| nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of pepper mild mottle virus, a resistance-breaking tobamovirus in pepper. | the entire genomic rna of a spanish isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv-s), a resistance-breaking virus in pepper, was cloned and sequenced and shown to be similar to other tobamoviruses in its genomic organization. it consisted of 6357 nucleotides (nt) and contained four open reading frames (orfs) which encode a 126k protein and a readthrough 183k protein (nt 70 to 4908), a 28k protein (nt 4909 to 5682) and a 17.5k coat protein (nt 5685 to 6158). this is the first tobamovirus in which non ... | 1991 | 1765765 |
| transgenic tobacco plants expressing a coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus are resistant to some other tobamoviruses. | transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coat protein (cp) gene of tobacco mosaic virus were tested for resistance against infection by five other tobamoviruses sharing 45-82% homology in cp amino acid sequence with the cp of tobacco mosaic virus. the transgenic plants (cp+) showed significant delays in systemic disease development after inoculation with tomato mosaic virus or tobacco mild green mosaic virus compared to the control (cp-) plants, but showed no resistance against infection by ribg ... | 1990 | 2131095 |
| a classification of the tobamoviruses based on comparisons among their 126k proteins. | the products of partial proteolysis of the mr 126,000 in vitro translation products of the rna of eight tobamoviruses were separated by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the peptide patterns obtained were compared using a computer program designed to establish phylogenetic relationships. the resulting most-parsimonious phylogenetic trees grouped the tobamoviruses into clusters i (tobacco mosaic virus, tomato mosaic virus, tobacco mild green mosaic virus, pepper mild mottle virus) and ii (s ... | 1990 | 2230728 |
| nucleotide sequences of 5' and 3' non-coding regions of pepper mild mottle virus strain s rna. | the nucleotide sequences of the 5' and 3' non-coding regions of pepper mild mottle virus strain s (pmmv-s) rna were determined; they are more like corresponding sequences of tomato mosaic virus (tomv) rna than those of any other tobamovirus reported so far. the 5' leader contains a 68 nucleotide guanosine-free sequence which differs in several nucleotides from the corresponding sequences in genomic rna of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and tomv. the messenger activity of pmmv-s rna in vitro and the ... | 1989 | 2584952 |
| variability and evolution of the plant rna virus pepper mild mottle virus. | the rna genomes of 26 isolates of pepper mild mottle virus were compared by their rnase t1 fingerprints. twenty-three isolates came from epidemic outbreaks in greenhouse-grown peppers in almería (southeastern spain) from 1983 to 1987; three other isolates, from 1980, came from sicily (italy) and zaragoza (central spain). the 26 fingerprints can be classified into 10 different types; nucleotide substitution rates show them to be very similar. cluster and cladistic analyses group types correspondi ... | 1989 | 2704076 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus rna. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic rna of odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (orsv) was determined. the rna genome of orsv is 6618 nucleotides long and contains five open reading frames (orfs 1 to 5) coding for proteins of m(r) 126 k, 181 k, 34 k, 18 k and 52 k, respectively. this is the longest rna of the known viruses of the tobamovirus genus. the sequences of the orsv rna encoded proteins exhibit high homology to the proteins of the members of the tobamovirus genus. the genomic o ... | 1995 | 7487489 |
| a conserved, precise rna encapsidation pattern in tobamovirus particles. | the bidirectional rna encapsidation pathway in nine sequenced type 1 tobamovirus genomes will result in rna-coat protein assembly, up to and including the first transcribed g, adjacent to the 5'-cap structure (m7 gppp). this precision is highly conserved, despite wide interstrain variations in the absolute position of the phase-determining core of the origin-of-assembly sequence (gxx)n and in overall genome length (6311-6507 nts). a type 2 tobamovirus genome did not comply with this pattern. all ... | 1995 | 7487499 |
| the capsicum l3 gene-mediated resistance against the tobamoviruses is elicited by the coat protein. | the l3 gene is responsible for the hypersensitive response in capsicum plants against infection by tobamoviruses. the resistance conferred by this gene is one of the most effective so far described against tobamoviruses. certain isolates of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv) are the only tobamoviruses able to overcome the l3 resistance. chimeric viral genomes between pmmv-s (to which l3 plants are hypersensitive) and pmmv-i (an l3 resistance-breaking isolate) led us to conclude that sequence variat ... | 1995 | 7778282 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of a cdna clone encoding the 34k movement protein gene of odontoglossum ringspot virus, orsv-cy, the korean isolate. | the partial nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal region of the korean isolate of odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (orsv-cy) from cool-growing cymbidium was determined. the sequence contained a full length open reading frame (orf) coding for the viral cell-to-cell movement protein (mp). the orf was located upstream of the coat protein gene and 105 nucleotides longer than that of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the orf predicts a polypeptide chain of 303 amino acids with a molecular weight of 3357 ... | 1994 | 8000012 |
| a method combining immunocapture and pcr amplification in a microtiter plate for the detection of plant viruses and subviral pathogens. | a method for the detection of rna viral and subviral plant pathogens was developed that combines pathogen partial purification by solid-phase adsorbed antibodies, reverse transcriptional-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and quantitation of the amplified products by fluorescence. the reverse transcription of the rna is performed directly on the retained material without any previous thermal or chemical disruption of the virus particles. the whole procedure can be carried out in a microtiter pla ... | 1993 | 8113346 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the coat protein genes and 3' non-coding regions of two resistance-breaking tobamoviruses in pepper shows that they are different viruses. | the nucleotide sequence of the coat protein genes and 3' non-coding regions of two different resistance-breaking tobamoviruses in pepper have been determined. the deduced coat protein of an italian isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv-i) consists of 156 amino acids and its 3' non-coding region is 198 nucleotides long. they have been found to be very similar in sequence and structure to those previously reported for a spanish isolate (pmmv-s). in contrast, a dutch isolate termed p 11 codes f ... | 1993 | 8328918 |
| the coat protein is required for the elicitation of the capsicum l2 gene-mediated resistance against the tobamoviruses. | in capsicum, the resistance against tobamoviruses conferred by the l2 gene is effective against all but one of the known tobamoviruses. pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) is the only virus which escapes its action. to identify the viral factors affecting induction of the hypersensitive reaction (hr) mediated by the capsicum spp. l2 resistance gene, we have constructed chimeric viral genomes between paprika mild mottle virus (pammv) (a virus able to induce the hr) and pmmov. a hybrid virus with the ... | 1997 | 9002274 |
| resistance to tobamoviruses in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coat protein gene of pepper mild mottle virus (korean isolate). | red pepper, one of the most important vegetable crops in korea, is severely affected by viral diseases causing 20-50% reduction in product yield. a pepper strain of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv-p) is the most common virus in red pepper. to study the molecular structure of the tmv-p virus, we generated cdna clones of the viral genome. partial sequencing of a few cdna clones revealed that tmv-p shares a 98% identity at the nucleotide level with the spanish isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv-s) ... | 1997 | 9264016 |
| rhizobacteria-induced resistance perturbs viral disease progress and triggers defense-related gene expression. | selected strain of nonpathogenic rhizobacterium extn-1 from the bacillus amyloliquefaciens is capable of eliciting broad-spectrum induced systemic resistance (isr) in several crops that is phenotypically similar to pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (sar). in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. samsun-nn), extn-1 treatment also perturbs the disease progress by pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), a member of tobamovirus group. to investigate the defense mechanisms induced by this rhizobacteri ... | 2002 | 12019515 |
| a single amino acid substitution in 126-kda protein of pepper mild mottle virus associates with symptom attenuation in pepper; the complete nucleotide sequence of an attenuated strain, c-1421. | the complete nucleotide sequence of an attenuated pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov c-1421) rna genome has been determined. there were two differences from the type isolate in japan (pmmov-j). the mutations were located in the middle of the 126-kda protein (126 k) gene; one mutation influenced amino acid substitution at 649th val to ala (v649a), and the other was silent. the analyses using the reverse genetic system of pmmov-j revealed that symptom attenuation on pepper related to v649a. accumulat ... | 2002 | 12038692 |
| the potential use of a viral coat protein gene as a transgene screening marker and multiple virus resistance of pepper plants coexpressing coat proteins of cucumber mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus. | transgenic pepper plants coexpressing coat proteins (cps) of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv-kor) and tomato mosaic virus (tomv) were produced by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. to facilitate selection for positive transformants in transgenic peppers carrying an l gene, we developed a simple and effective screening procedure using hypersensitive response upon tomv challenge inoculation. in this procedure, positive transformants could be clearly differentiated from the nontransformed plants. tr ... | 2002 | 12054354 |
| ppi1: a novel pathogen-induced basic region-leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factor from pepper. | we have isolated a full-length cdna, ppi1 (pepper-pmmv interaction 1), encoding a novel basic region-leucine zipper (bzip) dna-binding protein, from expressed sequence tags differentially expressed in capsicum chinense p1257284 infected with pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv). ppi1 encodes a predicted protein of 170 amino acids and contains a putative dna-binding domain that shares significant amino acid identity with acgt-binding domains of members of the bzip dna-binding protein family. ppi1 was ... | 2002 | 12059102 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence and development of a differential detection assay for a pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) isolate that overcomes l3 resistance in pepper. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the rna genome of a pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) isolate that overcomes l3 resistance in pepper (capsicum sp.) was determined and compared with the sequence of other tobamoviruses. the rna genome consists of 6357 nucleotides and contains four open reading frames. the 5' proximal orf encodes a 128 kda product that terminates in an amber codon which may be readthrough to produce a 180 kda replication-associated protein (orf 2). orf 3 codes for the 28 kda pro ... | 2002 | 12367738 |
| ectopic expression of tsi1 in transgenic hot pepper plants enhances host resistance to viral, bacterial, and oomycete pathogens. | in many plants, including hot pepper plants, productivity is greatly affected by pathogen attack. we reported previously that tobacco stress-induced gene 1 (tsi1) may play an important role in regulating stress responsive genes and pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. in this study, we demonstrated that overexpression of tsi1 gene in transgenic hot pepper plants induced constitutive expression of several pr genes in the absence of stress or pathogen treatment. the transgenic hot pepper plants expres ... | 2002 | 12437295 |
| proteomic analysis of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem ii under biotec stress: studies on nicotiana benthamiana infected with tobamoviruses. | we have previously shown that tobamovirus infection induces an inhibition of photosystem ii electron transport, disturbing the oxygen-evolving complex (oec). in the infected plants, the oec polypeptide pattern was modified when compared to healthy plants, the levels of the psbp and psbq extrinsic proteins being lowered to different extents. in this work we have further investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-de) the changes on the oec protein pattern of thylakoid me ... | 2004 | 14760711 |
| the coat protein of tobamovirus acts as elicitor of both l2 and l4 gene-mediated resistance in capsicum. | in capsicum, the resistance conferred by the l(2) gene is effective against all of the pepper-infecting tobamoviruses except pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), whereas that conferred by the l(4) gene is effective against them all. these resistances are expressed by a hypersensitive response, manifested through the formation of necrotic local lesions (nlls) at the primary site of infection. the capsicum l(2) gene confers resistance to paprika mild mottle virus (pammv), while the l(4) gene is effec ... | 2004 | 15218193 |
| integration of mutations responsible for the attenuated phenotype of pepper mild mottle virus strains results in a symptomless cross-protecting strain. | an enhanced attenuated strain of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) was constructed by incorporating mutations that affect viral attenuation from three reported attenuated strains of pmmov, which causes serious economic losses in the production of green pepper in japan. the new strain caused no symptoms on pepper plants and protected them from infection by a wild-type strain. the mutations responsible for viral attenuation were located in the intervening region (ir) of the 126-kda/183-kda proteins ... | 2005 | 15968477 |
| pepper mild mottle virus pathogenicity determinants and cross protection effect of attenuated mutants in pepper. | to determine the pathogenicity domain and to apply cross protection, pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) point-mutations in the replicase (rep) gene between the methyl-transferase and helicase domains, and deletions truncating pseudoknots in the 3' non-coding region (ncr), were constructed. some mutants substituting a single amino acid in rep residue 348 exhibited mild symptoms in nicotiana benthamiana or pepper plants. accumulation of these mutants was higher than that of other rep mutants or wild ... | 2006 | 16325950 |
| rna viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. | the human gut is known to be a reservoir of a wide variety of microbes, including viruses. many rna viruses are known to be associated with gastroenteritis; however, the enteric rna viral community present in healthy humans has not been described. here, we present a comparative metagenomic analysis of the rna viruses found in three fecal samples from two healthy human individuals. for this study, uncultured viruses were concentrated by tangential flow filtration, and viral rna was extracted and ... | 2006 | 16336043 |
| robotized thermal and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of pepper mild mottle virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana. | after infecting a susceptible host, pathogens spread throughout the plant. depending on pathogen type and strain, the severity of symptoms varies greatly. in the case of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) infection in nicotiana benthamiana, newly developing leaves display visual symptoms (symptomatic leaves). in this study, two pmmov strains were used, the spanish strain (pmmov-s) being more virulent than the italian strain (pmmov-i). plants infected with pmmov-i could recover from the virus-induc ... | 2006 | 16943218 |
| cooperative effect of two amino acid mutations in the coat protein of pepper mild mottle virus overcomes l3-mediated resistance in capsicum plants. | we found that an l3 resistance-breaking field isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), designated pmmov-is, had two amino acid changes in its coat protein (cp), namely leucine to phenylalanine at position 13 (l13f) and glycine to valine at position 66 (g66v), as compared with pmmov-j, which induces a resistance response in l3-harboring capsicum plants. the mutations were located to a cp domain corresponding to the outer surface of pmmov particles in computational molecular modeling. analyses ... | 2007 | 17160553 |
| changes in photosynthetic metabolism induced by tobamovirus infection in nicotiana benthamiana studied in vivo by thermoluminescence. | * in thylakoids from nicotiana benthamiana infected with the pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), a decreased amount of the psbp and psbq proteins of photosystem ii and different proteins of the calvin cycle have been previously observed. we used thermoluminescence to study the consequences in vivo. * measurements on unfrozen discs from symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves of plants infected by two tobamovirus pmmov-s and pmmov-i strains were compared with homologous samples in control plants. * the ... | 2007 | 17547672 |
| the coat protein gene of tobamovirus p 0 pathotype is a determinant for activation of temperature-insensitive l 1a-gene-mediated resistance in capsicum plants. | tobamovirus resistance in capsicum plants, which is mediated by l genes (l(1), l(2), l(3) or l(4)), is known to be temperature sensitive. however, the l(1a ) gene, a newly identified tobamovirus resistance gene that is mapped to the l locus, confers temperature-insensitive resistance against the tobamovirus p(0) pathotype. to identify the viral elicitor that activates the l(1a )-gene-mediated resistance, several chimeric viral genomes were constructed between tobacco mosaic virus-l (p(0) pathoty ... | 2008 | 18236125 |
| proteomic analysis of pathogenesis-related proteins (prs) induced by compatible and incompatible interactions of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) in capsicum chinense l3 plants. | resistance conferred by the l(3) gene is active against most of the tobamoviruses, including the spanish strain (pmmov-s), a p(1,2) pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), termed p(1,2,3) pathotype, such as the italian strain (pmmov-i). both viruses are nearly identical at their nucleotide sequence level (98%) and were used to challenge capsicum chinense pi159236 plants harbouring the l(3) gene in order to carry out a comparative proteomic analysis of pr p ... | 2008 | 18375936 |
| development of a sequence characteristic amplified region marker linked to the l4 locus conferring broad spectrum resistance to tobamoviruses in pepper plants. | to develop molecular markers linked to the l4 locus conferring resistance to tobamovirus pathotypes in pepper plants, we performed aflp with 512 primer combinations for susceptible (s pool) and resistant (r pool) dna bulks against pathotype 1.2 of pepper mild mottle virus. each bulk was made by pooling the dna of five homozygous individuals from a t10 population, which was a near-isogenic bc4f2 generation for the l4 locus. a total of 19 primer pairs produced scorable bands in the r pool. further ... | 2008 | 18414011 |
| multicolor fluorescence imaging of leaves--a useful tool for visualizing systemic viral infections in plants. | multicolor fluorescence induced by uv light is a sensitive and specific tool that may be used to provide information about the primary and secondary metabolism of plants by monitoring signals of the chlorophyll fluorescence (chl-f) and blue-green fluorescence (bgf), respectively. we have followed the systemic infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants with the pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) by means of a multicolor fluorescence-imaging system, to detect differences between two strains of pmmov ... | 2008 | 18435702 |
| pathogenicity of pepper mild mottle virus is controlled by the rna silencing suppression activity of its replication protein but not the viral accumulation. | abstract pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) infects pepper plants, causing mosaic symptoms on the upper developing leaves. we investigated the relationship between a virus pathogenicity determinant domain and the appearance of mosaic symptoms. genetically modified pmmov mutants were constructed, which had a base substitution in the 130k replication protein gene causing an amino acid change or a truncation of the 3' terminal pseudoknot structure. only one substitution mutant (at amino acid residue ... | 2007 | 18943281 |
| two amino acid substitutions in the coat protein of pepper mild mottle virus are responsible for overcoming the l(4) gene-mediated resistance in capsicum spp. | abstract the capsicum spp. l genes (l(1) to l(4)) confer resistance to tobamoviruses. currently, the l(4) gene from capsicum chacoense is the most effective resistance gene and has been used widely in breeding programs in japan which have developed new resistant cultivars against pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov). however, in 2004, mild mosaic symptoms began appearing on the leaves of commercial pepper plants in the field which possessed the l(4) resistance gene. serological and biological assays ... | 2007 | 18943927 |
| a single residue in the 126-kda protein of pepper mild mottle virus controls the severity of symptoms on infected green bell pepper plants. | infectious cdna clones originally derived from a mild strain of pepper mild mottle virus were constructed by replacing residue 649, a critical point for attenuation of this virus, with all possible amino acids. all clones were infectious to pepper plants and induced a variety of symptoms, including no visible symptoms. the results of this study showed that a single amino acid mutation at residue 649 could control the function of the 126- and 183-kda proteins, replicases with multiple roles in th ... | 2009 | 19184640 |
| development of a simple and effective method for specific detection of pepper mild mottle virus. | a digoxigenin (dig)-labeled cdna probe complementary to the region from 5,256-6,300 nt of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) genome was synthesized. the specificity and sensitivity of the probe was tested by the dot-blot hybridization. the detection limit of this method was equivalent to 0.8 microg of fresh infected tissue in each spot. double-antibody sandwich (das) elisa and rt-pcr had the detection limit 39 microg and 0.008 microg of fresh infected tissue, respectively. we evaluated leaf, fruit ... | 2009 | 19301947 |
| an inhibitory interaction between viral and cellular proteins underlies the resistance of tomato to nonadapted tobamoviruses. | any individual virus can infect only a limited range of hosts, and most plant species are "nonhosts" to a given virus; i.e., all members of the species are insusceptible to the virus. in nonhost plants, the factors that control virus resistance are not genetically tractable, and how the host range of a virus is determined remains poorly understood. tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is a nonhost species for tobacco mild green mosaic virus (tmgmv) and pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), members of the g ... | 2009 | 19423673 |
| pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator of fecal pollution. | accurate indicators of fecal pollution are needed in order to minimize public health risks associated with wastewater contamination in recreational waters. however, the bacterial indicators currently used for monitoring water quality do not correlate with the presence of pathogens. here we demonstrate that the plant pathogen pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) is widespread and abundant in wastewater from the united states, suggesting the utility of this virus as an indicator of human fecal polluti ... | 2009 | 19767474 |
| changes induced by the pepper mild mottle tobamovirus on the chloroplast proteome of nicotiana benthamiana. | we have analyzed the chloroplast proteome of nicotiana benthamiana using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry followed by a database search. in order to improve the resolution of the two-dimensional electrophoresis gels, we have made separate maps for the low and the high ph range. at least 200 spots were detected. we identified 72 polypeptides, some being isoforms of different multiprotein families. in addition, changes in this chloroplast proteome induced by the infection ... | 2010 | 19823941 |
| pepper mild mottle virus, a plant virus associated with specific immune responses, fever, abdominal pains, and pruritus in humans. | recently, metagenomic studies have identified viable pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), a plant virus, in the stool of healthy subjects. however, its source and role as pathogen have not been determined. | 2010 | 20386604 |
| characterization of a pathogenesis-related protein 4 (pr-4) induced in capsicum chinense l3 plants with dual rnase and dnase activities. | resistance conferred by the l(3) gene is active against most of the tobamoviruses, including the spanish strain (pmmov-s), a p(1),(2) pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), termed as p(1),(2),(3) pathotype, such as the italian strain (pmmov-i). pmmov-s induces a hypersensitive reaction (hr) in c. chinense pi159236 plant leaves with the formation of necrotic local lesions and restriction of the virus at the primary infection sites. in this paper, a c. chin ... | 2010 | 20511278 |
| evaluation of pepper mild mottle virus, human picobirnavirus and torque teno virus as indicators of fecal contamination in river water. | a reliable indicator is needed to predict and reduce the risk of infection associated with fecal contamination of surface water. since pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), human picobirnaviruses (hpbv) and torque teno virus (ttv) have been detected at substantial levels in human feces, we explored whether detection of nucleic acids of these viruses is a suitable indicator of fecal contamination in river water. from september 2008 to december 2009, water samples (n = 111) were collected from the ruh ... | 2010 | 21074236 |
| a single amino acid substitution in the 126-kda protein of pepper mild mottle virus controls replication and systemic movement into upper non-inoculated leaves of bell pepper plants. | previously, we generated attenuated variants of pepper mild mottle virus by replacing residue 649 in the 126-kda replicase protein with various amino acids. here, we examined the biological properties of the 16 variants that caused either mild mosaic or no mosaic. all but one (a649n) of the mild-mosaic-inducing strains replicated at higher levels in pepper plants and systemically moved at higher rates into the upper non-inoculated leaves than the no-mosaic strains. c1421, previously selected for ... | 2011 | 21293967 |
| tracking viral movement in plants by means of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. | many techniques have been applied to understand viral cell-to-cell movement in host plants, but little progress has been made in understanding viral vascular transport mechanisms. we propose the use of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging techniques, not only to diagnose the viral infection, but also to follow the movement of the virus through the vascular system and its subsequent spread into the leaves. in nicotiana benthamiana plants, imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as ðñ(psii ... | 2011 | 21820756 |
| foliar application of the leaf-colonizing yeast pseudozyma churashimaensis elicits systemic defense of pepper against bacterial and viral pathogens. | yeast associates with many plant parts including the phyllosphere, where it is subject to harsh environmental conditions. few studies have reported on biological control of foliar pathogens by yeast. here, we newly isolated leaf-colonizing yeasts from leaves of field-grown pepper plants in a major pepper production area of south korea. the yeast was isolated using semi-selective medium supplemented with rifampicin to inhibit bacterial growth and its disease control capacity against xanthomonas a ... | 2017 | 28071648 |
| calecrk-s.5, a pepper l-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming. | in arabidopsis, several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) have been identified as putative immune receptors. however, to date, there have been few analyses of lecrks in crop plants. virus-induced gene silencing of calecrk-s.5 verified the role of calecrk-s.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. compared with control plants, calecrk-s.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation ... | 2016 | 27647723 |
| virus reduction during advanced bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes. | the present study investigated wastewater treatment for the removal of 11 different virus types (pepper mild mottle virus; aichi virus; genogroup i, ii, and iv noroviruses; enterovirus; sapovirus; group-a rotavirus; adenovirus; and jc and bk polyomaviruses) by two wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced bardenpho technology and compared the results with conventional treatment processes. to our knowledge, this is the first study comparing full-scale treatment processes that all receive ... | 2016 | 27447291 |
| detection of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator for drinking water quality in hanoi, vietnam, in large volume of water after household treatment. | the aims of this study were to examine the removal of bacteria and viruses by household point-of-use (pou) treatments and to apply a previously developed large-volume virus concentration method (∼20 l). first, the removal of microbes by household pou treatment was investigated in the laboratory. second, the prevalence of viruses in drinking water sources for households and the removal efficiency of microbes by pou treatments in two suburban communities in hanoi, vietnam, were investigated. indig ... | 2016 | 27419274 |
| enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands. | we investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), at two surface flow wetlands in arizona. the retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was d ... | 2016 | 26562344 |
| relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes--identification of potential viral indicators. | waterborne pathogenic viruses discharged from wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) pose potential public health risks. in the present study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and reduction of eleven different viruses at two wwtps in southern arizona over a 12-month period, from august 2011 to july 2012. influent and effluent samples from the two wwtps were collected monthly. viruses were concentrated using an electronegative filter method and quantified using taqman-based quanti ... | 2014 | 24836386 |
| resistance breaking tomato spotted wilt virus isolates on resistant pepper varieties in italy. | in spring 2012, resistance breaking (rb) isolates of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) that overcome the resistance conferred by the tsw gene in different pepper hybrids have been recovered in different locations in southern italy (campania and apulia regions) in protected cultivation, about one month after transplant. the percentage of symptomatic plants was 5-10% and, only in particular cases of advanced stage of cultivation, it reached 30-50% at the end of cycle. all tswv isolates induced simi ... | 2013 | 25151838 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence and genomic characterization of tropical soda apple mosaic virus. | we report the first complete genome sequence of tropical soda apple mosaic virus (tsamv), a tobamovirus originally isolated from tropical soda apple (solanum viarum) collected in okeechobee, florida. the complete genome of tsamv is 6,350 nucleotides long and contains four open reading frames encoding the following proteins: i) 126-kda methyltransferase/helicase (3354 nt), ii) 183-kda polymerase (4839 nt), iii) movement protein (771 nt) and iv) coat protein (483 nt). the complete genome sequence ... | 2016 | 27169599 |
| identification of leonurus sibiricus as a weed reservoir for three pepper-infecting viruses. | in plant virus ecology, weeds are regarded as wild reservoirs of viruses and as potential sources for insect-mediated transmission of viruses. during field surveys in 2013-2014, three leonurus sibiricus plants showing virus-like symptoms were collected from pepper fields in daegu, seosan, and danyang in korea. molecular diagnosis assays showed that the collected l. sibiricus samples were infected with either tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), or beet western yell ... | 2016 | 26889117 |
| local and systemic hormonal responses in pepper leaves during compatible and incompatible pepper-tobamovirus interactions. | phytohormone levels and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes participating in hormone biosynthetic pathways were investigated in pepper leaves inoculated with two different tobamoviruses. obuda pepper virus (obpv) inoculation led to the development of hypersensitive reaction (incompatible interaction), while pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) inoculation resulted in a systemic, compatible interaction. obpv-inoculation markedly increased not only the levels of salicylic acid (sa) (73-fold) ... | 2016 | 27810675 |
| genetic compositions of broad bean wilt virus 2 infecting red pepper in korea. | the incidence of broad bean wilt virus 2 (bbwv2) on red pepper was investigated using the samples obtained from 24 areas of 8 provinces in korea. two hundred and five samples (79%) out of 260 collected samples were found to be infected with bbwv2. while the single infection rate of bbwv2 was 21.5%, the co-infection rate of bbwv2 with cucumber mosaic virus, pepper mottle virus, pepper mild mottle virus and/or potato virus y was 78.5%. to characterize the genetic diversity of bbwv2 korean isolates ... | 2013 | 25288954 |
| complete nucleotide sequences and construction of full-length infectious cdna clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv) in a versatile newly developed binary vector including both 35s and t7 promoters. | seed-transmitted viruses have caused significant damage to watermelon crops in korea in recent years, with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv) infection widespread as a result of infected seed lots. to determine the likely origin of cgmmv infection, we collected cgmmv isolates from watermelon and melon fields and generated full-length infectious cdna clones. the full-length cdnas were cloned into newly constructed binary vector pjy, which includes both the 35s and t7 promoters for versati ... | 2017 | 27913980 |
| new korean isolates of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) differ in symptom severity and subcellular localization of the 126 kda protein. | two isolates of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) were selected from a nationwide survey of pepper fields in south korea in 2014 and 2015, in which cucumber mosaic virus was also detected; the two pmmov isolates, sangcheong 47 (s-47, kx399390) and jeongsong 76 (j-76, kx399389), share ~99% nucleotide and amino acid identity and are closely related to japanese and chinese isolates at the nucleotide level. amino acid sequence comparisons revealed 99.73, 99.81, 98.44, and 100% identity in the orf1, o ... | 2017 | 28176159 |
| a simplified approach to construct infectious cdna clones of a tobamovirus in a binary vector. | infectious cdna clones of rna viruses are important tools to study molecular processes such as replication and host-virus interactions. however, the cloning steps necessary for construction of cdnas of viral rna genomes in binary vectors are generally laborious. in this study, a simplified method of producing an agro-infectious pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) clone is described in detail. initially, the complete genome of pmmov was amplified by a single-step rt-pcr, cloned, and subcloned into a ... | 2014 | 24388933 |
| cross-comparison of human wastewater-associated molecular markers in relation to fecal indicator bacteria and enteric viruses in recreational beach waters. | detection of human wastewater contamination in recreational waters is of critical importance to regulators due to the risks posed to public health. to identify such risks, human wastewater-associated microbial source tracking (mst) markers have been developed. at present, however, a greater understanding of the suitability of these markers for the detection of diluted human wastewater in environmental waters is necessary to predict risk. here, we compared the process limit of detection (plod) an ... | 2017 | 28159789 |
| microbial source tracking in shellfish harvesting waters in the gulf of nicoya, costa rica. | current microbial water quality monitoring is generally limited to culture-based measurements of fecal indicator bacteria (fib). given the many possible sources of fecal pollution within a watershed and extra-intestinal fib reservoirs, it is important to determine source(s) of fecal pollution as a means to improve water quality and protect public health. the principal objective of this investigation was to characterize the microbial water quality of shellfish harvesting areas in the gulf of nico ... | 2017 | 28086114 |
| simplified methods for the construction of rna and dna virus infectious clones. | infectious virus clones are one of the most powerful tools in plant pathology, molecular biology, and biotechnology. the construction of infectious clones of rna and dna viruses, however, usually requires laborious cloning and subcloning steps. in addition, instability of the rna virus genome is frequently reported after its introduction into the vector and transference to escherichia coli. these difficulties hamper the cloning procedures, making it tedious and cumbersome. this chapter describes ... | 2015 | 25287508 |
| occurrence of pepper mild mottle virus in drinking water sources in japan. | pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. we aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of pmmov in drinking water sources all over japan. between july 2008 and february 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (dwtps); viruses from 1 ... | 2013 | 24056461 |
| assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove human enteric viruses and the suitability of bacteriophages and a plant virus as surrogates for those viruses. | here, we evaluated the efficacy of direct microfiltration (mf) and ultrafiltration (uf) to remove three representative human enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus [adv] type 40, coxsackievirus [cv] b5, and hepatitis a virus [hav] ib), and one surrogate of human caliciviruses (i.e., murine norovirus [mnv] type 1). eight different mf membranes and three different uf membranes were used. we also examined the ability of coagulation pretreatment with high-basicity polyaluminum chloride (pacl) to enhance ... | 2017 | 28259077 |
| evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in bangkok, thailand. | in order to properly assess and manage the risk of infection by enteric viruses in tap water, virus removal efficiency should be evaluated quantitatively for individual processes in actual drinking water treatment plants (dwtps); however, there have been only a few studies due to technical difficulties in quantifying low virus concentration in water samples. in this study, the removal efficiency of indigenous viruses was evaluated for coagulation-sedimentation (cs) and rapid sand filtration (rsf ... | 2016 | 27258619 |
| detection of norovirus genogroup iv, klassevirus, and pepper mild mottle virus in sewage samples in south korea. | norovirus (nov) genogroup (g) iv has been infrequently isolated from patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis (age), although this virus has not been detected in korea. klassevirus, a novel virus belonging to the family picornaviridae and a possible etiologic agent of age, and pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), which originates from processed pepper products and is shed in human feces, are suggested to be new indicators of fecal pollution. we aimed to investigate the presence of nov-giv, kla ... | 2014 | 24052148 |
| expression and assembly of norwalk virus-like particles in plants using a viral rna silencing suppressor gene. | binary vector-based transient expression of heterologous proteins in plants is a very attractive strategy due to the short time required for proceeding from planning to expression. however, this expression system is limited by comparatively lower yields due to strong post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs) in the host plants. the aim of this study was to optimize a procedure for expression of norovirus virus-like particles (vlps) in plants using a binary vector with co-expression of a ptgs su ... | 2013 | 23925532 |
| tyrosinase inhibitory components from aloe vera and their antiviral activity. | a new compound, 9-dihydroxyl-2'-o-(z)-cinnamoyl-7-methoxy-aloesin (1), and eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from aloe vera. their structures were elucidated using 1d/2d nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. compound 9 exhibited reversible competitive inhibitory activity against the enzyme tyrosinase, with an ic50 value of 9.8 ± 0.9 µm. a molecular simulation revealed that compound 9 interacts via hydrogen bonding with residues his244, thr261, and val283 of tyrosinase. additionall ... | 2017 | 27778516 |
| faecal pollution along the southeastern coast of florida and insight into the use of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator. | to identify faecal pollution along the southeastern florida coast and determine the performance of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) method for pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov). | 2016 | 27501154 |
| inhibitory components from glycosmis stenocarpa on pepper mild mottle virus. | the goal of this study was to identify a source of natural plant compounds with inhibitory activity against pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov). we showed, using a half-leaf assay, that murrayafoline-a (1) and isomahanine (2) isolated from the aerial parts of glycosmis stenocarpa have inhibitory activity against pmmov through curative, inactivation, and protection effects. using a leaf-disk assay, we confirmed that 2 inhibited virus replication in nicotiana benthamiana. using electron microscopy, w ... | 2016 | 27586528 |
| mutations that determine resistance breaking in a plant rna virus have pleiotropic effects on its fitness that depend on the host environment and on the type, single or mixed, of infection. | overcoming host resistance in gene-for-gene host-virus interactions is an important instance of host range expansion, which can be hindered by across-host fitness trade-offs. trade-offs are generated by negative effects of host range mutations on the virus fitness in the original host, i.e., by antagonistic pleiotropy. it has been reported that different mutations in pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) coat protein result in overcoming l-gene resistance in pepper. to analyze if resistance-breaking ... | 2016 | 27489266 |
| complete nucleotide sequences and genome organization of two pepper mild mottle virus isolates from capsicum annuum in south korea. | the complete genome sequences of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov)-p2 and -p3 were determined by the sanger sequencing method. although pmmov-p2 and pmmov-p3 have different pathogenicity in some pepper cultivars, the complete genome sequences of pmmov-p2 and -p3 are composed of 6,356 nucleotides (nt). in this study, we report the complete genome sequences and genome organization of pmmov-p2 and -p3 isolates from pepper species in south korea. | 2016 | 27198033 |
| managing microbial risks from indirect wastewater reuse for irrigation in urbanizing watersheds. | limited supply of clean water in urbanizing watersheds creates challenges for safely sustaining irrigated agriculture and global food security. on-farm interventions, such as riverbank filtration (rbf), are used in developing countries to treat irrigation water from rivers with extensive fecal contamination. using a bayesian approach incorporating ethnographic data and pathogen measurements, quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) methods were employed to assess the impact of rbf on consum ... | 2016 | 26992352 |
| detection of pepper mild mottle virus in pepper sauce in china. | pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) was detected by rt-pcr in all 42 pepper sauce samples from the 10 main manufacturing provinces in china at concentrations ranging from 3.8 to 8.8 (log10 copies/ml). their coat protein nucleotide sequences had 97.4 to 100 % identity to each other and 92.4 to 100 % to other published isolates. the samples remained infectious to n. benthamiana, indicating that commercial trade in sauce could contribute to the natural spread of pmmov. | 2015 | 26021835 |
| reverse transcriptase droplet digital pcr shows high resilience to pcr inhibitors from plant, soil and water samples. | detection and quantification of plant pathogens in the presence of inhibitory substances can be a challenge especially with plant and environmental samples. real-time quantitative pcr has enabled high-throughput detection and quantification of pathogens; however, its quantitative use is linked to standardized reference materials, and its sensitivity to inhibitors can lead to lower quantification accuracy. droplet digital pcr has been proposed as a method to overcome these drawbacks. its absolute ... | 2014 | 25628753 |
| pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator and a tracer of fecal pollution in water environments: comparative evaluation with wastewater-tracer pharmaceuticals in hanoi, vietnam. | we analyzed pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) in 36 samples taken from surface water, wastewater, groundwater, tap water and bottled water in hanoi, vietnam. we then compared the occurrence and fates of pmmov with pharmaceuticals and personal care products (ppcps), which are known wastewater tracers. pmmov was detected in 94% of the surface water samples (ponds, water from irrigated farmlands and rivers) and in all the wastewater samples. the pmmov concentration ranged from 5.5×10(6)-7.2×10(6)cop ... | 2015 | 25460962 |
| assessment of virus removal by managed aquifer recharge at three full-scale operations. | managed aquifer recharge (mar) systems such as riverbank filtration and soil-aquifer treatment all involve the use of natural subsurface systems to improve the quality of recharged water (i.e. surface water, stormwater, reclaimed water) before reuse. during mar, water is either infiltrated via basins, subsurface injected or abstracted from wells adjacent to rivers. the goal of this study was to assess the removal of selected enteric viruses and a potential surrogate for virus removal at three fu ... | 2014 | 25320855 |
| comparison of a compatible and an incompatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction by biochemical and non-invasive techniques: chlorophyll a fluorescence, isothermal calorimetry and ft-raman spectroscopy. | leaves of a pepper cultivar harboring the l(3) resistance gene were inoculated with obuda pepper virus (obpv), which led to the appearance of hypersensitive necrotic lesions approx. 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) (incompatible interaction), or with pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) that caused no visible symptoms on the inoculated leaves (compatible interaction). obpv inoculation of leaves resulted in ion leakage already 18 hpi, up-regulation of a pepper carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ccd) gene fr ... | 2014 | 25194777 |
| a case study of enteric virus removal and insights into the associated risk of water reuse for two wastewater treatment pond systems in bolivia. | wastewater treatment ponds (wtp) are one of the most widespread treatment technologies in the world; however, the mechanisms and extent of enteric virus removal in these systems are poorly understood. two wtp systems in bolivia, with similar overall hydraulic retention times but different first stages of treatment, were analyzed for enteric virus removal. one system consisted of a facultative pond followed by two maturation ponds (three-pond system) and the other consisted of an upflow anaerobic ... | 2014 | 25129566 |
| plant rna virus sequences identified in kimchi by microbial metatranscriptome analysis. | plant pathogenic rna viruses are present in a variety of plant-based foods. when ingested by humans, these viruses can survive the passage through the digestive tract, and are frequently detected in human feces. kimchi is a traditional fermented korean food made from cabbage or vegetables, with a variety of other plant-based ingredients, including ground red pepper and garlic paste. we analyzed microbial metatranscriptome data from kimchi at five fermentation stages to identify plant rna virus-d ... | 2014 | 24836186 |
| a simple method for screening of plant nbs-lrr genes that confer a hypersensitive response to plant viruses and its application for screening candidate pepper genes against pepper mottle virus. | plant nbs-lrr genes are abundant and have been increasingly cloned from plant genomes. in this study, a method based on agroinfiltration and virus inoculation was developed for the simple and inexpensive screening of candidate r genes that confer a hypersensitive response to plant viruses. the well-characterized resistance genes rx and n, which confer resistance to potato virus x (pvx) and tobamovirus, respectively, were used to optimize a transient expression assay for detection of hypersensiti ... | 2014 | 24552951 |
| functional characterization of the mutations in pepper mild mottle virus overcoming tomato tm-1-mediated resistance. | in tomato plants, pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov) cannot replicate because the tm-1 protein inhibits rna replication. the resistance of tomato plants to pmmov remains durable both in the field and under laboratory conditions. in this study, we constructed several mutant pmmovs and analysed their abilities to replicate in tomato protoplasts and plants. we found that two mutants, pmmov-899r,f976y and pmmov-899r,f976y,d1098n, were able to replicate in tomato protoplasts, but only pmmov-899r,f976y, ... | 2014 | 24299004 |
| analysis of the antioxidant response of nicotiana benthamiana to infection with two strains of pepper mild mottle virus. | the present study was carried out to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) metabolism in symptom development and pathogenesis in nicotiana benthamiana plants upon infection with two strains of pepper mild mottle virus, the italian (pmmov-i) and the spanish (pmmov-s) strains. in this host, it has been shown that pmmov-i is less virulent and plants show the capability to recover 21 d after inoculation. analyses of oxidative stress biomarkers, ros-scavenging enzyme activities, and a ... | 2012 | 22915745 |
| amino acids in tobamovirus coat protein controlling pepper l(1a) gene-mediated resistance. | in pepper plants (genus capsicum), the resistance against tobamovirus spp. is conferred by l gene alleles. the recently identified l variant l(1a) can recognize coat proteins (cps) of tobacco mild green mosaic virus japanese strain (tmgmv-j) and paprika mild mottle virus japanese strain (pammv-j), but not of pepper mild mottle virus (pmmov), as the elicitor to induce resistance at 24 °c. interestingly, l(1a) gene-mediated resistance against tmgmv-j, but not pammv-j, is retained at 30 °c. this ob ... | 2012 | 22574719 |
| application of enteric viruses for fecal pollution source tracking in environmental waters. | microbial source tracking (mst) tools are used to identify sources of fecal pollution for accurately assessing public health risk and implementing best management practices (bmps). this review focuses on the potential of enteric viruses for mst applications. following host infection, enteric viruses replicate and are excreted in high numbers in the hosts' feces and urine. due to the specificity in host infection, enteric viruses have been considered one of the most accurate library-independent c ... | 2012 | 22537583 |
| a single amino acid in the helicase domain of pmmov-s is responsible for its enhanced accumulation in c. chinense (l(3)l(3)) plants at 32°c. | in capsicum chinense (l(3)l(3)) plants a higher accumulation of the tobamovirus pepper mild mottle virus strain s (pmmov-s) as compared to the italian strain pmmov-i is detected when plants are grown at 32°c. by using a reverse genetic approach, we have established that a single amino acid at position 898 in the helicase domain of the polymerase protein, outside of the conserved regions of the helicase, is critical for the higher accumulation of pmmov-s observed. it also is necessary for both in ... | 2012 | 22377122 |