| response of hemopoietic cells to avian acute leukemia viruses: effects on the differentiation of the target cells. | chicken bone marrow cells were infected with three avian acute leukemia viruses (alv)--avian myeloblastosis virus (amv), myelocytomatosis virus strain mc29 and mill hill 2 virus (mh2)--and then cultured in agar in the presence of conditioned medium. under these conditions, it was found that very few cells served as target cells for these three viruses. density gradient separation showed that alv target cells were found primarily in the light density fractions and might be represented by cells co ... | 1979 | 222465 |
| anatomy of the rna and gene products of mc29 and mh2, two defective avian tumor viruses causing acute leukemia and carcinoma: evidence for a new class of transforming genes. | the rna species of the defective avian acute leukemia virus mc29 and of the defective avian carcinoma virus mh2 and of their helper viruses were analyzed using gel electrophoresis, fingerprinting of rnase t1-resistant oligonucleotides, rna-cdna hybridization and in vitro translation. a28s rna species, of 5700 nucleotides, was identified as mc29- or mh2-specific. mc29 rna shared 4 out of about 17 and mh2 rna at least 1 out of 16 t1-oligonucleotides with several other avain tumor virus rnas. in ad ... | 1979 | 232456 |
| mutagenesis of the v-mht/mil oncogene in avian carcinoma virus mh2. | avian carcinoma retrovirus mh2 induces leukemia and solid tumors in chickens and transforms fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro. the genome of mh2 consists of two oncogenes, v-mht/mil and v-myc. most of the transforming activity of mh2 is attributed to the v-myc oncogene. in contrast, the v-mht/mil oncogene alone does not induce a fully transformed phenotype of avian primary fibroblasts in vitro. it was shown previously that v-mht/mil is the avian homology of the v-raf oncogene in murine sarcom ... | 1991 | 1786024 |
| two oncogenes in avian carcinoma virus mh2: myc and mht. | the 5.2-kilobase (kb) rna genome of avian carcinoma virus mh2 has the genetic structure 5' - delta gag (0.2 kb)-mht (1.2 kb)-myc (1.4 kb)-c(0.4 kb)-poly (a) (0.2 kb)-3'. delta gag is a partial retroviral core protein, mht and myc are cell-derived mh2-specific sequences, and c is the 3'-terminal retroviral vector sequence. the following results were obtained from the complete nucleotide sequences of the mht and myc genes in mh2. (i) delta gag-mht forms a hybrid gene with a contiguous reading fram ... | 1985 | 2986522 |
| induction of proliferation or transformation of neuroretina cells by the mil and myc viral oncogenes. | the genome of the avian retrovirus mh2 contains, in addition to the v-myc oncogene shared with three other avian retroviruses (mc29, cmii and ok-10), a second cell-derived oncogene, v-mil (refs 1-3). like the three other viruses, which contain only v-myc, mh2 induces mainly liver and kidney carcinomas in fowl and transforms fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro. however, mh2 and mc29 differ in their biological properties when assayed on cultures of chicken embryo neuroretina (nr) cells. indeed, n ... | 1985 | 2993899 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the chicken gene c-mil, the progenitor of the retroviral oncogene v-mil. | the nucleotide sequence of the chicken gene c-mil was determined within and around all regions homologous to the oncogene v-mil of avian retrovirus mh2. the regions of homology to the previously determined v-mil sequence, ranging in size from 28 to 177 base pairs (bp), are distributed over 14 kilobase pairs (kbp) of the chicken genome and are organized in 11 exons. all exon-intron boundaries of c-mil, except the 5' boundary of exon 1 and the 3' boundary of exon 11, were unambiguously defined by ... | 1985 | 2998016 |
| analysis of the cellular proto-oncogene mht/raf: relationship to the 5' sequences of v-mht in avian carcinoma virus mh2 and v-raf in murine sarcoma virus 3611. | the avian carcinoma virus mh2 contains a hybrid gene delta gag-mht with a contiguous open reading frame of 2682 base pairs as well as v-myc and avian helper virus-related sequences. delta gag is a partial retroviral core protein gene while v-mht and v-myc are cell-drived sequences. the v-mht sequence can be divided into two regions: the v-raf-related region at its 3' end contains 969 nucleotides which are 94% related as amino acid sequence to the onc-specific v-raf sequence of murine sarcoma vir ... | 1985 | 3002017 |
| crystallin gene expression and lentoid body formation in quail embryo neuroretina cultures transformed by the oncogenic retrovirus mill hill 2 or rous sarcoma virus. | the lens-specific proteins alpha and delta crystallins and lentoid bodies, structures that follow a differentiation pathway similar to that of the lens, regularly appear after 4 to 5 weeks in quail embryo neuroretina monolayer cultures. we have investigated the effects of the avian oncogenic retroviruses mill hill 2 and rous sarcoma virus on this process. quail embryo neuroretina cells transformed by mill hill 2 virus were established into permanent cultures that synthesized alpha and delta crys ... | 1986 | 3025609 |
| retention or loss of v-mil sequences after propagation of mh2 virus in vivo or in vitro. | during propagation of the defective avian retrovirus mh2 in the presence of replication-competent helper virus, deletion of portions of the viral genome occurred frequently. after transformation of quail cells in vitro, v-mil sequences were lost, leading to populations of mh2 viruses which were highly deficient for mil gene expression but which could transform macrophage and fibroblast cells in vitro with high efficiency. in contrast, after induction of tumors in quail with mil-deficient mh2 vir ... | 1987 | 3033322 |
| mapping by in vitro constructs of the p100gag-mil region, accounting for induction of chicken neuroretina cell proliferation. | the v-mil oncogene of the avian retrovirus mh2 is expressed as a fusion protein with viral gag determinants in infected cells. this p100gag-mil protein accounts for the proliferation of chicken embryo neuroretina cells (cnr) induced by mh2 in vitro. we constructed a series of mutants by in-frame deletions in different parts of the gag and mil domains and tested their ability to induce cnr growth. we show that gag sequences, as well as 200-base-pair 5' mil sequences, were not required to induce s ... | 1988 | 3260632 |
| induction of proliferation of neuroretina cells by long terminal repeat activation of the carboxy-terminal part of c-mil. | expression of the p100gag-mil protein of avian retrovirus mh2 in cultured chicken embryo neuroretina cells was previously shown to result in the proliferation of normally quiescent cell populations. we show here that long terminal repeat activation of the carboxy terminus of the c-mil gene is sufficient to induce neuroretina cell proliferation. | 1987 | 3299058 |
| transformed and tumorigenic phenotypes induced by avian retroviruses containing the v-mil oncogene. | avian retrovirus mh2 contains two oncogenes, v-mil and v-myc. we have previously shown that a spontaneous mutant of mh2 (pa200-mh2), expressing only the v-mil oncogene, is able to induce proliferation of quiescent neuroretina cells. in this study, we investigated the transforming and tumorigenic properties of v-mil. pa200 induced fibrosarcomas in about 60% of the injected chickens, whereas inoculation of mh2 resulted mainly in the appearance of kidney carcinomas. analysis of several parameters o ... | 1988 | 3346945 |
| protein product of proto-oncogene c-mil. | using antipeptide antibodies with specificity for the carboxyl termini of v-raf and v-mil protein products, two proteins with apparent molecular weights of approximately 71,000/73,000 and 215,000 were detected in immunoprecipitates from normal uninfected chicken cells. the 71,000/73,000-molecular-weight protein was identified as the product of the c-mil proto-oncogene by the close structural relationship of its 42,000-molecular-weight carboxyl-terminal domain to the v-mil-encoded domain of the h ... | 1986 | 3537695 |
| fibroblast transformation parameters induced by the avian v-mil oncogene. | an avian retrovirus containing only the v-mil oncogene (pa200-mh2) was analyzed for its ability to induce a transformed phenotype in chicken embryo fibroblasts. infected cultures exhibited an altered morphology, disarranged actin cable filaments, and a decrease in the amount of cell surface fibronectin. in addition, these cells showed a high level of plasminogen activator protease activity and were also capable of growth in low serum concentrations. in contrast, pa200-mh2 was very inefficient at ... | 1987 | 3573149 |
| mutagenesis of avian carcinoma virus mh2: only one of two potential transforming genes (delta gag-myc) transforms fibroblasts. | avian carcinoma virus mh2 contains two potential transforming genes, delta gag-mht and delta gag-myc. thus, mh2 may be a model for two-gene carcinogenesis in which transformation depends on two synergistic genes. most other directly oncogenic viruses contain single, autonomous transforming (onc) genes and are models for single-gene carcinogenesis. to determine which role each potential onc gene of mh2 plays in oncogenesis, we have prepared deletion and frameshift mutants of each of the two mh2 g ... | 1985 | 3876558 |
| the second oncogene mil of avian retrovirus mh2 is related to the src gene family. | the nucleotide sequence of a psti fragment prepared from a cloned mh2 virus genome, pmh2-hd, has been deduced using chemical and enzymatic methods. this fragment, 1862 nucleotides in length, starts with the gag gene, encodes the v-mil sequence and stops within the v-myc gene. this sequence shows that the v-mil gene is fused to the gag gene giving rise to a fused polyprotein of 98 000 daltons: 515 amino acids at the amino terminus would correspond to p10, p19, p27 and part of p12 determinants, 34 ... | 1984 | 6086317 |
| 3'-terminal region of avian carcinoma virus mh2 shares sequence elements with avian sarcoma viruses y73 and sr-a. | we determined the nucleotide sequence of the acute transforming avian retrovirus mh2 from an hgiai site within the coding region of its oncogene, v-myc, to the kpni site within the long terminal repeat. comparison with published sequences from other retroviruses allowed us to identify all sequence elements in this region. we conclude that mh2 contains a unique assembly of 3'-terminal sequences, which includes part of the helper virus-derived spc region of avian sarcoma virus y73 and the complete ... | 1984 | 6092695 |
| avian erythroblastosis virus e26: nucleotide sequence of the tripartite onc gene and of the ltr, and analysis of the cellular prototype of the viral ets sequence. | an intact 5.7-kb provirus of the avian erythroblastosis virus e26 has been molecularly cloned for comparisons with avian myeloblastosis virus (amv) and other avian tumor viruses. e26 and amv transform hemopoietic cells exclusively. both cause myeloblastosis, but e26 also causes erythroblastosis. sequence analysis of the proviral dna showed that: the tripartite transforming gene of e26 forms a contiguous reading frame of 1046 codons, including 272 gag, 283 mybe, and 491 ets codons. no subgenomic ... | 1984 | 6097027 |
| avian retroviruses that cause carcinoma and leukemia: identification of nucleotide sequences associated with pathogenicity. | avian myelocytomatosis virus (mc29v) is a retrovirus that transforms both fibroblasts and macrophages in culture and induces myelocytomatosis, carcinomas, and sarcomas in birds. previous work identified a sequence of about 1,500 nucleotides (here denoted onc(mcv)) that apparently derived from a normal cellular sequence and that may encode the oncogenic capacity of mc29v. in an effort to further implicate onc(mcv) in tumorigenesis, we used molecular hybridization to examine the distribution of nu ... | 1980 | 6245277 |
| prcii, a representative of a new class of avian sarcoma viruses. | the poultry research center virus ii (prc ii) is a replication-defective avian sarcoma virus with envelope determinants of the a and b subgroups. in nonproducing cells transformed by prcii the products of the replicative genes gag, pol, and env are not demonstrable, but a single polyprotein of mr 105,000 (p105) can be detected. p105 contains peptides of the gag proteins p19 and p27 plus transformation-specific sequences. it does not contain peptides of gpr95env of pr180gag-pol (with the possible ... | 1981 | 6274755 |
| avian oncovirus mh2: molecular cloning of proviral dna and structural analysis of viral rna and protein. | viral rna, molecularly cloned proviral dna, and virus-specific protein of avian retrovirus mh2 were analyzed. the complexity and sequence conservation of the transformation-specific v-myc sequences of mh2 rna were compared with those of the other members of the mc29 subgroup of acute leukemia viruses, mc29, cmii, and ok10, and with chicken cellular c-myc sequences. all t1 oligonucleotides mapping within the 1.3-kilobase coding region of mc29 v-myc have homologous counterparts in the rnas of all ... | 1983 | 6310159 |
| homologous cell-derived oncogenes in avian carcinoma virus mh2 and murine sarcoma virus 3611. | retroviral oncogenes (v-onc) are derived from cellular genes (c-onc) which are highly conserved among different species. retrovirus-transduced oncogenes are most commonly associated with the induction of haematopoietic tumours and sarcomas. the avian retrovirus mill hill no. 2 (mh2) was isolated from a spontaneous ovarian tumour of a chicken and is distinguished by the predominant induction of liver and kidney carcinomas in fowl. mh2 also induces transformation of fibroblasts, macrophages and ep ... | 1984 | 6319999 |
| a common onc gene sequence transduced by avian carcinoma virus mh2 and by murine sarcoma virus 3611. | a common cellular sequence was independently transduced by avian carcinoma virus mh2 (v-mht) and murine sarcoma virus (msv) 3611 (v-raf). comparison of the nucleotide sequences of v-mht and v-raf revealed a region of homology that extends over 969 nucleotides. the homology between the corresponding amino acids was about 95 percent with only 19 of 323 amino acids being different. with this example, 5 of the 19 known different viral onc genes have been observed in viruses of different taxonomic gr ... | 1984 | 6320371 |
| nucleotide sequence of avian retroviral oncogene v-mil: homologue of murine retroviral oncogene v-raf. | eukaryotic cells contain genes termed proto-oncogenes (c-onc) which have the potential to transform cells in culture and induce tumours in vivo. most of these genes have been identified by their occasional incorporation into retroviral genomes which can act as natural transducing vectors for these and perhaps other cellular genes. cell-derived oncogenes of retroviruses (v-onc) are associated mostly with the induction of mesenchymal tumours whereas carcinoma induction is rare. one of these rare c ... | 1984 | 6325930 |
| nucleotide sequence of avian carcinoma virus mh2: two potential onc genes, one related to avian virus mc29 and the other related to murine sarcoma virus 3611. | the 5.2-kilobase (kb) rna genome of avian carcinoma virus mh2 has the genetic structure 5'-delta gag (0.2 kb)- mht (1.2 kb)-myc (1.4 kb)-c (0.4 kb)-poly(a) (0.2 kb)-3'. delta gag is a partial retroviral core protein gene, mht and myc are cell-derived mh2-specific sequences, and c is the 3'-terminal retroviral vector sequence. here we have determined the nucleotide sequence of 3.5 kb from the 3' end of delta gag to the 3' end of molecularly cloned proviral mh2 dna, in order to elucidate the genet ... | 1984 | 6328485 |
| avian carcinoma virus mh2 contains a transformation-specific sequence, mht, and shares the myc sequence with mc29, cmii, and ok10 viruses. | avian carcinoma virus mh2 has been grouped together with mc29, cmii, and ok10, because all of these viruses share a transformation-specific sequence termed myc. a 5.2-kilobase (kb) dna provirus of mh2 has been molecularly cloned. the complete genetic structure of mh2 is 5'-delta gag(1.9-kb)-mht(1.2-kb)-myc(1.3-kb)-delta env(?) and noncoding c-region (0.2-kb)-3'. delta gag, delta env, and c are genetic elements shared with nondefective retroviruses, whereas mht is a unique, possibly mh2 transform ... | 1983 | 6579544 |
| host range restrictions of oncogenes: myc genes transform avian but not mammalian cells and mht/raf genes transform mammalian but not avian cells. | the host range of retroviral oncogenes is naturally limited by the host range of the retroviral vector. the question of whether the transforming host range of retroviral oncogenes is also restricted by the host species has not been directly addressed. here we have tested in avian and murine host species the transforming host range of two retroviral onc genes, myc of avian carcinoma viruses mh2 and mc29 and mht/raf of avian carcinoma virus mh2 and murine sarcoma virus msv 3611. virus vector-media ... | 1996 | 8755507 |
| molecular cloning of the avian acute transforming retrovirus mh2 reveals a novel cell-derived sequence (v-mil) in addition to the myc oncogene. | mill-hill-2 virus (mh2) proviral dna was cloned from a transformed non-producer cell culture (mh2qb2) through insertion of randomly cut high mol. wt. cellular dna in the lambdoid vector l47.1. restriction analysis of a suitable recombinant phage by southern dna blotting and hybridization with different probes allowed us to characterize the genetic organization of the provirus and to identify a novel mh2-specific sequence of at least 1.1kbp. such a sequence, for which we propose the name v-mil, f ... | 1983 | 16453485 |