| a distinct picornavirus group identified by sequence analysis. | although echovirus 22 is presently classified as a member of the enterovirus group in the family of picornaviruses, it has been reported to have exceptional biological properties when compared with other representatives of the group. we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the echovirus 22 (harris strain) genome, which appears to be significantly different from all the other studied picornaviruses. however, the organization of the genome [7339 nucleotides, excluding the poly(a) tr ... | 1992 | 1528901 |
| a structural model for the genome of echovirus 22. | we have proposed previously that the structural model for the echovirus 22 genome is a single-stranded rna molecule that has folded back upon itself to form a stable "hairpin" at the 5'-terminus. the vrna of echovirus 22 has been characterized further by digestion with selective ribonucleases, electrophoresis in composite gels, hydrodynamic studies in density gradients of cs2so4 and sucrose, thermal denaturation and 3'-terminal ribonucleotide analysis. based on these observations, the genome of ... | 1990 | 1691623 |
| cap-binding complex protein p220 is not cleaved during echovirus 22 replication in hela cells. | previously we demonstrated that echovirus 22 is an atypical enterovirus which does not shut off host cell protein synthesis. we extend these findings by showing that echovirus 22 does not cleave p220, part of the cellular cap-binding complex necessary for cap-dependent translation, suggesting a biology more consistent with cardioviruses than enteroviruses. | 1991 | 2041099 |
| specific detection of enteroviruses in clinical samples by molecular hybridization using poliovirus subgenomic riboprobes. | enteroviruses were specifically detected in crude clinical specimens or in cell cultures in which the viruses were amplified by dot hybridization by using poliovirus type 1-derived, subgenomic radiolabeled crna probes (riboprobes). the sensitivity of this test varied from 2.5 to 33%, when clinical specimens without cell culture were examined, and was about 85% in cell culture lysates. the specificity of the test was 90 to 100%. the riboprobe corresponding to the 5'-noncoding sequence specificall ... | 1990 | 2155917 |
| echovirus 22 is an atypical enterovirus. | although echovirus 22 (ev22) is classified as an enterovirus in the family picornaviridae, it is atypical of the enterovirus paradigm, typified by the polioviruses and the coxsackie b viruses. cdna reverse transcribed from coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) rna does not hybridize to genomic rna of ev22, and conversely, cdna made to ev22 does not hybridize to cvb3 genomic rna or to molecular clones of cvb3 or poliovirus type 1. ev22 cdna does not hybridize to viral rna of encephalomyocarditis virus or to a ... | 1990 | 2159539 |
| severe encephalitis associated with disseminated echovirus 22 infection. | severe encephalitis associated with disseminated echovirus 22 infection occurred in a previously healthy 5-month-old boy. echovirus 22 was diagnosed by a seroconversion both in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and by isolation of the virus from several stool samples. the child damaged severely and at the age of 8 1/2 months infantile spasms developed. | 1989 | 2587949 |
| an electron microscopic study of the intracellular development of echovirus 22. | | 1974 | 4209453 |
| sensitivity of agar overlay method for the recognition of enteroviruses. | comparison of the agar overlay technique with the fluid culture technique for isolation and identification of enteroviruses showed the former to be useful: (i) for isolation of enterovirus when the number of virus particles was too small to produce detectable cytopathic effect (cpe) in fluid cultures, (ii) for isolation of echovirus 22 which did not produce detectable cpe in fluid cultures, (iii) as an aid to rapid differentiation of enteroviruses, and (iv) for differentiation of viruses in mixe ... | 1965 | 4286250 |
| evidence for secondary structure within the virion rna of echovirus 22. | phenol-extracted echovirus 22 virion rna is infectious, but unlike poliovirus virion rna, it resists digestion with pancreatic rnase and nuclease p-1, a 3' exonuclease selective for single-stranded rna. these data indicate the presence of an enzyme-resistant portion somewhere in the rna molecule and suggest that it is a double-stranded or base-paired region distant from the unblocked 3' terminus. equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of native echovirus 22 virion rna results in a single pe ... | 1984 | 6323766 |
| molecular basis for serological cross-reactivity between enteroviruses. | the recognition sites for human antibodies which are cross-reactive between different types of enteroviruses were determined and characterized. serum samples obtained from 58 patients with culture-confirmed enteroviral infections were analyzed in enzyme immunoassays against two sets of overlapping synthetic peptides covering residues 31 to 96 of poliovirus 1 vp1 (mahoney strain) and residues 31 to 148 of coxsackievirus b1 vp1 (position based on alignment with poliovirus 1 vp1, mahoney strain). a ... | 1994 | 7496972 |
| entry of coxsackievirus a9 into host cells: specific interactions with alpha v beta 3 integrin, the vitronectin receptor. | attachment and entry of coxsackievirus a9 (cav-9) to gmk cells were previously shown to be dependent on an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) motif in the capsid protein vp1, suggesting integrins as candidate receptors for the virus. we have pursued the matter further and show that antibodies specific for the alpha v and/or beta 3 integrin subunits protect gmk cells from cav-9 infection. affinity purification of radioiodinated cell surface proteins using cav-9 or virus-specific peptide (rrrgdl ... | 1994 | 7519807 |
| molecular identification of viruses in sudden infant death associated with myocarditis and pericarditis. | a subset of infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly have myocarditis with or without pericarditis found at autopsy. to address whether viruses known to cause infantile myocarditis and pericarditis might be present in such infants, we examined myocardium, liver and skeletal muscle for the presence of genomic sequences from adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, enterovirus and echovirus 22/23 in infants enrolled in a comprehensive evaluation protocol. we studied eight infants who died suddenly and unexpect ... | 1995 | 7567286 |
| evolutionary analysis of the picornavirus family. | an exhaustive evolutionary analysis of the picornavirus family has been carried out using the amino acid sequences of several proteins of the viruses including: the capsid proteins (1d, 1b, and 1c) situated at the 5' end of the genome and responsible for the serotype of the viruses, and the viral polymerase (3d), located at the 3' end of the genome. the evolutionary relationships found among the viruses studied support the new classification, recently suggested, in contrast to the classical one, ... | 1995 | 7769613 |
| molecular and biological characteristics of echovirus 22, a representative of a new picornavirus group. | recent sequence analysis revealed that the human pathogen echovirus 22 (ev22) is genetically distant from all the other picornaviruses studied to date (t. hyypiä, c. horsnell, m. maaronen, m. khan, n. kalkkinen, p. auvinen, l. kinnunen, and g. stanway, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 89:8847-8851, 1992). we have further characterized the biological properties of the virus and show here that the virion has properties similar to those of other picornaviruses. however, the protein composition is unique, ... | 1994 | 7966616 |
| peptide antisera targeted to a conserved sequence in poliovirus capsid vp1 cross-react widely with members of the genus enterovirus. | rabbits were immunized with synthetic peptides derived from an immunodominant region of the vp1 capsid protein of enteroviruses. this region shows a high degree of homology among all sequenced members of the genus. peptide-induced antisera were used for immunoperoxidase staining of cell cultures infected with 41 different serotypes of enterovirus. specific cytoplasmic staining was readily seen in all but two cases. echovirus type 22 was previously known to differ genetically from the rest of the ... | 1993 | 8388885 |
| polyprotein processing in echovirus 22: a first assessment. | the major steps of the polyprotein processing of echovirus 22 (ev22), a highly unusual member of the picornavirus family, have been characterized for the first time by employing in vitro assay systems. cell-free expression of a p1-2abc precursor as well as vp1-2a yielded autoproteolytically inactive proteins, suggesting that the 2a region of the ev22 polyprotein does not contain a proteolytic activity. the intra- and intermolecular cleavage specificity of proteinase 3c, the major proteolytic enz ... | 1995 | 8554566 |
| relative abundance of enterovirus serotypes in sewage differs from that in patients: clinical and epidemiological implications. | one thousand one hundred and sixty-one non-polio enterovirus strains, isolated during regular screening of finnish sewage specimens, were analysed for serotype distribution seasonally through 20 years, and the findings were compared with similar data based on 1681 clinical isolates. coxsackievirus b4 (cbv-4), cbv-5, echovirus 11 (ev-11), ev-6, cbv-2 and cbv-3 were the most common serotypes in sewage, whilst cbv-5, ev-11, coxsackievirus a9, ev-22, cbv-3 and ev-30 were the most common clinical iso ... | 1996 | 8626008 |
| characterization of echovirus 22 variants. | ten presumptive enterovirus isolates which could not be neutralized by type specific antisera to any prototype enterovirus were related to echovirus 22 using molecular, biologic and serologic methods. viral protein fingerprinting and pcr first suggested that these strains were variants of echovirus 22. three of the strains were echovirus 22 prime strains, i.e., antiserum made to the variant strain neutralized the variant and the prototype strain. the other strains were neutralized by antiserum t ... | 1996 | 8893796 |
| are echoviruses still orphans? | a review of some of the outbreaks of disease caused by echoviruses demonstrates their ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality world-wide. there are now 30 recognised echovirus serotypes; several of the original serotypes have been re-classified. more recently, echovirus 22 has been shown to have significant molecular differences from other types and unusual epidemiological features. echovirus types 7, 11, 19 and 30 have been associated with significant outbreaks in neonatal units an ... | 1996 | 8914350 |
| cell-surface interactions of echovirus 22. | echovirus 22 (ev22) is a picornavirus forming a distinct molecular cluster together with echovirus 23. ev22 has an arg-gly-asp (rgd) peptide motif in its capsid protein vp1; similar motifs are known to mediate many cell-cell and microbe-host interactions. to identify peptide sequences that specifically bind to ev22 and potentially play a role in receptor recognition, we have used here peptide libraries displayed in filamentous phage. we isolated an ev22-binding motif clrsg(r/f)gc. the synthetic ... | 1997 | 9261123 |
| echovirus type 22 outbreak associated with gastro-intestinal disease in a neonatal intensive care unit. | an echovirus type 22 outbreak involving 19 neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) patients during the months of october and november 1992 is reported. twelve infants presented with diarrhea, 7 of whom had bloody stools and x-ray findings compatible with early stages of necrotizing enterocolitis, while one infant demonstrated characteristic pneumatosis intestinalis. outbreaks of echovirus type 22 infection in premature infants have rarely been reported. the possibility of echovirus 22 infection shou ... | 1997 | 9376008 |
| application of genome sequence information to the classification of bovine enteroviruses: the importance of 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions. | comparative genomics of viruses in evolutionary and phylogenetic studies is well established. previous nucleic acid sequence analyses have demonstrated that enteroviruses and rhinoviruses of the family picornaviridae exhibit a similar structure of the 5'-nontranslated region (ntr) differing significantly from the 5'-ntr of cardiovirus, aphthovirus, hepatovirus, and echovirus 22 (provisionally parechovirus 1). available nucleotide sequence information of the 5'- and 3'-nontranslated regions of mo ... | 1997 | 9498619 |
| diagnosis and epidemiology of echovirus 22 infections. | to find out whether the appearance and pathogenicity of infections caused by echovirus 22 (ev22)--which has considerably different molecular characteristics from those of typical enteroviruses--exhibit extraordinary features, novel diagnostic approaches were applied. staining of inoculated cell cultures with specific antibodies was followed by immunoperoxidase detection. of fecal specimens from 140 children under 6 years of age, four were positive by the immunoperoxidase method. the nucleotide i ... | 1998 | 9675466 |
| complete nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of aichi virus, a distinct member of the picornaviridae associated with acute gastroenteritis in humans. | the complete nucleotide sequence of a novel enteric virus, aichi virus, associated with nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans was determined. the aichi virus genome proved to be a single-stranded positive-sense rna molecule with 8,251 bases excluding a poly(a) tail; it contains a large open reading frame with 7,302 nucleotides that encodes a potential polyprotein precursor of 2,433 amino acids. the genome contains a 5' nontranslated region (ntr) with 712 bases and a 3' ntr with 240 bases ... | 1998 | 9733894 |
| complete sequence of echovirus 23 and its relationship to echovirus 22 and other human enteroviruses. | to define the relationship between echovirus 23 (e23) and other human enteroviruses, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a strain of e23 isolated from a child with high fever in connecticut in 1986 and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with those of other enteroviruses representing each of the major enterovirus phylogenetic groups, poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus a16, coxsackievirus b3, echovirus 22 (e22), and enterovirus 70. the genome of e23 (strain ... | 1998 | 9783471 |
| variability in the integrity of human enteroviruses exposed to various simulated in vivo environments. | we exposed representatives of different enteroviruses to treatments imitating various in vivo environments that they face during infection. short-term treatment in trypsin or human intestinal fluid regularly resulted in a cleavage of the capsid protein vp1, and in some cases of other capsid proteins as well. infectivity of the virus preparations was usually not affected but there were two exceptions. coxsackievirus a9 retained its infectivity as tested in rd cells but showed reduced infectivity ... | 1998 | 9790872 |
| molecular analysis of human parechovirus type 2 (formerly echovirus 23). | picornaviruses have been divided into five genera until recently, when a sixth genus, parechovirus, was defined. human parechovirus type 1 (hpev1; formerly echovirus 22) was the first recognized member of this genus and preliminary sequence analysis of echovirus 23 [now renamed human parechovirus type 2 (hpev2)] suggested that it is also a parechovirus. here we describe the complete nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of hpev2, which indicate a close relationship to hpev1 throughout th ... | 1998 | 9820139 |
| a new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). | a previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (clethrionomys glareolus). electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. the amino acid sequences of predicted ljungan virus capsid proteins vp2 and vp3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). a partial 5' noncoding region sequence of ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. t ... | 1999 | 10049824 |
| human parechoviruses--biology and clinical significance. | a new genus of the family picornaviridae, parechovirus, has recently been recognised on the basis of distinctive biological and molecular properties. in particular: parechoviruses exhibit characteristic effects on the host cell; cleavage of the capsid protein vp0, required for maturation of the virus particle in most other picornaviruses, does not occur; there is a unique extension, which is highly basic in character, to the n-terminus of the capsid protein vp3; and the 2a protein, in common wit ... | 2000 | 10654005 |
| human parechovirus 1 utilizes integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta1 as receptors. | human parechovirus 1 (hpev1) displays an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) motif in the vp1 capsid protein, suggesting integrins as candidate receptors for hpev1. a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for integrins alphavbeta3, alphavbeta1, and alphavbeta5, which have the ability to recognize the rgd motif, and also a mab specific for integrin alpha2beta1, an integrin that does not recognize the rgd motif, were tested on a549 cells. our results showed that integrin alphav-specific ... | 2000 | 10846065 |
| antigenic properties of human parechovirus 1. | human parechoviruses 1 and 2 (hpev1 and hpev2, respectively), formerly known as echoviruses 22 and 23, have been assigned to a novel picornavirus genus on the basis of their distinct molecular and biological properties. to study the immunological characteristics of hpev1 capsid proteins, antigenic analysis was carried out by a peptide scanning technique, which can be used to identify the immunogenic peptide sequences of a protein. partially overlapping peptides, representing the capsid of hpev1, ... | 2000 | 10859376 |
| in vivo and in vitro identification of structural and sequence elements of the human parechovirus 5' untranslated region required for internal initiation. | sequence analysis of the picornavirus echovirus 22 led to its classification as the first member of a new genus, parechovirus, and renaming as human parechovirus type 1 (hpev1). although distinct from other genera in most of the genome, the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) shows similarities to that of cardio/aphthoviruses in some of its structural domains (a to l). the 5'utr plays an important role in picornavirus translation initiation and in rna synthesis. to investigate translation in hpev1, w ... | 2000 | 10864636 |
| a biochemical approach reveals cell-surface molecules utilised by picornaviridae: human parechovirus 1 and echovirus 1. | although receptor virus interactions of several picornaviridae have been studied in the past, it is becoming apparent that these interactions might be more complex than previously thought. in this study, we have chosen to identify the cell-surface molecules involved in the infectious cycle of two common human pathogens and members of the piconaviridae family, echovirus 1 (echo1) and human parechovirus 1 (hpev1) also known as echovirus 22. in order to identify the specific cell-surface protein mo ... | 2001 | 11135368 |
| entry of human parechovirus 1. | human parechovirus 1 (hpev-1) is a prototype member of parechoviruses, a recently established picornavirus genus. although there is preliminary evidence that hpev-1 recognizes alpha(v) integrins as cellular receptors, our understanding of early events during hpev-1 infection is still very limited. the aim of this study was to clarify the entry mechanisms of hpev-1, including the attachment of the virus onto the host cell surface and subsequent internalization. in blocking experiments with monocl ... | 2001 | 11160695 |
| a major role of viruses in convulsive status epilepticus in children: a prospective study of 22 children. | a group of 22 previously healthy children with their first convulsive status epilepticus (se), treated at kuopio university hospital, finland, were prospectively studied. eleven children had febrile and 11 afebrile se. polymerase chain reaction was used to detect specific dna from csf, enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescence assays to detect specific antibodies in serum and csf, viral cultures were obtained from csf, throat and stool and antigen detection from throat specimens. viral infectio ... | 2001 | 11195016 |
| the isolation of human parechovirus 1 from cases of acute respiratory illness in children. | | 2001 | 11326130 |
| seroepidemiological study of human parechovirus 1. | | 2001 | 11427753 |
| screening enteroviruses for beta-cell tropism using foetal porcine beta-cells. | primary adult human insulin-producing beta-cells are susceptible to infection by prototype strains of coxsackieviruses (cv) and infection may result in impaired beta-cell function and/or cell death, as shown for coxsackie b virus (cvb) types 4 and 5, or have no apparent immediate adverse effects, as shown for cva-9. because of the limited availability of human pancreatic beta-cells, the aim of this study was to find out if foetal porcine pancreatic islets could be used as a substitute in enterov ... | 2001 | 11457997 |
| arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif is critical for human parechovirus 1 entry. | the human parechovirus 1 rgd motif in vp1 was studied by mutagenesis. an rgd-to-rge change gave only revertant viruses with a restored rgd, while deletion of gd was lethal and nonrevertable. mutations at the +1 and +2 positions had some effect on growth properties and a +1 m-to-p change was lethal. these studies indicate that the rgd motif plays a critical role in infectivity, presumably by interacting with integrins, and that downstream amino acids can have an influence on function. | 2001 | 11559835 |
| parechoviruses, a novel group of human picornaviruses. | parechoviruses are a recently established group of human viral pathogens. at the time of their first isolation, parechoviruses were classified among the enterovirus genus in the picornavirus family, but based on their different biological properties they were separated into their own genus. the type member is human parechovirus 1 (hpev1), which frequently infects humans, in particular small children. the parechovirus genus also includes hpev2 and the ljungan virus, which was recently isolated fr ... | 2001 | 11680794 |
| specific rt-pcr procedure for the detection of human parechovirus type 1 genome in clinical samples. | among the new genera of parechoviruses, human parechovirus type 1, formerly echo virus 22, has recently been recognized on the basis of distinctive biological and molecular properties. this human pathogen generally causes mild gastro-enteritis, respiratory infections and is also responsible for central nervous system infections. to ensure reliable detection, these latter infections are diagnosed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedures. due to genetic differen ... | 2002 | 11879703 |
| functional impairment and killing of human beta cells by enteroviruses: the capacity is shared by a wide range of serotypes, but the extent is a characteristic of individual virus strains. | direct infection of beta cells could explain the diabetogenic effect of enteroviruses. primary adult human beta cells are susceptible to coxsackievirus infections, which could result in impaired beta-cell function or cell death (coxsackieviruses b3, b4, b5) or both, or no apparent immediate adverse effects (coxsackievirus a9). we extended these studies to additional enterovirus serotypes including several echoviruses, some of which have been associated clinically with the development of type i ( ... | 2002 | 12107750 |
| encephalomyelitis due to human parechovirus type 1. | the implication of a viral agent in encephalomyelitis has been reported for several years. in the present study we wanted to demonstrate the presence of human parechovirus type 1 (hpev1) in a patient diagnosed with encephalomyelitis. | 2002 | 12367654 |
| terminal rna replication elements in human parechovirus 1. | to define structural elements critical for rna replication in human parechovirus 1 (hpev1), a replicon with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter gene and an infectious virus cdna clone have been used. it was observed that there are cis-acting signals required for hpev1 replication located within the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome and that these include two terminal stem-loops, sl-a and sl-b, together with a pseudoknot element. significant disruption of any of these structur ... | 2002 | 12438643 |
| enterovirus infection and activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. | gastrointestinal tract associated lymphoid tissue is considered to be the main replication site for enteroviruses. in order to invade tissues to reach pancreatic islets, cardiac muscles, and other secondary replication sites, the virus has to survive circulation in the blood and find a way to get through endothelial cells. in the present study, the susceptibility of human endothelial cells to infections caused by human parechovirus 1 and several prototype strains of enteroviruses, representing d ... | 2003 | 12767007 |
| diagnostic potential of parechovirus capsid proteins. | to study humoral and cellular immunity against human parechovirus type 1 (hpev1), the viral capsid proteins vp0, vp1, and vp3 were expressed and purified as glutathione s-transferase (gst)-tagged recombinant proteins. the fusion proteins were used to raise antisera in rabbits. vp0 and vp1 antisera specifically detected hpev1-infected cells in culture by immunoperoxidase staining and immunofluorescence. furthermore, antisera against the vp0 and vp1 proteins had neutralizing effects against hpev1 ... | 2003 | 12791839 |
| replication complex of human parechovirus 1. | the parechoviruses differ in many biological properties from other picornaviruses, and their replication strategy is largely unknown. in order to identify the viral rna replication complex in human parechovirus type 1 (hpev-1)-infected cells, we located viral protein and rna in correlation to virus-induced membrane alterations. structural changes in the infected cells included a disintegrated golgi apparatus and disorganized, dilated endoplasmic reticulum (er) which had lost its ribosomes. viral ... | 2003 | 12857920 |
| enterovirus infection in human pancreatic islet cells, islet tropism in vivo and receptor involvement in cultured islet beta cells. | it is thought that enterovirus infections cause beta-cell damage and contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes by replicating in the pancreatic islets. we sought evidence for this through autopsy studies and by investigating known enterovirus receptors in cultured human islets. | 2004 | 14727023 |
| isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus. | a cytopathic agent (a308/99) was isolated using vero cells from a stool specimen of a 1-year-old patient with transient paralysis. the agent was approximately 28 nm in diameter with a distinct ultrastructure resembling the virus particle of an enterovirus. it could not be neutralized by antisera against human picornaviruses such as human enterovirus, aichi virus or human parechovirus. the virion contained three capsid proteins with molecular masses of 38, 30.3 and 30 kda. determination of the co ... | 2004 | 14769896 |
| inactivation of selected picornaviruses by high hydrostatic pressure. | the potential of high hydrostatic pressure processing (hpp) to inactivate aichi virus (aiv), human parechovirus-1 (hpev-1), and the coxsackievirus strains a9 and b5 was investigated. for coxsackievirus a9 (cav9), a 5-min hpp treatment in minimum essential growth medium (mem) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine sera (fbs) resulted in 3.4-, 6.5-, and 7.6-log(10) tissue culture infectious dose (50%) (tcid(50)) reductions at 400, 500, and 600megapascals (mpa), respectively. for hpev-1, a 5-min treatm ... | 2004 | 15084405 |
| specific interaction between human parechovirus nonstructural 2a protein and viral rna. | the functional properties of the nonstructural 2a protein are variable among different picornaviruses. the 2a protein of the human parechovirus 1 (hpev1) has been shown to lack the proteolytic activity found in many other picornaviruses, but no particular function has been identified for hpev1 2a. to obtain information about the role of hpev1 2a in the viral life cycle, the protein was expressed in escherichia coli. a polyclonal antibody was then raised against the protein and employed to invest ... | 2004 | 15226313 |
| tlr8 and tlr7 are involved in the host's immune response to human parechovirus 1. | toll-like receptors (tlr) have a key role in regulating immunity against microbial agents. engagement of tlr by bacterial, viral or fungal components leads to the production and release of inflammatory cytokines. in this study we show that mainly tlr8 and also tlr7 act as the host sensors for human parechovirus 1, a single-stranded rna (ssrna) virus. furthermore, we see that the viral ssrna genome is detected in endosomal compartments by these tlr, which activate signalling that lead to the synt ... | 2005 | 16025564 |
| atp hydrolysis and amp kinase activities of nonstructural protein 2c of human parechovirus 1. | the highly conserved picornavirus 2c proteins, thought to be involved in genome replication, contain three motifs found in ntpases/helicases of superfamily iii. we report that human parechovirus 1 2c displays mg2+-dependent atp diphosphohydrolase activity in vitro, whereas other nucleoside triphosphates are not substrates for the hydrolysis. we also found that the 2c protein has an enzymatic activity that converts amp to a corresponding diphosphate using adp or atp as a phosphate donor. in addit ... | 2006 | 16379008 |
| rgd motifs on the surface of baculovirus enhance transduction of human lung carcinoma cells. | baculovirus vectors have been shown to enter a variety of mammalian cell lines and gene transfer with wild-type baculovirus (wt) has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. different protein motifs have been displayed on the viral surface to serve as ligands for cell-specific receptor molecules. we have generated recombinant baculovirus vectors displaying an rgd-motif, recognized by alphav integrin, on the viral surface. the rgd motifs within the c-terminus of coxsackie virus a9 and human p ... | 2006 | 16569454 |
| morphology of echovirus 22. | purified preparations of echovirus 22 were examined in the electron microscope. the virus was found to possess 32 capsomers arranged at the vertices of either a pentakis dodecahedron or a rhombic triacontahedron. the size of the virions ranges from 22 x 10(-3) to 32 x 10(-3) mum with a mean of 27 x 10(-3) mum and a mode of 28 x 10(-3) mum. | 1969 | 16789125 |
| enterovirus surveillance--united states, 1970-2005. | enteroviruses are common human viruses associated with various clinical syndromes, from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis). multiple enterovirus serotypes exist. individual serotypes have different temporal patterns of circulation and often are associated with different clinical manifestations. changes in circulating serotypes might be accompanied by large-scale outbreaks. | 2006 | 16971890 |
| neonatal enterovirus infections reported to the national enterovirus surveillance system in the united states, 1983-2003. | neonatal enterovirus (ev) infections lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild febrile illness to severe, sometimes fatal, sepsislike disease. | 2006 | 17006282 |
| molecular analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 indicates that it should be assigned to a new genus. | the genome sequences of three duck hepatitis virus type 1 (dhv-1) strains were determined. comparative sequence analyses showed that they possessed a typical picornavirus genome organization apart from the unique possession of three in-tandem 2a genes. the 2a1 protein of dhv-1 is an aphthovirus-like 2a protein; the 2a2 protein is not related to any known picornavirus protein; the 2a3 protein is a human parechovirus-like 2a protein. several other features were found to be unique to the dhv-1 geno ... | 2007 | 17067712 |
| human parechovirus 1 infections in young children--no association with type 1 diabetes. | the epidemiology, transmission and clinical symptoms of human parechoviruses [hpev, classified earlier as enteroviruses; echovirus 22 (hpev1) and echovirus 23 (hpev2)] remain poorly characterized. enteroviruses and one parechovirus species, the ljungan virus, have been associated with type 1 diabetes in humans and rodents. the occurrence of human parechovirus 1 (hpev1) infections in young children and their possible association with type 1 diabetes was evaluated. the prospective birth cohort stu ... | 2007 | 17311340 |
| intracellular localization and effects of individually expressed human parechovirus 1 non-structural proteins. | human parechovirus 1 (hpev-1) has many unique features compared with other picornaviruses and it has been shown that the replication complex formed during hpev-1 infection is different from that of other picornaviruses. here, the intracellular localization and functional effects of individually expressed hpev-1 non-structural proteins were studied. the 2a and 3d proteins were found diffusely in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell. the 3a and 3ab proteins were observed to co-localize with the m ... | 2007 | 17325355 |
| isolation and characterization of novel human parechovirus from clinical samples. | using vero cells, we isolated a virus (nii561-2000) from a cerebrospinal fluid specimen of a 1-year-old girl with reye syndrome. the determined amino acid sequence of the virus indicated that the isolate was a human parechovirus (hpev), a member of picornaviridae. neutralization test showed that the nii561-2000 virus had distinct antigenicity to hpev-1, hpev-2, and hpev-3, and that the sequence was distinct from these types as well as from hpev-4 and hpev-5. thus, we propose the virus (nii561-20 ... | 2007 | 17553229 |
| calpain 1 and 2 are required for rna replication of echovirus 1. | calpains are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that degrade cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. we have studied the role of calpains in the life cycle of human echovirus 1 (ev1). the calpain inhibitors, including calpeptin, calpain inhibitor 1, and calpain inhibitor 2 as well as calpain 1 and calpain 2 short interfering rnas, completely blocked ev1 infection in the host cells. the effect of the inhibitors was not specific for ev1, because they also inhibited infection by other picornavirus ... | 2008 | 18032503 |
| human parechovirus type 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 detection in picornavirus cultures. | picornavirus cultures that could not be typed in neutralization assays were analyzed by vp1 reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) and a virus discovery tool (vidisca). human parechoviruses (hpevs) were frequently identified, among which were the uncommon isolates hpev-4, hpev-5, and hpev-6. the hpev-5 isolate could be amplified only by vidisca and not by vp1 rt-pcr. | 2008 | 18077635 |
| identification of a contemporary human parechovirus type 1 by vidisca and characterisation of its full genome. | enteritis is caused by a spectrum of viruses that is most likely not fully characterised. when testing stool samples by cell culture, virus isolates are sometimes obtained which cannot be typed by current methods. in this study we used vidisca, a virus identification method which has not yet been widely applied, on such an untyped virus isolate. | 2008 | 18269761 |
| severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection. | enteroviruses (ev) are an important cause of neonatal disease including hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and myocarditis that can lead to death or severe long-term sequelae. less is known about severe neonatal infection caused by the parechoviruses (pev) of which type 1 (pev1) and type 2 (pev2) were previously known as echovirus 22 and echovirus 23. they belong to the same family of picornaviridae as the ev. of the pev, so far only pev3 has been associated in 2 recent reports with severe neonatal ... | 2008 | 18277927 |
| rapid detection of human parechoviruses in clinical samples by real-time pcr. | human parechoviruses (hpevs) have been associated with severe conditions such as neonatal sepsis and meningitis in young children. rapid identification of an infectious agent in such serious conditions in these patients is essential for adequate decision making regarding treatment and hospital stay. | 2008 | 18354819 |
| characterization of polyclonal antibodies against the capsid proteins of ljungan virus. | ljungan virus (lv) is a suspected human pathogen isolated from voles in sweden and north america. to enable virus detection and studies of localization and activity of virion proteins, polyclonal antibodies were produced against bacterially expressed capsid proteins of the lv strain, 87-012g. specific detection of proteins corresponding to viral antigens in lysates of lv infected cells was demonstrated by immunoblotting using each one of the generated polyclonal antibodies. in addition, native v ... | 2008 | 18403027 |
| temporal relationship between human parechovirus 1 infection and otitis media in young children. | human parechovirus (hpev) 1 is a common virus that infects almost everyone during childhood. because clinical symptoms are poorly documented, we evaluated the symptoms associated with hpev1 infection in a cohort of children followed prospectively from birth at 3-month intervals. | 2008 | 18462136 |
| human parechoviruses as an important viral cause of sepsislike illness and meningitis in young children. | enteroviruses (evs) belong to the family picornaviridae and are a well-known cause of neonatal sepsis and viral meningitis. human parechoviruses (hpevs) type 1 and 2, previously named echovirus 22 and 23, have been associated with mild gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms in young children. six hpev genotypes are currently known, of which hpev3 is associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis. | 2008 | 18558876 |
| longitudinal observation of parechovirus in stool samples from norwegian infants. | parechoviruses are assumed to be common infectious agents, but their epidemiologic and pathogenic properties are not well known. the aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of parechovirus in norwegian infants, as well as to investigate whether the presence of virus correlated with symptoms of infection. a group of 102 infants was longitudinally followed: 51 infants with a high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes (aged 3-35 months), and 51 children without t ... | 2008 | 18712841 |
| acute flaccid paralysis surveillance: looking beyond the global poliomyelitis eradication initiative. | in 1992 surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) cases was introduced in malaysia along with the establishment of a national referral laboratory at the institute for medical research. the objective of this study was to determine the incidence, viral etiology and clinical picture of afp cases below 15 years of age, reported from 2002 to 2007. six hundred seventy-eight of 688 reported cases were confirmed as afp by expert review. the clinical presentation of acute flaccid paralysis in these c ... | 2008 | 19062691 |
| human parechoviruses: biology, epidemiology and clinical significance. | human parechoviruses (hpevs) are members of the large and growing family of picornaviridae. although originally described as echovirus 22 and 23 within human enteroviruses because of their clinical and morphological properties, they have since been shown to be distinct from this and other picornavirus groups in several features of their genome organisation, structure and replication. human parechoviruses show genetic and antigenic heterogeneity and a number of distinct hpev types are known to ci ... | 2009 | 19372062 |
| interaction of alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta6 integrins with human parechovirus 1. | human parechovirus (hpev) infections are very common in early childhood and can be severe in neonates. it has been shown that integrins are important for cellular infectivity of hpev1 through experiments using peptide blocking assays and function-blocking antibodies to alpha(v) integrins. the interaction of hpev1 with alpha(v) integrins is presumably mediated by a c-terminal rgd motif in the capsid protein vp1. we characterized the binding of integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(6) to hpev ... | 2010 | 20554778 |
| clinical and molecular characterization of a parechovirus type 1 outbreak in neonates in croatia. | during july 2009 an outbreak in neonates represented with gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms was observed at the neonatal postintensive care unit, clinical hospital center, zagreb. human parechovirus type 1 (hpev1) was isolated from seven patients, one of whom was asymptomatic. all but one were premature neonates with serious underlying conditions, and all recovered fully after several days. in order to characterize the hpev1s, sequencing of the vp1/2a region was conducted on six isolates ... | 2011 | 21108351 |
| nonpolio enterovirus and human parechovirus surveillance --- united states, 2006-2008. | enteroviruses, members of the picornaviridae family, are common viruses associated with clinical manifestations ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to serious conditions, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and acute flaccid paralysis. approximately 100 serotypes of nonpolio enteroviruses have been recognized, and some viruses previously classified as enteroviruses, namely echovirus 22 and 23, recently have been reclassified as human parechoviruses (hpevs), a differen ... | 2010 | 21150865 |
| longitudinal study of parechovirus infection in infancy and risk of repeated positivity for multiple islet autoantibodies: the midia study. | the objective of this study was to investigate a possible association between human parechovirus infections in early infancy, diagnosed in fecal samples, and the development of islet autoimmunity. in the 'environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes: the midia study', newborns with the highest genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were identified and followed with regular fecal sampling and questionnaires. a nested case-control study, including 27 children who developed islet autoimmunity (repeatedly po ... | 2011 | 21226816 |
| pleconaril-resistant chronic parechovirus-associated enteropathy in agammaglobulinaemia. | a 14 year old common variable immunodeficiency patient developed severe protein-losing enteropathy. a chronic enteral infection with human parechovirus type 1 and norovirus was diagnosed. treatment strategies aimed at virus eradication and providing supportive care were ineffective. the antipicornavirus agent pleconaril did not have any effect on viral replication. symptoms improved on immunosuppressive therapy, suggesting infection-related immune dysregulation in an immunocompromised host. | 2011 | 21685550 |
| [virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio infection in croatia over a ten-year period (2000-2009)]. | the aim of the present study was to show the virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio enterovirus (npev) infection over a ten-year period in croatia. | 2011 | 22359891 |