| degradation of myxovirus virion rna by periodate. | extensively degraded rna was isolated from virions of influenza virus which had been oxidized with sodium m-periodate. similarly, although to a lesser extent, rna isolated from periodate-treated ribonucleoprotein of influenza virus was also degraded. in contrast, influenza virus rna, if first freed from other virion components, was not degraded by periodate oxidation. | 1975 | 344 |
| adjuvant and immunostimulating activities of water-soluble substances extracted from mycobacterium tuberculosis (var. hominis). | water-soluble substances have been extracted from two strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis: the native hydrosoluble part (polysaccharide and peptidoglycan), a substance in which the polysaccharide moiety is less abundant than in the latter, the acetylated peptidoglycan and, finally a tetrasaccharide-heptapeptide. all four types of substances, when they were injected together with freund's incomplete adjuvant, exerted an adjuvant effect on the production of delayed-type hypersensiti ... | 1975 | 4166 |
| levels of immunoglobulins and antibodies to haemaglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza virus in nasal secretions after natural infection. | nasal washings (nw) from 16 influenza patients in the course of an epidemic in november and december, 1974 were examined for the presence of influenza virus, immunoglobulins (ig) and titres of haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) and neuraminidase inhibiting (ni) antibodies. influenza virus identical with a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2), increased levels of iga and occasionally igg, and specific antibodies were detected in the nw. the dynamics of hi and ni antibody formation did not differ substantiall ... | 1976 | 5867 |
| demonstration of influenza virus a in human heart by semiquantitative virus assay and immunofluorescence. | | 1976 | 5876 |
| electrophoretic separation and characterization of subunits released from influenza virus by detergents. | subunits released from influenza a/singapore/1/57 (h2n2) virus by either triton-x-100 (t-x-100); or sodium lauryl sarcosinate (sls) or ether were separated by electrophoresis in agarose suspension into a rapidly migrating fraction (i) and a slowly migrating fraction (ii). fraction i obtained after t-x-100 treatment contained the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) in a form indistinguishable from the obtained after ether treatment. sls treatment of the virus resulted in a rapidly migrating fraction co ... | 1976 | 7935 |
| interfering activity of virulent and attenuated influenza virus strains. | the interfering activity of influenza virus variants a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n202), a/victoria/35/72(h3n2-3), b/14/55 and b/ussr/69 differing in the level of their reactogenicity for adults and children was studied. an inverse relationship was established between reactogenicity of the strains and their interfering activity in the resistant chick embryo cell (cec) cultures. virulent strains did not interfere with vesicular stomatitis virus. vaccine strains used for commercial live influenza vaccine s ... | 1976 | 9798 |
| interaction of plasma membranes with influenza virus. vi. the possible role of the adenylate cyclase system. | the amounts of released soluble (s) antigen of influenza a/wsn virus were increased when the virus was allowed to interact with isolated plasma membranes in a medium containing substances enhancing the level of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (c'amp) or activating the enzyme adenylate cyclase. by contrast, less s-antigen was released upon addition to the incubation medium of foetal calf serum or calf serum proteins which activate c'amp phosphodiesterase and thus decrease the level of c'amp. ... | 1976 | 9818 |
| ts mutant of nws influenza virus: behaviour in vitro and in vivo. | after passaging the nws influenza virus at increasing temperatures in the hamster embryo fibroblast (hef) cell line, a temperature-resistant (tr) mutant which grew well at 39 degrees c was isolated. attempts were made to isolate temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants from the tr virus. after growth in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, 233 virus clones were isolated. among these only one was incapable of replicating at 39 degrees c. the physiological studies, the shift-up experiment and the electron mi ... | 1976 | 9820 |
| interaction of listeria monocytogenes and influenza in an animal model. | this study was designed to investigate the effects of viruses in the pathogenesis of listeria monocytogenes. the organisms used in this study were: listeria monocytogenes type 1 isolated from a local fatal case; mouse adapted influenza a/pr8/34 (honi); streptococcus pneumoniae group b (u.m. med. ctr.) and poliovirus type 2 mef--g3m2. balb-c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with one ld50 of listeria monocytogenes. ten days later, the survivors were challenged intransally with 10 ld50 of inf ... | 1976 | 10263 |
| some immunological mechanisms of the influenza virus antitumour effect. | vaccine strains of influenza a virus inhibited the growth of ascitic tumour cells and outbred rats or inbred mice. the infected tumour bearers had an enhanced immune response to viral and specific tumour antigens. these phenomena are apparently due to the formation of complexes of both antigens on cell membranes and increased immunogenicity of such complexes. | 1976 | 11666 |
| quantitative assay of influenza virus soluble antigen by complement-fixation micromethod. | a modified micromethod of complement fixation (cf) reaction for quantitive assay of influenzavirus soluble (s) antigen was elaborated. the method makes it possible to determine microquantities of s-antigen with an accuracy of +/- 15%. the accuracy of the method was checked by theoretical calculations. | 1976 | 11669 |
| effect of virus infection on the inflammatory response. depression of macrophage accumulation in influenza-infected mice. | to better define the mechanisms by which viruses depress immune function, the effect of influenza infection on the ability of macrophages to accumulate at sites of inflammation was determined. mice were inoculated with virus, and their inflammatory response measured in vivo by counting the number of leukocytes which accumulated in the peritoneal cavity 2 days after an intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin. mice infected with influenza had a 57% and 65% depression of total leukocyte and ... | 1976 | 11695 |
| interactions between viruses and bacteria in patients with chronic bronchitis. | the possibility that viral infections of the respiratory tract might predispose to bacterial colonization or infection was studied in 120 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 30 control subjects; these individuals were observed for seven years. the ratio of the number of observed to the number of expected associations between viruses and bacteria was 2.43 (p = 0.037) for the pair influenza virus and streptococcus pneumoniae and was 2.06 (p = 0.056) for influenza virus and haem ... | 1976 | 12235 |
| relationships between chemical structure and antiviral activity of some biguanide derivatives. | the aim of this report was to indicate the correlation between chemical structure and antiviral activity of some biguanide derivatives obtained according to monsanto chemicals ltd. neth. appl. 289. 283. the studies were carried out on the culture of monkey kidney cells infected with parainfluenza sendai virus and on the mice infected with influenza virus. the increase of antiviral activities of n-phenylbiguanide and n-p-ethoxyphenylbiguanide was estimated. | 1977 | 14461 |
| effect of a proteolytic enzyme inhbitor on influenza virus replication. | n-tosyl-l-phenylalanyl chloromethane patially inhibited the multiplicatiion of fowl plague virus (fpv) in infected cells. the capacity of the inhibitor to suppress the muliplication of fpv depended on the host cell system. | 1977 | 15441 |
| flocculation of influenza virus by a neuraminidase inhibitor, neuraminin, produced by streptomyces sp. | | 1977 | 16382 |
| effect of influenza virus on the immune responsiveness of animals. | infection of mice with a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) and a/pr8/34 (h0n1) influenza virus strains resulted in a significant inhibition of the formation of antibody-producing cells in response to administration of sheep erythrocytes and a reduced capacity of spleen cells to induce "graft-versus-host" reaction. the immunosuppression caused by influenza infection was observed for a long period of time post infection (3--6 months). the extent of inhibition of antibody production depended on the dose of vir ... | 1977 | 17278 |
| interaction of plasma membranes with influenza virus. vii. effect on 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity. | in chick embryo cells (cec) and plasma membranes (pm) isolated therefrom, three forms of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) phosphodiesterase (pde) were demonstrated: (1) pde activated only by ca2+ (ca-pde); (2) pde activated only by mg2+ (mg-pde); and (3) pde stimulated in the presence of 2 mm mg2+ by low concentrations of ca2+ (ca-mg-pde). purified influenza a virus, under suitable conditions, lowered the activities of these pdes. the decrease was greater in samples incubated in the p ... | 1977 | 17292 |
| improved methods of influenza virus propagation. i. enhancement of virus reproduction in cell cultures. | comparative studies on the reproduction of a set of influenza a and b virus strains in different cell cultures were carried out. a cultivation system yielding influenza virus with high infectivity, based on the use of roller cultures of bovine embryo kidney cells, of virus strains adapted to this culture, and of a maintenance medium of improved composition, was developed. | 1977 | 18922 |
| improved methods of influenza virus propagation. ii. characteristics of cell culture and allantoic virus preparations. | regular reproduction of influenza a virus with infectious titres of 7.4--8.5 log eid50/0.2 ml was observed in roller bovine embryo kidney cell cultures. the haemagglutinating activity of the cell culture preparations was 8-33-fold lower than that of the allantoic preparations, the infectivity being similar. cell culture preparations of influenza a/victoria/35/72 and a /leningrad/538/74 viruses were markedly immunogenic in laboratory animals and antigenically active in complement fixation (cf) te ... | 1977 | 18923 |
| studies on the antigenicity of an inactivated, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant equine influenza vaccine. | an inactivated, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant equine influenza vaccine was tested in horses and guinea pigs to determine the levels of antigen that would elicit maximum serological responses. vaccine containing serial twofold increments of a/equi-1/prague and a/equi-2/miami strains of equine influenza virus was administered to random groupings of both types of test animals. the hemagglutination inhibition antibody response for each group was then measured. results in horses and guinea pigs were co ... | 1977 | 20211 |
| investigation on the mechanisms of the failure of human influenza virus to replicate in chick embryo cell cultures. | thirteen strains of human influenza virus producing in chick embryo cell (cec) cultures either virions with low infectivity or no virions were studied. in cec, most of the strains induced synthesis of viral rna, polypeptides, and ribonucleoprotein and produced functionaly active haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and virions lower infectivity. the low infectivity of virions produced by strains of this functional group was due to disturbed cleavage of a polypeptide, haemagglutinin precursor, formed in ... | 1977 | 20762 |
| comparison of interferon-inducing activities and antiviral effects of tobacco mosaic virus, tilorone and sodium nucleinate. | endogenous interferon was produced in animals in response to the administration of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), tilorone and sodium nucleinate. the relationship between interferon production and the kind of inducer and the route of its administration was studied. tmv was completely innocuous for macaca rhesus monkeys and mice and caused no untoward effects in humans upon peroral administration. tmv, tilorone and sodium nucleinate given per os exerted a marked protective effect in mice against tic ... | 1977 | 20769 |
| influenza virus antigens in human leukocytes after oral administration of live tissue culture influenza a monovaccine. | influenza a virus antigens were detected in leukocytes by immunofluorescence. after intravenous inoculation of the a/moscow/16/65 (h2n2) vaccine strain to chickens, cytoplasmic antigens of the virus were observed in mononuclear leukocytes from 24 to 72 hours post inoculation (p.i.). the course of antigen detectability was similar after two repeated inoculations of the virus. after oral vaccination of human volunteers with a live tissue culture influenza a monovaccine from the x-47 (h3n2) recombi ... | 1977 | 22233 |
| oxygen uptake and lung function in mice infected with streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, or mycoplasma pulmonis. | model systems of respiratory infection in mice were established with streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, and mycoplasma pulmonis. the lt50 for s. pneumoniae was 2 1/2 days, for lethal influenza 6 days, and for m. pulmonis 5 days. morbidity in sublethal influenza infections reached a peak during days 5 to 10, with recovery indicated by the third week. the course of each pulmonary infection was followed by use of the animal's maximal ability to consume oxygen (vo2max by determining the weig ... | 1978 | 23401 |
| the course of influrenza infection in mice with graft-versus-host reaction. | the course of influenza infection in mice with a developed graft-versus-host reaction (gvhr) was changed. due to disturbances in the inflammatory process the pneumonia was delayed and less marked. consequently, the infected mice died later than controls. influenza virus reproduction in the lungs was more intensive and its persistence more prolonged. interferon production in the lungs of mice with gvhr was similar to that in the controls. | 1977 | 23665 |
| evaluation of the effectiveness of receptor destroying enzyme preparations. | a procedure has been developed for testing receptor destroying enzyme (rde) preparations used to remove nonspecific inhibitors before carrying out haemagglutination inhibition tests with influenza virus. four criteria should be taken into account: (1) titre of rde, usually used to indicate the activity of the preparation; (2) neuraminidase activity of the preparation, determined biochemically, which partially corresponds to the rde titre; (3) direct demonstration of the complete removal of nonsp ... | 1977 | 23666 |
| autoantibodies in sera of rabbits immunized with influenza virus. | rabbits immunized with purified influenza a (h3n2) virus within 4 weeks developed autoantibodies of sma type (smooth muscle antibodies). in some of them also abba (antibodies against brush border of proximal renal tubuli) and ana (anti-nuclear antibodies) were detected. this autoimmune response was found to be unrelated to either the virus dose or the adjuvant used for immunization. autoantibodies were not parallel in titre with influenza antibody. | 1977 | 23669 |
| animal influenza virus neuraminidase: studies on dependence of some of its properties on its association with hemagglutinin. | neuraminidase (nase) thermostability and sensitivity to ph treatment as well as specific enzymatic activity (nase activity per 1 ha unit) were determined in two groups of animal influenza virus strains containing equine 1 and equine 2 nase subtypes, respectively (a/equine/prague/56 (heq1 neq1), a/equine/cambridge/63 (heq1 neq1), a/fpv/dutch/34 (hav1 neq1), a/chicken/germany "n" (hav2 neq1), in one group, and a/equine/miami/1/63 (heq2 neq2), a/turkey/canada/63 (hav6 neq2), a/duck/ukraine/1/63 (ha ... | 1977 | 23976 |
| radioimmunoassay of influenza a virus haemagglutinin. i. preparation and properties of radioactive 125i-labelled bromelain-released haemagglutinin. | haemagglutinin released from influenza a virus recombinant mrc11 antigenically identical to the strain a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) by bromelain treatment and purified by rate zonal centrifugation (further on b-ha) was examined for eventual contamination by neuraminidase. according to specific enzymatic activities corresponding to mrc11 virus and b-ha alone respectively, b-ha contained less than 0.1% of enzymatically active neuraminidase orginally present in the virus. gel double diffusion tests, ... | 1978 | 25002 |
| comparative study of virion transcriptase of some influenza virus strains. | the activities, the temperature and ph optima of in vitro functioning and stability upon heating of virion transcriptase of 10 human influenza virus a strains differing in reactogenicity and isolated in different epidemiological situations, and of fowl plague virus (fvp) were compared. as compared with virion transcriptase of human influenza virus strains studied, that of fpv had a higher ph optimum, was capable of functioning in vitro at a higher temperature and was more stable on heating. fres ... | 1978 | 26210 |
| age-related change of the absolute number of igg-, and igm-bearing b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood following influenza vaccination. | the absolute number of igg-, and igm-bearing b lymphocytes and of t lymphocytes was determined in the peripheral blood of 12 old (over 60 years) and 11 young (20 to 40 years) healthy persons before vaccination and 6 days and 6 weeks, respectively after vaccination. it has been found that as opposed to an approximately fivefold increase of igg bearing cells in young persons, the increase did hardly reach double of the original value in old individuals. the absolute number of t lymphocytes partici ... | 1978 | 26251 |
| marked difference in electrophoretic migration rates between two influenza a viruses. | comparative moving boundary electrophoresis revealed that influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (h0n1) has a 2.5 times higher electrophoretic migration rate at ph 7 than influenza virus a/singpore/1/57 (h2n2). this difference was the same whether the compared viruses were purified first by either ammonium sulphate precipitation or adsorption onto and elution from red blood cells and then by density gradient centrifugation. the same electrophoretic methods was used for testing the homogeneity of influenza vi ... | 1978 | 27965 |
| effect of interferon and poly i:c on replication of influenza virus in organ cultures of human origin. | interferon and poly i : c inhibited the growth of influenza virus in organ cultures of foetal nasal mucosa, trachea, oesophagus and adult nasal mucosa. no antiviral effect was observed in decidua organ cultures. the combined use of interferon and poly i : c resulted in the enhancement of the antiviral effect. | 1978 | 27973 |
| temperature-sensitive recombinants of influenzavirus b. | | 1978 | 27978 |
| conditions for production of thermosensitive attenuated influenza virus recombinants. | recombination and cross-reactivation between virulent influenza viruses and a cold-adapted thermosensitive vaccine strain regularly produced genetically stable attenuated recombinants, the selection of which was based on the thermosensitivity marker. this marker, correlating with the safety of the recombinants for man was inherited independently on the properties of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. there was no relationship between the thermosensitivity of the resulting rec ... | 1978 | 29464 |
| isolation of influenza virus from wild ducks (anas platyrhynchos). | in the course of studies on influenza virus ecology, influenzavirus a was isolated from a cloacal smear from a wild duck (anas platyrhynchos) caught in west slovakia. the strain was identified as a(hav7nav1). the results of virus isolation experiments from other species of aquatic and other small birds were negative. | 1978 | 29468 |
| strain differences in electrophoretic mobility of influenzavirus a polypeptides. | slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of influenza-virus a strains varying in antigenic composition of the envelope and in the natural host species showed the nucleprotein and membrane proteins to have a standard molecular weight of 58,000 and 24,000 daltons, respectively. the electrophoretic mobility and molecular weights of the light and heavy chains of haemagglutinin varied in the strains under study. the differences observed persisted on passaging and were transferred upon genome recombina ... | 1978 | 29472 |
| antigenic glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 of influenza virus haemagglutinin. i. gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. | highly purified glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 were separated from bromelain-released haemagglutinin of influenza virus a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) by gel filtration in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride under reducing conditions. the purity of both glycopolypeptides was proved by extensive studies. despite the lack of c-terminal end, the isolated ha2 glycopolypeptide displayed some hydrophobic properties. | 1978 | 30262 |
| improved detection by immunodiffusion of type-specific influenza antibody in avian sera. | various solvents and kinds of agar and agarose as well as various ribonucleoprotein (rnp) antigen preparations were tested in a search for optimal conditions for the detection of low levels of type-specific influenza antibody in avian sera by gel double diffusion. the best results were obtained with one kind of agarose in a solvent with lowered ionic strength (approx. 0.075 m). a hypertonic solvent usually gave worse or negative results, with the exception of one kind of agarose. in general, aga ... | 1978 | 30266 |
| influence of experimental influenza infection of the eye on the course of herpetic keratitis in rabbits. | influenza virus monoinfection and combined influenza and herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection of the eye was studied in rabbits. influenza a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus caused a clinically overt disease of the eye only after inoculation into the eye chamber. the combined influenza and hsv infection of the eye induced severe iridocyclitis. the combined infection of the eye with influenza virus and hsv had a more severe course than hsv monoinfection. the occurence of influenza antibody in the lacr ... | 1978 | 35945 |
| antigenic glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 of influenza virus haemagglutinin. iii. reactivity with human convalescent sera. | the immune reactivity to both haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 [prepared from bromelain-released haemagglutinin of influenza virus a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2)], was demonstrated by both gel double immundiffusion and radioimmunoassay in human convalescent sera obtained after natural infection during influenza epidemics in 1974/75 and 1976/77. in gel double immunodiffusion, the precipitin line(s) corresponding to glycopolypeptide ha1 were always more distinct than precipin line(s) correspond ... | 1979 | 35954 |
| detection and tissue localization of components of the immune complex in animals infected and immunized with influenza virus. | mice previously vaccinated or convalescents after infection with mouse-adapted influenza virus were challenged by various routes with live or inactivated virus. the components of the immune complex (antigen-antibody-complement) could be detected by immunofluorescence in lungs, kidneys, and heart. the frequency of positive immunofluorescence reaction was related to serum antibody level and, to some extent, to the route the animals were challenged. | 1979 | 35959 |
| antigenic glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 of influenza virus haemagglutinin. iv. immunogenic properties of separated haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides. | highly purified haemagglutinin glycopolypeptides ha1 and ha2 were effective in eliciting an antibody response. ha2 had a markedly greater immunogenic potential than ha1. in gel double immunodiffusion, sera from rabbits immunized with ha2 produced more distinct precipitin lines than sera obtained by immunization with ha1. both kinds of rabbit sera gave precipitation with homologous antigen and with bromelain-released and purified haemagglutinin (b-ha). in radioimmunoassay, sera from rabbits immun ... | 1979 | 35964 |
| natural, genetically determined resistance toward influenza virus in hemopoietic mouse chimeras. role of mononuclear phagocytes. | radiation chimeras produced by crosswise transfers of bone-marrow cell among histocompatible mice susceptible, or genetically resistant, to lethal challenge by a number of myxoviruses were used to test whether macrophage resistance (as assessed in vitro) and resistance of the animal (as measured in vivo), both previously shown to be brought about by the gene mx, were causally related. 49 chimeras were tested individually, both of resistance of their macrophages to in vitro challenge with m-tur ( ... | 1979 | 36443 |
| detection of "alpha-type" inhibitors in the presence of low levels of specific influenza antibodies. | in native, heated or otherwise treated egg white and in sera of men and guinea pigs, haemagglutination inhibition titres were determined against three inhibitor-sensitive (is) strains and one inhibitor-resistant (ir) variant on influenza a virus. a few human sera with no detectable antibody revealed high inhibition titres even against the ir variant. human sera after treatment with trypsin and periodate revealed mostly a reduction or no change, and exceptionally an increase of their inhibition t ... | 1979 | 39434 |
| role of calcium dependent regulator protein (cdr) in inhibition of 3',5'-c amp-phosphodiesterase by influenza virus. i. isolation and purification of cdr and cdr-dependent 3',5'-c' amp-phosphodiesterase from chick embryos. | calcium-dependent regulator protein (cdr) and cdr-dependent 3',5'-c amp-phosphodiesterase were isolated and partially purified from 12-day chick embryos. some basic properties of the preparations obtained were described. native (infectious) but not noninfectious (heat-inactivated) influenza virus in the presence of cdr and atp reduced the activity of cdr-dependent phosphodiesterase. | 1979 | 40416 |
| role of calcium-dependent regulator protein (cdr) in inhibition of 3',5'-c amp-phosphodiesterase by influenza virus. ii. kinetic studies on inhibition of cdr-dependent phosphodiesterase by influenza virus. | as revealed by spectrophotometry, native but not heat-inactivated influenza virus in the presence of atp reduced the activity of calcium-dependent regulator protein-stimulated 3',5'-c amp-phosphodiesterase (cdr-pde). atp could be partially replaced by adp but not by amp. the degree of cdr-pde inhibition increased with increasing virus concentration. but at very high virus concentrations the rate of 3',5'-c amp hydrolysis by cdr-pde was not linearly dependent on time. at appropriate virus concent ... | 1979 | 40417 |
| annual examination of influenza virus infection among pigs in miyagi prefecture, japan: the appearance of hsw1n1 virus. | annual dissemination of swine and hong kong influenza viruses among hogs in miyagi prefecture, japan, was examined by virus recovery and serological tests. the serological examination revealed that two distinct influenza a viruses, h3n2 and hsw1n1, had caused dual epidemic in pigs since mid-1977. some individual sera contained antibodies against both strains. although positive sera against hong kong or swine influenza viruses appeared in the serosurvey throughout the year, the positive ratios in ... | 1979 | 41437 |
| clearance of antibody and complement in serum after challenge of mice previously vaccinated or infected with influenza virus. | mice previously vaccinated or convalescent after infection with mouse-adapted influenza virus were challenged by various routes with live or inactivated virus. the levels of haemagglutination inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies and complement in serum were found to decrease distinctly within several hours after challenge: the reconstitution to initial levels occurred within three days. | 1979 | 41439 |
| properties of influenzavirus nucleocapsids in nonpermissive cells. | the properties of fowl plague virus (influenzavirus a) nucleocapsids isolated from the cytoplasm of infected ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and chick embryo cells were compared. nucleocapsids isolated from both systems possessed similar polypeptides (p and np) but differed in their biophysical characteristics. nucleocapsids from ascites cells sedimented in velocity sucrose gradients slower (from 25 to 50 s) and the majority of them banded at higher density in cscl gradients (rho 1.38 as compare ... | 1979 | 42293 |
| the effect of immunization on polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in influenza. | challenge of human subjects with influenza virus produced a significant fall in the chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukoyctes (pmn's) obtained from their peripheral blood. this was seen by 3 days with some return toward normal function at 7 days but with a persistent defect still found at 20 days after challenge. | 1979 | 42304 |
| [role of carbohydrates in the manifestation of the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the influenza virus]. | suspensions of influenza virions (mrc-11, x-7, and a/pr8/34 strains) were treated with a mixture of glycosidases including alpha-d-mannosidase, alpha-l-fucosidase, beta-d-galactosidase, and beta-d-n--acetylglucosaminidase for the study of the influence of carbohydrate part of influenza virus surface glycoproteins on the hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity. the availability of oligosaccharide chains for the effect of glycosidases was found to change in relation to the functional status of ... | 1979 | 43031 |
| [influenza virus hemagglutinin affinity for bentonite]. | | 1979 | 43460 |
| site of replication of influenza virus a/budgerigar/hokkaido/1/77 (hav 4 nav 1) in budgerigars. | | 1979 | 44601 |
| squamous metaplasia of the lung alveolar epithelium in mice after influenza virus infection. | metaplasia of the lung alveolar epithelium was observed in mice challenged with influenza virus after previous infection, and in mice repeatedly infected. immunological factors are suggested to contribute to the development of the process. | 1979 | 44665 |
| serological evidence of h1 influenza virus infection among japanese hogs. | classical h1 influenza firus infection among japanese hogs was confirmed in 1978 by serological examination. of 820 swine sera collected from july 1977 to february 1979 in miyagi prefecture, northern japan, six sera were found to contain haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies to the a/fm/1/47 (h1n1) strain. of the six sera, one showed a significant high hi antibody titre, which was classified as igm, to the fm1 strain, but not the other h1n1 variants. these results strongly suggest that ho ... | 1979 | 44667 |
| [animal experiments with combined local immunization against an influenza virus disease (author's transl)]. | | 1979 | 44774 |
| [comparative studies on the vaccination of mice with inactivated influenza virus administered by the aerosol technique, by the intranasal or intramuscular route (author's transl)]. | nmri mice were immunized intramuscular, intranasal or by aerosol, using the ethylethylenimine inactivated and polyethylenglycolconcentrated influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 (ho/n1). differences in the immune response resulted from all three routes. intranasal and intramuscular vaccination were superior to aerosol application. a possible explanation for this could be the fact that relatively small amounts of the inhaled virus antigen developed antigenic activity on the mucous membrane. a single v ... | 1979 | 44935 |
| [complement fixation reaction in the typing of influenza viruses isolated in rio de janeiro]. | the author studied by the complement fixation test the influenza virus strains isolated in rio de janeiro during the 1973 epidemic. he prepared immunesera in hamsters by the inoculation of the allantoic fluid from infected chick embryos with each of the 7 isolated strains and the standard strains. the soluble antigens were prepared with the allantoic fluid of infected chick embryos. the tests were identically positive with the a2/hong kong/68 and a2/england/72 antigens and negative with the b/ma ... | 1976 | 45710 |
| immunity to influenza. | immunity to influenza virus may be considered from the standpoints of viral and hostfactors. amonst viral factors the phenomena of antigenic 'shift' and 'drift' of the surface antigens. hemagglutinin ha and neuraminidase na, are of utmost importance in enabling the virus to combat host immunity and to produce recurrent pandemics and epidemics of disease. 'shift' involves major changes in the antigenic character of the ha and na antigens, and serological studies reveal little or no crossreactions ... | 1975 | 47824 |
| the neuraminidase yield-reduction bioassay of human other interferons. | the production of neuraminidase by the recombinant influenza virus x7(f1) in human monkey, rabbit, hamster, mouse, and chicken cell cultures is inhibited by interferon. described is a new enzyme assay for neuraminidase that can be applied to the bioassay of interferons. the advantages of this interferon bioassay are its sensitivity, reproducibility, rapidity, and convenience. | 1975 | 50598 |
| cellular immunity to myelin basic protein in man and in animal model systems as measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test. | lymphocytes from patients with neoplastic disease were tested for sensitization to encephalitogenic factor (ef) by the macrophage migration inhibition test. sensitization to ef was demonstrated in 71% of patients with various forms of neoplastic disease. sensitization to ef was also demonstrated for 31% of subjects with no evidence of neoplastic disease; these included patients with warts, chronic bronchitis and hernias. in contrast, healthy subjects showed no sensitization to myelin basic prote ... | 1975 | 50855 |
| inhibition of synthesis of influenza virus proteins: evidence of two host-cell-dependent events during multiplication. | | 1975 | 51536 |
| recombinant wrl 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine. immunogenicity, reactivity, and transmissibility. | the immunogenicity, reactivity, and transmissibility of recombinant wrl 105 (h3n2) (a/okuda/57xa/finland/4/74) strain live attenuated influenza virus vaccine were studied in adult male volunteers in a residential community in rural england. thirteen volunteers received a single dose of 10(7.0) e.i.d.50 recombinant wrl 105 vaccine administered as nose drops, and twelve volunteers received placebo. nine (82%) of eleven volunteers with initial antibody titres of less than or equal to 1/96 showed a ... | 1975 | 51958 |
| trials in man with live recombinants made from a/pr/8/34 (h0 n1) and wild h3 n2 influenza viruses. | a long-term study is described of recombinant influenza viruses produced from the avirulent laboratory strain, a/pr/8/34 (h0 n1), and newly isolated h3 n2 influenza virus variants. a number of h3 h2 recombinants were found to be attenuated for man and capable of inducing antibody formation, and were therefore potentially usable as live vaccines. however, the volunteer trials as a whole suggested that, in this system, there might not be complete segregation of virulence and antigenic characterist ... | 1975 | 52768 |
| studies on the origin of pandemic influenza viruses v. persistence of asian influenza virus hemagglutinin (h2) antigen in nature? | | 1975 | 52942 |
| formation of virosomes from influenza subunits and liposomes. | the surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase projections of influenza virus were removed from the viral envelope, purified, and relocated on the surface of unilamellar liposomes. the resulting structures were examined in the electron microscope and found to resemble the original virus. units of both the viral haemagglutinin and viral neuraminidase could be discerned. the name virosome is proposed for these new bodies. | 1975 | 53375 |
| antigenic relationship between the surface antigens of avian and equine influenze viruses. | influenza virus equine 1 (a/equine/prague/56) has a hemagglutinin which is antigenically related to the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus strain rostock (fpv) and a neuraminidase which cross-reacts with the enzyme of virus n (a/chick/germany/49). after a single injection of chickens with equine 1 virus no hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) and neutralizing antibodies against fpv can be demonstrated, although the birds are fully protected against a lethal dose of fpv. hi and neutralizing antibodie ... | 1975 | 53781 |
| diversity of the antibody response to the different antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin subunits of influenza viruses. | sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with hemagglutinin (ha) subunits isolated from the a/port chalmers/73 (h3n2)strain of influenza virus showed great differences in their cross-reactions with different strains of influenza virus. in hemagglutination-inhibition tests, some sera reacted to about the same titer with a/port chalmers/73 and a/hong kong/68 viruses, suggesting that these two strains were very closely related. other sera, which reacted to high titer with a/port chalmers/73 virus, had only ... | 1976 | 55438 |
| impairment of human polymorphonuclear leucocyte function by influenza virus. | the effects of an influenza virus on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function were examined in vitro with a view to explaining why bacterial pneumonia often accompanies influenza in man. the ability of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes to show chemotaxis and to phagocytose staphylococci was inhibited when they were incubated with influenza viruses. hexose-monophosphate-shunt activation was unaffected. the inhibitory effects were apparently specific to the virus. | 1976 | 55591 |
| letter: inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by influenza virus. | | 1976 | 55938 |
| antigenic variation of neuraminidase of human type a influenza (h3n2) viruses isolated in berlin (west). | after the emergence of the a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) strain of influenza virus antigenic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens have been demonstrated leading to the identification of the variants a/england/42/72,a/port chalmers/1/73 and a/scotland/840/74. this study describes antigenic changes of neuraminidases in influenza viruses isolated since 1968 in berlin (west). a collection of 13 isolates of human type a influenza was studied in neuraminidase inhibition tests. the resul ... | 1975 | 56831 |
| cytological changes in the urine in the form of inclusion-bearing cells, giant cells and haematuria after vaccination with inactivated influenza virus vaccine. a study with application of millipore procedure and papanicolaou staining. | marked cellular reactions in the urine appeared after subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza virus vaccine. inclusion-bearing epithelial cells increased in 16 cases from 2.4 to 9.6% and erythrocytes from 2.5 to 16.2 per visual field. pathological values for inclusion-bearing cells were found in 5 of 18 cases (28%), spherical giant cells in 3 (17%), and an abnormal number of erythrocytes in 7 (39%). killed virus, lacking the capability of replication, thus gave rise both to the forma ... | 1976 | 57642 |
| wrl 105 strain (h3n2) live attenuated influenza vaccine: acceptability, reactivity, and antibody response in normal, bronchitic, and geriatric volunteers. | the acceptability, reactivity, and antibody responses of recombinant wrl 105 strain, live, attenuated influenza virus vaccine administered intranasally were studied in seventeen normal adults, and in seventeen bronchitic and twenty-one geriatric volunteers. the effect on peak flow and 1-second forced expiratory volume (f.e.v.1) on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days after vaccination was measured in the bronchitic and normal groups. seroconversion occurred in 80% to tht homologous virus, in 40.6% to a/vi ... | 1976 | 58306 |
| swine influenza virus in man. zoonosis or human pandemic? | | 1976 | 59086 |
| swine influenza virus and the recycling of influenza-a viruses in man. | sera collected in 1967 and 1972 from people in the 0-100 age-group showed haemagglutination-inhibition (h.i.) antibody to swine virus a/iowa/15/30 (hsw1n1) in greatest number and with highest titre in people born before 1918. a slight decrease was observed from 1967 to 1972 in the number of sera with antibody to swine virus and in the height of the titres. the recently isolated a/new jersey/10/76 (hsw1n1) virus showed a result comparable to that of the swine/1930 virus in sera of 1972. on the an ... | 1976 | 59252 |
| influenza virus subunit vaccines. ii. immunogenicity and original antigenic sin in humans. | subunit vaccines containing hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleocapsids of a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) influenza virus were prepared after treatment of purified virus with ammonium deoxycholate. the immunogenicity of these subunits and the response to the common and specific antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin subunits were studied in man. the subunits were as immunogenic in man as intact inactivated influenza virus vaccine at an equivalent concentration. booster doses of antigen did ... | 1976 | 59787 |
| [contribution to the antigenic study of influenza viruses in animals. i.--neuraminidase of the equine influenza viruses (author's transl)]. | from the revised nomenclature of who, the fowl influenza virus a/duck/ukraine/63 (hav7 neq2) has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus a/equi 2/miami/63 (heq2 neq2); the a/chicken germany "n"/49 virus has the same neuraminidase as the equine virus a/equi 1/prague/56. a comparative study of the antigenic specificities confirms that the neq2 neuraminidases are closely connected, whatever their animal origin, and that the fowl strain hav7 neq2 can be used for the titration of anti neq2 antibod ... | 1975 | 60076 |
| influenza a virus interaction with murine lymphocytes. i. the influence of influenza virus a/japan 305 (h2n2) on the pattern of migration of recirculating lymphocytes. | the effect of influenza virus a/japan 305 (h2n2) on the path of migration of recirculating lymphocytes has been studied. 51cr-labeled rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (tdl) were incubated with virus at 37 degrees c for 1 hr and then infused i.v. into syngeneic recipients which were killed 1 hr later. virus-treated tdl accumulated in the liver and their recovery in lymph nodes and spleen was severely reduced. changes in lymphocytes induced by virus developed rapidly and were evident after incubation ... | 1976 | 60451 |
| isolation of influenza virus from liver and muscle biopsy specimens from a surviving case of reye's syndrome. | influenza virus (a/ohio/7/76) was demonstrated by haemagglutination and by direct electron microscopy in chick embryo fluids inoculated with liver, muscle, cerebrospinal fluid, and nasotracheal secretions obtained from a boy with reye's syndrome, 8 days after the onset of the upper-respiratory-tract symptoms and at the height of neurological and hepatic involvement. this finding accords with the hypothesis that reye's syndrome may be an epiphenomenon of influenza-virus infection. it is postulate ... | 1976 | 61342 |
| the analysis of the monoclonal immune response to influenza virus. ii. the antigenicity of the viral hemagglutinin. | the antigenicity of the hemagglutinins (ha) of five influenza viruses of the a0 and a1 subtypes has been analyzed by means of monoclonal antibodies of murine origin produced in vitro. secondary monoclonal anti-ha(pr8) antibodies were able to differentiate 14 antigenic determinants (or groups of determinants) on the ha of five influenza virus strains of the a0 and a1 subtypes. taking into account that certain pairs of determinants delineated on heterologous ha may reflect the heterogeneity of the ... | 1976 | 62020 |
| [antigenic structure of the neuraminidases of vaccinal strains of influenza virus type a used in the production of live anti-influenza oral vaccine]. | | 1976 | 62454 |
| [comparative analysis of the antigenic composition of the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses a/england/42/72, a/port chalmers/73 and a/ussr/053/74]. | the presence of three antigenic determinants was demonstrated by the method of selective adsorption of inhibitor-free sera (hi test) and complement-fixation test (cft) in hemagglutinins (ha) of influenza a/port chalmers/73 and a/ussr/053/74 viruses. these variants with closely similar antigenic composition have two antigenic determinants related with na of a/england/42/72 virus, whereas the third antigenic determinant is specific only for them and is lacking in a/england/42/72 virus na. accordin ... | 1976 | 62455 |
| [antigenic characteristics of chicken influenza viruses]. | data on isolation of chicken influenza virus strains in this country during epizootics in 1970--1975 are presented, and the antigenic characteristics of the isolates are described. all the strains had a mixed hemagglutinin type (gp6-h3n2) and neuraminidase h2. neuraminidase of the strains had more marked antigenic relationship with h2 human influenza a/singapore/57 (h2n2) virus than h2 of other human influenza virus strains. the size of km of neuraminidase is similar in all chicken influenza vir ... | 1976 | 62456 |
| comparative study of the electrophoretic mobility of the rna of influenza parent and recombinant strains. | the electrophoretic mobility of the rna of influenza viruses a/wsn, a/singapore and their antigenic recombinants x-7 and x-9 was investigated. the genome of each virus studied consisted of seven pieces of rna. the electrophoretic profile of the influenza virus a/wsn rna differed from that of a/singapore but resumbled that of the recombinant x-9 genome. the essential differences were connected with the properties of the fifth fragment of the rna. the molecular weight of this rna species of influe ... | 1976 | 63276 |
| effect of ca++ on the stability of influenza virus neuraminidase. | the neuraminidases of different strains of influenza virus varied in their stability at 37 degrees c. the enzymes of the strains with n1 neuraminidases were found to be unstable during incubation at 37 degrees c whereas the enzymes of the strains with the n2 neuraminidases were stable. among the strains with n2 neuraminidases, the enzymes of some strains were inactivated during dialysis at 37 degrees c whereas the enzymes of others were stable. this observed loss of enzyme activity during dialys ... | 1976 | 63277 |
| behaviour in ferrets of swine influenza virus isolated from man. | after intranasal instillation into ferrets, the "swine" influenza virus a/new jersey/8/76(hsw1 n1) had a 50% minimal infectious dose similar to that of previously tested a/pr/8-a/england (h3 n2) recombinants virulent and attenuated for man. a/new jersey produced only a mild upper respiratory tract infection. however, higher titres of virus were recovered from the lungs over a longer period than experienced previously with asian and hong kong virus strains. there was a diphasic pyrexia the second ... | 1977 | 63712 |
| solid-phase radioimmunoassay as a method for evaluating antigenic differences in type a influenza viruses. | an indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) procedure was developed to determine its usefulness in assessing antigenic variation in the surface antigens of type a influenza virus strains. the importance of several test variables was examined, and those having a significant effect on the binding ratios were identified. the reproducibility of the ria procedure was investigated. maximum variation of the mean binding ratios encountered in repetitive tests was found to be approximately 20%. the an ... | 1977 | 64458 |
| binding of antibodies to isolated haemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules of influenza virus observed in the electron microscope. | | 1977 | 64612 |
| a competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens. | a double-antibody competitive-inhibition radioimmunoassay for influenza virus envelope antigens is described. a viral antigen preparation from influenza a virus recombinant mrc11 [antigenically identical to a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2)] consisting of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was labelled with radioiodine. rabbit antisera were allowed to react with the labelled antigen and the resultant antigen-antibody complexes were precipitated with the appropriate antiglobulin. the competitive-inhibiti ... | 1976 | 65118 |
| [analysis of the antigenic properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975]. | the etiology of influenza epidemic of 1974-1975 in the ussr was studied. the influenza viruses isolated from patients in the period of the 1974-1975 epidemic were tested in the hemagglutination-inhibition, neuraminidase activity-inhibition, immunoadsorption and biological neutralization tests. the majority of the strains tested were shown to be similar to the new antigenic variant a/port chalmers/1/73. it means that the strains of a/port chalmers/1/73 variant occurred epidemically in this region ... | 1976 | 67716 |
| preparation-conditioned changes of the antigenicity of influenza virus neuraminidases. | the influenza virus strains a/sing/1/57 (h2n2), a/bel/42 (h0n1) and a/bel/42 (ho)-a/sing/1/57 (n2) were treated with bromelain under reducing conditions and with reducing agent alone, and the antigenicity of the neuraminidase (na) of intact virus and of the split products was tested comparatively. it was found that the antigenicity of na was influenced quantitatively and qualitatively by the preparation procedure. antineuraminidase (an) antibodies obtained after vaccination of guinea pigs with i ... | 1977 | 68766 |
| pilot studies on recombinant cold-adapted live type a and b influenza virus vaccines. | recombinant live attenuated type a and b influenza virus vaccines derived from standardized cold-adapted parent strains were given singly and in combination to volunteers. the vaccine viruses were well tolerated, functioned as good antigens, and failed to spread to intimate household contacts. thirty-nine isolates that were recovered after a single passage in humans appeared genetically stable. the results of histopathologic studies in ferrets encourage development of an animal model for attenua ... | 1977 | 69670 |
| antibody to influenza virus matrix protein detects a common antigen on the surface of cells infected with type a influenza viruses. | antisera to the type-specific internal influenza virus matrix (m) protein of a type a influenza virus were produced in goats. in the presence of complement, anti-m serum was cytotoxic for target cells which were infected with a variety of serologically distinct type a influenza viruses, but did not react with type b influenza virus-infected cells. absorption experiments indicated that anti-m serum detected a common antigen(s) on the surface of type a-infected cells. this serological cross-reacti ... | 1977 | 70496 |
| specificity studies on cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes reactive with influenza virus-infected cells: evidence for dual recognition of h-2 and viral hemagglutinin antigens. | cytotoxic thymus-derived (t) lymphocytes were readily detected in spleens of mice inoculated intranasally with mouse-adapted a/port chalmers (h3n2), a/england (h3n2), a/pr/8 (h0n1), and b/hong kong influenza viruses. t-cell-mediated lysis of h-2 compatible target cells infected with the strain of virus used to immunize the mice was considerably higher than lysis of either syngeneic cells infected with a different strain of influenza virus or allogeneic cells infected with the immunizing strain o ... | 1977 | 70788 |
| [experimental inoculation of calves with influenza virus a/csf/udmurtiia/116/73]. | | 1977 | 71786 |
| [comparative characteristics of influenza virus a/ussr/02/76 and swine influenza virus]. | comparative studies of the biological properties, antigenic structure and ultrastructure of influenza a viruses isolated in the ussr, a/new jersey/8/76 and a/swine/31 were carried out. antigenic differences between a/ussr/02/76 and a/swine/31 strains as well as a/new jersey/8/76 strain were found in the hemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase activity-inhibition tests. these differences were confirmed by serological examination of human sera. | 1977 | 71790 |
| the potential advantages and requirements of live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. | live attenuated influenza a virus vaccines are potentially the most efficient and effective method of immunization against epidemic influenza, and offer the only feasible means of mass vaccination at a socially acceptable cost. the advantage of live virus vaccines are described and compared with killed virus vaccines in terms of immune responses, protection and commercial production. the most frequently considered methods of attenuation and their individual drawbacks are discussed with speculati ... | 1977 | 73370 |
| using the genetics of influenza virus to make live attenuated vaccines. | | 1978 | 74617 |