| the effects of concanavalin a on the early events of infection by rhinovirus type 2 and poliovirus type 2. | the effect of concanavalin a (con a) on the course of early infection of hela cells with purified radioactive human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2) or poliovirus type 2 (p-2) has been examined. several early steps in infection were inhibited before the uncoating of parental virus. con a, at 100 mug/ml, reduces attachment of virus when added to cells before infection. con a also detectably slows the normal progression of adsorbed virus to tightly bound forms characterized, in the case of hrv-2, by resi ... | 1975 | 170375 |
| physical and metabolic requirements for early interaction of poliovirus and human rhinovirus with hela cells. | attachment, ""tight binding'' and eclipse of radioactive poliovirus 2 (p2) and human rhinovirus 2 (hrv 2) were investigated. the activation energy for attachment of both hrv2 and p2 was about 13 kcal/mol. hrv2 differed from p2 in two respects: the arrhenius plot for attachment of hrv2 showed a break at 15 to 19 degrees c when the cells were first treated several hours at 0 degrees c, and attachment of hrv2 was inhibited by treatment of cells with metabolic poisons able to reduce cellular atp by ... | 1976 | 184301 |
| initiation of translation of human rhinovirus rna: mapping the internal ribosome entry site. | in order to map the 3' boundary of the segments needed for translation initiation at the correct site on human rhinovirus 2, deletions were made from the 3' end of the viral 5'-untranslated region. these truncated viral segments were placed immediately upstream of a reporter gene, a derivative of the influenza virus ns cdna, either as monocistronic constructs or as dicistronic constructs in which the upstream cistron was the xenopus laevis cyclin b2 cdna. in vitro transcripts of these clones wer ... | 1992 | 1316679 |
| identification of rhinoviruses by cdna probes. | we have used nucleic acid hybridization for the detection and grouping of human rhinoviruses (hrv) according to their genetic relationships. fifteen rhinovirus reference strains, seventy-one clinical isolates and four enteroviruses were propagated in cell cultures, spotted onto membrane filters and hybridized with radioactively labelled cdna probes covering different parts of the genomes of hrv-1b, hrv-2, hrv-14, hrv-85 and hrv-89. when the rhinovirus and enterovirus reference strains were teste ... | 1990 | 2155249 |
| pathogenicity for humans of human rhinovirus type 2 mutants resistant to or dependent on chalcone ro 09-0410. | mutants of human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2) resistant to and dependent on the antirhinoviral compound chalcone ro 09-0410 were selected in cell culture under clean laboratory conditions. a total of 42 volunteers were challenged with either the drug-resistant mutant [sr2-410(r)] (15 volunteers), the drug-dependent mutant [sr2-410(d)] (15 volunteers), or a wild-type hrv-2 which had a similar passage level in vitro as the mutants but without the drug (12 volunteers). of volunteers challenged with th ... | 1990 | 2168152 |
| a neutralizing epitope on human rhinovirus type 2 includes amino acid residues between 153 and 164 of virus capsid protein vp2. | use has been made of a monoclonal antibody (designated 8f5) to map a neutralizing epitope on the viral capsid protein vp2 of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2). this antibody which was raised against the native virus, neutralizes hrv2 and is also capable of recognizing denatured vp2 on western blots. to examine the binding site of 8f5, vp2 of hrv2 was expressed in escherichia coli. deletions starting at the 3' end were then introduced into the gene for vp2 using bal-31 nuclease. polypeptides shortened at ... | 1987 | 2434607 |
| detection of serotypic variants in viral preparations: sensitivity of a procedure for selection. | the efficiency of an in vitro method (the breakthrough neutralization procedure) for selecting serotypic variants from preparations of human rhinovirus (hrv) 17 and a temperature sensitive strain (ts-1) of hrv-2 was examined. viruses were plaqued in the presence of homologous polyclonal antisera, and plaques which escaped neutralization were isolated. for control purposes, isolates were obtained by plaquing in the absence of antisera. any clone that consistently (minimum of 2 tests) yielded a 4- ... | 1989 | 2541156 |
| evaluation of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the diagnosis of rhinovirus infection. | this study describes the evaluation of a newly developed elisa for the direct detection of rhinovirus antigens in nasal washings. of 54 volunteers inoculated with 100 tcid50 of human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2), 50 (96.6%) and 32 (59%) excreted antigen and virus on at least 1 of 3 days investigated, respectively. thirty-three (61%) had significant rises in rhinovirus-specific iga by elisa. twelve (22%) developed symptoms of colds. generally the elisa detected antigen more frequently in volunteers ... | 1989 | 2559953 |
| infective respiratory exacerbations in young adults with cystic fibrosis: role of viruses and atypical microorganisms. | thirty six adults with cystic fibrosis were studied over one year to determine the incidence of infection with respiratory viruses and atypical organisms. nineteen patients entered the study during an acute exacerbation of respiratory symptoms with an increase in purulent sputum production, cough, or breathlessness accompanied by a fall in fev1 (group 1); 17 patients entered when they were stable both clinically and in terms of lung function values (group 2). group 1 patients had a mean of 2.6 ( ... | 1989 | 2588211 |
| direct detection of rhinoviruses by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | this paper describes the first enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rhinovirus antigens in clinical specimens (nasal washings), either directly or following overnight cell culture amplification. the assay takes approximately 48 hours to perform and utilizes the same rabbit antirhinovirus hyperimmune serum as both the capture and detecting antibody. the latter has been biotin-labelled and is detected via a streptavidin beta-galactosidase preformed complex. this new assay has bee ... | 1987 | 2824684 |
| characteristics of the minor group receptor of human rhinoviruses. | the receptor for the minor group of human rhinoviruses was solubilized from hela cell membranes with various detergents. virus binding activity was determined in a filter binding assay using 35s-labeled human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) as a probe. the receptor protein was enriched on lens culinaris lectin columns and the active fractions were further purified by gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography. the receptor has an apparent molecular weight of 450 kda in the presence of detergent. the b ... | 1988 | 2831654 |
| a 'new' generation of more potent synthetic antirhinovirus compounds: comparison of their mics and their synergistic interactions. | a 'new' generation of synthetic antirhinovirus compounds has recently become available for in vitro evaluation. thus a new group of compounds from janssen was found to be 10-fold more active than enviroxime or 57-fold more active than dichloroflavan (dcf), against human rhinovirus 9 (hrv-9). in addition, they were also some 5- and 10-fold more potent than enviroxime and dcf, respectively, against hrv-2. similarly, a 'new' series of antirhinovirus compounds from roche, although as active as envir ... | 1987 | 2833156 |
| detection of human rhinoviruses and their molecular relationship using cdna probes. | we describe here a cdna:rna hybridization system for the study of human rhinoviruses. we have constructed an m13 probe from the 5' end of the genome of rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) and used this to detect directly viral rna. of the 56 human rhinoviruses so far investigated 54 or 96.4% gave clearly positive hybridization signals. however, the strength of this signal depended very much on the molecular relationship of these viruses. thus, hrv-3, 4, 17, 72, and, to a slightly lesser extent, hrv-2, 6, 9, ... | 1986 | 3023543 |
| effect of reduced endocytosis induced by hypotonic shock and potassium depletion on the infection of hep 2 cells by picornaviruses. | potassium depletion after a brief exposure of the cells to hypotonic medium was used to inhibit endocytosis from coated pits in hep 2 cells. after such treatment the endocytic uptake of transferrin was arrested, and electron microscopy revealed that virtually no coated pits were present at the cell surface, while smooth (uncoated) pits were abundant. under the same conditions the cells were strongly protected against poliovirus, while the cytopathogenic effect of human rhinovirus type 2, hrv 2, ... | 1987 | 3032992 |
| mechanism of entry of human rhinovirus 2 into hela cells. | internalized human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) undergoes a rapid conformational change leading to recognition by the c-determinant-specific monoclonal antibody 2g2. in the presence of the ionophore monensin, the virus accumulates in the cells in its native conformation and infection is strongly inhibited. at 20 degrees but not at 34 degrees the inhibitory effect of monensin can be overcome by a short incubation of the infected cells at low ph as late as 2 hr after inoculation. incubation of infected cel ... | 1987 | 3033893 |
| prophylaxis and treatment of rhinovirus colds with zinc gluconate lozenges. | following a tolerance study, double-blind placebo controlled trials were conducted to determine the prophylactic effect of zinc gluconate lozenges on rhinovirus challenge and, in a third study, their therapeutic efficacy when given at the start of colds caused by virus inoculation was tested. in the prophylaxis study a total of 57 volunteers received lozenges of either zinc gluconate (23 mg) (29 volunteers) or matched placebo (28 volunteers) every 2 h while awake during a period of four and a ha ... | 1987 | 3440773 |
| entry mechanisms of protein toxins and picornaviruses. | the mode of entry into cells of a number of protein toxins with intracellular sites of action and of three picornaviruses is discussed. of the different toxins in this group, diphtheria toxin has been most thoroughly studied with respect to its uptake mechanism. this toxin binds to cell surface receptors which are possibly part of the major anion-transport system in the cells. the bound toxin is then endocytosed and, when the ph drops below ph 5, a normally hidden hydrophobic domain is exposed a ... | 1985 | 3915869 |
| lack of close relationship between three strains of human rhinoviruses as determined by their rna sequences. | the possible genomic homologies between three serotypes of human rhinoviruses (hrv 1a, hrv 2, and hrv 14) were investigated. first we confirmed that these viruses were unrelated by the criterion of the absence of common antigenic determinants on the surfaces of the native virions, as detected by cross-neutralization of complementfixation. rna-rna hybridization was then examined with purified, highly radioactive, double-stranded, replicative-form rna and excess single-stranded virion rna. single- ... | 1973 | 4126194 |
| comparison of in vitro and cell-mediated alteration of a human rhinovirus and its inhibition by sodium dodecyl sulfate. | after human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2) attaches to hela cells, two types of subviral particles are formed which closely resemble particles produced in vitro by acid or heat. one type of particle contains rna whereas the second sediments as an empty capsid and is rna-deficient. sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) at 10(-4) m inhibits the cell-mediated formation of these particles from hrv-2 virions and the ability of hrv-2 to form plaques, but it does not inhibit the formation of plaques by human rhinovi ... | 1973 | 4359954 |
| different ph requirements for entry of the two picornaviruses, human rhinovirus 2 and murine encephalomyocarditis virus. | the entry into cells of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv 2) and murine encephalomyocarditis (emc) virus was studied by the use of light-sensitive virus grown in the presence of acridine orange (hrv 2) and neutral red (emc). hela cells were protected against infection with hrv 2 by nh4cl, monensin, and other compounds known to increase the ph of intracellular vesicles. preincubation of the cells with the same compounds reduced the ability of the cells to bind [35s]methionine-labeled hrv 2, apparently due ... | 1984 | 6097029 |
| antivirus agent, ro 09-0410, binds to rhinovirus specifically and stabilizes the virus conformation. | the antiviral mechanisms of ro 09-0410 (4'-ethoxy-2'-hydroxy-4,6'-dimethoxychalcone), which inactivates rhinovirus exclusively, have been investigated. it was suggested that ro 09-0410 bound to human rhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2) and made it inactive, since the reduced infectivity was completely restored to original levels by extraction of the agent with chloroform [h. ishitsuka, y. ninomiya, c. ohsawa, m. fujiu, and y. suhara (1982) antimicrob. agents chemother. 22, 617-621]. this was confirmed usi ... | 1984 | 6100571 |
| rapid culture-amplified immunofluorescent test for the detection of human rhinoviruses in clinical samples: evidence of a common epitope in culture. | ohio hela cells in multichamber slides were inoculated with nasal samples from patients presenting with common cold symptoms and incubated at 33 degrees c with gentle shaking for 48 hours. the cultures were fixed with cold acetone, and viral antigens were detected by immunofluorescence using an antirhinovirus type 2 (hrv-2) polyclonal serum. of 158 samples, 58 (36.7%) and 57 (36%) were positive for hrv by virus isolation (confirmed by acid lability test) and by culture-amplified immunofluorescen ... | 1994 | 7512613 |
| antiviral capsid-binding compounds can inhibit the adsorption of minor receptor rhinoviruses. | the effect of four structurally diverse capsid-binding compounds on the adsorption of seven human rhinoviruses (hrv), representative for both receptor and antiviral groupings was studied using infective center assays. antiviral compounds studied included a pyridazinamine (r 61837), an isoxazole (win 51711), a flavan (4',6-dichloroflavan) and a chalcone (ro-09410). minor receptor viruses studied were hrv 1a, hrv 2 and hrv 29 (antiviral group b), major receptor viruses were hrv 9, hrv 39 and hrv 1 ... | 1994 | 7811059 |
| the nature and spatial distribution of amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in human rhinovirus type 2. | a total of 38 neutralization escape mutant viruses have been selected from a cloned stock of human rhinovirus serotype 2 (hrv-2), using either of two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which recognize overlapping epitopes as judged by competition binding. the mutant viruses were analysed for their sensitivity to a panel of antiviral mabs by antibody binding and virus neutralization assays. the position and nature of the selected mutations was determined by sequencing of the virus rnas, and the locatio ... | 1993 | 8381460 |
| inhibition of proteolytic activity of poliovirus and rhinovirus 2a proteinases by elastase-specific inhibitors. | a polyprotein cleavage assay has been developed to assay the proteolytic activities in vitro of the 2a proteinases encoded by poliovirus and human rhinovirus 14, which are representative members of the enterovirus and rhinovirus genera of picornaviruses, respectively. the elastase-specific substrate-based inhibitors elastatinal and methoxysuccinyl-ala-ala-pro-val-chloromethylketone (mpcmk) inhibited both 2a proteinases in vitro. the electrophoretic mobilities of both 2a proteinases were reduced ... | 1993 | 8392608 |
| synthesis and antirhinovirus activity of 3-(diethylamino)-5-phenylisoxazole derivatives. | previous studies showed that some 2'-alkyloxyisoxazoles 2b-d obtained from 3-(diethylamino)-5-(2'hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)isoxazole 2a were endowed with an interesting anti-group b rhinovirus activity (action on hrv-2 serotype). other isoxazoles (win compounds) are well known to have anti-group a rhinovirus activity (action on hrv-14 serotype). to obtain an action similar to that of win compounds, starting from 2a, the 2'-acyl (3,4,5) and 2'alkyl (6,8) derivatives were synthesized. also some man ... | 1996 | 8767845 |
| determination of the pi of human rhinovirus serotype 2 by capillary isoelectric focusing. | capillary isoelectric focusing was applied to determine the pi value of human rhinovirus serotype 2 (hrv 2), a picornavirus of about 8,500,000 da in size. using fused silica capillaries dynamically coated with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (added at 0.08% to the catholyte), the virus zone failed to reach the steady state position in the ph gradient within times usually employed in focusing experiments, as the electroosmotic flow (eof) pushed the analyte zone past the detector. therefore, the res ... | 1996 | 8946796 |
| rhinovirus infection of primary cultures of human tracheal epithelium: role of icam-1 and il-1beta. | exacerbations of asthma are often associated with respiratory infection caused by rhinoviruses. to study the effects of rhinovirus infection on respiratory epithelium, a primary target for respiratory viruses, human rhinovirus (hrv)-2 and hrv-14 were infected to primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. viral infection was confirmed by showing that viral titers of supernatants and lysates from infected cells increased with time and by polymerase chain reaction. hrv-2 and hrv-14 infect ... | 1997 | 9357849 |
| structure of a neutralizing antibody bound monovalently to human rhinovirus 2. | the structure of a complex between human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) and the fab fragment of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) 3b10 has been determined to 25-a resolution by cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. the footprint of 3b10 on hrv2 is very similar to that of neutralizing mab 8f5, which binds bivalently across the icosahedral twofold axis. however, the 3b10 fab fragment (fab-3b10) is bound in an orientation, inclined at approximately 45 degrees to the sur ... | 1998 | 9557730 |
| analysis of the c-myc ires; a potential role for cell-type specific trans-acting factors and the nuclear compartment. | the 5' utr of c -myc mrna contains an internal ribo-some entry segment (ires) and consequently, c -myc mrnas can be translated by the alternative mechanism of internal ribosome entry. however, there is also some evidence suggesting that c -myc mrna translation can occur via the conventional cap-dependent scanning mechanism. using both bicistronic and monocistronic mrnas containing the c- myc 5' utr, we demonstrate that both mechanisms can contribute to c- myc protein synthesis. a wide range of c ... | 2000 | 10637319 |
| inhibition of human rhinovirus-induced cytokine production by ag7088, a human rhinovirus 3c protease inhibitor. | symptom severity in patients with human rhinovirus (hrv)-induced respiratory illness is associated with elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (il-6) and il-8. ag7088 is a novel, irreversible inhibitor of the hrv 3c protease. in this study, ag7088 was tested for its antiviral activity and ability to inhibit the production of il-6 and il-8 in a human bronchial epithelial cell line, beas-2b. infection of beas-2b cells with hrv 14 resulted in the production of both infectious v ... | 2000 | 10770757 |
| anti-rhinovirus activity of 3-methylthio-5-aryl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile derivatives. | a series of 3-methylthio-5-aryl-4-isothiazolecarbonitriles has been evaluated as anti rhinovirus agents against a panel of 17 representative human rhinovirus (hrv) serotypes, belonging to both a and b groups. no anti rhinovirus activity was detected for 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile (is-2). isothiazole derivatives with bulky substituents (o-bn or o-but groups) on the para position of the phenyl ring were the most effective compounds of this series. in fact, a reduction in virus ... | 2000 | 10771083 |
| structure of human rhinovirus serotype 2 (hrv2). | human rhinoviruses are classified into a major and a minor group based on their binding to icam-1 or to members of the ldl-receptor family, respectively. they can also be divided into groups a and b, according to their sensitivity towards a panel of antiviral compounds. the structure of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2), which uses the ldl receptor for cell attachment and is included in antiviral group b, has been solved and refined at 2.6 a resolution by x-ray crystallography to gain information on the ... | 2000 | 10903863 |
| the cellular receptor to human rhinovirus 2 binds around the 5-fold axis and not in the canyon: a structural view. | human rhinovirus serotype 2 (hrv2) belongs to the minor group of hrvs that bind to members of the ldl-receptor family including the very low density lipoprotein (vldl)-receptor (vldl-r). we have determined the structures of the complex between hrv2 and soluble fragments of the vldl-r to 15 a resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. the receptor fragments, which include the first three ligand-binding repeats of the vldl-r (v1-3), bind to the small star-shaped dome on the icosahedral 5-fold axis. t ... | 2000 | 11101504 |
| biochemical and genetic studies of the initiation of human rhinovirus 2 rna replication: purification and enzymatic analysis of the rna-dependent rna polymerase 3d(pol). | the replication of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2), a positive-stranded rna virus belonging to the picornaviridae, requires a virus-encoded rna polymerase. we have expressed in escherichia coli and purified both a glutathione s-transferase fusion polypeptide and an untagged form of the hrv2 rna polymerase 3d(pol). using in vitro assay systems previously described for poliovirus rna polymerase 3d(pol) (j. b. flanegan and d. baltimore, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 74:3677-3680, 1977; a. v. paul, j. h. van ... | 2001 | 11602737 |
| structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of irreversible human rhinovirus 3c protease inhibitors. 6. structure-activity studies of orally bioavailable, 2-pyridone-containing peptidomimetics. | the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of various 2-pyridone-containing human rhinovirus (hrv) 3c protease (3cp) inhibitors are described. these compounds are comprised of a peptidomimetic binding determinant and a michael acceptor moiety, which forms an irreversible covalent adduct with the active site cysteine residue of the 3c enzyme. the 2-pyridone-containing inhibitors typically display improved 3cp inhibition properties relative to related peptide-derived ... | 2002 | 11931615 |
| dynamic force microscopy imaging of native membranes. | we employed magnetic acmode atomic force microscopy (macmode afm) as a novel dynamic force microscopy method to image surfaces of biological membranes in their native environments. the lateral resolution achieved under optimized imaging conditions was in the nanometer range, even when the sample was only weakly attached to the support. purple membranes (pm) from halobacterium salinarum were used as a test standard for topographical imaging. the hexagonal arrangement of the bacteriorhodopsin trim ... | 2003 | 12801675 |
| the human rhinovirus internal cis-acting replication element (cre) exhibits disparate properties among serotypes. | it has been reported previously that the human rhinovirus 14 (hrv-14) rna genome contains a cis-acting replication element (cre) that maps to the capsid coding (p1) sequence [19]. further characterization of the hrv-14 cre in the present study established that by moving the cre stem-loop structure downstream, adjacent to the 3'ncr, that its position is not critical for function. when the p1 sequences of two closely related serotypes of hrv-14 were analyzed for the presence of a cre, both hrv-3 a ... | 2003 | 14648294 |
| mode of action of 2-furylmercury chloride, an anti-rhinovirus compound. | 2-furylmercury chloride (2-fmc), an organic mercury derivative, has been found to inhibit the replication of all tested human rhinovirus (hrv) serotypes belonging to the antiviral group b and a limited number of hrv serotypes belonging to the antiviral group a. the mechanism of action of 2-fmc was tested against hrv-2 (antiviral group b, minor receptor group), and compared with an antiviral compound for which the viral target was already determined (enviroxime). 2-fmc was found to bind reversibl ... | 2004 | 15168800 |
| novel [(biphenyloxy)propyl]isoxazole derivatives for inhibition of human rhinovirus 2 and coxsackievirus b3 replication. | during this study, novel biphenyl derivatives were synthesized and tested for antiviral activity. | 2005 | 15743897 |
| ion transport blockers inhibit human rhinovirus 2 release. | picornavirus replication causes leakage of cytoplasmic k+ and an influx of na+ and ca2+. in this study, we have explored the possibility that a blockade of ca2+ and na+ influx would reduce rhinovirus production and/or release. the ca2+-channel blockers, verapamil and diltiazem, as well as the blocker of na+/h+ exchange and the epithelial na+ channel, eipa, inhibited both virus production and release. the effect on virus release was more pronounced than the effect on production, thus raising the ... | 2005 | 16054245 |
| a mutation in the first ligand-binding repeat of the human very-low-density lipoprotein receptor results in high-affinity binding of the single v1 module to human rhinovirus 2. | minor group human rhinoviruses (hrvs) bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family for cell entry. the ligand-binding domains of these membrane proteins are composed of various numbers of direct repeats of about 40 amino acids in length. residues involved in binding of module 3 (v3) of the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (vldlr) to hrv2 have been identified by x-ray crystallography (n. verdaguer, i. fita, m. reithmayer, r. moser, and d. blaas, nat. struct. mol. biol. 11:429- ... | 2005 | 16282473 |
| wortmannin delays transfer of human rhinovirus serotype 2 to late endocytic compartments. | human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) is internalized by members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family into early endosomes (ph 6.2-6.0) where it dissociates from its receptors. after transfer into late endosomes, the virus undergoes a conformational change and rna uncoating solely induced by ph < 5.6. finally, virus capsids are degraded in lysosomes. to investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (pi3k) in the hrv2 entry route, we used the inhibitor wortmannin. although virus internaliz ... | 2006 | 16890915 |
| quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of [(biphenyloxy)propyl]isoxazole derivatives. inhibitors of human rhinovirus 2 replication. | the 50% cytotoxic concentration (cc50) in hela cells, the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) against human rhinovirus 2 (hrv-2), and the selectivity index (si = cc50/ic50) of [(biphenyloxy)propyl]isoxazole derivatives were used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar) based on simplex representation of molecular structure. statistic characteristics for partial least-squares models are quite satisfactory (r2 = 0.838 - 0.918; q2 = 0.695 - 0.87) for prediction of cc50, ic50, ... | 2007 | 17665898 |
| amiloride derivatives inhibit coxsackievirus b3 rna replication. | amiloride derivatives are known blockers of the cellular na(+)/h(+) exchanger and the epithelial na(+) channel. more recent studies demonstrate that they also inhibit ion channels formed by a number of viral proteins. we previously reported that 5-(n-ethyl-n-isopropyl)amiloride (eipa) modestly inhibits intracellular replication and, to a larger extent, release of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) (e. v. gazina, d. n. harrison, m. jefferies, h. tan, d. williams, d. a. anderson and s. petrou, antiviral re ... | 2008 | 18032495 |
| minor group human rhinovirus-receptor interactions: geometry of multimodular attachment and basis of recognition. | x-ray structures of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) in complex with soluble very-low-density lipoprotein receptors encompassing modules 1, 2, and 3 (v123) and five v3 modules arranged in tandem (v33333) demonstrates multi-modular binding around the virion's five-fold axes. occupancy was 60% for v123 and 100% for v33333 explaining the high-avidity of the interaction. surface potentials of 3d-models of all minor group hrvs and k-type major group hrvs were compared; hydrophobic interactions between a con ... | 2009 | 19073182 |
| antiviral activity of raoulic acid from raoulia australis against picornaviruses. | rna viruses are a major source of respiratory diseases worldwide. the lack of effective therapeutical treatment underlines the importance of research for new antiviral compounds. raoulic acid is a principal ingredient of the plant raoulia australis hook. f. antiviral assay using cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method showed that raoulic acid possessed strong antiviral activity against human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) with a 50% inhibition concentration (ic(50)) value of less than 0.1mug/ml, human rhi ... | 2009 | 19097770 |
| mechanism of initiation site selection promoted by the human rhinovirus 2 internal ribosome entry site. | translation initiation site usage on the human rhinovirus 2 internal ribosome entry site (ires) has been examined in a mixed reticulocyte lysate/hela cell extract system. there are two relevant aug triplets, both in a base-paired hairpin structure (domain vi), with one on the 5' side at nucleotide (nt) 576, base paired with the other at nt 611, which is the initiation site for polyprotein synthesis. a single residue was inserted in the apical loop to put aug-576 in frame with aug-611, and in add ... | 2010 | 20427535 |
| liposomal leakage induced by virus-derived peptides, viral proteins, and entire virions: rapid analysis by chip electrophoresis. | permeabilization of model lipid membranes by virus-derived peptides, viral proteins, and entire virions of human rhinovirus was assessed by quantifying the release of a fluorescent dye from liposomes via a novel chip electrophoretic assay. liposomal leakage readily occurred upon incubation with the ph-sensitive synthetic fusogenic peptide gala and, less efficiently, with a 24mer peptide (p1-n) derived from the n-terminus of the capsid protein vp1 of human rhinovirus 2 (hrv2) at acidic ph. negati ... | 2010 | 20806784 |
| cytotoxicity in l929 fibroblasts and inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 kupka by estuarine cyanobacteria extracts. | the cyanobacteria are known to be a rich source of metabolites with a variety of biological activities in different biological systems. in the present work, the bioactivity of aqueous and organic (methanolic and hexane) crude extracts of cyanobacteria isolated from estuarine ecosystems was studied using different bioassays. the assessment of dna damage on the sos gene repair region of mutant pq37 strain of escherichia coli was performed. antiviral activity was evaluated against influenza virus, ... | 2011 | 21396440 |
| clinical study concerning the relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and viral infection in northern thailand. | objective the etiological agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in thailand have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, but not in viral pathogens. to clarify the association of viral pathogens with cap, we conducted a comprehensive study of viral and bacterial pathogens in patients with cap. methods we enrolled 119 hospitalized patients with cap in nakornping hospital, chiang mai, thailand between 2006 and 2008. the severity of pneumonia was classified and the risk ... | 2011 | 21532221 |
| human rhinovirus 2 induces the autophagic pathway and replicates more efficiently in autophagic cells. | picornaviruses rearrange cellular membranes to form cytosolic replication sites. in the case of poliovirus and several other picornaviruses, these membranes are derived from subversion of the cellular autophagy pathway. we also reported observation of autophagosome-like structures during infection by two human rhinoviruses, hrv-2 and hrv-14. another group reported that hrv-2 does not induce autophagosomes nor respond to changes in cellular autophagy. here we test hrv-2-infected cells for activat ... | 2011 | 21752910 |
| liposomal nanocontainers as models for viral infection: monitoring viral genomic rna transfer through lipid membranes. | after uptake into target cells, many nonenveloped viruses undergo conformational changes in the low-ph environment of the endocytic compartment. this results in exposure of amphipathic viral peptides and/or hydrophobic protein domains that are inserted into and either disrupt or perforate the vesicular membranes. the viral nucleic acids thereby gain access to the cytosol and initiate replication. we here demonstrate the in vitro transfer of the single-stranded positive-sense rna genome of human ... | 2011 | 21680510 |
| Modification of the untranslated regions of human enterovirus 71 impairs growth in a cell-specific manner. | Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and associated acute neurological disease. At present, little is known about the genetic determinants of HEV71 neurovirulence. Studies of related enteroviruses have indicated that the untranslated regions (UTRs), which control virus-directed translation and replication, also exert significant influence on neurovirulence. We used an infectious cDNA clone of a subgenogroup B3 strain to construct and characterize c ... | 2012 | 22031931 |