) to assess wing damage of bats captured during summer. based on bat captures at 459 mist net sites in pennsylvania, new york, maryland, virginia, and new jersey, usa, we questioned whether wdi scores varied by species group, date, and di ... | 2011 | 21269995 |
| monitoring seasonal bat activity on a coastal barrier island in maryland, usa. | research on effects of wind turbines on bats has increased dramatically in recent years because of significant numbers of bats killed by rotating wind turbine blades. whereas most research has focused on the midwest and inland portions of eastern north america, bat activity and migration on the atlantic coast has largely been unexamined. we used three long-term acoustic monitoring stations to determine seasonal bat activity patterns on the assateague island national seashore, a barrier island of ... | 2011 | 20364316 |
| purkinje cell compartmentation of the cerebellum of microchiropteran bats. | transverse boundaries divide the mammalian cerebellar cortex into transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. this topography is highly conserved across the mammalia. bats have a remarkable cerebellum with presumed adaptations to flight and to echolocation, but nothing is known of its compartmentation. we have therefore used two purkinje cell compartmentation antigens, zebrin ii/aldolase c and phospholipase cbeta4, to ... | 2009 | 19731335 |
| genetic diversity in migratory bats: results from radseq data for three tree bat species at an ohio windfarm. | genetic analyses can identify the scale at which wildlife species are impacted by human activities, and provide demographic information useful for management. here, we use thousands of nuclear dna genetic loci to assess whether genetic structure occurs within lasiurus cinereus (hoary bat), l. borealis (red bat), and lasionycteris noctivagans (silver-haired bat) bats found at a wind turbine site in ohio, and to also estimate demographic parameters in each of these three groups. our specific goals ... | 2016 | 26824001 |
| evidence of late-summer mating readiness and early sexual maturation in migratory tree-roosting bats found dead at wind turbines. | understanding animal mating systems is an important component of their conservation, yet the precise mating times for many species of bats are unknown. the aim of this study was to better understand the details and timing of reproductive events in species of bats that die most frequently at wind turbines in north america, because such information can help inform conservation strategies. we examined the reproductive anatomy of hoary bats (lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bats (l. borealis), and si ... | 2012 | 23094065 |
| species of eimeria (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from bats (chiroptera: vespertilionidae) in central wyoming. | feces from 60 bats representing 5 species and 4 genera collected in central wyoming in 2001 were examined for the presence of coccidia. two species of eimeria were identified in 4 bats representing 2 species of myotis. all infected animals harbored a single species; there was no multispecies infection. eimeria catronensis was recovered from 3 little brown bats (myotis lucifugus), and eimeria californicensis was identified from a single long-legged myotis (myotis volans). both represent new geogr ... | 2004 | 15165058 |
| mannitol treatment is not effective in therapy of rabies virus infection in mice. | rabies is a deadly viral disease with an extremely high fatality rate in humans. previously, it was suggested that an enhancement of the blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability, which allows immune cells and/or antibodies to enter the central nervous system (cns) tissue, is critical to clear the infection. in this study, we utilised mannitol to increase bbb permeability in mice infected with highly pathogenic silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv). we found that intraperitoneal injection of manni ... | 2017 | 29274698 |
| long-term changes in bat activity in quebec suggest climatic responses and summer niche partitioning associated with white-nose syndrome. | in north america, the greatest and most sudden threat to hibernating bats is white-nose syndrome (wns), which has caused massive declines in populations since 2006. other determinants of bat dynamics, such as the climate, and the effect of reduction in the number of individuals sharing foraging space and summer roosting habitat may have an effect on population dynamics. we analyzed transect acoustic bat surveys conducted with ultrasonic detectors in 16 regions in quebec, canada, between 2000 and ... | 2020 | 32607146 |
| separating the effects of water quality and urbanization on temperate insectivorous bats at the landscape scale. | many local scale studies have shown that bats respond to water quality degradation or urbanization in a species-specific manner. however, few have separated the effects of urbanization versus water quality degradation on bats, in single city or single watershed case studies. across north carolina, usa, we used the standardized north american bat monitoring program mobile transect protocol to survey bat activity in 2015 and 2016 at 41 sites. we collected statewide water quality and urban land cov ... | 2018 | 29321903 |
| combination drug treatment prolongs survival of experimentally infected mice with silver-haired bat rabies virus. | rabies is a lethal disease in humans and animals, killing approximately 60,000 people every year. currently, there is no treatment available, except post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) that can be administered whenever exposure to a rabid animal took place. here we describe the beneficial effects of a combination treatment initiated at day 4 post infection, containing anti-viral drugs and immune modulators in infected mice. combination therapy resulted in significant increase in survival time (p < 0 ... | 2019 | 29843998 |
| estimation of spatiotemporal trends in bat abundance from mortality data collected at wind turbines. | renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, are essential tools for reducing the causes of climate change, but wind turbines can pose a collision risk for bats. to date, the population-level effects of wind-related mortality have been estimated for only 1 bat species. to estimate temporal trends in bat abundance, we considered wind turbines as opportunistic sampling tools for flying bats (analogous to fishing nets), where catch per unit effort (carcass abundance per monitored turbine) is a pr ... | 2020 | 32424911 |
| a smart curtailment approach for reducing bat fatalities and curtailment time at wind energy facilities. | the development and expansion of wind energy is considered a key global threat to bat populations. bat carcasses are being found underneath wind turbines across north and south america, eurasia, africa, and the austro-pacific. however, relatively little is known about the comparative impacts of techniques designed to modify turbine operations in ways that reduce bat fatalities associated with wind energy facilities. this study tests a novel approach for reducing bat fatalities and curtailment ti ... | 2019 | 30939226 |
| identifying occupancy model inadequacies: can residuals separately assess detection and presence? | occupancy models are widely applied to estimate species distributions, but few methods exist for model checking. thorough model assessments can uncover inadequacies and allow for deeper ecological insight by exploring structure in the observed data not accounted for by a model. we introduce occupancy model residual definitions that utilize the posterior distribution of the partially latent occupancy states. residual-based assessments are valuable because they can target specific assumptions and ... | 2019 | 30932179 |
| energetics of migratory bats during stopover: a test of the torpor-assisted migration hypothesis. | the torpor-assisted migration hypothesis posits that migration is facilitated in bats by the use of torpor during stopover roosting periods, and predicts that at stopover, bats regulate time in torpor facultatively so that daily energy expenditure is independent of ambient roosting temperature. energy savings can thus be directed to migratory movement. however, direct measurements of total roosting energy expenditure in relation to ambient and body temperature are lacking. we captured migratory ... | 2019 | 30787135 |
| habitat associations of bats in a working rangeland landscape. | land-use change has resulted in rangeland loss and degradation globally. these changes include conversion of native grasslands for row-crop agriculture as well as degradation of remaining rangeland due to fragmentation and changing disturbance regimes. understanding how these and other factors influence wildlife use of rangelands is important for conservation and management of wildlife populations. we investigated bat habitat associations in a working rangeland in southeastern north dakota. we u ... | 2019 | 30680140 |
| combination therapy of rabies-infected mice with inhibitors of pro-inflammatory host response, antiviral compounds and human rabies immunoglobulin. | recent studies demonstrated that inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecular cascades triggered by rabies infection in the central nervous system (cns) can enhance survival in mouse model and that certain antiviral compounds interfere with rabies virus replication in vitro. in this study different combinations of therapeutics were tested to evaluate their effect on survival in rabies-infected mice, as well as on viral load in the cns. c57bl/6 mice were infected with silver-haired bat rabies virus ( ... | 2019 | 29805091 |
| need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats. | for over a century there have been continual efforts to incorporate nature into urban planning. these efforts (i.e., urban reconciliation) aim to manage and create habitats that support biodiversity within cities. given that species select habitat at different spatial scales, understanding the scale at which urban species respond to their environment is critical to the success of urban reconciliation efforts. we assessed species-habitat relationships for common bat species at 50-m, 500-m, and 1 ... | 2018 | 29124788 |
| factors associated with bat mortality at wind energy facilities in the united states. | hundreds of thousands of bats are killed annually by colliding with wind turbines in the u.s., yet little is known about factors causing variation in mortality across wind energy facilities. we conducted a quantitative synthesis of bat collision mortality with wind turbines by reviewing 218 north american studies representing 100 wind energy facilities. this data set, the largest compiled for bats to date, provides further support that collision mortality is greatest for migratory tree-roosting ... | 2017 | 31048934 |
| synonymy of longibucca eptesica with longibucca lasiura (nematoda: rhabditoidea) and new host and geographic records. | the genus longibucca chitwood, 1933 (nematoda: rhabditoidea) is reviewed based on examination of museum and adult specimens collected from 4 species of bats (myotis lucifugus, myotis ciliolabrum, eptesicus fuscus, and lasionycteris noctivagans) in alberta, canada. two species are considered valid, namely longibucca vivipara chitwood, 1933, and longibucca lasiura mcintosh and chitwood, 1934. longibucca eptesica elsea, 1953 is considered a synonym of l. lasiura. new hosts of longibucca lasiura inc ... | 1994 | 8195954 |
| deer mothers are sensitive to infant distress vocalizations of diverse mammalian species. | acoustic structure, behavioral context, and caregiver responses to infant distress vocalizations (cries) are similar across mammals, including humans. are these similarities enough for animals to respond to distress vocalizations of taxonomically and ecologically distant species? we show that mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) mothers approach a speaker playing distress vocalizations of infant marmots (marmota flaviventris), seals (neophoca cinerea and ... | 2014 | 25226186 |
| [a public health intervention at the time of a case of rabies in quebec]. | background: in the fall of 2000, a nine-year-old child living in montreal (québec) died of rabies encephalitis. cases of human rabies had not been reported in canada for 15 years. the molecular characterization of viral nucleic acid implicated the ln/ps variant associated with the silver-haired bat and the eastern pipistrelle. this article describes and analyzes the intervention carried out by public health. intervention and discussion: the investigation revealed that contact with the bat must h ... | 2004 | 15074906 |
| management of rabies exposure in pediatric practice. | the incidence of human rabies in the united states has fallen dramatically over the past 4 decades. this is directly related to the universal immunization of domestic cats and dogs. recently, a number of cases of human rabies have been associated with the appearance of a previously rare strain of the virus in the silver-haired bat. there have been other recent changes in the epizoology of rabies with the expansion of raccoon rabies from a small pocket around northern virginia to most of the nort ... | 1997 | 9360825 |
| eimeria from bats of the world. ii. a new species in tadarida femorosacca from sonora, mexico. | between 1979 and 1980, 104 bats representing 13 species in 4 families were collected in california and new mexico, u.s.a., and baja california and sonora, mexico, and were examined for coccidia; only 3 (3%) had oocysts in their feces. bats examined and their infection rates were: molossidae: 0 of 12 tadarida brasiliensis, 1 of 18 (6%) t. femorosacca; natalidae: 0 of 1 natalus stramineus; phyllostomatidae: 0 of 1 choeronycteris mexicana, 0 of 2 leptonycteris sanborni, 0 of 1 macrotus californicus ... | 1988 | 3357122 |
| rabies prevalence in migratory tree-bats in alberta and the influence of roosting ecology and sampling method on reported prevalence of rabies in bats. | the migratory tree-roosting hoary bat (lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired bat (lasionycteris noctivagans) are among the bat species with the highest reported prevalence of rabies in north america. however, bats submitted for rabies testing typically have been those that have come in contact with humans or pets. given the roosting ecology of l. cinereus and l. noctivagans, contact with healthy individuals of these species is expected to be rare, with a bias in contact and submission of infected ... | 2011 | 21269998 |
| migratory stopover in the long-distance migrant silver-haired bat, lasionycteris noctivagans. | 1. some bat species make long-distance latitudinal migrations between summer and winter grounds, but because of their elusive nature, few aspects of their biology are well understood. the need for migratory stopover sites to rest and refuel, such as used by birds, has been repeatedly suggested, but not previously tested empirically in bats. 2. we studied migrating silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans) at long point, on, canada. we used digital radio-transmitters to track 30 bats using a ... | 2012 | 21954938 |
| characteristics of bat rabies in alberta. | rabies in bats was monitored in alberta from 1971 to 1978 big brown bats replaced silver-haired bats as the species most frequently reported rabid during these years. rabies infection was comparatively high among little brown bats in central alberta in 1973 and has subsequently declined. only one rabid little brown bat was discovered in southern alberta which is populated by a different subspecies. outbreaks of rabies in little brown and big brown bat colonies tended to be brief events. observat ... | 1980 | 7397600 |
| winter activity of coastal plain populations of bat species affected by white-nose syndrome and wind energy facilities. | across the entire distribution of a species, populations may have variable responses to environmental perturbations. many bat species experience mortality in large portions of their range during hibernation and along migratory paths to and from wintering grounds, from white-nose syndrome (wns) and wind energy development, respectively. in some areas, warm temperatures may allow bats to remain active through winter, thus decreasing their susceptibility to wns and/or mortality associated with migr ... | 2016 | 27851832 |
| large roads reduce bat activity across multiple species. | although the negative impacts of roads on many terrestrial vertebrate and bird populations are well documented, there have been few studies of the road ecology of bats. to examine the effects of large roads on bat populations, we used acoustic recorders to survey bat activity along ten 300 m transects bordering three large highways in northern california, applying a newly developed statistical classifier to identify recorded calls to the species level. nightly counts of bat passes were analyzed ... | 2014 | 24823689 |
| temporal patterns of foraging by silver-haired bats during migratory stopover revealed by isotopic analyses (δ13c) of breath co2. | the extent to which migratory bats forage at stopover sites or while in migratory flight is poorly understood. endogenous fat stores have lower δ13c values relative to the dietary substrates from which they were synthesized, and so, the fed versus fasted state of bats should be discernable by comparing their breath δ13c at capture to that after a known period of fasting. we captured silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans) at a stopover site at long point, ontario, canada, during spring an ... | 2020 | 32306117 |
| bats on a budget: torpor-assisted migration saves time and energy. | bats and birds must balance time and energy budgets during migration. migrating bats face similar physiological challenges to birds, but nocturnality creates special challenges for bats, such as a conflict between travelling and refueling, which many birds avoid by feeding in daylight and flying at night. as endothermic animals, bats and birds alike must expend substantial amounts of energy to maintain high body temperatures. for migratory birds refueling at stopovers, remaining euthermic during ... | 2014 | 25551615 |
| in vivo efficacy of a cocktail of human monoclonal antibodies (cl184) against diverse north american bat rabies virus variants. | following rabies virus (rabv) exposure, a combination of thorough wound washing, multiple-dose vaccine administration and the local infiltration of rabies immune globulin (rig) are essential components of modern post-exposure prophylaxis (pep). although modern cell-culture-based rabies vaccines are increasingly used in many countries, rig is much less available. the prohibitive cost of polyclonal serum rig products has prompted a search for alternatives and design of anti-rabv monoclonal antibod ... | 2017 | 30270905 |
| stress-induced changes in body temperature of silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans). | acute stressors such as capture and handling can elicit physiological responses in endothermic animals. one example of such a response is an increase in body temperature (tb) commonly referred to as stress-induced hyperthermia (sih). for species that employ torpor, typically an inactive state characterized by a controlled reduction in tb and metabolic rate, a rapid increase in tb could be advantageous, especially in the context of escape from predators. we quantified sih in silver-haired bats (l ... | 2018 | 29894759 |
| evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines. | large numbers of bats are killed by wind turbines worldwide and minimizing fatalities is critically important to bat conservation and acceptance of wind energy development. we implemented a 2-year study testing the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at a wind energy facility in pennsylvania. we randomly selected control and treatment turbines that were searched daily in summer and fall 2009 and 2010. estimates of fatality, corrected for field biases, we ... | 2013 | 23840369 |
| are migratory behaviours of bats socially transmitted? | to migrate, animals rely on endogenous, genetically inherited programmes, or socially transmitted information about routes and behaviours, or a combination of the two. in long-lived animals with extended parental care, as in bats, migration tends to be socially transmitted rather than endogenous. for a young bat to learn migration via social transmission, they would need to follow an experienced individual, most likely one roosting nearby. therefore, we predicted that bats travelling together or ... | 2016 | 27152208 |