| variation in electrophoretic karyotype between strains of septoria nodorum. | the electrophoretic karyotype of 11 strains of the phytopathogenic fungus septoria nodorum has been established by pulsed field gel electrophoresis with the chef drii system. each strain had a similar overall karyotype with 14-19 chromosomes being resolved in the size interval between approximately 0.5 and 3.5 megabase pairs (mb). however, there were clear differences in karyotype both between and within groups of strains adapted to wheat or to barley. considerable karyotype variation was appare ... | 1991 | 1886607 |
| characterization of a human and murine gene (clcn3) sharing similarities to voltage-gated chloride channels and to a yeast integral membrane protein. | we describe the isolation and characterization of a human gene (clcn3) and its murine homologue (clcn3) sharing significant sequence and structural similarities with all previously identified members of the voltage-gated chloride channel (clc) family. this gene is expressed primarily in tissues derived from neuroectoderm. within the brain, clcn3 expression is particularly evident in the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, and olfactory bulb. clcn3 encodes a 760-amino-acid protein that differs by only ... | 1995 | 7665160 |
| phenamide, a fungicidal metabolite from streptomyces albospinus a19301. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties. | a new derivative of phenylalanine, phenamide, was discovered from the fermentation broth of an actinomycete identified as a member of the streptomyces albospinus cluster. phenamide was purified using successive c18 reverse phase and cation exchange chromatography. its structure was determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. its molecular formula, c14h20n2o3, was determined by hrfab-ms. phenamide showed activity against septoria nodorum, the causal agent of wheat glume blotch. | 1995 | 7797437 |
| molecular analysis of the septoria nodorum beta-tubulin gene and characterization of a benomyl-resistance mutation. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a benomyl-resistant allele of the septoria nodorum beta-tubulin gene (tubar) has been determined including 745 and 1024 nucleotides 5' and 3' to the tubar coding region, respectively. tubar encodes a 447 amino acid polypeptide which shows a high degree of homology with other fungal beta-tubulins. the gene contains three introns at codons 4, 12 and 53, uses 48 of the possible 61 sense codons and has a gc content of 59.1% in its coding region. s1 nuclease mappin ... | 1993 | 8455567 |
| defence-related gene activation during an incompatible interaction between stagonospora (septoria) nodorum and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) coleoptile cells. | two previously unidentified cdna clones (bsi1 and bpr1-1) were isolated by differential hybridization from a cdna library of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum (berk) castellani & e.g. germano (teleomorph phaeosphaeria (leptosphaeria) nodorum (e. muller) hedjaroude-challenged barley (hordeum vulgare l.) coleoptiles. bsi1 encoded a cysteine-rich protein containing 89 amino acids (aa) with a relative molecular mass (m(r)) of 9405. protein sequence homologies showed that bsi1 was very similar to an al ... | 1996 | 8806405 |
| cloning of the nitrate reductase gene of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum and its use as a selectable marker for targeted transformation. | the nitrate reductase gene (nia1) of the phytopathogenic fungus stagonospora (septoria) nodorum has been cloned from a cosmid library by homologous hybridisation with a pcr-generated probe. a 6. 7-kb fragment carrying the nia1 gene was subcloned and partially characterised by restriction mapping. sequencing of the gene indicated a high degree of homology, both at the nucleotide and amino-acid levels, with nitrate reductase genes of other filamentous fungi. furthermore, consensus regulatory signa ... | 1998 | 9724416 |
| disruption, replacement, and cosuppression of nitrate assimilation genes in stagonospora nodorum. | we used stagonospora (septoria) nodorum to explore gene disruption as a general method of fungicide target validation. nitrate reductase was chosen as a model target because the gene (nia1) has been cloned from s. nodorum and disruptants should have a readily detectable phenotype (chlorate resistant and nitrate nonutilizing). we have succeeded in disrupting the nia1 gene by both integration of an unselected vector during cotransformation and one-step gene replacement. around 2% of transformants ... | 1999 | 10328985 |
| purification, characterization, and amino acid sequence of cerato-platanin, a new phytotoxic protein from ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani. | a new phytotoxic protein (cerato-platanin) of about 12.4 kda has been identified in culture filtrates of the ascomycete ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani, the causal agent of canker stain disease. the toxicity of the pure protein was bioassayed by detecting the inducing necrosis in tobacco leaves. the pure protein also elicited host synthesis of fluorescent substances in tobacco and plane (platanus acerifolia) leaves. we purified the protein from culture medium to homogeneity. its complete a ... | 1999 | 10455173 |
| characterisation of the nitrite reductase gene (nii1) and the nitrate-assimilation gene cluster of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum. | by sequencing downstream of the cloned nitrate reductase gene (nia1) in the phytopathogenic fungus stagonospora (septoria) nodorum, a second open reading frame was found. further analysis revealed this to be the nitrite reductase gene (nii1). both genes are transcribed in the same direction, and are separated by an intergenic region of 829-bp. the coding sequence of nii1 is interrupted by three small introns and corresponds to a predicted protein of 1141 amino acids in length. consensus binding ... | 1999 | 10591969 |
| characterization of snp1, a cell wall-degrading trypsin, produced during infection by stagonospora nodorum. | stagonospora (= septoria) nodorum when grown in liquid culture with wheat cell walls as the sole carbon and nitrogen source secretes numerous extracellular depolymerases, including a rapidly produced, alkaline, trypsin-like protease (snp1). the enzyme was purified 417-fold by cation exchange chromatography and has a molecular mass of 25 kda on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, pi 8.7, and ph optimum of 8.5. it cleaved peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine or arginine, was strongly inhibited by ... | 2000 | 10796020 |
| ornithine decarboxylase of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum is required for virulence toward wheat. | a knockout strain of stagonospora (septoria) nodorum lacking the single ornithine decarboxylase (odc) allele has been created by targeted gene replacement. a central region of the s. nodorum odc gene was isolated by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotides and used to probe a lambda genomic library. the gene was sequenced and the encoded odc protein sequence was shown to be similar to those from other fungi. the functionality of the s. nodorum odc was confirmed by complementat ... | 2000 | 10799502 |
| [the effect of the plasmon on the inheritance of resistance to septoria nodorum berk. in soft wheat]. | the genetic control of resistance to septoria nodorum in common wheat line transec have been investigated. there have been concluded that high level of resistance of this line is connected with the presence in its genome of partially recessive gene which is located on wheat-rye translocation t4bs.4bl-2rl or closely linked with it. plant plasmon can have an influence on inheritance of resistance to septoria blotch in hybrid progeny. | 2000 | 10920856 |
| deletion of the snp1 trypsin protease from stagonospora nodorum reveals another major protease expressed during infection. | the wheat fungal pathogen stagonospora nodorum produces an extracellular trypsin-like protease, snp1, during early stages of hyphal growth on the surface of host leaves and during penetration. variation of snp1 mrna levels and enzyme activity during infection, were correlated with levels of aggressiveness of three wild-type isolates. snp1 was deleted in two wild-type isolates using a gene replacement strategy. snp1-deleted mutants completely lacked trypsin activity in vitro and on inoculated whe ... | 2003 | 12553935 |
| the pycnidium ontogeny of stagonospora nodorum, the glume blotch agent of wheat. | | 2002 | 12701424 |
| qtl mapping of partial resistance in winter wheat to stagonospora nodorum blotch. | stagonospora nodorum blotch is an important foliar and glume disease in cereals. inheritance of resistance in wheat appears to be quantitative. to date, breeding of partially resistant cultivars has been the only effective way to combat this pathogen. the partial resistance components, namely length of incubation period, disease severity, and length of latent period, were evaluated on a population of doubled haploids derived from a cross between the partially resistant triticum aestivum 'liwilla ... | 2003 | 12897862 |
| detection of qtls for stagonospora glume blotch resistance in swiss winter wheat. | stagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of the stagonospora glume blotch disease in hexaploid wheat. the swiss winter bread wheat cv. 'arina' has a highly effective, durable and quantitative glume blotch resistance. we studied 240 single seed descent (ssd)-derived lines of an 'arina x forno' f(5:7) population to identify and map quantitative trait loci (qtls) for glume blotch resistance under natural infestation. using composite interval mapping (cim) and lod>4.5, we detected two chromosomal re ... | 2003 | 12928778 |
| identity and conservation of mating type genes in geographically diverse isolates of phaeosphaeria nodorum. | mating type idiomorphs (mat1-1 and mat1-2) were identified from the heterothallic loculoascomycete phaeosphaeria nodorum (wheat biotype) using dna from a pair of isolates from poland and georgia, usa that are known to mate. mat predicted proteins of p. nodorum are similar in sequence and in phylogenetic relationship to those described for other loculoascomycetes such as cochliobolus spp., alternaria alternata, and didymella zeae-maydis. the organization of the mat locus of the p. nodorum differs ... | 2003 | 12948511 |
| effects of open-top chamber fumigations with ozone on three fungal leaf diseases of wheat and the mycoflora of the phyllosphere. | spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. turbo) was exposed in open-top chambers to six different ozone levels (8-h daily means from 12.4 to 122 microg m(-3)), to non-filtered air and to chamberless field conditions for 31 days from seedling stage through ear emergence. powdery mildew (erysiphe graminis dc. f.sp. tritici marchal) which developed during the exposure period was significantly enhanced from 0.3/0.6% (two chamber replicates), 1.2/2.1%, 0.9/2.2% in charcoal-filtered air (cf) to 1.5/1.6% ... | 1991 | 15092102 |
| ozone episodes in southern lower saxony (frg) and their impact on the susceptibility of cereals to fungal pathogens. | spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants were exposed to simulated ozone (o(3)) episodes (7 h day(-1) for 7 days) at maximum concentrations of 120, 180 and 240 microg m(-3) o(3), in comparison to a charcoal-filtered air control. fumigations were conducted in four closed chambers placed in a climate room. exposures took place prior to inoculation of the plants with six different facultative leaf pathogens. on wheat, significant enhancement of leaf attack b ... | 1990 | 15092225 |
| the disruption of a galpha subunit sheds new light on the pathogenicity of stagonospora nodorum on wheat. | gna1, a gene encoding a galpha subunit, a key component of signal transduction pathways, has been cloned and characterized in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. analysis of gna1 expression during infection revealed a slight decrease in transcript levels shortly after germination, after which levels steadily increased until sporulation. inactivation of gna1 had a pleiotropic effect on phenotype. the gna1 mutants were less pathogenic, attributed to coinciding with a defect in direct penetrat ... | 2004 | 15141949 |
| the ipm wheat model--results of a three-year study in north rhine-westphalia, lower saxony and schleswig-holstein. | under the primary utilisation of phytosanitary production factors such as selection of variety, crop rotation and n fertilisation according to plant requirements, the ipm wheat model comprises the elements diagnosis (qualitative = type of pathogen, quantitative = disease severity), scientifically grounded treatment thresholds which, as critical values in pathogen development, can be applied to define the optimum time of fungicide application, and pathogen-specific effective fungicides and applic ... | 2003 | 15151283 |
| [inheritance of stability of mn81330 common wheat samples to septoria blotch]. | wheat samples described in literature as resistant to septoria glume blotch were assessed for their response to inoculation with septoria nodorum berk. three days after inoculation with the infectious agent, samples klein titan (k-41772), mian jang (k-61568), walter (k-54585), reisler (k-59505), rempart (k-59493), pin/bow (k-62838), mn81330 (k-60785), frondoso (k-46736), sokrates (k-58179) were classified as resistant to infection. seven days after inoculation, only samples reisler and mian jang ... | 2004 | 15174291 |
| functional characterisation of glyoxalase i from the fungal wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | during an expressed sequence tag sequencing project, a gene encoding a methylglyoxal lyase (glyoxalase i) was identified, cloned and characterised from the necrotrophic wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. sequence analysis identified the gene, named gox1, as having reasonable identity to glo1 from yeast and hypothetical proteins identified in fungal genome sequencing projects. expression analysis in vitro revealed gox1 to be up-regulated in the presence of methylglyoxal and salt but not affecte ... | 2004 | 15205912 |
| pathogenicity of stagonospora nodorum requires malate synthase. | a gene encoding malate synthase, a key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle, has been cloned and characterized in the necrotrophic wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. expression studies of mls1 showed high levels of transcript in ungerminated spores whereas malate synthase enzyme activities were low. expression studies in planta found that mls1 transcript levels decreased approximately 10-fold upon germination before slowly increasing throughout the remainder of the infection. to characterize mls1 fu ... | 2004 | 15306011 |
| bacterial ghost technology for pesticide delivery. | bacterial ghosts are nondenaturated empty cell envelopes of gram-negative bacteria produced by e-mediated lysis. such envelopes from the plant-adhering bacterium pectobacterium cypripedii were tested for their ability to adhere to plant material and to be used as carriers for pesticide delivery. we show, using fluorescence-labeled p. cypripedii ghosts, that depending on the target plants 55 or 10% (rice or soya, respectively) of the applied bacterial ghosts was retained on the leaves after heavy ... | 2004 | 15373403 |
| truncated and rip-degenerated copies of the ltr retrotransposon pholy are clustered in a pericentromeric region of the leptosphaeria maculans genome. | the lmr1 5.2 kb interspersed repeat of leptosphaeria maculans was described by taylor and borgmann [mol. plant microbe interact. 7 (1994) 181] as an uncharacterized repeated element sharing homologies with both lines and sines. here, we used the lmr1 sequence as a template to identify the full-length element within a 184-kb genomic sequence corresponding to the pericentromeric region of the 2.80 mb chromosome of isolate v23.1.3. this region comprises (i) one 6980-bp full-sized pholy element bord ... | 2005 | 15588994 |
| mannitol 1-phosphate metabolism is required for sporulation in planta of the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | an expressed sequence tag encoding a putative mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mpd1) has been characterized from the fungal wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. mpd1 was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis, and the resulting mpd1 strains lacked all detectable nad-linked mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (ec 1.1.1.17). the growth rates, sporulation, and spore viability of the mutant strains in vitro were not significantly different from the wild type. the viability of the mpd1 spore ... | 2005 | 15720079 |
| wheat archive links long-term fungal pathogen population dynamics to air pollution. | we used the pcr to study the presence of two plant pathogens in archived wheat samples from a long-term experiment started in 1843. the data were used to construct a unique 160-yr time-series of the abundance of phaeosphaeria nodorum and mycosphaerella graminicola, two important pathogens of wheat. during the period since 1970, the relative abundance of dna of these two pathogens in the samples has reflected the relative importance of the two wheat diseases they cause in u.k. disease surveys. un ... | 2005 | 15809418 |
| inheritance of field resistance to stagonospora nodorum leaf and glume blotch and correlations with other morphological traits in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | breeding for wheat varieties resistant to stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) is the most sustainable strategy for controlling the disease. in order to map quantitative trait loci (qtls) for snb resistance we analysed 204 recombinant inbred lines of the cross between the winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) variety forno and the winter spelt (triticum spelta l.) variety oberkulmer. we determined the level of resistance of adult plants to leaf blotch (snl) and glume blotch (sng) as well as morpholog ... | 2005 | 15895203 |
| sequence diversity of beta-tubulin (tuba) gene in phaeosphaeria nodorum and p. avenaria. | full-length coding sequences of the beta-tubulin gene (tuba) were pcr-amplified and sequenced from 42 phaeosphaeria isolates, including 16 p. nodorum and 23 p. avenaria species from cereals, two polish isolates from rye (secale cereale l.), and one isolate from dallis grass (paspalum dilatatum poir). a tuba gene of size 1556bp was identified in wheat- and barley-biotype p. nodorum (pn-w and pn-b), p. avenaria f. sp. avenaria (paa), homothallic p. avenaria f. sp. triticea (p.a.t.) (pat1) and the ... | 2005 | 15972251 |
| the mak2 map kinase signal transduction pathway is required for pathogenicity in stagonospora nodorum. | a gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) putatively orthologous to pmk1 from magnaporthe grisea was cloned and characterised from the wheat glume blotch pathogen stagonospora nodorum. protein sequence alignments showed the cloned gene, mak2, is closely related to homologues from other dothideomycete fungi. expression studies revealed mak2 is up-regulated during in vitro growth upon nitrogen starvation but is not sensitive to carbon starvation or osmotic stress. transcript analys ... | 2005 | 16028107 |
| expression of transgenic stilbene synthases in wheat causes the accumulation of unknown stilbene derivatives with antifungal activity. | the expression of foreign phytoalexins in a new host is thought to increase fungal resistance, since host-specific pathogens have not experienced selection for detoxifying or metabolising the novel antifungal compounds. two resveratrol synthase genes vst1 and vst2 from grapevine (vitis vinifera l.) and the pinosylvin synthase gene pss from pine (pinus sylvestris l.) were stably transformed into bread wheat. the expression of the target genes is regulated by stress-inducible grapevine promoters. ... | 2005 | 16173460 |
| isolation and characterization of the mating-type locus of the barley pathogen pyrenophora teres and frequencies of mating-type idiomorphs within and among fungal populations collected from barley landraces. | pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres mating-type genes (mat-1: 1190 bp; mat-2: 1055 bp) have been identified. their predicted proteins, measuring 379 and 333 amino acids, respectively, are similar to those of other pleosporales, such as pleospora sp., cochliobolus sp., alternaria alternata, leptosphaeria maculans, and phaeosphaeria nodorum. the structure of the mat locus is discussed in comparison with those of other fungi. a mating-type pcr assay has also been developed; with this assay we have analy ... | 2005 | 16391692 |
| molecular cytogenetic characterization of four partial wheat-thinopyrum ponticum amphiploids and their reactions to fusarium head blight, tan spot, and stagonospora nodorum blotch. | four wheat (triticum aestivum l.)-thinopyrum ponticum derivatives ss5 (pi604926), ss156 (pi604947), ss363 (pi604970), and ss660 (pi604879), were identified as resistant to fusarium head blight (fhb), a serious fungal disease of wheat worldwide. seedling reactions to tan spot and stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb), two important foliar diseases of wheat, suggest that these four derivatives are resistant to tan spot and two of them (ss5 and ss156) are resistant to snb. fluorescent genomic in situ h ... | 2006 | 16544125 |
| lost in the middle of nowhere: the avrlm1 avirulence gene of the dothideomycete leptosphaeria maculans. | leptosphaeria maculans, a dothideomycete causing stem canker on oilseed rape (brassica napus), develops gene-for-gene interactions with its host plants. to date, nine resistance genes (rlm1-9) have been identified in brassica spp. the corresponding nine avirulence genes (avrlm1-9) in l. maculans have been mapped at four independent loci, thereby revealing two clusters of three and four linked avirulence genes. here, we report the completion of map-based cloning of avrlm1. avrlm1 was genetically ... | 2006 | 16556221 |
| coexistence of related pathogen species on arable crops in space and time. | this review considers factors affecting the coexistence of closely related pathogen species on arable crops, with particular reference to data available at rothamsted for septoria tritici/stagonospora nodorum (mycosphaerella graminicola/phaeosphaeria nodorum) (septoria leaf blotch diseases on winter wheat), oculimacula yallundae/o. acuformis (eyespot disease of winter cereals), and leptosphaeria maculans/l. biglobosa (phoma stem canker on winter oilseed rape). factors affecting the short-term, m ... | 2006 | 16602949 |
| delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthesis is required for virulence of the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ala) is synthesized in fungi by ala synthase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of haem. the requirement for ala synthase in stagonospora nodorum to cause disease in wheat was investigated. the single gene encoding ala synthase (als1) was cloned and characterized. expression analysis determined that als1 transcription was up-regulated during germination and also towards the latter stages of the infection. the als1 gene was further characterized by homologous gene replacem ... | 2006 | 16622070 |
| potent inhibitors of the qi site of the mitochondrial respiration complex iii. | a series of azole-fused salicylamides were prepared as analogues of antimycin and assayed for activity at complex iii of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. the activity of these compounds approached that of antimycin in inhibitory potency and some showed growth reduction of septoria nodorum in vitro. compound 8a was shown to bind at the qi site of complex iii by red-shift titration of the bc1 complex. | 2006 | 16854082 |
| mannitol is required for asexual sporulation in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum (glume blotch). | the physiological role of the mannitol cycle in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum (glume blotch) has been investigated by reverse genetics and metabolite profiling. a putative mannitol 2-dehydrogenase gene (mdh1) was cloned by degenerate pcr and disrupted. the resulting mutated mdh1 strains lacked all detectable nadph-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase activity. the mdh1 strains were unaffected for mannitol production but, surprisingly, were still able to utilize mannitol as a sole carbon so ... | 2006 | 16859492 |
| global migration patterns in the fungal wheat pathogen phaeosphaeria nodorum. | the global migration patterns of the fungal wheat pathogen phaeosphaeria nodorum were analysed using 12 microsatellite loci. analysis of 693 isolates from nine populations indicated that the population structure of p. nodorum is characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and a low degree of subdivision between continents. to determine whether genetic similarity of populations was a result of recent divergence or extensive gene flow, the microsatellite data were analysed using an isolation ... | 2006 | 16911209 |
| epl1, the major secreted protein of hypocrea atroviridis on glucose, is a member of a strongly conserved protein family comprising plant defense response elicitors. | we used a proteomic approach to identify constitutively formed extracellular proteins of hypocrea atroviridis (trichoderma atroviride), a known biocontrol agent. the fungus was cultivated on glucose and the secretome was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. the two predominant spots were identified by maldi ms utilizing peptide mass fingerprints and amino acid sequence tags obtained by postsource decay and/or high-energy collision-induced dissociation (ms/ms) experiments, and turned ... | 2006 | 16939625 |
| compatible solutes and fungal development. | compatible solutes are components that can be quickly accumulated and degraded inside fungal cells. they do not disturb the functioning of proteins and protect the cell under adverse conditions. in this issue of the biochemical journal, solomon and co-workers evaluate the role of mannitol, one of these components, in stagonospora nodorum, a plant-pathogenic fungus, and find surprising effects on the development of spores and spore-forming structures. | 2006 | 16987106 |
| investigating the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases in stagonospora nodorum. | three genes encoding different ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases have been characterized in the wheat phytopathogenic fungus stagonospora nodorum. the kinases were identified from the s. nodorum genome sequence on the basis of sequence homology to known ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. expression analysis determined that each of the kinases was expressed during growth in vitro and also during infection. the onset of sporulation triggered increased transcript levels of each of t ... | 2006 | 17020577 |
| rna polymerase ii gene (rpb2) encoding the second largest protein subunit in phaeosphaeria nodorum and p. avenaria. | a 5586 bp sequence (accession no. dq278491), which includes the rna polymerase ii gene (rpb2) encoding the second largest protein subunit (rpb2), was obtained from the wheat biotype phaeosphaeria nodorum (pn-w) by pcr amplification. the 3841 bp full length rpb2 gene contains two exons and a 52 bp intron, and encodes a complete 1262 amino acid protein. similar to the c-terminals of the beta subunits of prokaryotes and yeast rna polymerases, the deduced rpb2 protein contained many structural featu ... | 2006 | 17020806 |
| multiple, non-allelic, intein-coding sequences in eukaryotic rna polymerase genes. | inteins are self-splicing protein elements. they are translated as inserts within host proteins that excise themselves and ligate the flanking portions of the host protein (exteins) with a peptide bond. they are encoded as in-frame insertions within the genes for the host proteins. inteins are found in all three domains of life and in viruses, but have a very sporadic distribution. only a small number of intein coding sequences have been identified in eukaryotic nuclear genes, and all of these a ... | 2006 | 17069655 |
| [the relationship between the resistance of aegilops umbellulata zhuk. seedlings to septoria nodorum berk. and peroxidase isozyme pattern]. | the resistance of aegilops umbellulata zhuk. to blotch pathogen septoria nodorum berk. has been studied. cytoplasmic peroxidase activity in normal seedlings could not be used for biochemical prediction of ae. umbellulata resistance to septoria blotch. at the same time, isoperoxidases with pi approximately 7.5 and infection-induced activity of anionic isoforms with pi approximately 3.5 were markers of the resistant aegilops plants. aegilops resistance to the fungus depended on the activity of cel ... | 2006 | 17086966 |
| the tsn1-toxa interaction in the wheat-stagonospora nodorum pathosystem parallels that of the wheat-tan spot system. | the wheat tan spot fungus (pyrenophora tritici-repentis) produces a well-characterized host-selective toxin (hst) known as ptr toxa, which induces necrosis in genotypes that harbor the tsn1 gene on chromosome 5b. in previous work, we showed that the stagonospora nodorum isolate sn2000 produces at least 2 hsts (sntox1 and sntoxa). sensitivity to sntox1 is governed by the snn1 gene on chromosome 1b in wheat. sntoxa is encoded by a gene with a high degree of similarity to the ptr toxa gene. here, w ... | 2006 | 17213908 |
| concordant evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in the wheat pathogen phaeosphaeria nodorum. | we compared patterns of mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) diversity with patterns of nuclear rflp diversity to investigate the effects of selection, gene flow, and sexual reproduction on the population genetic structure and evolutionary history of the wheat pathogen phaeosphaeria nodorum. a total of 315 fungal isolates from texas, oregon, and switzerland were analyzed using seven nuclear rflp probes that hybridized to discrete loci and purified mitochondrial dna that ... | 2007 | 17293135 |
| the stagonospora nodorum-wheat pathosystem involves multiple proteinaceous host-selective toxins and corresponding host sensitivity genes that interact in an inverse gene-for-gene manner. | we recently showed that the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum produces proteinaceous host-selective toxins (hsts). these toxins include sntox1 as well as sntoxa, a hst first identified from pyrenophora tritici-repentis that was implicated in a very recent horizontal gene transfer event from s. nodorum to p. tritici-repentis. compelling evidence implicating sntoxa and sntox1 in disease development has been obtained. here, we report the partial purification and characterization of a third hst de ... | 2007 | 17573802 |
| association mapping of stagonospora nodorum blotch resistance in modern european winter wheat varieties. | association mapping in populations relevant for wheat breeding has a large potential for validating and fine-mapping qtls identified in f2- or dh (double haploid)-derived populations. in this study, associations between markers in the region of qsng.sfr-3bs, a major qtl for resistance to stagonospora nodorum glume blotch (sng), and sng resistance were investigated by linkage and association analyses. after increasing marker density in 240 f(5:7) recombinant inbred lines (rils), qsng.sfr-3bs expl ... | 2007 | 17634916 |
| long-term relationships between environment and abundance in wheat of phaeosphaeria nodorum and mycosphaerella graminicola. | relationships between weather, agronomic factors and wheat disease abundance were examined to determine possible causes of variability on century time scales. in archived samples of wheat grain and leaves obtained from the rothamsted broadbalk experiment archive (1844-2003), amounts of wheat, phaeosphaeria nodorum and mycosphaerella graminicola dna were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr). relationships between amounts of pathogens and environmental and agronomic factors w ... | 2008 | 17944823 |
| rapid adhesion of stagonospora nodorum spores to a hydrophobic surface requires pre-formed cell surface glycoproteins. | adhesion of fungal pathogens to leaf surfaces is an important first step in the infection process. previous work on stagonospora nodorum, a major necrotrophic pathogen of wheat and other cereals, has shown that conidia attach rapidly to a hydrophobic surface and this is followed by the active secretion of extracellular matrix material to consolidate adhesion. in this paper the role of pre-formed spore surface glycoproteins in the rapid adhesion of s. nodorum conidia to an artificial surface, pol ... | 2007 | 17998157 |
| dothideomycete plant interactions illuminated by genome sequencing and est analysis of the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | stagonospora nodorum is a major necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat (triticum aestivum) and a member of the dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families. here, we report the acquisition and initial analysis of a draft genome sequence for this fungus. the assembly comprises 37,164,227 bp of nuclear dna contained in 107 scaffolds. the circular mitochondrial genome comprises 49,761 bp encoding 46 genes, including four t ... | 2007 | 18024570 |
| [salicylic acid induces resistance to septoria nodorum berk. in wheat]. | the effect of salicylic acid (sa) on oxalate oxidase and peroxidase activities and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) production in leaf cells has been studied in wheat of the susceptible cultivar zhnitsa infected by the fungus septoria nodorum, a pathogen of wheat leaf blotch. the results show that fungal hyphae spread into interstices between mesophyll cells and that infected tissues contain h2o2. treatment with sa results in enhanced h2o2 production in mesophyll cells, which is due to activation of oxa ... | 2007 | 18038620 |
| characterization of the interaction of a novel stagonospora nodorum host-selective toxin with a wheat susceptibility gene. | recent work suggests that the stagonospora nodorum-wheat pathosystem is controlled by host-selective toxins (hsts; sntoxa, sntox1, and sntox2) that interact directly or indirectly with dominant host genes (tsn1, snn1, and snn2) to induce disease. here we describe and characterize a novel hst designated sntox3, and the corresponding wheat sensitivity/susceptibility gene identified on chromosome arm 5bs, which we designated as snn3. sntox3 is a proteinaceous necrosis-inducing toxin between 10 and ... | 2008 | 18065563 |
| evidence for horizontal transfer of a secondary metabolite gene cluster between fungi. | filamentous fungi synthesize many secondary metabolites and are rich in genes encoding proteins involved in their biosynthesis. genes from the same pathway are often clustered and co-expressed in particular conditions. such secondary metabolism gene clusters evolve rapidly through multiple rearrangements, duplications and losses. it has long been suspected that clusters can be transferred horizontally between species, but few concrete examples have been described so far. | 2008 | 18218086 |
| [diagnostics of phytopathogen fungi septoria tritici and stagonospora nodorum by fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridization (flash) pcr]. | a pcr system in the fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridization (flash) format was developed for the detection and identification of two important wheat pathogenic fungi septoria tritici (teleomorph of mycosphaerella graminicola and stagonospora nodorum (teleomorph of phaeosphaeria nodorum), which cause spots on leaves and glumes, respectively. the pathogen detection system is based on the amplification of a genome fragment in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its 1) region and a sit ... | 2008 | 18365745 |
| host-specific toxins: effectors of necrotrophic pathogenicity. | host-specific toxins (hsts) are defined as pathogen effectors that induce toxicity and promote disease only in the host species and only in genotypes of that host expressing a specific and often dominant susceptibility gene. they are a feature of a small but well-studied group of fungal plant pathogens. classical hst pathogens include species of cochliobolus, alternaria and pyrenophora. recent studies have shown that stagonospora nodorum produces at least four separate hsts that interact with fo ... | 2008 | 18384660 |
| identification and characterization of cdna sequences encoding the his3 and leu2 genes of the fungus alternaria tenuissima. | alternaria tenuissima is a fungus widely present in the environment and could cause diseases in plants and humans. in this study, through a yeast genetic approach, cdna sequences were isolated and characterized for the athis3 and atleu2 genes. athis3 cdna encodes a protein of 238 amino acids, while atleu2 cdna encodes a protein of 363 amino acids. based on the phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of athis3p and atleu2p, a. tenuissima is closely related to the plant pathogenic fungus pha ... | 2008 | 18439983 |
| genetic control and chromosomal location of triticum timopheevii-derived resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in durum wheat. | the genetic control of resistance, expressed as restricted lesion development in seedling plants, to septoria nodorum blotch of wheat was studied under controlled environmental conditions, using the parental, f1, f2, f3, bc1f1, and bc1f2 generations of crosses of triticum timopheevii-derived resistant durum lines s3-6, s9-10, and s12-1 with the susceptible durum cv. sceptre. the seedling resistance of these three resistant sources, derived from t. timopheevii (pi 290518), was monogenically contr ... | 1995 | 18470172 |
| malayamycin, a new streptomycete antifungal compound, specifically inhibits sporulation of stagonospora nodorum (berk) castell and germano, the cause of wheat glume blotch disease. | malayamycin is a novel perhydrofuropyran c-nucleoside isolated from streptomyces malaysiensis that shows promising antifungal activity, fully controlling a range of diseases when applied to plants at 100 microg ml(-1). the goal of this study was to determine the mode of action. | 2008 | 18683907 |
| a signaling-regulated, short-chain dehydrogenase of stagonospora nodorum regulates asexual development. | the fungus stagonospora nodorum is a causal agent of leaf and glume blotch disease of wheat. it has been previously shown that inactivation of heterotrimeric g protein signaling in stagonospora nodorum caused development defects and reduced pathogenicity [p. s. solomon et al., mol. plant-microbe interact. 17:456-466, 2004]. in this study, we sought to identify targets of the signaling pathway that may have contributed to phenotypic defects of the signaling mutants. a comparative analysis of stag ... | 2008 | 18776038 |
| a metabolomic approach to dissecting osmotic stress in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | a non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to identify significant changes in metabolism upon exposure of the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum to 0.5m nacl. the polyol arabitol, and to a lesser extent glycerol, was found to accumulate in response to the osmotic stress treatment. amino acid synthesis was strongly down-regulated whilst mannitol levels were unaffected. a reverse genetic approach was undertaken to dissect the role of arabitol metabolism during salt stress. strains of s. nodoru ... | 2008 | 18796335 |
| foci of stagonospora nodorum blotch in winter wheat before canopy development. | abstract stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) often develops explosively on upper leaves and glumes of wheat. inoculum for late season infections may arise from early disease foci in the lower canopy or from recent immigration of wind-dispersed ascospores. research was conducted to determine if foci of snb are present and secondary spread has occurred in fields before tiller elongation. we determined the incidence of infection by stagonospora nodorum for plants sampled at the mid-tillering stage in ... | 2001 | 18942993 |
| a rainfall-based model for predicting the regional incidence of wheat seed infection by stagonospora nodorum in new york. | abstract our goal was to develop a simple model for predicting the incidence of wheat seed infection by stagonospora nodorum across western and central new york in any given year. the distribution of the incidence of seed infection by s. nodorum across the region was well described by the beta-binomial probability distribution (parameters p and theta). mean monthly rainfalls in may and in june across western and central new york were used to predict p. the binary power law was used to predict th ... | 2002 | 18943025 |
| population structure of seedborne phaeosphaeria nodorum on new york wheat. | abstract population genetic and epidemiological studies have resulted in different hypotheses about the predominant source of primary inoculum in the phaeosphaeria nodorum-wheat pathosystem (i.e., sexually derived, windborne ascospores versus asexual or seedborne inoculum). we examined the genetic structure of seedborne populations of p. nodorum as a further step toward evaluating the hypothesis that seedborne inoculum is an important contributor to foliar epidemics in new york's rotational whea ... | 2005 | 18943124 |
| quantitative trait loci for seedling and adult plant resistance to stagonospora nodorum in wheat. | stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) caused by stagonospora nodorum is a severe disease of wheat (triticum aestivum) in many areas of the world. s. nodorum affects both seedling and adult plants causing necrosis of leaf and glume tissue, inhibiting photosynthetic capabilities, and reducing grain yield. the aims of this study were to evaluate disease response of 280 doubled haploid (dh) individuals derived from a cross between resistant (6hrwsn125) and susceptible (wawht2074) genotypes, compare quan ... | 2008 | 18943206 |
| emergence of tan spot disease caused by toxigenic pyrenophora tritici-repentis in australia is not associated with increased deployment of toxin-sensitive cultivars. | the wheat disease tan (or yellow leaf) spot, caused by pyrenophora tritici-repentis, was first described in the period 1934 to 1941 in canada, india, and the united states. it was first noted in australia in 1953 and only became a serious disease in the 1970s. the emergence of this disease has recently been linked to the acquisition by p. tritici-repentis of the toxa gene from the wheat leaf and glume blotch pathogen, stagonospora nodorum. toxa encodes a host-specific toxin that interacts with t ... | 2008 | 18943215 |
| genetic structure of phaeosphaeria nodorum populations in the north-central and midwestern united states. | stagonospora nodorum blotch, caused by phaeosphaeria nodorum, is considered one of the most destructive foliar diseases of wheat in the united states. however, relatively little is known about the population biology of this fungus in the major wheat-growing regions of the central united states. to rectify this situation, 308 single-spore isolates of p. nodorum were analyzed from 12 populations, five from hard red spring wheat cultivars in minnesota and north dakota and seven from soft red winter ... | 2008 | 18943244 |
| relative contribution of seed-transmitted inoculum to foliar populations of phaeosphaeria nodorum. | abstract a marked-isolate, release-recapture experiment was conducted to assess the relative contributions of seed-transmitted (released isolates) versus all other inocula to foliar and grain populations of phaeosphaeria nodorum in winter wheat rotated with nonsusceptible crops in new york and georgia, united states. seed infected with two distinct groups of marked isolates of p. nodorum containing rare alleles (identified by amplified fragment length polymorphisms [aflps]) and balanced for mati ... | 2007 | 18943577 |
| distribution and pathogenic characterization of pyrenophora tritici-repentis and stagonospora nodorum in ohio. | abstract to determine the distribution of stagonospora nodorum and pyrenophora tritici-repentis on wheat in ohio, flag leaves with lesions were collected from wheat-producing counties in 2002 and 2003. counties were arbitrarily grouped into seven regions. log-linear analysis of pathogen presence within regions indicated that the presence of s. nodorum was independent of the presence of p. tritici-repentis. a logistic analysis revealed that the occurrence of both pathogens varied by region in one ... | 2006 | 18943668 |
| frequency of phaeosphaeria nodorum, the sexual stage of stagonospora nodorum, on winter wheat in north carolina. | abstract ascocarps of phaeosphaeria nodorum, which causes stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) of wheat, have not been found by others in the eastern united states despite extensive searches. we sampled tissues from living wheat plants or wheat debris in kinston, nc, each month except june from may to october 2003. additional wheat samples were gathered in kinston, salisbury, and plymouth, nc, in 2004 and 2005. for the 3 years, in all, 2,781 fruiting bodies were dissected from the wheat tissues and ... | 2006 | 18943751 |
| genetic and physical mapping of a gene conditioning sensitivity in wheat to a partially purified host-selective toxin produced by stagonospora nodorum. | abstract a toxin, designated sntox1, was partially purified from culture filtrates of isolate sn2000 of stagonospora nodorum, the causal agent of wheat leaf and glume blotch. the toxin showed selective action on several different wheat genotypes, indicating that it is a host-selective toxin (hst). the toxic activity was reduced when incubated at 50 degrees c and activity was eliminated when treated with proteinase k, suggesting that the hst is a protein. the synthetic hexaploid wheat w-7984 and ... | 2004 | 18943793 |
| quantitative trait loci analysis and mapping of seedling resistance to stagonospora nodorum leaf blotch in wheat. | abstract stagonospora nodorum leaf blotch is an economically important foliar disease in the major wheat-growing areas of the world. in related work, we identified a host-selective toxin (hst) produced by the s. nodorum isolate sn2000 and determined the chromosomal location of the host gene (snn1) conditioning sensitivity to the toxin using the international triticeae mapping initiative mapping population and cytogenetic stocks. in this study, we used the same plant materials to identify quantit ... | 2004 | 18943794 |
| the frequencies and spatial distribution of mating types in stagonospora nodorum are consistent with recurring sexual reproduction. | abstract to test the hypothesis that stagonospora nodorum undergoes regular cycles of sexual recombination, a total of 1,207 isolates sampled from 18 fields in 12 geographical regions in six countries on five continents were analyzed for mating type frequency and distribution using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the mating type locus. restriction fragment length polymorphism and random amplified polymorphic dna fingerprints were used to clone-correct the data sets. both mating types ... | 2006 | 18944437 |
| mechanisms of induced resistance in barley against drechslera teres. | abstract quantitative and qualitative histopathological methods and molecular analyses were used to study the mechanisms by which preinoculation with either of the nonbarley pathogens, bipolaris maydis and septoria nodorum, inhibited growth of drechslera teres. collectively, our data suggest that induced resistance is the principal mechanism responsible for impeding the pathogen. the enhancement of resistance in the host was primarily manifested during penetration by d. teres, and after penetrat ... | 1998 | 18944943 |
| high genetic similarity among populations of phaeosphaeria nodorum across wheat cultivars and regions in switzerland. | abstract phaeosphaeria nodorum was sampled from nine wheat fields across a 30-km transect representing three geographical regions in switzerland to determine the scale of genetic differentiation among subpopulations. three different wheat cultivars were sampled three times to determine whether differences in host genotype correlated with differences among corresponding pathogen populations. seven restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) loci and one dna fingerprint were assayed for each o ... | 1997 | 18945009 |
| gene flow and sexual reproduction in the wheat glume blotch pathogen phaeosphaeria nodorum (anamorph stagonospora nodorum). | abstract restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) were used to characterize the genetic structures of three field populations of phaeosphaeria nodorum from texas, oregon, and switzerland. data from seven nuclear rflp loci were used to estimate gene diversity and genetic distances and to make indirect measures of gene flow between populations. three of the seven rflp loci differed significantly in allele frequencies across populations. on average, 96% of the total gene diversity was foun ... | 1997 | 18945180 |
| ripcal: a tool for alignment-based analysis of repeat-induced point mutations in fungal genomic sequences. | repeat-induced point mutation (rip) is a fungal-specific genome defence mechanism that alters the sequences of repetitive dna, thereby inactivating coding genes. repeated dna sequences align between mating and meiosis and both sequences undergo c:g to t:a transitions. in most fungi these transitions preferentially affect cpa di-nucleotides thus altering the frequency of certain di-nucleotides in the affected sequences. the majority of previously published in silico analyses were limited to the c ... | 2008 | 19014496 |
| diseases on wheat and triticale under the growing conditions of lubumbashi (congo rd). | the food production in katanga is inadequate and causes food insecurity for more than 400.000 people. nowadays the katanga province relies for more than 75 % on imported wheat and wheat flour from neighbouring countries. the absence of adapted germplasm is one of the mean reasons for the low production levels of small grains and as consequence the disinteresting of farmers for producing wheat. to select well adapted genotypes a screening test with wheat (t. aestivum) and triticale (x triticoseca ... | 2008 | 19226746 |
| trehalose biosynthesis is involved in sporulation of stagonospora nodorum. | stagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that is the causal agent of leaf and glume blotch on wheat. s. nodorum is a polycyclic pathogen, whereby rain-splashed pycnidiospores attach to and colonise wheat tissue and subsequently sporulate again within 2-3weeks. as several cycles of infection are needed for a damaging infection, asexual sporulation is a critical phase of its infection cycle. a non-targeted metabolomics screen for sporulation-associated metabolites identified that tre ... | 2009 | 19233304 |
| host-selective toxins produced by stagonospora nodorum confer disease susceptibility in adult wheat plants under field conditions. | stagonospora nodorum, causal agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb), is a destructive pathogen of wheat worldwide. as is true for many necrotrophic host-pathogen systems, the wheat-s. nodorum system is complex and resistance to snb is usually quantitatively inherited. we recently showed that s. nodorum produces at least four proteinaceous host-selective toxins that interact with dominant host sensitivity/susceptibility gene products to induce snb in seedlings. here, we evaluated a population ... | 2009 | 19266177 |
| proteomic identification of extracellular proteins regulated by the gna1 galpha subunit in stagonospora nodorum. | the fungus stagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch (syn. leaf and glume blotch) disease of wheat. the gna1-encoded galpha protein is an important signal transduction component in the fungus, which is required for full pathogenicity, sporulation and extracellular depolymerase production. in this study, we sought to gain a better understanding of defects associated with the gna1 mutant by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to analyse the extracellular proteom ... | 2009 | 19284980 |
| a key enzyme of the leloir pathway is involved in pathogenicity of leptosphaeria maculans toward oilseed rape. | agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated random insertional mutagenesis was used to investigate pathogenicity determinants in leptosphaeria maculans. one tagged nonpathogenic mutant, termed m186, is analyzed in detail here. microscopic analyses of infected plant tissues revealed that m186 is specifically blocked at the invasive growth phase after an unaffected initial penetration stage and is unable to switch to the necrotrophic lifestyle. in addition, m186 exhibits an altered cell wall and seems to b ... | 2009 | 19445597 |
| reevaluation of a tetraploid wheat population indicates that the tsn1-toxa interaction is the only factor governing stagonospora nodorum blotch susceptibility. | the wheat tsn1 gene on chromosome 5b confers sensitivity to a host-selective toxin produced by the pathogens that cause tan spot and stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) known as ptr toxa and sntoxa, respectively (hereafter referred to as toxa). a compatible tsn1-toxa interaction is known to play a major role in conferring susceptibility of hexaploid (common) wheat to snb. however, a recent study by another group suggested that the tsn1-toxa interaction was not relevant in conferring susceptibility ... | 2009 | 19594309 |
| biosynthesis and role in virulence of the histone deacetylase inhibitor depudecin from alternaria brassicicola. | depudecin, an eleven-carbon linear polyketide made by the pathogenic fungus alternaria brassicicola, is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (hdac). a chemically unrelated hdac inhibitor, hc toxin, was earlier shown to be a major virulence factor in the interaction between cochliobolus carbonum and its host, maize. in order to test whether depudecin is also a virulence factor for a. brassicicola, we identified the genes for depudecin biosynthesis and created depudecin-minus mutants. the depudecin ... | 2009 | 19737099 |
| [hydrogen peroxide production in wheat leaves infected with the fungus septoria nodorum berk. strains with different virulence]. | the effect of two strains of the phytopathogenic fungus septoria nodorum berk. of different virulence on the intensity of local generation of hydrogen peroxide in common wheat leaves and the role of oxidoreductases in this process was studied. differences in the pattern of hydrogen peroxide production in wheat plants infected with high- and low-virulence pathogen strains have been found. the low-virulent s. nodorum strain caused a long-term hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) generation in the infection zo ... | 2009 | 19764620 |
| deep proteogenomics; high throughput gene validation by multidimensional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of proteins from the fungal wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | stagonospora nodorum, a fungal ascomycete in the class dothideomycetes, is a damaging pathogen of wheat. it is a model for necrotrophic fungi that cause necrotic symptoms via the interaction of multiple effector proteins with cultivar-specific receptors. a draft genome sequence and annotation was published in 2007. a second-pass gene prediction using a training set of 795 fully est-supported genes predicted a total of 10762 version 2 nuclear-encoded genes, with an additional 5354 less reliable v ... | 2009 | 19772613 |
| sntox3 acts in effector triggered susceptibility to induce disease on wheat carrying the snn3 gene. | the necrotrophic fungus stagonospora nodorum produces multiple proteinaceous host-selective toxins (hsts) which act in effector triggered susceptibility. here, we report the molecular cloning and functional characterization of the sntox3-encoding gene, designated sntox3, as well as the initial characterization of the sntox3 protein. sntox3 is a 693 bp intron-free gene with little obvious homology to other known genes. the predicted immature sntox3 protein is 25.8 kda in size. a 20 amino acid sig ... | 2009 | 19806176 |
| identification and characterization of a novel host-toxin interaction in the wheat-stagonospora nodorum pathosystem. | stagonospora nodorum, casual agent of stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb) of wheat, produces a number of host-selective toxins (hsts) known to be important in disease. to date, four hsts and corresponding host sensitivity genes have been reported, and all four host-toxin interactions are significant factors in the development of disease. here, we describe the identification and partial characterization of a fifth s. nodorum produced hst designated sntox4. the toxin, estimated to be 10-30 kda in si ... | 2009 | 19816671 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of g-protein signalling in stagonospora nodorum using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification. | the g protein alpha-subunit (gna1) in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum has previously been shown to be a critical controlling element in disease ontogeny. in this study, itraq and 2-d lc maldi-ms/ms have been used to characterise protein expression changes in the s. nodorum gna1 strain versus the sn15 wild-type. a total of 1336 proteins were identified. the abundance of 49 proteins was significantly altered in the gna1 strain compared with the wild-type. gna1 was identified as having a si ... | 2010 | 19882661 |
| genetic analysis of disease susceptibility contributed by the compatible tsn1-sntoxa and snn1-sntox1 interactions in the wheat-stagonospora nodorum pathosystem. | stagonospora nodorum is a foliar pathogen of wheat that produces several host-selective toxins (hsts) and causes the disease stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb). the wheat genes snn1 and tsn1 confer sensitivity to the hsts sntox1 and sntoxa, respectively. the objectives of this study were to dissect, quantify, and compare the effects of compatible snn1-sntox1 and tsn1-sntoxa interactions on susceptibility in the wheat-s. nodorum pathosystem. inoculation of a wheat doubled haploid population that s ... | 2010 | 20084492 |
| evolutionary bi-stability in pathogen transmission mode. | many pathogens transmit to new hosts by both infection (horizontal transmission) and transfer to the infected host's offspring (vertical transmission). these two transmission modes require specific adaptations of the pathogen that can be mutually exclusive, resulting in a trade-off between horizontal and vertical transmission. we show that in mathematical models such trade-offs can lead to the simultaneous existence of two evolutionary stable states (evolutionary bi-stability) of allocation of r ... | 2010 | 20129975 |
| motif-based search for a novel fructosyl peptide oxidase from genome databases. | the measurement of glycated hemoglobin a1c (hba1c) has important implications for diagnosis of diabetes and assessment of treatment effectiveness. we proposed specific sequence motifs to identify enzymes that oxidize glycated compounds from genome database searches. the gene encoding a putative fructosyl amino acid oxidase was found in the phaeosphaeria nodorum sn15 genome and successfully expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant protein (xp_001798711) was confirmed to be a novel fructosyl ... | 2010 | 20198658 |
| the transcription factor stua regulates central carbon metabolism, mycotoxin production, and effector gene expression in the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. | the stagonospora nodorum stua transcription factor gene snstua was identified by homology searching in the genome of the wheat pathogen stagonospora nodorum. gene expression analysis revealed that snstua transcript abundance increased throughout infection and in vitro growth to peak during sporulation. to investigate its role, the gene was deleted by homologous recombination. the growth of the resulting mutants was retarded on glucose compared to the wild-type growth, and the mutants also failed ... | 2010 | 20495056 |
| stagonospora nodorum: cause of stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat. | summary stagonospora nodorum is an important pathogen of wheat and related cereals, causing both a leaf and glume blotch. this review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of taxonomy, control and pathogenicity of this species. taxonomy: stagonospora (syn. septoria) nodorum (berk.) castell. and germano [teleomorph: phaeosphaeria (syn. leptosphaeria) nodorum (müll.) hedjar.], kingdom fungi, phylum ascomycota, subphylum euascomycota, class dothideomycetes, order pleosporales, family phae ... | 2006 | 20507435 |
| functional analysis of the alternaria brassicicola non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene abnps2 reveals a role in conidial cell wall construction. | summary alternaria brassicicola is a necrotrophic pathogen causing black spot disease on virtually all cultivated brassica crops worldwide. in many plant pathosystems fungal secondary metabolites derived from non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (npss) are phytotoxic virulence factors or are antibiotics thought to be important for niche competition with other micro-organisms. however, many of the functions of nps genes and their products are largely unknown. in this study, we investigated the funct ... | 2007 | 20507476 |
| geographical variation and positive diversifying selection in the host-specific toxin sntoxa. | summary the host-specific toxin toxa produced by the wheat pathogens pyrenophora tritici-repentis and phaeosphaeria nodorum interacts with the product of the dominant plant gene tsn1 to induce necrosis. the toxa gene is thought to have been acquired by py. tritici-repentis from ph. nodorum through a recent horizontal gene transfer event. pcr and sequence analysis indicate that the level of toxa variation, including gene deletion, in ph. nodorum (sntoxa) is significantly higher than in py. tritic ... | 2007 | 20507502 |
| a unique wheat disease resistance-like gene governs effector-triggered susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens. | plant disease resistance is often conferred by genes with nucleotide binding site (nbs) and leucine-rich repeat (lrr) or serine/threonine protein kinase (s/tpk) domains. much less is known about mechanisms of susceptibility, particularly to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. the pathogens that cause the diseases tan spot and stagonospora nodorum blotch on wheat produce effectors (host-selective toxins) that induce susceptibility in wheat lines harboring corresponding toxin sensitivity genes. the eff ... | 2010 | 20624958 |
| new developments in pathogenicity and virulence of necrotrophs. | it was generally considered that necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi possessed simplistic pathogenic mechanisms being typically reliant on 'blasting their way through host tissue with a battery of lytic and degradative enzymes. however recent studies have suggested that this is not true and that necrotrophic fungal pathogens can subtly manipulate the host during infection in a manner similar to biotrophic pathogens. for example, it has been demonstrated that the wheat pathogens stagonospora nodo ... | 2010 | 20684067 |