| mosquito-borne arboviruses in arctic america. | mosquito-borne arboviruses are prevalent throughout subarctic regions of canada and alaska, principally in the boreal forest extending between latitudes 53 and 66 degrees n, but they have been identified in tundra regions as far north as 70 degrees n. all mosquito-borne agents have been bunyaviruses, comprising principally the snowshoe hare subtype of california encephalitis (ce) virus, but also northway virus. mosquito vectors comprise several aedes species and culiseta inornata, all of which h ... | 1975 | 1602 |
| bunyavirus isolations from mosquitoes in the western canadian arctic. | strains of california encephalitis virus (snowshoe hare subtype) were isolated from 8 of 475 pools comprising 23 747 unengorged female mosquitoes of five species collected at three of six locations throughout the mackenzie valley of the northwest territories, canada, from latitudes 60 to 69 degrees n between 10 and 24 july 1976. minimum field infection rates included 1:2734 for aedes communis, 1:256 to 1:3662 for a. hexodontus and 1:911 to 1:1611 for a. punctor. northway virus was also isolated ... | 1977 | 18541 |
| khasan virus, a new ungrouped bunyavirus isolated from haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in the primorie region. | strain leiv-776p, possessing no haemagglutinating activity was isolated in 1971 in the primorie region (u.s.s.r.) from haemaphysalis longicornis neumann 1091 tick. complement fixation (cf) tests revealed no antigenic relationship with 24 antigenic groups of arboviruses or 21 ungrouped viruses isolated from ticks. the virus isolate contains rna and is relatively sensitive to ether and sodium deoxycholate; it is pathogenic for suckling mice and two-week-old white mice by the intracerebral route, a ... | 1978 | 27977 |
| experimental infection of putorius eversmanni polecats and martes foina martens with tahyna virus. | three putorius eversmanni pole-cats and two martes foina martens aged about 9 months were subcutaneously infected with about 260 suckling mouse ld50 of the extraneurally passaged "236" strain of tahyna virus (california group, genus bunyavirus). viraemia with maximal titres of 1.32 (pole-cats) and 1.28 (martens) dex intraperitoneal (i.p.) mouse ld50/0.02 ml was demonstrated from 48 to 96 hr after inoculation (p.i.). by the plaque-reduction neutralization test, seroconversion was demonstrated 15 ... | 1978 | 35949 |
| razdan virus, a new ungrouped bunyavirus isolated from dermacentor marginatus ticks in armenia. | a virus, designated razdan, was isolated from dermacentor marginatus ticks in the armenian s.s.r. in 1973. the complement fixation tests revealed no antigenic relationships to 74 tick-borne arboviruses. the size of the virus is about 100 nm; it agglutinates goose erythrocytes at ph 5.5--7.0, is pathogenic for newborn, 14-day-old and adult white mice and multiplies in primary and continuous cell cultures. morphological properties of the virus permit its classification as a member of the family bu ... | 1978 | 35950 |
| tonate and guama-group viruses isolated from mosquitoes in both a savannah and coastal area in surinam. | isolation of arboviruses was attempted from october 1972 till the end of 1973 from mosquitoes caught in both a savannah forest near powaka and a coastal area near "fernandesweg" in surinam. two types of arbovirus were isolated: eleven strains of tonate and ten strains of guama-group. in the savannah area ten strains of tonate and five of guama-group were isolated, whereas in the coastal area the numbers were one and five, respectively. all strains in the savannah area were isolated from pools of ... | 1979 | 41349 |
| bunyavirus development in arctic and aedes aegypti mosquitoes as revealed by glucose oxidase staining and immunofluorescence. | northway virus replication has been detected in salivary glands of wild-caught culiseta inornata and aedes communis mosquitoes from the western canadian arctic after incubation at 4 degrees c for 9 to 11 months, and after incubation at 13 degrees c for 3 to 4 months after they received virus by oral ingestion or intrathoracic injection. aedes hexodontus supported northway virus replication after incubation at 13 degrees c for one month after intrathoracic injection. aedes aegypti supported north ... | 1979 | 44464 |
| discontinuous counter-immunoelectrophoresis in the study of viruses. | a method for the use of the discontinuous counter-immunoelectropnoresis (dcie) technique in the study of viruses of the major taxonomic groups is reported. the method was successfully employed in detection of antigen of viruses in the bunyavirus, bunyavirus-like, flavivirus, orbivirus, and rhabdovirus groups, and/or of antibody to these agents. although less sensitive than the complement fixation test, the dcie test was found to be rapid and in some cases more specific in differentiating related ... | 1978 | 97243 |
| induction of interferon by group c arboviruses. brief report. | | 1978 | 104697 |
| investigations on the presence of antibodies to alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyavirus and kemerovo virus in humans and some domestic animals. | the presence of antibodies to some alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses and orbiviruses was studied in the sera from humans and domestic animals of biotopes "c" and "t" in the south-east of romania. specific antibodies were found in humans to 3 alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis and sindbis), in a very low proportion, and to 3 flaviviruses (tickborne encephalitis, west nile and ntaya), at a much higher percentage. very low percentages of antibodies to buny ... | 1978 | 209613 |
| biochemical studies on the phlebotomus fever group viruses (bunyaviridae family). | analyses of the virion polypeptides and genomes of several phlebotomus fever group viruses, karimabad, punta toro, chagres, and the sandfly fever sicilian serotype viruses, have established that they are biochemically similar to the accepted members of the bunyaviridae family. like snowshoe hare virus (a member of the california serogroup of the bunyavirus genus of the bunyaviridae family), karimabad, punta toro, chagres, and the sandfly fever sicilian serotype viruses all have three viral rna s ... | 1979 | 225523 |
| the first isolations of eastern encephalitis, group c, and guama group arboviruses from the peruvian amazon region of western south america. | two strains of eastern encephalitis (ee) virus were isolated in the amazon region of peru near pucallpa, loreto department, using sentinel hamsters. ee virus antibodies were found in healthy horses at both pucallpa and iquitos in the same department. fourteen group c and four guama group arboviruses were recovered from sentenel hamsters and mosquitoes near iquitos. the group c agents were caraparu-ossa, marituba, and oriboca-itaqui viruses, and the guama group agents were bimiti virus. besides p ... | 1975 | 238693 |
| genetic potential of bunyaviruses. | | 1979 | 387343 |
| study of arboviruses in romania (1958--1978). results obtained in the "stefan s. nicolau" institute of virology. | the results obtained in the institute of virology by the study of arboviruses in romania are reviewed. isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus and detection of specific serum antibodies in humans, animals and migratory birds demonstrate its presence on the territory of romania. serum antibodies could also be detected to other three flaviviruses (west nile, ntaya, dengue types 1, 2, 3), though none of them could be isolated in our country. however, isolation of kemerovo and tahyna viruses and ... | 1979 | 392912 |
| a comparison of la crosse virus isolated obtained from different ecological niches and an analysis of the structural components of california encephalitis serogroup viruses and other bunyaviruses. | analyses of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the three genome ribonucleic acid (rna) species of 11 isolates of la crosse (lac) virus, obtained from various ecological niches in the northern united states and compared to those of prototype lac virus, showed that in each place from which these isolates were obtained lac variants and varieties were present with related, but distinguishable, nucleotide sequences for their large, medium, or small rna species. the rna genomes of prototypes trivitta ... | 1979 | 453439 |
| heterologous interference in aedes albopictus cells infected with alphaviruses. | maximum amounts of 42s and 26s single-stranded viral rna and viral structural proteins were synthesized in aedes albopictus cells at 24 h after sindbis virus infection. thereafter, viral rna and protein syntheses were inhibited. by 3 days postinfection, only small quantities of 42s rna and no detectable 26s rna or structural proteins were synthesized in infected cells. superinfection of a. albopictus cells 3 days after sindbis virus infection with sindbis, semliki forest, una, or chikungunya alp ... | 1979 | 480461 |
| m viral rna segment of bunyaviruses codes for two glycoproteins, g1 and g2. | tryptic peptide digests of the two viral glycoproteins (g1 and g2) of snowshow hare (ssh) virus, la crosse, la crosse (lac) virus, and an ssh/lac recombinant virus which has a large (l)/medium (m)/small (s) rna segment genome composition of ssh/lac/ssh were analyzed by ion-exchange column chromatography. the analyses prove that the m rna species of bunyaviruses codes for the two viral glycoproteins. | 1979 | 480466 |
| in vivo transcription and protein synthesis capabilities of bunyaviruses: wild-type snowshoe hare virus and its temperature-sensitive group i, group ii, and group i/ii mutants. | the in vivo primary and secondary transcription capabilities of wild-type snowshoe hare (ssh) virus and certain of its temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have been analyzed. the results obtained agree with in vitro studies (bouloy et al., c.r. acad. sci. paris 280:213-215, 1975; m. bouloy and c. hannoun, virology 69:258-264, 1976; m. ranki and r. pettersson, j. virol. 16:1420-1425, 1975) which have shown that bunyaviruses are negative-stranded rna viruses with a virion rna-directed rna polymeras ... | 1979 | 480477 |
| genome complexities of the three mrna species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus and in vitro translation of s mrna to viral n polypeptide. | the genome complexities of the principal intracellular viral complementary rna species of the snowshoe hare bunyavirus have been analyzed by duplex analyses involving hybridization of complementary rna to individual 32p-labeled viral rna species (large, l; medium, m; and small, s), recovery of nuclease-resistant duplexes, and determination of the oligonucleotide fingerprints of the protected 32p-labeled viral sequences. the result for the m rna (which codes for the glycoproteins g1 and g2; j. r. ... | 1979 | 513192 |
| recombination between snowhoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | we have previously reported heterologous genetic recombination resulting from crosses involving temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of la crosse (lac) group ii and snowshoe hare (ssh) group i ts mutants (j. gentsch, l. r. wynne, j. p. clewley, r. e. shope, and d. h. l. bishop, j. virol. 24:893-902, 1977). from those crosses two reassortant viruses having the large/medium/small viral rna segment genotypes of ssh/lac/ssh and ssh/lac/lac were obtained. in this study it has been found that the recipr ... | 1979 | 513193 |
| three unique viral rna species of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | two-dimensional gel electrophoreses of rnase t1-derived oligonucleotides of the three individual rna segments of the bunyavirus snowshow hare virus indicate that its three rna segments possess distinct nucleotide sequences. the fingerprints of the rna species of snowshoe hare virus differ from those of the antigenically closely related la crosse virus. three viral rna species have been identified in preparations of melao and trivittatus as well as snowshoe hare, lumbo, and la crosse bunyaviruses ... | 1977 | 559104 |
| formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses. | wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of bhk cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (ssh) and la crosse (lac) bunyaviruses. analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions ssh/lac/ssh and ssh/lac/lac for their respective l, m, and s virion rna species. this evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reasso ... | 1977 | 592468 |
| antibody response to arboviruses. absence of increased response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. | complement fixation and hemagglutination imhibition tests were conducted on the serums of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis using a variety of arboviral antigens. seventy-eight complement fixation and 15 hemagglutination-inhibition viral antigens were used representing togaviruses, orbiviruses, rhadoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and several ungrouped agents. the serological results did not indicate any relationship between these viruses and either amyotrop ... | 1978 | 666595 |
| transmission of northway and st. louis encephalitis viruses by arctic mosquitoes. | transmission of a canadian arctic isolate of northway virus has been demonstrated after incubation of arctic aedes communis mosquitoes at 13 degrees c for 27 days after intrathoracic injection of 300 plaque forming units of virus. replication has also been demonstrated after intrathoracic injection of domestic a. aegypti mosquitoes of this virus. virions of northway virus, 84--92 nm diameter were morphologically typical of a bunyavirus after propagation in salivary glands of a. communis or in ti ... | 1978 | 687117 |
| small viral rna segment of bunyaviruses codes for viral nucleocapsid protein. | tryptic peptide analyses have been undertaken on the nucleocapsid (n) protein of snowshoe hare (ssh) and la crosse (lac) bunyaviruses. similar analyses have been performed on the n proteins of two recombinant viruses which have the large/medium/small rna genome configurations: ssh/lac/lac and ssh/lac/ssh. the results provide conclusive evidence that the s rna of bunyaviruses codes for the the viral n protein. | 1978 | 702656 |
| serological comparison of aino and samford viruses in simbu group of bunyaviruses. | | 1978 | 739909 |
| genetic capabilities of bunyaviruses. | | 1978 | 752701 |
| seriologic and vector comparisons of rift valley virus with other bunyaviruses. | | 1978 | 752702 |
| [rna polymerase activity associated with a bunya virus (lumbo)]. | rna dependent rna polymerase has been demonstrated in purified lumbo virus (bunyavirus) which contains a single stranded segmented rna. divalent cations (mn++ and mg++) are required for optimal in vitro activity. reaction products can be specifically annealed with the viral genome. | 1975 | 808281 |
| [ultrastructure, development and nucleic acid of the s virus from the decapod crustacea macropipus depurator l]. | the "s" crabe virus recently isolated from macropipus depurator (decapoda) has been purified and its nucleic acid has been recognized as a dna. the visualization of the structure and of several phases of the cycle of the virus permits to situate this virus near the bunyavirus and paramyxovirus groups. | 1975 | 808338 |
| [circular ribonucleoproteins in the virus lumbo (bunyavirus)]. | | 1975 | 808354 |
| [demonstration of circular ribonucleic acid in the lumbo virus (bunyavirus)]. | electron microscopy study of rna extracted from lumbovirus shows the existence of circular molecules, which are not susceptible to thermal or chemical denaturation. these facts suggest that the rna is present inside the virion in a covalently closed circular form. | 1976 | 820471 |
| congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with akabane virus. | akabane virus (a bunyavirus) has been associated with epizootics of congenital deformities in cattle, sheep, and goats. experimental studies using mouse-adapted virus inoculated intravenously into pregnant sheep gave an inapparent infection. neutralizing antibodies were detected on day 5, and peaks in the titer were seen at days 10 and 48. ewes infected at day 30 to 36 of pregnancy produced five (31% incidence) deformed lambs. sera from four of these possessed neutralizing antibodies to akabane ... | 1977 | 832900 |
| the virus particle nucleic acids and proteins of four bunyaviruses. | the structural polypeptides of five bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare, lumbo and la crosse viruses (members of the california encephalitis subgroup of bunyaviruses), bunyamwera and main drain viruses (members of the bunyamwera subgroup of bunyaviruses), have been compared by polyacrylamide-sds gel electrophoresis. each virus was found to possess three major structural polypeptides, two glycoproteins (g1 and g2), and one nucleocapsid protein (n). although the sizes of the g1 polypeptides (mol. wt. appr ... | 1977 | 839199 |
| electron microscopy of the segmented rna genome ofla crosse virus: absence of circular molecules. | the three species of single-stranded rna present in la crosse virus were examined in the electron microscope. because large amounts of contaminating cellular dna are copurified with the virus despite extensive attempts to purify the virus, it was necessary to use procedures that eliminated the bulk of this dna before the viral rna was analyzed. when this was done, the modal lengths of la crosse virus rna were 0.4, 2.0, and 3.1 mum. these lengths correspond well to their known molecular weights o ... | 1977 | 853565 |
| immune electron microscopy of arboviruses. | representative members of four arbovirus taxons were studied by immune electron microscopy (iem) in an attempt to determine whether the technique can be applied to the specific identification of arboviruses. alphavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, and rhabdovirus antigens were prepared by propagation in tissue culture. the viruses were used to titrate homologous antibody and test heterologous antibody in the iem test. specific clumping together with visualization of antibody attachment was observed ... | 1977 | 889020 |
| california encephalitis virus proliferation in yukon mosquitoes incubated at low temperatures. | replication of a subarctic bunyavirus, california encephalitis (snowshoe hare subtype), was detected in salivary glands and thoraces of wild-caught aedes communis mosquitoes from the yokon territory, after intrathoracic inoculation with 0.1 to 100 mouse ld50 virus, and incubation for 7 to 21 days throughout their viable temperature range of 0 to 23 degrees c. immunoperoxidase staining confirmed that viral replication occurred in the cytoplasm of acinar cells of salivary glands, both by ligh micr ... | 1976 | 963625 |
| structural proteins of la crosse virus. | preparations of la crosse virus, a member of the california encephalitis group of bunyaviruses, were found to possess three major virion proteins. two of the proteins were glycosylated (g1 and g2) and were located on the surface of the virus particles. these two glycoproteins were present in equimolar amounts and possessed apparent molecular weights of 120 x 10(3) and 34 x 10(3). virion nucleocapsids, isolated by a nonionic detergent and salt treatment, contained another major protein, n (molecu ... | 1976 | 972436 |
| recombination and complementation between temperature-sensitive mutants of a bunyavirus, snowshoe hare virus. | complementation and recombination have been observed with temperature-sensitive mutants of bunyavirus snowshoe hare virus. | 1976 | 978796 |
| the structure of togaviruses and bunyaviruses. | this article reviews the properties of arthropod-borne and nonarbo togaviruses and members of the bunyaviridae family. averaged information is given on the morphology and substructure of the virion, its physical properties, its chemical composition and the function of its constituents. special attention is given to distinctive traits which might be useful for virus classification. | 1975 | 1107688 |
| the structure of uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the bunyaviruses. | uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the new large bunyavirus group of arboviruses, has an interesting structure which differs in many respects from that of other enveloped rna viruses. the surface structure reveals a clustering of the two glycoproteins into distinct capsomere-like subunits, arranged in a t = 12 icosahedral lattice. the genome is found in at least three pieces that appear to represent unique virus-specific rnas. the ribonucleoproteins corresponding to the rna species are circul ... | 1975 | 1107689 |
| the basis of arbovirus classification. | the biologically defined set of arboviruses contains well over 300 separate viruses which have been subdivided into some 40 serological groups on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. more than three quarters of all arboviruses can now bw placed into one of the following five major taxonomic genera based upon the fundamental properties of the virion: alphavirus, flavivirus, orbivirus, rhadovirus, bunyavirus. there are 20 alphaviruses, representing serological group a, and 57 flaviviruses in s ... | 1975 | 1207193 |
| bunyaviruses and bunyaviridae. | a new family is described, the bunyaviridae, which contains a single genus, bunyavirus. the main characteristics of the family are as follows: single-stranded rna, total molecular weight about 7 x 10(6) daltons, probably in three segments. virions spherical, enveloped particles 90-100 nm in diameter. envelope contains at least one virus-specified glycopeptide. develop in the cytoplasm, mature by budding into smooth-surfaced vesicles in the golgi region or nearby. internal ribonucleoprotein compo ... | 1975 | 1235823 |
| the effect of cicloxolone sodium on the replication in cultured cells of adenovirus type 5, reovirus type 3, poliovirus type 1, two bunyaviruses and semliki forest virus. | the effect of cicloxolone sodium (ccx) on the replication of typical representatives of different virus families [adenovirus type 5 (ad-5), reovirus type 3 (reo-3), bunyamwera and germiston viruses, poliovirus type 1 (polio-1) and semliki forest virus (sfv)] in tissue culture was investigated. the golgi apparatus inhibitor monensin (mon) and ccx were shown to have analogous effects on some aspects of virus replication. although the mon-like effect of ccx played no role in the antiviral activity ... | 1992 | 1311362 |
| cell biology of viruses that assemble along the biosynthetic pathway. | in this review we discuss five groups of viruses that bud into, or assemble from, different compartments along the biosynthetic pathway. these are herpes-, rota-, corona-, bunya- and pox-viruses. our main emphasis will be on the virally-encoded membrane glycoproteins that are responsible for determining the site of virus assembly. in a number of cases these proteins have been well characterized and appear to serve as resident markers of the budding compartments. the assembly and dissemination of ... | 1992 | 1333835 |
| further characterization of a broad-spectrum antiviral substance in human serum. | a broadly active antiviral glycoprotein (uti beta) occurs naturally in human sera at an average antiviral titer of 50 u/ml. this inhibitor is active against all virus families tested to date, including representative poxviruses, herpesviruses, enteroviruses, paramyxoviruses, alpha-viruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and rhabdoviruses. it is a glycoprotein of approximately 60,000 +/- 10,000 da, which is stable at ph 2 to 10 and at 80 degrees c for up to 10 min. mild oxidation with naio4 and trea ... | 1992 | 1335259 |
| antiviral (rna) activity of selected amaryllidaceae isoquinoline constituents and synthesis of related substances. | a series of 23 amaryllidaceae isoquinoline alkaloids and related synthetic analogues were isolated or synthesized and subsequently evaluated in cell culture against the rna-containing flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue viruses), bunyaviruses (punta toro, sandfly fever, and rift valley fever viruses), alphavirus (venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus), lentivirus (human immunodeficiency virus-type 1) and the dna-containing vaccinia virus. narciclasine [1], lycoricid ... | 1992 | 1336040 |
| [characterization and antigenic relationship of 3 new bunyaviruses in the group anopheles a (bunyaviridae) of arboviruses]. | the isolation and characterization of three new viruses obtained from the tucuruí hydroelectric dam region is reported. these three agents belong to the anopheles a serogroup, genus bunyavirus, bunyaviridae. the tucuruí (tuc), caraipé (cpe) and arumateua (art) viruses have close relationships with each other and with trombetas (tbt) virus, an anopheles a virus previously isolated in the amazon region of brazil. these viruses form the "trombetas complex". tuc, cpe and art viruses were obtained fr ... | 1992 | 1342498 |
| seroepidemiology of california and bunyamwera serogroup bunyavirus infections in humans in california. | several human populations in california were surveyed cross-sectionally and longitudinally for neutralizing antibodies to selected arthropod-borne bunyaviruses in the california and bunyamwera serogroups. overall, the prevalence of antibodies to california serogroup viruses was 6.4% in 702 individuals sampled during 1963-1988. comparative antibody titers in individual sera indicated that 4.1% and 1.6% of these infections were caused by viruses similar or identical to jamestown canyon and califor ... | 1992 | 1357960 |
| vector competence of california mosquitoes for california encephalitis and california encephalitis-like viruses. | mosquitoes collected from coastal, inland valley, and alpine locations in california were evaluated for their experimental vector competence for two viruses in the california serogroup (bunyaviridae:bunyavirus). aedes squamiger, a coastal salt marsh mosquito, was an efficient vector of a california encephalitis (ce)-like virus isolated from its habitat (89% of the pledget-fed females became infected and 61% transmitted virus). aedes dorsalis, a coastal mosquito, and ae. melanimon, an inland vall ... | 1992 | 1360192 |
| arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected during 1988 in the senegal river basin. | during august and september 1988, we collected adult mosquitoes from 14 locations in the senegal river basin to search for evidence of rift valley fever (rvf) viral activity one year after the 1987 outbreak, which occurred along the senegal-mauritania border. more than 62,000 specimens representing 18 species in seven genera were collected with carbon dioxide-baited, solid-state army miniature light traps and sheep-baited traps. twenty virus isolations from culex, aedes, and anopheles mosquitoes ... | 1992 | 1361722 |
| selective inhibition of arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in vitro by 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxyadenosine. | a novel nucleoside analog, 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxyadenosine (3'f3'dado), was evaluated for antiviral activity against several arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in vero cell culture. the following 50% inhibitory concentrations (ec50) of virus plaque formation were obtained against the test viruses: semliki forest (10.3 microm) and venezuelan equine encephalitis (5.3 microm) alphaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (7.7 microm) and pichinde (greater than 32 microm) arenaviruses, punta toro (greater th ... | 1992 | 1365816 |
| effect of macrophage source and activation on susceptibility in an age-dependent model of murine hepatitis caused by a phlebovirus, punta toro. | the adames strain of a bunyavirus, punta toro virus (ptv), is an hepatotrophic virus that has been described to produce an age-dependent lethal hepatic necrosis in 3-4 week old c57bl/6 mice, but 8 week old mice survive with minimal necrosis. the course of ptv infection in vitro in macrophages derived from these mice served as a model to study the pathogenesis of phlebovirus infection. peripheral blood monocytes, resident or elicited peritoneal macrophages, and kupffer cell liver macrophages, as ... | 1992 | 1370368 |
| organization of germiston bunyavirus m open reading frame and physicochemical properties of the envelope glycoproteins. | we describe the construction of plasmids which express fusion proteins representing various regions of germiston virus m polyprotein. the fusion proteins were purified and inoculated into rabbits to produce antisera. the n- and c-terminal regions of the polyprotein induced specific antibodies which reacted with glycoproteins g2 and g1, respectively, and the intermediate region induced antibodies against the nsm polypeptide. this enabled us to determine the gene order: g2-nsm-g1. glycoproteins g1 ... | 1992 | 1402815 |
| non-random reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes of la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. | the process of reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes (segments designated l, m and s) of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae) has been investigated by polymerase chain reaction analysis of greater than 250 progeny recovered at 72 h post-infection from dual wild-type virus infections involving high multiplicities (approximately 5) of each virus in a bhk-21 cell line. statistical analysis of the data indicated that rna segment reassortment was not random, and for these ... | 1992 | 1402816 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of tomato spotted wilt virus, a bunyavirus with two ambisense rna segments. | the complete sequence of the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) m rna segment has been determined. the rna is 4821 nucleotides long and has an ambisense coding strategy similar to that of the s rna segment. the m rna segment contains two open reading frames (orfs), one in the viral sense which encodes a protein with a predicted size of 33.6k, and one in the viral complementary sense which encodes the precursor to the g1 and g2 glycoproteins, with a predicted size of 127.4k. both orfs are expressed ... | 1992 | 1431808 |
| [gene structures of arenaviruses and bunyaviruses--ambisense rna viruses]. | | 1992 | 1438820 |
| simulation of arbovirus overwintering: survival of toscana virus (bunyaviridae:phlebovirus) in its natural sand fly vector phlebotomus perniciosus. | a series of experiments were done to study the effect of simulated summer and winter temperatures on the development of phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera:psychodidae) and on the survival of toscana virus in transovarially infected insects. sand flies maintained at 28 degrees c developed relatively fast, with adults emerging from 40 to 55 days after initial oviposition. similar results were obtained with insects reared at 25 degrees c. in contrast, sand flies maintained at 15 degrees c developed s ... | 1992 | 1449197 |
| synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride. | ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ... | 1992 | 1507208 |
| association of the nonstructural protein nss of uukuniemi virus with the 40s ribosomal subunit. | the small rna segment (s segment) of uukuniemi (uuk) virus encodes two proteins, the nucleocapsid protein (n) and a nonstructural protein (nss), by an ambisense strategy. the function of nss has not been elucidated for any of the bunyaviruses expressing this protein. we have now expressed the n and nss proteins in sf9 insect cells by using the baculovirus expression system. high yields of both proteins were obtained. a monospecific antibody was raised against gel-purified nss and used to study t ... | 1992 | 1534850 |
| localization to the golgi complex of uukuniemi virus glycoproteins g1 and g2 expressed from cloned cdnas. | the membrane glycoproteins g1 and g2 of uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, accumulate in the golgi complex (gc) during virus infection. these proteins have therefore been considered to be good models for studying the intracellular transport to and retention in the gc. in this study, i have used indirect immunofluorescence to localize in cos cells the uukuniemi virus glycoproteins g1 and g2 expressed together or separately from cloned cdnas with use of simian virus 40-based vectors. when expressed to ... | 1992 | 1602557 |
| nucleotide sequence and coding strategy of the uukuniemi virus l rna segment. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the l rna segment of uukuniemi virus has been determined from cloned cdna. the l rna is 6423 nucleotides in length, and is of negative polarity. the viral-complementary rna contains a single large open reading frame of 2104 codons which corresponds to the l protein (m(r) 241039). comparison with the l protein sequences of other members of the bunyaviridae showed homology with the rift valley fever phlebovirus l protein (38% amino acid identity), but no detecta ... | 1992 | 1629699 |
| [interactions between mycoplasma and human and animal viruses. ultrastructural analysis]. | presented are the data on the ultrastructural analysis of interaction between mycoplasma and certain cancerogenic and infectious viruses in humans and animals. revealed are spontaneous associations of mycoplasma with viruses of cattle leukemia, t-cell human leukemia and with a representative of bunyaviruses. immediate interaction of these agents is found possible. simulated complexes of mycoplasma with infectious viruses are developed. electron microscopy on supramolecular levels revealed immedi ... | 1991 | 1656621 |
| [the circulation of viruses of the california encephalitis and bunyamwera groups (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) on the northeastern russian plain]. | in the komi assr, 102.2 thousand mosquitoes, 207 small mammals, 1487 blood serum specimens from people, 793 cow blood sera, 140 blood serum specimens from reindeer were collected in june-august, 1988. twenty seven virus strains isolated from mosquitoes were classified into bunyaviridae family according to the data of electron microscopic studies. identification of the isolates by cft and ifa showed 18 of the strains to belong to california encephalitis complex and 9 to bunyamwera complex. serolo ... | 1991 | 1677507 |
| isolation of northway serotype and other bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses from california and oregon mosquitoes, 1969-1985. | eight previously untyped bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses that had been isolated from mosquitoes collected in california and oregon between 1969 and 1985, were identified by cross-neutralization tests. four viruses from anopheles freeborni and a virus from aedes sierrensis collected in butte county in the central valley of california in 1970-71 were shown to belong to the northway serotype. the existence of a northway serotype virus in california had been inferred from previous serologic survey ... | 1991 | 1677543 |
| bunyavirus rna synthesis: genome transcription and replication. | | 1991 | 1682111 |
| arthropod vectors in the evolution of bunyaviruses. | viruses from each genus of bunyaviridae have preferential relationships to the arthropods of only one or two families, i.e. bunyavirus to mosquitoes (culicidae), phlebovirus to sand flies (psychodidae) and mosquitoes, uukuvirus and nairovirus to ticks (ixodidae and argasidae). an exception is genus hantavirus not proven to be transmitted by vectors. within the bunyavirus genus 16 serogroups have been recognized on the basis of their antigenic relationship. based on isolations from the nature eac ... | 1991 | 1683124 |
| vertical and venereal transmission of california group viruses by aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes. | aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes were compared in their ability to transmit vertically la crosse (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses. lac virus was transovarially transmitted by 53% of ae. triseriatus, the natural vector, and by 22% of cs. inornata mosquitoes. ssh virus was transovarially transmitted by 89% of cs. inornata, a proposed natural vector, and by 29% of ae. triseriatus. a genetic approach, using lac, ssh, and lac/ssh reassortant viruses was then used to elucidate v ... | 1991 | 1686962 |
| the s rna segment of tomato spotted wilt virus has an ambisense character. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the s rna of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was determined. the rna is 2916 nucleotides long and has an ambisense coding strategy. the sequence contains two open reading frames (orfs), one in the viral sense which encodes a protein with a predicted mr of 52.4k and one in the viral complementary sense which encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein of mr 28.8k. both proteins are expressed by translation of two subgenomic rna species that possibly terminate at a ... | 1990 | 1693160 |
| comparative therapeutic efficacy of recombinant interferons-alpha, -beta, and -gamma against alphatogavirus, bunyavirus, flavivirus, and herpesvirus infections. | recombinant (r) preparations of interferons (ifn)-alpha, -beta, and -gamma were shown to protect mice against experimental virus infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and with three rna-containing viruses from different families: banzi, a flavivirus; semliki forest virus (sfv), an alphatogavirus; and caraparu, a bunyavirus. the antiviral effects of the three different types of ifn were different with each virus. hsv-2 was the most sensitive virus, followed by sfv. against banzi vi ... | 1990 | 1696607 |
| anti-mrnas in la crosse bunyavirus-infected cells. | unlike some members of the family bunyaviridae which contain ambisense genomes, all la crosse virus reading frames are translated from antigenome sense mrnas. nevertheless, la crosse virus genome sense mrnas or anti-mrnas are initiated from antigenome templates. these are characterized by the same range of capped, nontemplated sequences at their 5' ends as mrnas, but their 3' ends are presumed to be heterogenous, as they were not seen on rna blots. the anti-mrnas are estimated to be 15 to 30 tim ... | 1990 | 1697911 |
| antigenic variance. | | 1991 | 1718665 |
| germiston virus transcriptase requires active 40s ribosomal subunits and utilizes capped cellular rnas. | the transcriptase associated with germiston virus was assayed in an in vitro reaction in which transcription was coupled to translation by adding reticulocyte lysate under the appropriate salt conditions. when analyzed in polyacrylamide gels, the major transcripts migrated like authentic s mrnas and possessed 12- to 18-base-long nontemplated 5' extensions similar to the 5' end of viral mrnas. these transcripts were functional for the synthesis of at least proteins n and nss. when translation was ... | 1992 | 1731108 |
| tacaribe arenavirus rna synthesis in vitro is primer dependent and suggests an unusual model for the initiation of genome replication. | a tacaribe virus in vitro system for rna synthesis was established and found in large part to faithfully reproduce rna synthesis in vivo. similar to influenza virus and bunyavirus in vitro systems, this system was also highly dependent on added oligonucleotides. of the eight tested, only three were active, in the order gpc greater than cpg greater than apapc. determination of the 5' ends of the transcripts suggested that the oligonucleotides were acting as primers. in particular, whereas stimula ... | 1992 | 1738196 |
| assembly and polarized release of punta toro virus and effects of brefeldin a. | punta toro virus (ptv), a member of the sandfly fever group of bunyaviruses, is assembled by budding at intracellular membranes of the golgi complex. we have examined ptv glycoprotein transport, assembly, and release and the effects of brefeldin a (bfa) on these processes. both the g1 and g2 proteins were transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and retained in the golgi complex in a stable structure, either during ptv infection or when expressed from a vaccinia virus recombinant. bfa t ... | 1991 | 1847462 |
| neuroattenuation of an avirulent bunyavirus variant maps to the l rna segment. | the derivation and characterization of a neuroattenuated reassortant clone (rfc 25/b.5) of california serogroup bunyavirus was described previously (m. j. endres, a. valsamakis, f. gonzalez-scarano, and n. nathanson, j. virol. 64:1927-1933, 1990). to map the rna segment responsible for this attenuation, a panel of reassortants was constructed between the attenuated clone b.5 (genotype tll) and a virulent clone (b1-1a) of reciprocal genotype (ltt). parent viruses and clones representing all of th ... | 1991 | 1895395 |
| golgi complex localization of the punta toro virus g2 protein requires its association with the g1 protein. | the glycoproteins of bunyaviruses accumulate in membranes of the golgi complex, where virus maturation occurs by budding. in this study we have constructed a series of full length or truncated mutants of the g2 glycoprotein of punta toro virus (ptv), a member of the phlebovirus genus of the bunyaviridae, and investigated their transport properties. the results indicate that the hydrophobic domain preceding the g2 glycoprotein can function as a translocational signal peptide, and that the hydroph ... | 1991 | 1905078 |
| california serogroup virus infections in the ryazan region of the ussr. | serum samples from 60 people diagnosed in the summer of 1989 as having acute respiratory infections, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, acute pneumonia, lyme disease, or other illnesses were tested by neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition with tahyna, inkoo, and snowshoe hare viruses of the california serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus). demonstration of a diagnostic increase in antibody titers between paired serum samples from seven people showed that their illnesses were ... | 1991 | 1928573 |
| a serologic study of california serogroup bunyaviruses in sri lanka. | a seroepidemiologic study of california (cal) serogroup viruses (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was carried out on 952 human and 1,834 animal sera collected from different ecological zones of sri lanka (latitudes 5-10 degrees n, longitudes 79-82 degrees e). the sera were screened for neutralizing antibody to lumbo (lum), snowshoe hare (ssh), and trivittatus (tvt) viruses by plaque neutralization tests on vero cells. of 2,786 sera screened, 262 (9.5%) had antibody to one or more viruses t ... | 1991 | 1928574 |
| bunyavirus protein transport and assembly. | | 1991 | 1935227 |
| bunyaviridae--natural history. | obviously, the family bunyaviridae is comprised of a large number of epidemiologically diverse viruses. they vary dramatically in their vector and vertebrate host relationships, geographic distributions, and epidemic potential in humans and animals. public health practitioners, veterinarians, virologists, entomologists, biologists, ecologists, molecular biologists, and other scientists will all benefit from increased study and knowledge of this fascinating group of viruses. | 1991 | 1935229 |
| transmission of a newly recognized virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) isolated from aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in potosi, missouri. | aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquitoes collected in potosi, mo., were tested for their ability to transmit a newly recognized bunyamwera sero group virus isolated from the same mosquito population. mosquitoes were fed artificial blood meals containing 4.5-6.2 log10 tcid50 of virus per ml. after 7-29 d at 25 degrees c, 79-99% of the mosquitoes had disseminated infections and 0-26% transmitted virus to fluid-filled capillary tubes. transmission was first observed after 7 d of extrinsic incubation. te ... | 1991 | 1941926 |
| reassortment of la crosse and tahyna bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. | experiments were conducted to determine if la crosse (lac) and tahyna (tah) viruses reassort in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes and to determine the genotypic frequencies of viruses selected by in vivo vector interactions. a molecular hybridization technique was used to analyze progeny viruses. probes specific for the la crosse l, m and s segments (plac4.16: lac l rna; plac4.27: lac m rna; plac4c-26: lac s rna) were used to determine the parental origin of the progeny rna segments. following infect ... | 1991 | 1950171 |
| isolation and characterization of sedlec virus, a new bunyavirus from birds. | a pathogenic agent designated av 172 was isolated from the blood of a reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) out of 767 samples from birds belonging to 35 species and 14 families. the birds (largely wetland passerines) were captured in the reed-belt littoral of nesyt fishpond in southern moravia, czechoslovakia, during the years 1984 to 1987. virus av 172 has been found to represent probably a new species (designated virus "sedlec") of family bunyaviridae. sedlec virus is pathogenic to suckling ... | 1990 | 1981444 |
| formation and intracellular transport of a heterodimeric viral spike protein complex. | we have analyzed the heterodimerization and intracellular transport from the er to the golgi complex (gc) of two membrane glycoproteins of a bunyavirus (uukuniemi virus) that matures by a budding process in the gc. the glycoproteins g1 and g2, which form the viral spikes, are cotranslationally cleaved in the er from a 110,000-d precursor. newly synthesized g1 was transported to the gc and incorporated into virus particles about 30-45 min faster than newly synthesized g2. analysis of the kinetics ... | 1991 | 1988460 |
| arbovirus infection in humans in nsw: seroprevalence and pathogenicity of certain australian bunyaviruses. | a sero epidemiological study was carried out on human sera from all regions of new south wales for the presence of antibodies to nine bunyaviruses viz aino, akabane, belmont, gan gan, kowanyama, mapputta, peaton, tinaroo, trubanaman and the orbivirus corriparta. neutralising antibodies were found in titres up to 1280 to gan gan and to 640 to trubanaman viruses, prevalences 4.7% and 1.4% respectively. neutralisation titres up to 40 were found to belmont, aino, peaton and corriparta viruses but th ... | 1990 | 2108660 |
| vector competence of aedes albopictus for a newly recognized bunyavirus from mosquitoes collected in potosi, missouri. | the vector competence of a kentucky strain of aedes albopictus was assessed for a newly recognized bunyavirus isolated from ae. albopictus collected in potosi, missouri. females are susceptible to peroral infection and 44.7% became infected after ingesting about 15 vero cell plaque-forming units (pfu) of virus. virus replicated and reached average titers of 10(5.4)-10(6.0) pfu/mosquito by day 7 postfeeding. fourteen (40%) of 35 females tested in an in vitro virus transmission experiment were inf ... | 1990 | 2121902 |
| congenital malformations in sheep resulting from in utero inoculation of cache valley virus. | serologic evidence indicated that an episode of congenital abnormalities in sheep was caused by cache valley virus (cvv), a bunyavirus indigenous to the united states. to determine the teratogenic potential of cvv in sheep, fetuses were infected in utero between 27 and 54 days of gestation with an isolate (ck-102) obtained in 1987 from a sentinel sheep in san angelo, texas. the dams of these fetuses were euthanatized between 28 and 75 days after inoculation, and the fetuses were examined for mal ... | 1990 | 2122779 |
| [concomitant activity of 2 bunyaviruses in horses in argentina]. | a serologic survey of horses for kairi (kri) and cache valley (cv), two related bunyaviruses, was conducted simultaneously in cordoba and santa fe provinces, argentina, during late 1983 and 1984. the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies only for kri was 13.3% and only for cv was 40.0%; but if the total positive sera for kri and cv were taken into account, the prevalence reached 48.3 and 75.0%, respectively. the prevalence for cv was higher than for kri in cordoba (p less than 0.01), but both we ... | 1990 | 2126879 |
| isolation of arboviruses from culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in colorado during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey. | an arbovirus survey was conducted in colorado and utah during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey (vsnj) that occurred in the western united states in 1982-1983. from 120,422 insect specimens assayed, 106 viruses were isolated. four were rhabdoviruses (vsnj), three were orbiviruses (bluetongue serotype-11), 92 were bunyamwera group (65 main drain and 27 lokern), and seven were simbu group (buttonwillow) bunyaviruses. culicoides spp. accounted for 105 viral isolates (c. (selfia) spp., ... | 1990 | 2167371 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific for the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus that react with other california serogroup viruses. | various degrees of cross-reactivity have been observed among members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses. since the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse (lac) virus, a member of this serogroup, has been shown to contain the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization, monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein were used in enzyme immunosorbent and kinetics of neutralization assays with the other california viruses to detect cross-reactive sites that may be involved in neutralization. the r ... | 1990 | 2179465 |
| neuroattenuated bunyavirus variant: derivation, characterization, and revertant clones. | a neuroattenuated variant bunyavirus, designated rfc/25b.5 (b.5), was selected by serial passage of a reassortant clone (rfc virus) of a california serogroup virus in bhk-21 cells, followed by plaque purification of that passaged stock. based on its virulence index (ratio of pfu/50% lethal dose), clone b5 was over 40,000-fold less virulent than its unpassaged rfc parent after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into adult mice. clone b.5 also exhibited markedly reduced neuroinvasiveness after subcu ... | 1990 | 2182907 |
| isolation of tete serogroup bunyaviruses from ceratopogonidae collected in colorado. | two viruses were isolated from ceratopogonid midges collected in northern colorado. electron microscopy indicated that both isolates were bunyavirus-like. indirect fluorescent antibody and serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests showed that these isolates were members of the tete serogroup, most closely related antigenically to tete and batama viruses but distinguishable from both and from each other. we suggest the name weldona virus for these isolates. antibody in both waterfowl a ... | 1990 | 2221226 |
| nontemplated bases at the 5' ends of tacaribe virus mrnas. | centrifugation of tacaribe arenavirus-infected cell extracts on cscl density gradients was used to separate genomes and antigenomes, which band at 1.31 g/ml as nucleocapsids, from mrnas which pellet. primer extensions on the banded rnas showed that the 5' ends of the genomes and antigenomes were unique, whereas primer extensions on the mrnas showed that their 5' ends were heterogenous in length, extending 0-4 bases beyond the 3' ends of the templates for their synthesis. this suggests that arena ... | 1990 | 2294647 |
| characterization of the 5' and 3' ends of viral messenger rnas isolated from bhk21 cells infected with germiston virus (bunyavirus). | the 3' ends of the s and m messenger rnas isolated from bhk21 cells infected with germiston virus were analyzed by mapping with rnase t2 or nuclease s1. the transcription termination signal was found to be located approximately 115 and 80 nucleotides upstream from the 3' end of the s and m genomic rna templates, respectively. both mrnas were found to possess several adenosine residues at their 3' ends, but were not polyadenylated. they have acquired at their 5' end a heterologous 12- to 18-nucle ... | 1990 | 2309451 |
| coding strategy of the s rna segment of dugbe virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae). | the s rna segment of dugbe (dug) virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae) was sequenced from three overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the s rna is 1712 nucleotides in length and contains one large open reading frame (orf) of 1326 nucleotides coding for a 49.4-kda protein on viral complementary (vc) rna. this protein in size corresponds to the dug nucleocapsid (n) protein (p. cash, 1985, j. gen. virol. 66, 141-148). the 49.4-kda product was expressed as a fusion protein with beta-galactosid ... | 1990 | 2327076 |
| heterologous reassortment of bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes and transovarial and oral transmission of newly evolved genotypes. | aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were orally infected with two different california serogroup bunyaviruses (la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses) and high frequency reassortment occurred in these mosquitoes. increased viral replication and subsequent gene segment reassortment was noted in the ovaries of mosquitoes that had ingested multiple blood-meals. to determine whether newly generated reassortant viruses could be transmitted transovarially to progeny mosquitoes, adult female mosquitoes were inoc ... | 1990 | 2345365 |
| quantitative in situ hybridization using strand specific rna probes: expression of the bunyavirus germiston s segment in mosquito cells. | infection of vero (monkey) cells by germiston bunyavirus is highly cytopathic with cell lysis and virus production at a high titre, whereas infection of aedes albopictus c6/36 (mosquito) cells leads, after an acute primary phase, to a persistent non-cytopathic infection with a loss in virus production. in this report we demonstrate that single-stranded rna probes can be successfully used in an in situ hybridization assay to quantify viral expression during this persistent infection. the steady-s ... | 1990 | 2402248 |
| synthesis of tacaribe virus polypeptides in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system. | we have analyzed polypeptides synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription and translation system in response to detergent-disrupted tacaribe virus. analysis of the major tacaribe virus-specified product by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that it had an isoelectric point similar to that of the tacaribe nucleocapsid polypeptide n; however, the in vitro product had an approximate mol. wt. of 73 000, compared to a mol. wt. of 68 000 for the n protein. the 73 000 dalt ... | 1985 | 2408399 |
| epitopes of the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus form overlapping clusters within a single antigenic site. | antigenic sites on the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse bunyavirus were defined by constructing a panel of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (f. gonzalez-scarano, r. e. shope, c. h. calisher, and n. nathanson (1982), virology 120, 42-53). to analyze the relationship between the individual epitopes delineated by monoclonal antibodies, 11 neutralizing antibodies were used to select variant viruses. these variant viruses were tested against the panel of anti-g1 protein monoclonal a ... | 1985 | 2414920 |