| a trypsin-like serine protease activity on activated human b cells and various b cell lines. | we have studied the trypsin-like serine protease activity of human tonsillar b lymphocytes. the lysate of the low-density, in vivo activated b cells as well as the lysate of cells stimulated with anti-human igm f(ab')2 show elevated trypsin-like serine protease activity compared to the resting subset as monitored by the cleavage of tos-gly-pro-arg-pna. the cleavage is sensitive to n-tosyl-l-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone and benzamidine but not to iodoacetamide. experiments with intact cells give sim ... | 1992 | 1396962 |
| sandfly fever among swedish tourists. | all clinical and serologically confirmed cases of sandfly fever among swedish tourists during 1986-1989 were investigated. a total of 37 cases of sicilian virus sandfly fever and 1 case of naples virus sandfly fever were recorded from cyprus. one case of toscana virus infection was documented from spain. the clinical and laboratory findings did not differ from those in previous reports, except for elevated aminotransferase levels. a questionnaire, that offered a possibility to estimate the numbe ... | 1991 | 1659738 |
| development of an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the sand fly fever viruses detection. | an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (elisa) was recently established for the detection of sandfly naples and sicilian viruses (sfn and sfs) from laboratory infected as well as wild caught sandflies in egypt. optimal dilutions of the reactants including the coating antibodies (rabbit antiserum), detecting antibodies (mouse antiserum), conjugate and the time used for incubation of the substrate (abts) were determined for both sfn and sfs viruses. the elisa test showed to be highly specific and se ... | 1989 | 2562441 |
| neurovirulent toscana virus (a sandfly fever virus) in swedish man after visit to portugal. | | 1985 | 2860406 |
| toscana virus infection in united states citizen returning from italy. | | 1987 | 2880004 |
| [virus transmission to man from phlebotomus flies: role of the tuscany virus (bunyaviridae, phlebovirus) in the etiology of infections of the central nervous system]. | during field studies on the ecology of arboviruses in italy, strains of a new virus were isolated from sand flies, mostly females, of a pure colony of phlebotomus perniciosus collected in a central italian region (tuscany). the prototype was named toscana (tos) virus, assigned to the phlebotomus fever serogroup of arboviruses (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus) and registered in 1980 in the international catalogue of arboviruses. neutralizing antibodies to tos virus were detected in human s ... | 1988 | 3152279 |
| antigenic and biological characterization of toscana virus, a new phlebotomus fever group virus isolated in italy. | toscana (tos) virus, a new member of the phlebotomus fever serogroup of arboviruses, was isolated from sandflies collected in italy. it was shown to be closely related to sandfly fever naples (sfn) virus. the antigenic relationships between the two viruses were analysed in the complement fixation (cf), plaque reduction neutralization (prn) and indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) tests. tos virus multiplied to high titres with a cytopathic effect (cpe) in several vertebrate cell cultures (e.g. ve ... | 1984 | 6143496 |
| [characteristics of toscana virus growth and persistent infection in a cell line]. | | 1982 | 6765076 |
| [ecological and epidemiological studies of toscana virus, an arbovirus isolated from phlebotomus]. | | 1982 | 7187828 |
| serosurvey and laboratory diagnosis of imported sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana, infection in germany. | of eight acute infections in german tourists caused by sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana (tos), and diagnosed clinically and serologically, seven were acquired during visits to tuscany, italy, and one to coimbra, portugal. an indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) using infected cells, and a newly developed enzyme-immunoassay (eia) using crude virus antigen prepared from infected vero-e6 cells was used to detect anti-tos igm and igg. in a seroepidemiological survey of 859 health care worker ... | 1995 | 7781738 |
| vertical transmission of toscana virus in the sandfly, phlebotomus perniciosus, via the second gonotrophic cycle. | | 1993 | 8369564 |
| nested rt-pcr for detection of sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana, in clinical specimens, with confirmation by nucleotide sequence analysis. | a single tube, reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was developed and evaluated for detecting a 400-bp product of the small rna of sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana (tos). for more sensitive detection of genomic tos rna, a nested pcr amplifying a 243-bp cdna within the rt-pcr product was established. nucleotide sequence analysis of first- and second-round pcr products using the dideoxy cycle sequencing technique confirmed a previously published sequence of the tos referen ... | 1995 | 8578009 |
| sandfly fever viruses in italy. | two serologically distinct agents, the sandfly fever sicilian and the sandfly fever naples viruses, were isolated by sabin from blood samples taken during an italian epidemic of febrile illness. since then, several different viruses have been isolated from sandflies and/or humans in both the old and new world. toscana virus, a new virus closely antigenically related to sandfly fever naples virus, was isolated in 1971 from the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus in italy. extensive studies on the imp ... | 1996 | 8800804 |
| immunoblot detection of antibodies to toscana virus. | sera from patients with sandfly fever caused by toscana virus (tosv) infection were tested by immunoblot for specific antibody response to tosv derived from infected vero-e6 cells. the 28 kda tosv nucleoprotein (n) was identified as the major immunodominant protein recognized by immunoblot. in sera of patients with acute tosv infection, specific antibodies of the igm, iga, and igg class were detected. using sandfly fever virus, serotypes sicilian (sfsv) and naples (sfnv), as antigens for immunob ... | 1996 | 8991940 |
| toscana virus infections of the central nervous system in children: a report of 14 cases. | to evaluate the pathogenicity of a recently discovered arthropod-transmitted bunyavirus (toscana virus) on the cns in children and to provide information on the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of toscana virus infection. | 1998 | 9470016 |
| evidence of toscana virus variants circulating in tuscany, italy, during the summers of 1995 to 1997. | the toscana virus can cause neurological infection in adults. this study of 112 cases of acute meningitis which occurred during the summers of 1995, 1996, and 1997 demonstrated the presence of viral rna in the cerebrospinal fluid of 56 patients. their sequence analysis shows four variants of the toscana virus. | 1998 | 9650974 |
| diagnostic potential of toscana virus n protein expressed in escherichia coli. | the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the toscana (tos) virus was expressed in escherichia coli by using a pet15b vector. the recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and enzyme immunoassay (eia). the recombinant antigen was reactive with positive human sera, and the reactivity correlated very well (r = 0.9) with that of a whole-virus antigen when tested by eia with 30 tos virus-posit ... | 1998 | 9774559 |
| toscana virus infection in german travellers returning from the mediterranean. | | 1997 | 9334873 |
| organization of the m genomic segment of toscana phlebovirus. | the nucleotide sequence of the toscana (tos) virus m rna segment contains a single major open reading frame in the viral-complementary sequence, which can encode a polyprotein of 1339 amino acids. to map the tos m segment product(s), different regions of the putative m polypeptide were expressed as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins, which were purified and inoculated into mice to produce hyperimmune sera. by western blot analysis, a protein of approximately 30 kda and two glycoproteins, ... | 1997 | 9010288 |
| rapid identification of toscana virus by nested pcr during an outbreak in the siena area of italy. | the sand fly-transmitted toscana virus is recognized as an etiologic agent of an aseptic meningitis with a long convalescence. this infection has been reported overall in many tourists or in a seronegative population circulating in endemic mediterranean areas (italy, portugal, egypt, and cyprus). we report a cluster of acute toscana virus infections in the local population during the summer of 1995. twenty-one clinical cases of meningitis were investigated for the presence of toscana virus by ne ... | 1996 | 8880508 |
| detection of toscana virus-specific immunoglobulins g and m by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant viral nucleoprotein. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the recombinant toscana virus nucleoprotein (rn) has been developed. its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of virus-specific immunoglobulins g and m in human sera were similar to those of the elisa that is based on an antigen extracted from infected mouse brain and that is routinely used for serodiagnosis. | 1999 | 10325365 |
| aseptic meningitis caused by sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana. | sandfly fever virus, serotype toscana (tos), is endemic in some mediterranean countries and causes sandfly fever (pappataci fever). in some patients, tos may cause meningitis and meningoencephalitis. we report on two german adults returning from italy with tos-related meningitis, complicated in one case by abducens nerve palsy. tos infection should be considered as a cause of acute central nervous system disorders in patients returning from areas of endemicity. | 1995 | 8527565 |
| detection of neurotropic viruses circulating in tuscany: the incisive role of toscana virus. | acute meningitis is perhaps the most frequent among central nervous system infections. we report a study considering 277 cases of meningitis hospitalized in the southern tuscany area (italy) during the period from 1995 to 1998 investigated by tissue culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. the cytochemical analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid samples suggested the diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, recognized as viral meningitis in 104 cases by detection of viral dna or rna. the results ... | 2000 | 10568768 |
| toscana virus genomic l segment: molecular cloning, coding strategy and amino acid sequence in comparison with other negative strand rna viruses. | the complete nucleotide sequence of toscana (tos) virus (bunyaviridae, phlebovirus) l segment was determined. the l segment is 6404 nucleotides long, containing a single open reading frame (orf) in the viral complementary sense coding for a protein of 2095 amino acids that, as in the case of negative strand rna viruses, could be part of the rna polymerase of tos virus. this orf is expressed by a messenger rna (mrna) as long as the genomic segment. like the mrnas expressed by the genomic segments ... | 1993 | 8460526 |
| activity of toscana and rift valley fever virus transcription complexes on heterologous templates. | a transcription system for toscana virus (tosv) (a member of the family bunyaviridae:, genus phlebovirus:) was constructed. for in vivo expression, the tosv transcription system uses the viral n and l proteins and an s-like rna genome containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in the antisense orientation flanked by the viral genomic 5'- and 3'-terminal s sequences. it was found that the n and l proteins represent the minimal protein requirement for an active transcription co ... | 2001 | 11257182 |
| separation and partial characterization of proteinases with substrate specificity for basic amino acids from human molt-4 t lymphocytes: identification of those inhibited by variable-loop-v3 peptides of hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) envelope glycoprotein. | the v3 loop of the hiv (human immunodeficiency virus)-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 likely plays a role in hiv-1 infectivity. although the amino acid sequence of the v3 loop is hypervariable, it contains a conserved region, gly-pro-gly-arg, that shows similarity to the active-site gly-pro-cys-arg sequence of inter-alpha-trypsin and trypstatin proteinase inhibitors. the purpose of the present work was to identify proteinases recognizing substrates with basic amino acids in the p1 substrate site t ... | 1993 | 8318003 |
| travel-related toscana virus infection. | | 1993 | 8103888 |
| [meningitis after travel in the mediterranean region, caused by the sandfly fever virus]. | sandfly fever virus is the causative agent of sandfly fever (pappataci fever). the virus is endemic in the mediterranean region and is transmitted by bites of phlebotomus species. the three sandfly fever virus serotypes, sicilian (sfs), naples (sfn) and toscana (tos), are of travel-related significance. in addition to a flu-like illness, the sandfly fever virus may result in a serious neurological disease with meningitis and encephalitis. due to the high number of travelers may occur in nonimmun ... | 1995 | 7501097 |
| establishment and maintenance of persistent infection by the phlebovirus toscana in vero cells. | persistent infections were established by serial undiluted passages of the toscana virus of the genus phlebovirus in vero cells. persistence was maintained through more than 70 passages over a period of 2 years. the persistently infected cells were morphologically similar to the parental vero cells and released variable amounts of infectious virus. a small percentage of the persistently infected cells produced infectious virus while a larger percentage was shown to possess viral antigens by fluo ... | 1984 | 6693858 |
| growth of the phlebovirus toscana in a mosquito (aedes pseudoscutellaris) cell line (ap-61): establishment of a persistent infection. | toscana virus, a sandfly-associated phlebovirus, was adapted to grow in cultured aedes pseudoscutellaris (ap-61) mosquito cell line. no evidence of virus growth was seen after primary infection of cell monolayers under maintenance conditions. on the contrary, persistent infections were established by subculturing infected cultures. cytopathic effect was never observed. significant titres of virus (10(3)-10(5) pfu/ml), as assayed in vero cells at 37 degrees c, were released from persistent infect ... | 1985 | 4015410 |
| growth of two phleboviruses after experimental infection of their suspected sand fly vector, phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera: psychodidae). | phlebotomus perniciosus were infected by intrathoracic inoculation and membrane feeding techniques with two phleboviruses (toscana and arbia) isolated in italy from this sand fly species. low levels of multiplication of both viruses were detected after intrathoracic inoculation of the sand flies. only some insects were found infected after oral ingestion of the two viruses. the percentage of flies infected orally was related to the amount of virus ingested. toscana virus was transovarially trans ... | 1985 | 3918472 |
| rna genome stability of toscana virus during serial transovarial transmission in the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus. | we have carried out a t1 ribonuclease fingerprinting analysis of the rna genomes of toscana virus isolates from successive generations of an experimentally virus-infected laboratory colony of phlebotomus perniciosus sandflies. this analysis detected no virus rna genome changes during transovarial transmission of the virus over 12 sandfly generations (a period of almost 2 years). these results demonstrate that although rna viruses can exhibit high rates of mutational change under a variety of con ... | 1988 | 3140506 |
| ecology of viruses isolated from sand flies in italy and characterized of a new phlebovirus (arabia virus). | a total of 84 virus strains was obtained from 16,374 male and female sand flies (phlebotomus perniciosus and p. perfiliewi) collected in two localities of tuscany region in italy between 1980 and 1985. thirty-seven (44%) were identified as toscana virus (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus) and 47 (56%) as a new member of the phlebotomus fever serogroup, arbia virus. the characteristics of this new serotype are described. the overall virus isolation rate from sand flies was 0.5 per 100 insect ... | 1988 | 3128131 |
| evidence of toscana virus circulation in umbria: first report. | to evaluate, for the first time, circulation and clinical expression of toscana virus (tosv) in umbria region we studied: (1) 93 cases of aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis admitted to our department from 1989 to 2001 with negative results for common neurotropic virus; (2) 50 healthy subjects. specific antibodies (igm and igg) anti-tosv were found in 36.6% of aseptic meningitis, in 6.06% of meningoencephalitis and (igg) in 16% of healthy subjects. | 2003 | 12889693 |
| epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects of sandfly fever. | sandfly fever viruses are still a significant health problem in many regions of the world, such as africa, the mediterranean basin, the middle east, and central asia. this review provides an update on the advances in knowledge about epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of infections caused by toscana, sicilian and naples viruses. | 2003 | 14501989 |
| maintenance of toscana virus in phlebotomus perniciosus by vertical transmission. | toscana virus was maintained in a laboratory colony of phlebotomus perniciosus by vertical (transovarial) transmission for 13 consecutive generations over a 23-month period. no significant biological changes were noted in the virus after prolonged vertical passage in the sand flies, and transovarially infected females were able to transmit the agent by bite to susceptible animals. chronic infection of ph. perniciosus with toscana virus had no apparent effect on the insects' rate of eclosion. in ... | 1987 | 3028194 |
| transmission of toscana virus by sandflies in italy. | | 1987 | 2882214 |
| experimental studies on the maintenance of toscana and arbia viruses (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus). | transovarial transmission (tot) of toscana (tos) and arbia (arb) viruses in a laboratory colony of phlebotomus perniciosus is reported. toscana and arb viruses were maintained in p. perniciosus females, initially infected by intrathoracic inoculation, for 2 and 3 consecutive generations respectively. tot was demonstrated in f1 (75%) and f2 (67%) generation adults for tos and f1 (47%), f2 (37%), and f3 (34%) generation adults for arb virus. the progressive decline of virus infection rates in each ... | 1989 | 2545100 |
| incidence of sand fly fever among swedish united nations soldiers on cyprus during 1985. | members of a swedish united nations (un) battalion of 362 soldiers were bled just before and immediately after their 6 month tour of duty in cyprus during 1985. sera were tested for presence of specific antibodies to sand fly fever (sf) sicilian, sf naples, and toscana viruses by both indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ift) and plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt). of 298 serum pairs available, seroconversion was noted in 11 soldiers: 7 cases for sf sicilian, 3 for sf naples, and ... | 1990 | 2167616 |
| central nervous system involvement during infection by phlebovirus toscana of residents in natural foci in central italy (1977-1988). | central nervous system (cns) involvement was detected during infection caused by the sand fly-transmitted phlebovirus toscana. one hundred fifty-five cases of toscana virus-associated meningitis or meningoencephalitis were identified in a survey that lasted ten years, conducted in two regions of central italy. diagnosis was performed by different serologic tests. a combination of hemagglutination-inhibition and plaque-reduction neutralization or indirect immunofluorescence for igm, and enzyme-li ... | 1991 | 1951851 |
| development of a mouse model for the study of toscana virus pathogenesis. | toscana virus (tosv) has recently been recognized as an emerging virus transmitted by phlebotomus vectors, responsible for acute neurological diseases in mediterranean countries. in our study, we demonstrated that adult balb/c mice were susceptible to tosv when infected intracerebrally (i.c.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with a neuroadapted strain of the virus. we have shown that by performing serial passages of a wild type human isolate of tosv in mouse brains, selection occurs for a highly virulen ... | 2005 | 15708593 |
| toscana virus and acute meningitis, france. | | 2005 | 15898178 |
| sequences and coding strategies of the s rnas of toscana and rift valley fever viruses compared to those of punta toro, sicilian sandfly fever, and uukuniemi viruses. | the sequences and coding strategies of the s rnas of two viruses, toscana (tos) and the m12 derivative of rift valley fever zh-548 (rvf, phlebovirus genus, bunyaviridae) have been determined from cdna clones and compared to the previously published sequences of punta toro (pt), sandfly fever sicilian (sfs), and uukuniemi (uuk) viruses. all five viruses exhibit an ambisense coding strategy for their small (s) rna species, i.e., one gene product (the nss protein) is encoded in the 5' half of the v ... | 1991 | 1846496 |
| simulation of arbovirus overwintering: survival of toscana virus (bunyaviridae:phlebovirus) in its natural sand fly vector phlebotomus perniciosus. | a series of experiments were done to study the effect of simulated summer and winter temperatures on the development of phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera:psychodidae) and on the survival of toscana virus in transovarially infected insects. sand flies maintained at 28 degrees c developed relatively fast, with adults emerging from 40 to 55 days after initial oviposition. similar results were obtained with insects reared at 25 degrees c. in contrast, sand flies maintained at 15 degrees c developed s ... | 1992 | 1449197 |
| a recombinant toscana virus nucleoprotein in a diagnostic immunoblot test system. | sandfly fever, a vector-borne disease endemic in the mediterranean region, is caused by toscana virus (tos). the disease is increasingly important as a travel-related infection. serological diagnosis is currently dependent on viral antigens derived from tos-infected cell cultures. in this study, we report the cloning and expression of the tos nucleoprotein (n) in escherichia coli and evaluation of the recombinant (r) tos n protein as an antigen for immunoblot assays. the tos n gene was amplified ... | 1998 | 9923017 |
| humoral response in toscana virus acute neurologic disease investigated by viral-protein-specific immunoassays. | the toscana virus (family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus) is the only sandfly-transmitted virus that demonstrates neurotropic activity. clinical cases ranging from aseptic meningitis to meningoencephalitis caused by toscana virus are yearly observed in central italy during the summer, and several cases have been reported among tourists returning from zones of endemicity (italy, portugal, spain, and cyprus). in toscana virus patients, immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies, usually present at the ons ... | 1999 | 9874664 |
| emergence of toscana virus in europe. | toscana virus (tosv) is an arthropod-borne virus first identified in 1971 from the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus in central italy. many case reports in travelers and clinical research and epidemiologic studies conducted around the mediterranean region have shown that tosv has a tropism for the central nervous system (cns) and is a major cause of meningitis and encephalitis in countries in which it circulates. in central italy, tosv is the most frequent cause of meningitis from may to october, ... | 2005 | 16318715 |
| infections due to sandfly fever virus serotype toscana in spain. | of the sandfly fever viruses known to be human pathogens (serotypes toscana [tos], sicilian [sfs], and naples [sfn]), only tos has demonstrated neurotropic activity. infections by tos have been reported in mediterranean countries, but the virus was previously isolated only in italy and portugal. we isolated 15 strains of tos between 1988 and 1996 from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute aseptic meningitis in granada, spain. this finding led us to study the presence of antibodies to to ... | 1998 | 9770137 |
| characterization of toscana virus-defective interfering particles generated in vivo. | toscana (tos) virus stocks strongly interfering with standard virus replication were obtained by sequential passages of virus in suckling mouse brain. characterization of viral rnas in these stocks showed the presence of a heterogeneous population of defective rna molecules derived from the l genomic segment, in both nucleocapsid (nc) and messenger rnas, suggesting that these molecules could be replicated, assembled, and transcribed. subgenomic rnas from the l segment but not from the s or m seg ... | 1998 | 9657000 |
| toscana virus central nervous system infections in southern italy. | toscana virus was detected by reverse transcription-nested pcr in 5.6% of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from patients with meningitis and encephalitis during the summer in southern italy. the central nervous system infections were associated with young adults and with a substantially benign clinical course. presenting features and csf findings are also discussed in the present report. | 2005 | 16333126 |
| emerging and re-emerging viral infections in europe. | emerging viral infections are becoming a serious problem in europe in the recent years. this is particularly true for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), west nile virus (wnv) disease, toscana virus (tosv) disease, and potentially for avian influenza virus (h5n1). in contrast, emergence or re-emergence of severe viral infections, including tick borne encephalitis virus, and viral haemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus and dengue virus have been frequently reported in several european coun ... | 2007 | 16944546 |
| toscana virus rna in sergentomyia minuta files. | | 2006 | 16972358 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of a topically administered combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against phlebotomus perniciosus in dog. | the phlebotomine sand fly phlebotomus perniciosus is one of the main vectors of leishmania infantum, responsible for human and canine leishmaniasis in the mediterranean basin. the objective of this study was to evaluate the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of imidacloprid 10% (w/v)/permethrin 50% (w/v) spot-on against sand flies (p. perniciosus) on dogs. the dogs used in this trial were laboratory-bred beagles: eight were impregnated with the solution (treated group), while the other eight we ... | 2007 | 17056182 |
| evidence of toscana virus infections without central nervous system involvement: a serological study. | in central italy, acute lymphocytic meningitis and meningoencephalitis due to a phlebotomus transmitted virus (phlebovirus toscana, tosv) occurring throughout the summer are frequently observed. several serum specimens of patients hospitalized with a clinical picture of viral meningitis/meningoencephalitis showed anti tos-igg reactivity suggestive of a previous infection occurring at an unknown time in the past. this observation led us to design a serological investigation of 83 household contac ... | 1997 | 9384264 |
| [age-dependent seroprevalence of toscana virus in the community of madrid: 1993-1994 and 1999-2000]. | the aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of toscana virus (tosv) in the community of madrid. | 2007 | 17335698 |
| genetic variability of the m genome segment of clinical and environmental toscana virus strains. | twenty-seven strains of toscana virus, collected over a period of 23 years and isolated from several localities and from different hosts (humans, arthropods and a bat), were investigated by sequencing of a portion of the m genomic segment comprising the g(n) glycoprotein coding region. sequence data indicated that the divergence among isolates ranged from 0 to 5.7 % at the nucleotide level and from 0 to 3.4 % at the amino acid level. phylogenetic analysis revealed four main clusters. a close cor ... | 2007 | 17374774 |
| emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in europe. | the purpose of this study was to assess and describe the current spectrum of emerging zoonoses between 2000 and 2006 in european countries. a computerized search of the medline database from january 1966 to august 2006 for all zoonotic agents in european countries was performed using specific criteria for emergence. fifteen pathogens were identified as emerging in europe from 2000 to august 2006: rickettsiae spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., francisella tula ... | 2007 | 17445320 |
| cocirculation of 2 genotypes of toscana virus, southeastern france. | toscana virus (tosv), an arthropodborne phlebovirus transmitted by sandflies, can cause febrile illness and meningitis. the vector of tosv in france was unknown. we detected tosv rna in 2 (female phlebotomus perniciosus) of 61 pools of sandflies captured in southeastern france. two genotypes of tosv were identified. | 2007 | 17552102 |
| laboratory diagnosis of toscana virus infection by enzyme immunoassay with recombinant viral nucleoprotein. | a recombinant enzyme immunoassay (reia) to detect serum immunoglobulin m (igm) and igg to toscana virus (tosv) was developed with the aim of establishing a simple and easily available assay for diagnosing acute and/or previous infections. the reia, based on the recombinant nucleoprotein of tosv expressed in escherichia coli, was evaluated with 97 serum samples collected in an area where tosv is endemic and compared to an analogous assay based on cell-derived tosv. discordant results were resolve ... | 1999 | 9986827 |
| phlebotomus-transmitted toscana virus infections of the central nervous system: a seven-year experience in tuscany. | toscana virus (tosv) is a recently discovered phlebotomus-transmitted human pathogen involved in acute infections of the central nervous system (cns) occurring during the summer in natural foci in italy. the purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the role of this virus in 170 patients with meningitis-meningoencephalitis of suspected viral origin, admitted to the departments of infectious diseases at the siena hospital from 1990 to 1996. infections caused by tick-borne encephalitis ... | 1998 | 10066054 |
| immunological characterization of toscana virus proteins. | the genome of toscana virus (bunyaviridae family, phlebovirus genus) consists of three single stranded rna segments (l, m, s), with negative polarity. the l and m segments contain a single orf in viral complementary sense and the s segment contains two orfs in "ambisense" orientation. the m segment codes for three proteins in 3'-5' genomic orientation: a 30 kda non structural protein and two 65 kda glycoproteins, gn, and gc. in this paper we report the expression in e. coli of the s segment orfs ... | 1999 | 10550668 |
| neutralization of toscana virus is partially mediated by antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein. | the envelope glycoproteins g1/g2 of toscana virus (tosv) seem to have the most important protective role in stimulating antibodies against the disease in humans, as well as antibodies against the nucleoprotein (n), a partial neutralizing activity. mice immunized with tosv recombinant nucleoprotein developed a strong humoral response to the tosv that revealed the presence of neutralizing antibody than in vitro assay. the neutralizing antibody titre of mice immunized with the whole tosv was analyz ... | 2001 | 11130891 |
| encephalitis without meningitis due to sandfly fever virus serotype toscana. | the role of toscana (tos) virus in producing encephalitis without meningitis is uncertain. we studied 2 cases of tos virus encephalitis without meningitis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction assay and dna sequencing. findings confirm that tos virus may directly cause encephalitis and suggest the usefulness of dna sequencing in investigating relationships between tos virus molecular patterns and the spectrum of neurological involvement. | 2001 | 11283818 |
| fast duplex one-step rt-pcr for rapid differential diagnosis of entero- or toscana virus meningitis. | acute meningitis is the most common neurologic disease that involves the central nervous system. the spectrum of infectious agents that cause neurologic infection is remarkably broad and numerous viruses are the most frequent cause of the aseptic meningitis syndrome. we applied a multiplex one-step method for the rapid detection of the genomic rna of different neurotropic viruses: particles in the genus enterovirus and toscana virus, which are the most representative aetiologic agents in our cou ... | 2002 | 12106953 |
| stds and hiv / aids: a kap study among drug operators. | this study presents the findings of a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey about sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and hiv/aids in rajasthan, india. data were obtained from 153 truck drivers covering "dhabas" at different highways. truck operators (tos), commercial sex workers (csws), and iv drug users are the primary at risk populations for hiv/aids. in 1997, 73.3% of the 3188 hiv-infected persons were infected through heterosexual intercourse. findings from tos indicate a high level ... | 1998 | 12348877 |
| human antibody response to toscana virus glycoproteins expressed by recombinant baculovirus. | the arthropod-borne toscana virus has been associated with acute neurological disease in humans. in this study, the viral envelope glycoproteins were expressed in soluble form in a baculovirus system. the recombinant sgn and sgc proteins were used as viral antigens in a western blot assay to analyze the specific immune response in sera from patients with recognized virus-associated aseptic meningitis. the anti-glycoprotein and the anti-nucleoprotein n igg responses were compared by an immunoassa ... | 2002 | 12376972 |
| symptomatic infections by toscana virus in the modena province in the triennium 1999-2001. | we report nine cases of clinical manifestations by toscana virus (tosv) diagnosed at the centre for the diagnosis of viral diseases of the university of modena and reggio emilia, in the inhabitants of modena province (emilia romagna region), in the triennium 1999-2001. tosv was involved in six cases of meningitis, two of meningoencephalitis and one case of febrile erythema without meningeal manifestations. six tosv-infected patients had stayed for a few days in a different area of the tuscany re ... | 2002 | 12437229 |
| acute meningitis due to toscana virus infection among patients from both the spanish mediterranean region and the region of madrid. | toscana virus (tosv) is a member of the genus phlebovirus that is transmitted to humans by two different species of sand fly and causes acute aseptic meningitis (aam) and meningoencephalitis in central italy. fifteen cases of aam due to tosv have been found at the spanish province of granada, but no data regarding the presence of tosv-related disease in other regions of spain have been still reported. a collection of 88 serum and 53 cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples taken from 81 selected patien ... | 2003 | 12589837 |
| serological survey of toscana virus infections in a high-risk population in italy. | toscana virus is the most important agent responsible for meningitis in central italy. we report a serosurveillance study, using an immunoenzymatic assay, of 360 serum samples harvested from a high-risk population occupationally exposed to toscana virus in two regions of italy, tuscany and piedmont. the results indicates a seroprevalence of toscana virus of 77.2% in the forestry workers, particularly in the tuscany region. this fact is strictly correlated with the ecological niches specific for ... | 2003 | 12738655 |
| detection and identification of toscana and other phleboviruses by rt-nested-pcr assays with degenerated primers. | phleboviruses are a large and widespread group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods. toscana virus is one of the principal agents that causes meningitis in humans during the summer in italy and, possibly, in other mediterranean countries. rift valley fever virus can cause serious illness in both animals and humans, leading to high morbidity and mortality, and is considered to be a potential agent for epizootics and human epidemics. since information on this group of viruses is still sca ... | 2003 | 12858420 |
| a mediterranean arbovirus: the toscana virus. | toscana virus (bunyaviridae family, phlebovirus genus) is a sandfly fever virus responsible for human neurological infections. sandfly viruses are transmitted by insect vectors (phlebotomus species) and the infection is present in climatic areas that allow the life cycle of the vector. the arthropode-borne toscana virus is the etiologic agent of meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and encephalitis. the frequency of this neuropathic infection increases in the summer months, peaking in august in the ... | 2003 | 14602570 |
| unusual presentation of life-threatening toscana virus meningoencephalitis. | this case report describes a brother and a sister with severe meningoencephalitis caused by toscana virus (tosv). the clinical presentation was characterized by stiff neck, deep coma, maculopapular rash, diffuse lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, renal involvement, tendency to bleeding, and diffuse intravascular coagulation. the boy had epididymo-orchitis. recovery with neurologic sequelae as hydrocephalus was observed. microbiological diagnosis was obtained by serological tests and reverse tr ... | 2004 | 14765344 |
| [meningitis caused by toscana virus during a summer stay in italy]. | a 44-year-old woman suffered fever, headache and meningism during a summer stay in a region of central italy where sand-fly fever is endemic. a few days after returning to the netherlands, she appeared mentally and physically slow but had no fever. because of the possibility of viral meningitis an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was carried out. this revealed a cell count of 1074/3 cells. toscana virus antibodies of the igg and igm subclass were detected in two respective serum samp ... | 2004 | 15004957 |
| genetic diversity of toscana virus. | distribution of toscana virus (tosv) is evolving with climate change, and pathogenicity may be higher in nonexposed populations outside areas of current prevalence (mediterranean basin). to characterize genetic diversity of tosv, we determined the coding sequences of isolates from spain and france. tosv is more diverse than other well-studied phleboviruses (e.g.,rift valley fever virus). | 2009 | 19331735 |
| [meningitis by toscana virus in spain: description of 17 cases]. | we aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological data from the first series of patients with meningitis by toscana virus in spain. | 2004 | 15066251 |
| [toscana virus, west nile virus and lymphochoriomeningitis virus as causing agents of aseptic meningitis in spain]. | cases of aseptic meningitis (am) are mostly due to enterovirus (ev), herpesvirus, and mumps virus (mv). an important number of cases remains without an etiologic diagnosis. | 2009 | 19375119 |
| sandfly fever due to toscana virus: an emerging infection in southern france. | infections due to toscana virus (tosv) have been described in the mediterranean area, mainly in italy. we describe two cases of acute tosv infection in southern france, one aseptic meningitis and one influenza-like illness. to our knowledge, only one other case of tosv infection has been reported in this area. | 2004 | 15450990 |
| seroprevalence study of tick-borne encephalitis, borrelia burgdorferi, dengue and toscana virus in turin province. | tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is present in some european countries and it is transmitted by a tick bite. ixodes ricinus is the main vector of the infection in italy, where fortunately clinical neurological manifestations, typical of the more serious phase of the disease, are very rarely observed. this behaviour is different from other endemic euroasiatic areas where numerous cases of encephalitis are described. however tbe transmission has not been widely investigated in italy and availa ... | 2007 | 16312014 |
| toscana virus in spain. | toscana virus (tosv, phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in spain. within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of tosv was conducted in granada, in southern spain. the overall seroprevalence rate was 24.9%, significantly increasing with age. tosv was detected in 3 of 103 sandfly pools by viral culture or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from a region of the l gene. nucleotide sequence homology w ... | 2005 | 16318721 |
| [infections due to toscana virus, west nile virus, and other arboviruses of interest in europe]. | arbovirosis, viral infection transmitted by arthropods, is a widespread health problem. recurrent outbreaks caused by some of these viruses such as dengue or west nile strains in regions where they do not appear frequently, justify the establishment of global control measures. tick-borne encephalitis viruses, sand fly fever viruses (toscana, naples and sicily) and occasionally west nile and crimean-congo fever viruses are the most frequent causes of arbovirosis in europe, although circulation of ... | 2005 | 16324569 |
| [sandfly fever naples virus (serotype toscana) infection with meningeal involvement after a vacation in italy]. | a 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with severe headache, recurrent episodes of fever and deterioration of general health. he returned from a vacation in tuscany (italy) a few days before admission. physical examination revealed slight nuchal rigidity and an elevated body temperature of 37.8 c but was otherwise unremarkable. | 2006 | 17160766 |
| reverse transcription, real-time pcr assay for detection of toscana virus. | the arthropod-borne toscana virus is a common cause of acute neurological infection in the mediterranean basin. recently, a new lineage, highly divergent from the italian prototype, has been reported in spain. | 2007 | 17584525 |
| [seroepidemiological surveys of non vaccine-preventable diseases and their interest in public health]. | seroepidemiological surveys are epidemiological studies carried out by the use of serum tests to detect infection; they can be applied to infections in general and to vaccine-preventable diseases in particular. among other applications, seroepidemiological studies are useful for determining groups at risk for a specific disease; evaluating transmission mechanisms; and determining population groups who are critical in maintaining the transmission of infectious agents. we analysed the results of s ... | 2009 | 20111813 |
| [role of toscana virus in meningo-encephalitis in tunisia.] | objectives: to detect the presence of toscana virus (tosv) circulation in tunisia and to study its role in viral meningo-encephalitis. patients and methods: a total of 315 (167 sera and 178 cerobrospinal fluid [csf]) samples was investigated. these samples are colleted from tunisian patients with neurological diseases during the period between january 2003 and december 2009. all samples were tested negative for enterovirus, herpes simplex virus and west nile virus. detection for igm and igg spec ... | 2010 | 20378279 |
| prevalence of toscana virus antibodies in volunteer blood donors and patients with central nervous system infections in southeastern france. | toscana virus (tosv) is a sandfly-borne phlebovirus causing meningitis and encephalitis during the summer period. a significant proportion of infection results in asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic forms. although seroprevalence studies had been conducted in italy, spain, greece, and cyprus, no data were available from france at the outset of this study. we present here results of seroprevalence studies conducted in volunteer blood donors and in patients presenting with central nervous system (cn ... | 2007 | 17627448 |
| toscana virus infection imported from elba into switzerland. | | 2010 | 20507770 |
| detection of toscana virus central nervous system infections in sardinia island, italy. | | 2007 | 17662649 |
| molecular and serological evidence for the presence of novel phleboviruses in sandflies from northern algeria. | during summer 2007, a total of 785 phlebotomine flies were trapped in northern algeria, identified morphologically, organised as monospecific pools and tested for the presence of phlebovirus rna using degenerate primers. three pools were positive, and the corresponding pcr products were cloned and sequenced. viral sequences corresponding to two phleboviruses distinct from each other were detected in sandflies circulating in two close locations (140 km apart) in northern algeria. the 3 sequences ... | 2010 | 20563287 |
| [a case of meningitis due to toscana virus in murcia]. | | 2007 | 17876745 |
| toscana virus meningitis in portugal, 2002-2005. | toscana virus infection is endemic in italy, but has also been documented in other mediterranean countries. our aim was to investigate the occurrence of toscana virus (tosv) meningitis in children and young adults in a metropolitan area in the north of portugal. cerebrospinal fluid samples from 308 patients with the diagnosis of meningitis and with negative bacterial culture were tested for enteroviruses and herpesviruseses by reverse transcription pcr. those samples that proved negative for ent ... | 2007 | 17991401 |
| rapid detection of important human pathogenic phleboviruses. | rapid diagnostics are not available for several human pathogens in the genus phlebovirus of the bunyaviridae. | 2008 | 18006376 |
| toscana virus infection in american traveler returning from sicily, 2009. | | 2010 | 20735948 |
| [phleboviruses laboratory diagnosis (toscana virus)]. | viruses from the phlebovirus genus (family bunyaviridae) are arboviruses that can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes (rift valey virus) or by sandflies. in phleboviruses group we can find the etiological agents for sandfly fever (sf) that is spread in the mediterranean basin, middle east, pakistan and india. in portugal, the importance of phleboviruses to the public health is recognized because there have been detected cases of toscana virus infection wich is responsible for severe cases of ... | 2007 | 18198078 |
| serosurvey study of toscana virus in domestic animals, granada, spain. | abstract toscana virus (tosv) is transmitted by infected sandflies. in mediterranean countries, tosv is one of the major viral pathogens involved in aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. it remains unclear if there are animal reservoirs able to maintain the virus through the cold months of the year, when the vector is not circulating. from may to october of 2006 and 2007, we conducted a serosurvey study on domestic animals from granada province (southern spain). tosv was investig ... | 2010 | 20925529 |
| nucleotide variability of toscana virus m segment in strains isolated from clinical cases. | toscana virus (tosv), a member of the bunyaviridae family, is an important etiologic agent of neurologic infection transmissible to humans by bites of the phlebotomus spp. in consideration of the variations in the antigenic properties of bunyaviruses and their potential genetic variability, we analysed a large region (2500nt) of the toscana virus m segment coding for the non-structural protein (nsm) and the g(n) and g(c) glycoproteins in several strains isolated from patients with meningitis fro ... | 2008 | 18353481 |
| [unusual toscana virus encephalitis in southern france]. | | 2010 | 21050685 |
| immunization with toscana virus n-gc proteins protects mice against virus challenge. | toscana virus (tosv) is an emerging virus, circulating in the mediterranean area, that is responsible for aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and encephalitis. the development of a vaccine that could provide complete protection from tosv infection is needed. in this study we investigated the capacity of tosv structural proteins, nucleocapsid protein n and the two gc and gn glycoproteins, produced as recombinant proteins, in an animal model. in particular, we investigated their role in induc ... | 2008 | 18355889 |
| [deafness as a sequela of toscana virus meningitis]. | | 2008 | 18482536 |
| personality changes after toscana virus (tosv) encephalitis in a 49-year-old man: a case report. | toscana virus (tosv) infection may often cause symptomatic meningitides and encephalitides. these usually subside in few days and their sequelae do not last for more than few weeks. we here report the case of a 49-year-old man who developed encephalitis after being bitten by phlebotomi in a region near southern tuscany, where tosv is endemic, and who developed postencephalitic seizures and subsequently, persistent personality alterations, characterized by sexually dissolute behavior and aggressi ... | 2010 | 21126108 |
| occupational risk associated with toscana virus infection in tuscany, italy. | sandfly fever virus serotype toscana is endemic in mediterranean countries and is a widespread public health problem as it may be associated with acute neurological diseases such as aseptic meningitis. | 2008 | 18832346 |