| cellular changes in tissues of newborn mice infected with mokola virus: ultrastructural and biochemical changes. | cellular and biochemical changes which occurred in the tissues of newborn mice infected with mokola virus, a rabies-related virus (rhabdovirus group), were described. the virus was transmitted along the peripheral nerves and appeared in various tissues of the body, but did not replicate in any except the nervous system, where it manifested its gross effects. while mokola virus increased the synthesis of glycogen and total protein in infected brain, liver, lung, spleen and heart, it reduced the a ... | 1978 | 108929 |
| synthesis of rna by mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (indiana serotype) and the ability of wild-type vsv new jersey to complement the vsv indiana ts g i-114 transcription defect. | the ability of certain vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv; indiana serotype) temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants to synthesize intracellular viral complementary rna (vcrna) at permissive or nonpermissive temperatures for productive infections has been investigated. mutants belonging to complementation groups ii, iii, and v synthesize rna at nonpermissive temperature in amounts essentially equivalent to that obtained at permissive temperatures. mutant ts g i-114 possesses a thermolabile transcriptase ... | 1976 | 185410 |
| [isolation of a strain of mokola virus in cameroon (author's transl)]. | a strain of mokola virus has been isolated in cameroon from a shrew (crocidura sp.). in nigeria, where the virus was isolated for the first time, two human cases with one death were reported. the possibility of transmission of this virus by the bite of an arthropod is discussed. | 1978 | 677617 |
| arbovirus infection of vertebrate and insect cell cultures, with special emphasis on mokola, obodhiang, and kotonkan viruses of the rabies serogroup. | multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, obodhiang and kotonkan (two presumptive arboviruses), was induced in vertebrate cell cultures with singh's a. albopictus cell cultures used as "helper cells" in cocultivation experiments. plaque formation without prior in vitro adaptation was induced in vero cell cultures with eight rabies serogroup viruses: in all five instances by cocultivation of either infected bhk-21 or a. albopictus cells with vero cells under agar overlay and in three of eight i ... | 1975 | 1072596 |
| viruses other than arenaviruses from west african wild mammals. factors affecting transmission to man and domestic animals. | at least thirty-seven different viruses have been isolated from wild mammals in west africa since 1962. some of these, including lassa virus, are already known to cause serious human morbidity and mortality. crimean haemorrhagic fever-congo virus, dugbe virus, mokola virus, and a smallpox-like agent from a gerbil in dahomey are briefly discussed. an account of social and ecologic factors affecting man, domestic animals, and their interaction with wild mammals is given. | 1975 | 1085217 |
| relationship of two arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses (kotonkan and obodhiang) to the rabies serogroup. | indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the antigenic relationship between kotankan and obodhiang viruses and mokola virus that had originally been shown by complement fixation test. this relationship suggests inclusion of these two arthropod isolates in the rabies subgroup of the rhabdoviridae family. cross-reactivity with mokola virus was also demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence but was easily eliminated when conjugates were diluted. no crossreactivities were found by neutralization tests ... | 1975 | 1104485 |
| isolation and characterization of 115 street rabies virus isolates from ethiopia by using monoclonal antibodies: identification of 2 isolates as mokola and lagos bat viruses. | there were 115 isolates of rabies viruses recovered by tissue culture technique from 119 animal brains collected in ethiopia. by using 17 selected antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs), 113 isolates were classic street rabies viruses (serotype 1). an isolate of feline origin (eth-16) was a mokola virus (serotype 3) and another isolate (eth-58, obtained from a rabid dog) was serotype 2 (lagos bat virus). none of the 16 antiglycoprotein mabs used neutralized the eth-16 isolate, whereas eth ... | 1992 | 1402044 |
| a modified rapid enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses: rreid-lyssa. | this paper presents a modification of the previously described rapid rabies enzyme immuno-diagnosis test (rreid) by using biotinylated antibodies, streptavidin conjugate and a mixture of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against several lyssaviruses. in the modified technique (rreid-lyssa), microplates were sensitized with a mixture of purified antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (rnp) from pasteur virus (lyssavirus serotype 1), european bat lyssavirus (ebl, unclassified) and mokola virus (lys ... | 1992 | 1610558 |
| pcr technique as an alternative method for diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of rabies virus. | we have investigated the pcr amplification technique of viral nucleic acids as an alternative protocol for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of rabies virus. a primer set mapping in the nucleoprotein cistron allowed a specific and sensitive amplification of infected brain material, fulfilling the diagnosis requirements. one hundred samples checked by southern or dot-blot analysis using both radioactive and non-radioactive probes showed identical results in parallel with routine techniques. f ... | 1991 | 1714538 |
| t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus after post-exposure rabies vaccination. | t and b cell human responses to european bat lyssavirus (ebl1) induced by post-exposure rabies vaccination (pm virus vaccine) were evaluated by measuring plasmatic titres of ebl1-specific neutralizing antibodies; specific ebl1-binding antibodies; and proliferation indices of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with ebl1. these parameters for vaccination efficacy were compared with those obtained with vaccine-related viruses (cvs and era) and with a non-vaccine-related virus. mokola ... | 1991 | 1864001 |
| serological evidence of infection of dogs and man in nigeria by lyssaviruses (family rhabdoviridae). | a survey was conducted for serum neutralizing antibodies against 3 members of the lyssavirus group (rabies, lagos bat and mokola viruses) in nigerian dogs and humans. of 463 unvaccinated dogs sampled, 142 (30.7%) had antibodies against rabies; 39.2% of the stray dogs were positive. of 241 dogs tested, 17.4% had antibodies against mokola virus and 5.8% against lagos bat virus. 28.6% of human samples tested had antibodies against rabies and, of 158 human samples tested, 12 (7.5%) had antibodies ag ... | 1990 | 2096520 |
| from rabies to rabies-related viruses. | antigenic differences between rabies virus strains characterized with monoclonal antibodies presently define at least four serotypes within the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family: classical rabies virus strains (serotype 1), lagos bat virus (serotype 2), mokola virus (serotype 3) and duvenhage virus (serotype 4). the wide distribution of rabies-related virus strains (serotypes 2, 3 and 4) and above all, the weak protection conferred by rabies vaccines against some of them (principally ... | 1990 | 2205967 |
| detection of mokola virus neutralising antibodies in nigerian dogs. | five hundred healthy nigerian dogs were randomly selected and bled for serological detection of antibodies to lyssa-viruses, including mokola, lagos bat and duvenhage viruses. the canine sera were screened for virus neutralising antibodies by a modification of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition technique. three serum samples were seropositive to mokola virus but all were negative to lagos bat and duvenhage viruses. the three seropositive mokola samples were also negative for rabies virus neu ... | 1990 | 2333438 |
| human monoclonal antibodies specific for the rabies virus glycoprotein and n protein. | human monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus were established by epstein-barr virus infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from a rabies-vaccinated donor, and fusion with a heteromyeloma line. two human monoclonal antibodies, hum1 and hum2, both igg2, reacted with the envelope glycoprotein of the rabies virus. the antibody hum1 neutralized rabies virus (lyssavirus serotype 1) and mokola virus (lyssavirus serotype 3), but did not neutralize european bat lyssavirus, suggesting that som ... | 1990 | 2391499 |
| complete cloning and molecular organization of a rabies-related virus, mokola virus. | mokola virus is a rabies-related virus responsible for both animal and human encephalitis cases in africa. we report here the construction of a genomic library containing overlapping cdna clones encompassing the entire genome. five overlapping clones were sufficient to cover the genome (about 12 kb in size). mokola virus was shown to share the same genomic organization as the rabies virus genome and also identical transcription signals. cdna probes characterized six different transcripts by nort ... | 1989 | 2769229 |
| monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus for identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses. | rabies and rabies-related virus strains were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against either nucleocapsid proteins or cell surface antigens of mokola virus (mok-3). each strain was used in parallel to infect cultured cells and mice. then, the patterns of reactivity of the different monoclonal antibodies were determined by the immunofluorescent-antibody staining procedure. on cells, the monoclonal antibodies differentiated fixed rabies virus strains (serotype 1) from rab ... | 1988 | 3068246 |
| immunological relationships between rabies virus and rabies-related viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus. | specific monoclonal antibodies (mab) were prepared against a rabies-related lyssavirus, mokola virus. a strain isolated in the central african republic, mok-3, was used as immunogen. after 3 fusions more than 90 hybridoma cultures secreting mab were identified. according to their different patterns of reactivity against rabies and rabies-related viruses, 61 ascites fluids were obtained. the antibody class was igm for 2 of them and igg for 59. they were specific for one of the 4 major viral prote ... | 1988 | 3207504 |
| efficacy of rabies vaccines against duvenhage virus isolated from european house bats (eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses. | isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. in this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mabs, the rabies related lyssaviruses (mokola, lagos and duvenhage) react with only a few of the mabs and isolates ... | 1988 | 3245296 |
| kotonkan, a new rhabdovirus related to mokola virus of the rabies serogroup. | | 1973 | 4205431 |
| biological studies and plaquing of mokola virus (rabies serogroup) in porcine kidney (ps) cells. | | 1974 | 4465332 |
| a fatal human infection with mokola virus. | | 1972 | 4635777 |
| the effect of anti-lymphocytic serum of infection by congo virus (crimean haemorrhagic fever virus related) and mokola virus (rabies virus related). | | 1973 | 4718269 |
| mokola virus: experimental infection and transmission studies with the shrew, a natural host. | | 1973 | 4772939 |
| mokola virus. further studies on iban 27377, a new rabies-related etiologic agent of zoonosis in nigeria. | | 1972 | 5025622 |
| protection from rabies by a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene. | inoculation of rabbits and mice with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant (v-rg) virus resulted in rapid induction of high concentrations of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies and protection from severe intracerebral challenge with several strains of rabies virus. protection from virus challenge also was achieved against the rabies-related duvenhage virus but not against the mokola virus. effective immunization by v-rg depended on the expression of a rabies glycoprotein that registered p ... | 1984 | 6095272 |
| use of hybridoma monoclonal antibodies in the detection of antigenic differences between rabies and rabies-related virus proteins. i. the nucleocapsid protein. | twenty-one hybridoma cultures, obtained through the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes of balb/c mice immunized with either rabies virus or mokola virus, secreted monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid of the inducer virus. they displayed different specificities for the nucleocapsids of rabies and rabies-related viruses and could be classified into eight groups which are likely to correspond to different antigenic determinants on the nucleocapsid. four strains of fixed r ... | 1980 | 6155436 |
| arthropod studies with rabies-related mokola virus. | a cell culture-adapted variant of the rabies-related mokola virus was demonstrated to replicate in inoculated aedes aegypti mosquitoes. replication was slow compared to many arboviruses in their vectors. maximum titers were not obtained until after approximately 6 weeks of extrinsic incubation. mokola virus underwent nine mosquito-mosquito passages at approximately monthly intervals and was thus maintained in insects for 340 days before terminating the study. virus antigen was detected by immuno ... | 1984 | 6385743 |
| antigenic analysis of rabies and mokola virus from zimbabwe using monoclonal antibodies. | eighteen strains of virus were recovered by tissue culture techniques from 20 samples of mouse brain received from harare, zimbabwe, and typed with monoclonal antibodies at the wistar institute. on the basis of reactivity with these monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies and rabies-related viruses, seven strains were identified as mokola viruses, and the remaining 11, as rabies viruses. seventeen of 36 monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid antigen reacted with the mokola strains, but ... | 1984 | 6526138 |
| mokola virus infection in cats and a dog in zimbabwe. | | 1983 | 6623871 |
| rabies-related viruses. | five viruses related to rabies occur in africa. two of these, obodhiang from sudan and kotonkan from nigeria, were found in insects and are only distantly related to rabies virus. the other three are antigenically more closely related to rabies. mokola virus was isolated from shrews in nigeria, lagos bat virus from fruit bats in nigeria, and duvenhage virus from brain of a man bitten by a bat in south africa. the public health significance of the rabies-related viruses was emphasized in zimbabwe ... | 1982 | 6758373 |
| imported lyssa in hungary. | a 14 year old male lived for 5 years in nigeria, 5 weeks after returning to hungary he became ill and died within 3 days after a sudden cardiac arrest. neuropathology revealed rabies. no contamination with animals or infected persons could be detected. the possibility of rabies related (mokola) virus disease couldn't be excluded. | 1981 | 6939223 |
| molecular analysis of rabies-related viruses from ethiopia. | from brain samples collected from domestic animals in ethiopia, two rabies-related viruses were isolated. according to their reactivity pattern with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies, they were characterized as lagos bat virus (isolate eth-58) and mokola virus (isolate eth-16). this classification was confirmed by neutralization experiments with mokola and lagos bat specific antisera. two potent anti-rabies vaccines were unable to protect mice against the two rabies-related viruses. in ord ... | 1993 | 7777313 |
| mokola virus glycoprotein and chimeric proteins can replace rabies virus glycoprotein in the rescue of infectious defective rabies virus particles. | a reverse genetics approach which allows the generation of infectious defective rabies virus (rv) particles entirely from plasmid-encoded genomes and proteins (k.-k. conzelmann and m. schnell, j. virol. 68:713-719, 1994) was used to investigate the ability of a heterologous lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) and chimeric g constructs to function in the formation of infectious rv-like particles. virions containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene (sdi-cat) were generated in cells ... | 1995 | 7853476 |
| molecular diversity of the lyssavirus genus. | the sequence of 5568 nucleotides of the 3' moiety of the mokola virus genome (serotype 3 of lyssaviruses) encompassing the nucleoprotein (n), phosphoprotein, matrix protein, and glycoprotein genes is presented and compared to that of the vaccinal strains of serotype 1. it allowed us to determine consensus sequences derived from the transcriptional start/stop signals and the order of protein conservation (nucleoprotein > matrix protein > phosphoprotein) in lyssaviruses. the sequences of the n gen ... | 1993 | 8386891 |
| structure and expression in baculovirus of the mokola virus glycoprotein: an efficient recombinant vaccine. | the sequence of the glycoprotein gene of the mokola virus, the more divergent element of the lyssavirus genus, has been determined and the predicted protein structure compared to its counterpart in rabies vaccine strains. a global similarity of 54.3% was observed. the divergence affects particularly the rabies antigenic sites involved in the b-cell response. this provides a molecular basis for the absence of cross-protection between mokola and rabies viruses and argues for the necessity of a spe ... | 1993 | 8480429 |
| further isolation of mokola virus in south africa. | | 1996 | 8650912 |
| the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune response in mice is suppressed by infection with pathogenic lyssaviruses. | responsiveness of t cells (rtc) was studied in balb/c mice intramuscularly infected with various lyssaviruses. after infection by this peripheral route, two types of viruses could be classified according to their effects: 1) pathogenic viruses, including fixed rabies pasteur virus (serogenotype 1) and wild viruses belonging to serogenotype 1 (from a rabid fox in france and from a cow infected by a vampire bat in brazil) or to serogenotype 5 (european bat lyssavirus 1); and 2) non-pathogenic viru ... | 1996 | 8880998 |
| the complete mokola virus genome sequence: structure of the rna-dependent rna polymerase. | the genome sequence of the rabies-related virus mokola virus (genus lyssavirus) has been completed by sequencing the l gene, which consists of 6384 nucleotides encoding a 2127 amino acid polymerase. alignment of the mokola virus l protein with other polymerases from the virus order mononegavirales defined three domains: a divergent nh2-terminal domain, a highly conserved central domain carrying most of the functional motifs and a cooh-terminal domain with alternating conserved and divergent regi ... | 1997 | 9225031 |
| dna-based immunization for exploring the enlargement of immunological cross-reactivity against the lyssaviruses. | dna-based immunization was used for studying the cross-reactivity of lyssavirus neutralizing antibodies and for exploring the induction of a wider range of protection against lyssaviruses. in order to immunize mice with homogeneous and chimeric genes of glycoproteins (g) from two divergent lyssaviruses, we used for the first time a new plasmid (pci-neo) known to be a highly efficient vector for in vitro expression. the homogeneous plasmids pgpv and pgmok encoded the pasteur virus (pv: genotype 1 ... | 1998 | 9607065 |
| high-titer human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vector systems for gene delivery into nondividing cells. | previously we designed novel pseudotyped high-titer replication defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vectors to deliver genes into nondividing cells (j. reiser, g. harmison, s. kluepfel-stahl, r. o. brady, s. karlsson, and m. schubert, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 93:15266-15271, 1996). since then we have made several improvements with respect to the safety, flexibility, and efficiency of the vector system. a three-plasmid expression system is used to generate pseudotyped hiv-1 pa ... | 1998 | 9765432 |
| use of anti-glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies to characterize rabies virus in formalin-fixed tissues. | seventy anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were tested for reactivity with rabies and rabies-related viruses in formalin-fixed (ff) tissues. forty-three of the mabs were directed against the glycoprotein and 27 were directed against the nucleocapsid as determined by enzyme immunoassays and neutralization tests. twenty of the anti-glycoprotein mabs and one of the anti-nucleocapsid mabs reacted with the rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) in ff tissue. these 21 mabs were screened again ... | 1999 | 10029326 |
| mokola virus infection: description of recent south african cases and a review of the virus epidemiology. | five cases of mokola virus, a lyssavirus related to rabies, are described. the cases occurred in cats from the east london, pinetown and pietermaritzburg areas of south africa from february 1996 to february 1998. each of the cats was suspected of being rabid and their brains were submitted for laboratory confirmation. four of the cases were positive, but with atypical fluorescence, and 1 was negative. mokola virus infection was identified by anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody typin ... | 1998 | 10192092 |
| new cases of mokola virus infection in south africa: a genotypic comparison of southern african virus isolates. | mokola virus, one of the six genotypes within the lyssavirus genus of the rhabdoviridae family, is believed to be exclusive to the african continent, where infections in various mammal species have been reported. after an isolation of mokola virus at umhlanga on the east coast of south africa in 1970, the virus was not reported in south africa until its reappearance in 1995. since then a total of six new isolates of the virus were made, three from the east london region in 1995 and 1996, two nea ... | 2000 | 10872870 |
| cytoplasmic dynein lc8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein. | using a yeast two-hybrid human brain cdna library screen, the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), a 10-kda protein, was found to interact strongly with the phosphoprotein (p) of two lyssaviruses: rabies virus (genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3). the high degree of sequence divergence between these p proteins (only 46% amino acid identity) favors the hypothesis that this interaction is a common property shared by all lyssaviruses. the p protein-dynein lc8 interaction was confirmed by col ... | 2000 | 11024152 |
| evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity. | the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ... | 2001 | 11238853 |
| report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and mokola virus) identified retrospectively from zimbabwe. | rabies isolates that had been stored between 1983 and 1997 were examined with a panel of anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. out of 56 isolates from cats and various wild carnivore species, 1 isolate of mokola virus and 5 other non-typical rabies viruses were identified. the mokola virus isolate was diagnosed as rabies in 1993 from a cat. genetic analysis of this isolate suggests that it falls in a distinct subgroup of the mokola virus genotype. the 5 non-typical rabies viruses w ... | 2001 | 11513267 |
| functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains. | lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ... | 2001 | 11559793 |
| a novel expression cassette of lyssavirus shows that the distantly related mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. | by comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the rv rna is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper rv and mokola virus could rescue the rv minigenome while rv-related european bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related rv and mo ... | 2002 | 11799201 |
| targeted transduction patterns in the mouse brain by lentivirus vectors pseudotyped with vsv, ebola, mokola, lcmv, or mulv envelope proteins. | lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of central nervous system (cns) cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, cns transduction patterns of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from ebola virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), or the rabies-related mokola virus were compared to a vector pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g). mokola-, lcmv-, and vsv-g-pseudotyped vectors ... | 2002 | 11991743 |
| efficient transduction of liver and muscle after in utero injection of lentiviral vectors with different pseudotypes. | in this study we investigate the efficacy of lentiviral vectors of different pseudotypes for gene transfer to tissues of the preimmune fetus. balb/c fetuses at 14-15 days' gestation received lentiviral vectors carrying the transgene lacz under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter by intramuscular (i.m.) or intrahepatic (i.h.) injection. we pseudotyped the lentiviral vectors with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g), with mokola virus, or with ebola virus envelope glycoproteins. ... | 2002 | 12231171 |
| five recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus pseudotypes lead to exclusive transduction of retinal pigmented epithelium in rat. | the purpose of our study was to evaluate lentiviral vector-mediated rat retinal transduction using simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) pseudotyped with envelope proteins from vesicular stomatitis virus g glycoprotein (vsv-g), mokola virus g protein (mk-g), amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope (4070a-env), influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus g protein (lcmv-g), and rd114 retrovirus envelope (rd114-env). the six pseudotyped lentivirus vectors carried cmv- ... | 2002 | 12377185 |
| differential stability and fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein trimers. | the oligomeric structure and the fusion activity of lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) was studied by comparing g from mokola virus (gmok) and rabies virus (pv strain) (gpv), which are highly divergent lyssaviruses. g expressed at the surface of bsr cells upon either plasmid transfection or virus infection are shown to be mainly trimeric after cross-linking experiments. however, solubilization by a detergent (chaps) and analysis in sucrose sedimentation gradient evidenced that gmok trimer is less stabl ... | 2003 | 12573496 |
| a comparison of dna vaccines for the rabies-related virus, mokola. | mokola virus, a rabies-related virus, has been reported to date from the african continent only. like rabies virus, it is highly pathogenic, causes acute encephalitis, and zoonotic events have been documented. although believed to be rare, there has been an unexplained increase in the number of isolations of the virus in south africa in recent years. we have cloned and sequenced the glycoprotein (g) and nucleoprotein (n) genes from a south african mokola virus, and used these in the construction ... | 2003 | 12744896 |
| cross-reactive antigenicity of nucleoproteins of lyssaviruses recognized by a monospecific antirabies virus nucleoprotein antiserum on paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissues. | diagnosis of rabies is routinely confirmed by detection of rabies virus antigens in acetone-fixed frozen brain tissues or imprint smears using an immunofluorescence method with commercial antirabies virus antibodies. since recent molecular analyses disclosed wide heterogeneity in the genome sequences of rabies virus strains and related lyssaviruses, it is necessary to confirm the presence of common epitopes in these lyssaviruses. in this study we confirmed the presence of cross-reactive antigens ... | 2003 | 12895231 |
| transduction patterns of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the nervous system. | we have developed a non-primate-based lentiviral vector based on the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) for efficient gene transfer to the central and peripheral nervous systems. previously we have demonstrated that pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the rabies virus glycoprotein confers retrograde axonal transport to these vectors. in the present study we have successfully produced high-titer eiav vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus ( ... | 2004 | 14741783 |
| transduction of the choroid plexus and ependyma in neonatal mouse brain by vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentivirus and adeno-associated virus type 5 vectors. | evaluation of gene transfer into the developing mouse brain has shown that when adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (aav1) or aav2 vectors are injected into the cerebral lateral ventricles at birth, widespread parenchymal transduction occurs. lentiviral vectors have not been tested by this route. in this study, we found that injection of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (vsv-g) resulted in targeted transduction of the ependymal cells lining the ventricula ... | 2005 | 15703488 |
| retinal cell type expression specificity of hiv-1-derived gene transfer vectors upon subretinal injection in the adult rat: influence of pseudotyping and promoter. | gene therapy, and particularly gene restoration, is currently a great hope for non-curable hereditary retinal degeneration. clinical applications require a gene transfer vector capable of accurately targeting particular cell types in the retina. to develop such a vector, we compared the expression of a reporter gene after subretinal injections of lentiviral constructs of various pseudotypes and with the transgene expression driven by various promoters. | 2005 | 15966018 |
| gene transfer in human skin with different pseudotyped hiv-based vectors. | pseudotyping lentiviral vector with other viral surface proteins could be applied for treating genetic anomalies in human skin. in this study, the modification of hiv vector tropism by pseudotyping with the envelope glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), the zaire ebola (eboz) virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), rabies or the rabies-related mokola virus encoding lacz as a reporter gene was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in huma ... | 2007 | 17268532 |
| cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses to recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length lyssavirus glycoprotein genes. | lyssaviruses cause acute, progressive encephalitis in mammals. current rabies vaccines offer protection against the lyssaviruses, with the notable exceptions of mokola virus (mokv), lagos bat virus (lbv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). here we describe the cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses induced by experimental recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the glycoprotein genes of rabies virus (rabv), mokv and wcbv, either singly or in dual combinations. constructs expressing ... | 2008 | 17588277 |
| emergence of lyssaviruses in the old world: the case of africa. | rabies has a long history of occurrence throughout africa, spanning hundreds of years. at least four distinct lyssavirus species persist throughout the continent, among carnivores, bats and other mammals. rabies virus is the most cosmopolitan member, with primary reservoirs within dogs and mongoose, but other wildlife vectors are important in viral maintenance, such as jackals. besides a prominent toll on humans and domestic animals, the disease has an underappreciated role in conservation biolo ... | 2007 | 17848065 |
| mokola virus in domestic mammals, south africa. | we recently identified 2 mokola viruses from domestic mammals (a dog and a cat) in south africa. these cases occurred 8 years after the last reported case of infection with this virus. our findings emphasize the endemicity of rabies-related lyssaviruses in south africa and the need to better understand the epidemiology of mokola viruses. | 2007 | 18252112 |
| mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis. | lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic viruses associated with neuronal apoptosis. previous observations have indicated that the matrix proteins (m) of some lyssaviruses induce strong neuronal apoptosis. however, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is still unknown. we show that for mokola virus (mok), a lyssavirus of low pathogenicity, the m (m-mok) targets mitochondria, disrupts the mitochondrial morphology, and induces apoptosis. our analysis of truncated m-mok mutants suggest ... | 2008 | 18321977 |
| expression, purification and crystallization of a lyssavirus matrix (m) protein. | the matrix (m) proteins of lyssaviruses (family rhabdoviridae) are crucial to viral morphogenesis as well as in modulating replication and transcription of the viral genome. to date, no high-resolution structural information has been obtained for full-length rhabdovirus m. here, the cloning, expression and purification of the matrix proteins from three lyssaviruses, lagos bat virus (lag), mokola virus and thailand dog virus, are described. crystals have been obtained for the full-length m protei ... | 2008 | 18391421 |
| epidemiology and pathogenicity of african bat lyssaviruses. | lyssaviruses belonging to all four known african lyssavirus genotypes (gts) have been reported and isolated from southafrica over the past few decades. these are: (1) duvenhage virus (gt4), isolated again in 2006 from a human fatality; (2) mokola virus (gt3), isolated irregularly, mostly from cats; (3) lagos bat virus (gt2) continually isolated over the past four years from epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals and (4) rabies virus (gt1) - with two virus biotypes endemic ... | 2008 | 18634494 |
| activation of transgene-specific t cells following lentivirus-mediated gene delivery to mouse lung. | integrating lentiviral vectors based on the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) can transduce quiescent cells, which in lung account for almost 95% of the epithelial cell population. pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the envelope glycoprotein from the ebola zaire virus, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), the mokola virus, and the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g) resulted in transduction of mouse alveolar epithelium, but gene expression in the lung of c57bl/6 and balb/c m ... | 2010 | 19724265 |
| mokola virus involved in a human contact (south africa). | isolations of mokola virus (mokv) are rare, but in south africa and zimbabwe this genotype 3 lyssavirus variant has been occasionally found in domestic mammals (cats and a dog) with a total of 17 virus isolates (south africa 10, zimbabwe 7) having been recovered during the past 30 years. we report the identification of a mokv isolate involved in a human contact in grahamstown (eastern cape, south africa) and a genetic comparison with previously characterized isolates. this reported mokv case was ... | 2010 | 19817861 |
| structure of the nucleoprotein binding domain of mokola virus phosphoprotein. | mokola virus (mokv) is a nonsegmented, negative-sense rna virus that belongs to the lyssavirus genus and rhabdoviridae family. mokv phosphoprotein p is an essential component of the replication and transcription complex and acts as a cofactor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. p recruits the viral polymerase to the nucleoprotein-bound viral rna (n-rna) via an interaction between its c-terminal domain and the n-rna complex. here we present a structure for this domain of mokv p, obtained ... | 2010 | 19906936 |
| a robust lentiviral pseudotype neutralisation assay for in-field serosurveillance of rabies and lyssaviruses in africa. | the inflexibility of existing serological techniques for detection of rabies in surveillance constrains the benefit to be gained from many current control strategies. we analysed 304 serum samples from tanzanian dogs for the detection of rabies antibodies in a pseudotype assay using lentiviral vectors bearing the cvs-11 envelope glycoprotein. compared with the widely used gold standard fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay, a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 94.4% with a strong c ... | 2009 | 19925950 |
| evidence of lagos bat virus circulation among nigerian fruit bats. | during lyssavirus surveillance, 350 brains from four species of fruit bats and one species of insectivorous bat were collected from seven locations in northern nigeria during may to october, 2006. lyssavirus antigen was not detected in the brains, and isolation attempts in mice were unsuccessful. however, serologic tests demonstrated the presence of lyssavirus-neutralizing antibodies in bat sera. of 140 sera tested, 27 (19%) neutralized lagos bat virus, and two of these additionally neutralized ... | 2010 | 20090042 |
| the structure of the nucleoprotein binding domain of lyssavirus phosphoprotein reveals a structural relationship between the n-rna binding domains of rhabdoviridae and paramyxoviridae. | the phosphoprotein p of non-segmented negative-sense rna viruses is an essential component of the replication and transcription complex and acts as a co-factor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. p recruits the viral polymerase to the nucleoprotein-bound viral rna (n-rna) via an interaction between its c-terminal domain and the n-rna complex. we have obtained the structure of the c-terminal domain of p of mokola virus (mokv), a lyssavirus that belongs to the rhabdoviridae family and mapp ... | 2010 | 20458178 |
| two overlapping domains of a lyssavirus matrix protein that acts on different cell death pathways. | the lyssavirus matrix (m) protein induces apoptosis. the regions of the m protein that are essential for triggering cell death pathways are not yet clearly defined. we therefore compared the m proteins from two viruses that have contrasting characteristics in terms of cellular apoptosis: a genotype 3 lyssavirus, mokola virus (mok), and a genotype 1 rabies virus isolated from a dog from thailand (tha). we identified a 20-amino-acid fragment (corresponding to positions 67 to 86) that retained the ... | 2010 | 20631119 |
| virus neutralising activity of african fruit bat (eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses. | it is likely that phylogroup 2 lyssaviruses circulate within bat reservoirs. we adapted a pseudotype (pt) neutralisation assay (pna) to a multiplex format enabling serosurveillance for lagos bat virus (lbv), mokola virus (mokv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv) in a potential reservoir, the african straw-coloured fruit bat, eidolon helvum. highly correlated titres were observed between single and multiplex pnas using ptlbv and ptmokv (r=0.97, p<0.0001), validating its use for bat serosurveilla ... | 2010 | 20951400 |
| pseudotype-dependent lentiviral transduction of astrocytes or neurons in the rat substantia nigra. | gene transfer to the central nervous system provides powerful methodology for the study of gene function and gene-environment interactions in vivo, in addition to a vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic transgenes for gene therapy. the aim of the present study was to determine patterns of tropism exhibited by pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the rat substantia nigra, in order to evaluate their utility for gene transfer in experimental models of parkinson's disease. isogenic lentiviral vector ... | 2010 | 21056560 |
| a universal real-time assay for the detection of lyssaviruses. | rabies virus (rabv) is enzootic throughout most of the world. it is now widely accepted that rabv had its origins in bats. ten of the 11 lyssavirus species recognised, including rabv, have been isolated from bats. there is, however, a lack of understanding regarding both the ecology and host reservoirs of lyssaviruses. a real-time pcr assay for the detection of all lyssaviruses using universal primers would be beneficial for lyssavirus surveillance. it was shown that using sybr(®) green, a unive ... | 2011 | 21777619 |
| generation and characterization of a panel of anti-phosphoprotein monoclonal antibodies directed against mokola virus. | the generation of a new panel of 21 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) reactive with the p protein of mokola virus (mokv) is described. through competitive elisa and immunoblotting analyses, these mabs were classified into several groups. consistent with prior studies on lyssavirus p protein antigenic structure, many of the sites recognized by these mabs appear to correspond to sites identified previously. studies on the reactivity of these anti-mokv p mabs against a collection of lyssaviruses identif ... | 2011 | 21749906 |
| analysis of the complete genome of the first irkut virus isolate from china: comparison across the lyssavirus genus. | the genome of irkut virus, isolate irkv-thchina12, the first non-rabies lyssavirus from china (of bat origin), has been completely sequenced. in general, coding and non-coding regions of this viral genome are similar to those of other lyssaviruses. however, alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of irkv-thchina12 with those of other lyssavirus representatives revealed significant variability between viral species. the nucleoprotein and matrix protein were found ... | 2013 | 23872529 |
| cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) against different lyssavirus species. | rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus. in endemic countries of asia and africa, where the majority of the estimated 60,000 human rabies deaths occur, it is mainly caused by the classical rabies virus (rabv) transmitted by dogs. over the last decade new species within the genus lyssavirus have been identified. meanwhile 15 (proposed or classified) species exist, including australian bat lyssavirus (ablv), european bat lyssavirus (eblv-1 and -2) ... | 2014 | 25483634 |
| antigenic characterisation of lyssaviruses in south africa. | there are at least six lyssavirus species that have been isolated in africa, which include classical rabies virus, lagos bat virus, mokola virus, duvenhage virus, shimoni bat virus and ikoma lyssavirus. in this retrospective study, an analysis of the antigenic reactivity patterns of lyssaviruses in south africa against a panel of 15 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was undertaken. a total of 624 brain specimens, collected between 2005 and 2009, confirmed as containing lyssavirus antigen ... | 2014 | 25685866 |
| comparison of pathogenic domains of rabies and african rabies-related lyssaviruses and pathogenicity observed in mice. | several lyssavirus species occur in africa (rabies virus, lagos bat virus, mokola virus, duvenhage virus, shimoni bat virus and ikoma lyssavirus), displaying a high sequence diversity between isolates belonging to the same species. there is limited information about comparative pathogenesis of these african lyssaviruses and this precludes authoritative opinion on the potential public and veterinary health impact. in this study, an analysis of representative african lyssaviruses attempted to corr ... | 2013 | 23718883 |
| diversity and epidemiology of mokola virus. | mokola virus (mokv) appears to be exclusive to africa. although the first isolates were from nigeria and other congo basin countries, all reports over the past 20 years have been from southern africa. previous phylogenetic studies analyzed few isolates or used partial gene sequence for analysis since limited sequence information is available for mokv and the isolates were distributed among various laboratories. the complete nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix and glycoprotein genes of 18 mokv ... | 2013 | 24205423 |
| henipavirus neutralising antibodies in an isolated island population of african fruit bats. | isolated islands provide valuable opportunities to study the persistence of viruses in wildlife populations, including population size thresholds such as the critical community size. the straw-coloured fruit bat, eidolon helvum, has been identified as a reservoir for henipaviruses (serological evidence) and lagos bat virus (lbv; virus isolation and serological evidence) in continental africa. here, we sampled from a remote population of e. helvum annobonensis fruit bats on annobón island in the ... | 2012 | 22253928 |
| new isolations of the rabies-related mokola virus from south africa. | mokola virus (mokv) is a rabies-related lyssavirus and appears to be exclusive to the african continent. only 24 cases of mokv, which includes two human cases, have been reported since its identification in 1968. mokv has an unknown reservoir host and current commercial vaccines do not confer protection against mokv. | 2017 | 28143485 |